Why do you dream about a human head - interpretation of sleep from dream books.
For centuries, people have wondered whether a severed human head can remain conscious and think. Modern experiments on mammals and numerous eyewitness accounts provide rich material for debate and discussion.
Decapitation in Europe
The tradition of beheading has deep roots in the history and culture of many peoples. So, for example, in one of the biblical deuterocanonical books it is narrated famous story Judith, a beautiful Jewish woman, who deceived her into the camp of the Assyrians who were besieging her hometown and, having gained the confidence of the enemy commander Holofernes, she cut off his head at night.
In the largest European states, decapitation was considered one of the noblest types of executions. The ancient Romans used it on their citizens because the beheading process is quick and less painful than crucifixion, which was carried out on criminals without Roman citizenship.
IN Medieval Europe beheading was also held in special esteem. Only nobles had their heads cut off; peasants and artisans were hanged and drowned.
Only in the 20th century was decapitation recognized by Western civilization as inhumane and barbaric. Currently, beheading is used as a capital punishment punishment is applied only in the countries of the Middle East: Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Yemen and Iran.
Judith and Holofernes
History of the guillotine
Heads were usually cut off with axes and swords. Moreover, if in some countries, for example, in Saudi Arabia, executioners always passed special training, then in the Middle Ages simple guards or artisans were often used to carry out the sentence. As a result, in many cases it was not possible to cut off the head the first time, which led to terrible torture for the condemned and indignation of the crowd of onlookers.
Therefore, at the end of the 18th century, the guillotine was first introduced as an alternative and more humane instrument of execution. Contrary to popular belief, this instrument did not get its name in honor of its inventor, surgeon Antoun Louis.
The godfather of the death machine was Joseph Ignace Guillotin, a professor of anatomy, who first proposed using a mechanism for decapitation, which, in his opinion, would not cause additional pain to the condemned.
The first sentence using a terrible novelty was carried out in 1792 in post-revolutionary France. The guillotine made it possible to actually turn human deaths into a real conveyor belt; thanks to her, in just one year, Jacobin executioners executed more than 30,000 French citizens, inflicting real terror on their people.
However, a couple of years later, the beheading machine gave a ceremonial reception to the Jacobins themselves, amid the joyful shouts and hooting of the crowd. France used it as capital punishment until 1977, when the last head was cut off on European soil.
But what happens during decapitation from a physiological point of view?
As is known, the cardiovascular system through blood arteries delivers oxygen and other necessary substances to the brain, which are necessary for its normal operation. Decapitation interrupts the closed circulatory system and blood pressure drops rapidly, depriving the brain of fresh blood flow. Suddenly deprived of oxygen, the brain quickly stops functioning.
The time during which the head of the executed person can remain conscious depends largely on the method of execution. If an inept executioner needed several blows to separate the head from the body, blood flowed from the arteries even before the end of the execution - the severed head was already long dead.
Head of Charlotte Corday
But the guillotine was an ideal instrument of death; its knife cut the criminal’s neck with lightning speed and very accurately. In post-revolutionary France, where executions took place in public, the executioner often raised a head that had fallen into a basket of bran and mockingly showed it to a crowd of onlookers.
For example, in 1793, after the execution of Charlotte Corday, who stabbed one of the leaders French Revolution Jean-Paul Marat, according to eyewitnesses, the executioner, taking the severed head by the hair, mockingly whipped it on the cheeks. To the great amazement of the spectators, Charlotte's face turned red and her features twisted into a grimace of indignation.
Thus, the first documentary report of eyewitnesses was compiled that a person’s head severed by a guillotine was capable of retaining consciousness. But far from the last.
What explains the grimaces on the face?
The debate about whether the human brain is able to continue to think after beheading has continued for many decades. Some believed that the grimaces that made the faces of those executed were explained by ordinary spasms of the muscles that controlled the movements of the lips and eyes. Similar spasms were often observed in other severed human limbs.
The difference is that, unlike the arms and legs, the head contains the brain, a mental center that can consciously control muscle movements. When the head is cut off, in principle, no trauma is caused to the brain, so it is able to function until a lack of oxygen leads to loss of consciousness and death.
Severed head
There are many known cases where, after cutting off the head, the body of a chicken continued to move around the yard for several seconds. Dutch researchers conducted studies on rats; they lived for another full 4 seconds after decapitation.
Testimonies of doctors and eyewitnesses
The idea of what a severed human head might experience while remaining fully conscious is, of course, terrifying. A US Army veteran who was involved in a car accident with a friend in 1989 described the face of his comrade, whose head was torn off: “At first it expressed shock, then horror, and finally fear gave way to sadness...”
Mechanism for execution death penalty by cutting off the head
According to eyewitnesses, the English King Charles I and Queen Anne Boleyn moved their lips after their execution at the hands of the executioner, trying to say something.
Categorically opposing the use of the guillotine, the German scientist Sommering referred to numerous records from doctors that the faces of those executed were distorted in pain when the doctors touched the cut of the spinal canal with their fingers.
The most famous of this kind of evidence comes from the pen of Dr. Borieux, who examined the head of the executed criminal Henri Langille. The doctor writes that within 25-30 seconds after decapitation, he called Langille by name twice, and each time he opened his eyes and fixed his gaze on Borjo.
Conclusion
Eyewitness accounts, as well as a number of experiments on animals, prove that after decapitation a person can remain conscious for several seconds; he is able to hear, look and react.
Fortunately, such information may still be useful only to researchers from some Arab countries, where decapitation is still popular as a legal capital punishment.
The human head weighs about 5 kg. But when we bend over, the weight on the cervical spine begins to increase. At an angle of 15 degrees, this weight is about 12 kilograms, at 30 degrees it is 18 kg, at 45 degrees it is 22 kg, and at 60 degrees it is 27 kg.
This is the load that comes in addition to our smartphones, tablets and laptops, which millions of people experience every day, but for some reason it is not indicated on the packaging.
A study published in the National medical library The USA has already spread all over the Internet and even ended up in the Washington Post. It redefines these stresses as “text neck” and states that it can lead to early wear and tear of the spine, degeneration and even surgery.
“This is already an epidemic,” says Hansraj, chief of spine surgery and rehabilitation medicine in New York. "Just look around, every person with their head down"
Is 27 kg a lot? Imagine an 8-year-old child having this type of strain on his neck every day for several hours a day. Smartphone users spend an average of 2 to 4 hours per day sitting hunched over. They play, send messages, sit on social networks VKontakte, Facebook, Twitter, read email or watch a video. This translates into 700 to 1,400 hours per year, and high school students can sit in this hunched position for up to 5,000 hours.
Some doctors say that for every inch of head tilt forward, the pressure on the spine doubles.
“After prolonged stretching, the tissue becomes inflamed and painful,” says Dr. Hansraj. It can also lead to muscle strain, pinched nerves, herniated discs and, over time, it can even change the natural curve of the neck.
58% of American adults are already diagnosed with this condition.
Many people complain of neck, head and spine pain, but poor posture can also cause other problems. Experts say this can reduce lung capacity by as much as 30%. It has also been associated with headaches and neurological problems, depression and heart disease.
“It is impossible to avoid technology, but we need to take note of these problems and people should make every effort to reduce the stress on their spine when working with mobile devices and phones, rather than sitting hunched over all day,” the study says.
Look at the device without bending your neck, but simply lowering your eyes. Raise the screen higher.
« I love technology and by no means reject it" said Hansraj. " My message is that when using smartphones, you should make sure that your head is not tilted».
IMPULSE SOLUTION:
Two exercises from Impulse physical education:
1) tilting the head back and forth (local loading of the splenius muscle of the neck, left and right simultaneously) 9-12 repetitions of symmetrical load = 30-40 sec.
2) tilts left-right (local loading of the lateral sternocleidomastoid muscle of the neck) 9-12 asymmetric alternating loads (9-12 repetitions per right side+ 9-12 reps per left side) = 50-80 sec.
The exercises alternate every other day (it’s even possible to have a day off for two training days), self-resistance is created by hand - light (without fanaticism = 20-30% of the possible), amplitude - the maximum available for your condition cervical region(without pain!!! - discomfort is allowed).
Total: 5-6 minutes of conscious controlled local load for the neck per WEEK!!!
Will you find time? And then…
The “techno-epidemic” for YOUR neck is cancelled! 🙂
why do you dream human head
The head you see portends illness. If the head has a pleasant shape, then a meeting with influential person, as a result of which you will be provided with important support. The head of a child promises something good in life.
If the head is bloody or separated from the body, then your plans may be upset, and high hopes and expectations may not be met.
Seeing two or more heads on your shoulders can mean success and a rapid rise in your career, which may not last long.
Swollen head - the good in your life will prevail over the bad.
If your head hurts, get ready for worries.
Wash your hair in a dream - you will seek advice from a famous person.
Seeing someone else's head - expect an important meeting with authoritative people who will be able to provide you with the support you need. Your own head means illness. A severed and bloody head promises grief and frustration.
To be the owner of two heads - great sleep, meaning considerable success and rapid career growth. The same good value marks a baby's head and a swollen head. The bald head warns against doing stupid things.
A headache promises worries. Washing your hair is a sign of prudent and fruitful action, thanks to your common sense involved.
human head in a dream
A dreamed head indicates the primacy of a person and his capital. Big head promises an increase in honor, while a small one promises its decrease.
A drooping head bowed before a ruler or a crowd of people indicates a sin committed that causes regret in the sleeper.
A severed head means possible bankruptcy and separation from the ruler. Seeing in a dream how the dreamer's head is cut off promises a cure for illnesses, repayment of all debts, and deliverance from moral torment. Other people's severed heads promise power over people. The presence of two or three heads promises victory over enemies and the fulfillment of all desires.
A flying head portends many interesting journeys. Hold your own head in your hands - good dream for those who do not have children and who are not planning a trip. Someone else's head in your hands means the growth of something bad inside yourself.
If the dreamer’s head turns into the head of an animal (a wolf, a lion, a tiger or an elephant), the work he has started will be overwhelming, and it will be difficult to complete what he has started, having received advantageous benefits from this work.
human head according to the dream book
An injured woman's head means early menstruation. Male head injury - upcoming sexual encounters can bring trouble.
In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, tsants were in vogue in Europe and North America. They can be found in museums, auction houses and private collections, exhibited as if to demonstrate the barbaric customs of evil savages who kill hundreds of their fellows for the sake of an infernal trophy.
The reality, as usual, is even more unsightly: most of the demand for dried human heads was created by white people who actively lobbied for this market in the dedicated West.
In a picturesque area on the banks of the Pastaza, along the Cordillera de Cutucu mountains, not far from the border with Peru, a small tribe called the Shuar has lived since ancient times. Close to them in traditions and national characteristics Achuars and Shiviars. These ethnic groups and today they sacredly preserve the traditions of their ancestors. One of them is making amulets from human heads.
The area known as Transcutuca was once inhabited by tribes related in culture to the Jivaro. Today, the peoples who have chosen these lands are the most numerous. The Shuar originally settled in the province of Zamora-Chinchipe. But gradually they expanded their territories. This was largely due to the fact that the Incas and Spanish conquistadors began to push the Shuar from the west.
Despite the fact that by nature the inhabitants of the Amazon have always been wild and ruthless, the territory is clearly distributed between different tribes. Until the mid-twentieth century, the Shuar were a warlike people. The colonists called them "Jivaro", which meant "savages". They often cut off the heads of their enemies and dried them.
“They still cut heads, although they hide it. Far in the jungle. And dried, reduced to the size of a fist. And they do all this so skillfully that the head retains the facial features of its once living owner. And such a “doll” is called tsantsa. Making it is a whole art, which was once practiced by the Shuar Indians, who were known as the most famous headhunters in Ecuador and Peru. Today, when the Shuar have become “civilized,” the ancient traditions are preserved by the Achuar and Shiviar, who are close to them in language and customs—their sworn enemies. And - no less sworn enemies among themselves. Nowadays, the former enmity has not disappeared anywhere. It’s just veiled…” – these are eyewitness accounts.
IN old times Europeans had a pathological fear of the ruthless tribes of the Amazon. Today, whites walk freely through the territories of the formidable Shuar, while they only glance at the pale-faced ones with suspicion.
It is known that the heads sold in shops in Ecuador are fakes. Real tsantsa are quite expensive and are in incredible demand among true collectors. Therefore, Europeans often specially come to the jungle in order to acquire a real human head the size of a fist. You can make quite good money from this.
Previously, every murder was punishable by murder. Blood feud flourished. So any warrior who killed an enemy knew for sure that the latter’s relatives would take revenge on him.
In fact, until the mid-twentieth century, and in remote areas even later, the Jíbaro lived in conditions of constant low-intensity military conflict. And their houses were closed with walls made of split trunks of the uwi palm tree: this is what they do when they expect an attack. However, these days, a person who has obtained a head can often buy it off without risking losing his own.
They pay off with cattle. Cows that were brought into the jungle by missionaries and mestizo colonists. Prices range from eight to ten cows, each costing eight hundred dollars. Everyone in the forests where the Achuar live knows about the existence of such a practice, but it is not customary to advertise it. Thus, the white customer, having paid the warrior a ransom, plus money for the work, can receive the coveted tsantsa, which he either keeps for himself or resells on the black market at a huge profit for himself. This is an illegal, risky, very specific business, and some may find it dirty. However, it has existed for at least the last hundred and fifty years. Only the price of goals in different times was different. And, at least, it is based on ancient military traditions.
How does the head get smaller? Of course, the skull cannot change its size. At least today, the masters of the Achuar tribe are not capable of this, however, human rumor claims that once their skill was so great that it was possible to create such a thing. In general, the process of making tsants is quite complex and labor-intensive.
On the severed head of a defeated enemy with reverse side a long incision is made, running from the crown to the neck down, after which the skin is carefully pulled off the skull along with the hair. This is similar to how animals are skinned in order to subsequently dress or stuff them. The most important and difficult thing at this stage is to carefully remove the skin from the face, since here it is firmly connected to the muscles, which the warrior cuts with a well-sharpened knife. After this, the skull with the remains of the muscles is thrown away as far as possible - it is of no value - and the Indian begins further processing and production of tsants.
To do this, human skin tied with a vine is dipped into a pot of boiling water for some time. Boiling water kills germs and bacteria, and the skin itself shrinks and shrinks a little. Then it is pulled out and placed on the tip of a stake stuck in the ground so that it cools down. A ring of the same diameter as the future, finished tsantsa is made from the kapi liana and tied to the neck. Using a needle and thread made from matau palm fiber, the warrior stitches up the cut on his head that he made when he tore off the skin.
The Achuar Indians begin to reduce their heads on the same day, without delay. On the river bank, the warrior finds three round stones and heats them in a fire. After this, he inserts one of the stones through a hole in the neck inside the future tsantsa and rolls it inside so that it burns the adhering fibers of the flesh and cauterizes the skin from the inside. The stone is then removed and placed back into the fire, and the next one is put into the head in its place.
The warrior directly reduces the head with hot sand. It is taken from the river bank, poured into a broken clay pot and heated over a fire. And then they pour it inside the “head”, filling it a little more than half. The tsantsa filled with sand is constantly turned over so that the sand, moving inside it, like sandpaper, erases the stuck pieces of meat and tendons, and also thins the skin: it is then easier to reduce it. This action is repeated many times in a row before the result is satisfactory.
The cooled sand is poured out, heated again on the fire and again poured inside the head. During breaks, the warrior scrubs clean inner surface tsantsa with a knife. While the skin from the head of a killed enemy is dried in this way, it continuously shrinks and soon begins to resemble the head of a dwarf. All this time, the warrior corrects the distorted facial features with his hands: it is important that the tsantsa retains the appearance of a defeated enemy. This process can continue for several days or even weeks. In the end, the scalp shrinks to one-fourth of its normal size and becomes completely dry and hard to the touch.
Three five-centimeter sticks made of durable uwi palm wood are inserted into the lips, one parallel to the other, which are painted red with paint from the seeds of the ipyak bush. A cotton strip, also dyed red, is tied around it. After which the entire body, including the face, is blackened with coal.
Naturally, during the drying process, the scalp shrinks. But the length of the hair remains the same! This is why tsantsa hair appears disproportionately long in relation to the size of the head. It happens that their length reaches one meter, but this does not mean that the tsantsa was made from a woman’s head: among the Achuar, many men still wear more long hair than women. However, although not so often, you can also come across reduced female heads.
Few people know the fact that the Shuars in old times Women were also sent on headhunts. This was a kind of equality of the sexes. In addition, women could participate in numerous raids.
At the end of the 19th century, headhunters experienced a renaissance: tsants were in great demand in both Europe and America. The simplest way to get dried heads was to raid native villages - and more and more of them were carried out every month.
European settlers were just beginning to move towards the Amazon lowlands. People came to this wilderness for quick money: rubber and cinchona bark were mined here. The bark remained the main ingredient in quinine, a drug used for centuries to treat malaria. The missionaries made contact with the tribes inhabiting the jungle and established minimal trade relations.
At first, the Europeans practically did not exchange their firearms, rightly fearing to arm half-naked savages, who had the custom of cutting off enemy heads. But the settlers and workers were bewitched: enterprising European traders began to offer the Indians modern weapons in exchange for an outlandish souvenir. Intertribal wars immediately broke out in the area, which, however, also benefited the Europeans.
In order to satisfy the ever-growing appetites of the market, and at the same time earn easy money, some cunning people turned to the production of cheap fakes. The heads of corpses were bought from morgues, and even body parts of sloths were used. The business of counterfeiting turned out to be so simple and brought in such income that crowds of people began to engage in it. Europe is flooded with fakes - in fact, experts say: 80% of the tsans existing in the world are fake.
In Europe and North America, heads were highly valued. Rich people collected entire private collections of tsans on the walls of their living rooms, while museums competed with each other for the most odious purchase. No one took into account that we're talking about about collecting dried human heads - somehow that was not the case.
Although tsansa remains a unique cultural feature of the Amazon Indian tribes, other peoples also had their own variations on the preparation of the dried head. The Maori called them toi moko - Europeans experienced a surge of interest in these skulls back in 1800. Tattooed heads of leaders were especially popular among traders; The Maori, having found out about this, began to tattoo and kill slaves en masse, passing them off as their rulers. Enterprising Maoris even tried to expand the range: having knocked a dozen or two missionaries and making toi moko out of their heads, the Indians came to the next market. They say that Europeans gladly bought up the heads of their brothers.
The same thing happened in New Zealand as in the Amazon. Tribes with modern weapons rushed to slaughter each other - all to satisfy the demand for dried heads. In 1831, the Governor of New South Wales, Ralph Darling, vetoed the trade of toi moko. Since the beginning of the twentieth century, most countries have outlawed hunting for dried heads.
Jivaro carefully protects the technology of making tsantsa, but information leakage still occurred. This is evidenced by the fact that at one time Negroid “dried heads” made in Africa began to be sold on black markets. Moreover, a channel has been established through which these talismans come from Africa to London, and from there to all European countries. Collectors different countries compete with each other for the right to possess the next terrible tsantsu.
Moreover, tsants are not made in African tribes, but in large guarded villas. At the end of the last century, in the capital of the Central African Republic, members of the group were caught who put the process of cooking tsantsa on the conveyor belt. Thousands of corpses were delivered to the villa, located on the outskirts of the city, from all over the country, not only blacks, but also Europeans; Women's heads were highly valued. However, the members of the group knew only an approximate recipe for making tsantsa, since the heads they sold after some time began to rot and disappeared (only a few survived).
Western interest in exotic dried heads waned over the decades, but never completely disappeared. For example, advertisements for the sale of tsants were normal occurrence in a London newspaper in 1950.
Meanwhile, today these tribes of the Amazon are being massacred. In the 60s, through seismic exploration, scientists discovered rich oil deposits in these territories. Forests began to be cut down en masse, oil pipelines were laid to transport oil, and many species of animals disappeared. Those who tried to resist the powerful pale faces were also mercilessly killed. However, the Achuars, Shuars, Shiviars continue constant struggle with oil and gas companies. Often, tribal representatives repeat: “If you came here to help us, then there is no point in wasting your time. If you are led by the belief that your freedom and our freedom are interconnected, then let us work together.” However, few people express a desire to help the natives.
