Manifestations of extremist activity. Inciting social, racial, national or religious hatred

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What is Extremism? Meaning and interpretation of the word ekstremizm, definition of the term

2) Extremism- (from Latin extremus - extreme) - commitment to extreme measures, actions, views, decisions, etc., primarily in politics and ideology. Favorable conditions for the flourishing of democracy are economic and social crises in the country, disasters and impoverishment of the population, social, national, religious and other conflicts, gross violations of democratic rights and freedoms, the collapse of former moral values ​​and the state of anemia, authoritarianism, totalitarianism, fascism, racism. etc. The social base of democracy is most often formed by the lumpen, the marginalized, certain layers of students and intellectuals, representatives of national and religious minorities, etc. The specific and most obvious forms of manifestation of terrorism are terrorism, armed partisan, underground struggle, fascist and racist pogroms, etc. . E. manifests itself from both “right” and “left” positions.

3) Extremism - - (from Latin extremus - extreme) - commitment in politics to extreme views and measures. Extremism is generated by various factors: the breakdown of established social structures; impoverishment of mass groups of the population; economic and social crisis worsening the living conditions of the majority of the population; weakening of state power and discrediting its institutions; decline in executive discipline; increase in antisocial manifestations; the collapse of the previous value system; growing feeling of infringement of national dignity, etc. There is a whole complex of contradictions that underlie the emergence and development of extremism in Russia. These include contradictions of an economic nature, among which the discrepancy between the results of economic reform and the expectations of various groups of the population stands out; extremely high cost of transformation (fall in production, growing unemployment, marginalization of the population, etc.). Social contradictions have intensified. This is an increase in wealth inequality; slowing down the pace of formation of the middle layer, which is able to ensure social stability in society; expansion of criminal circles due to the number of marginalized and lumpen people. Conflict situations of an industrial, national or ethnic nature in modern conditions have acquired not only special social significance, but also political urgency. Signs have formed that characterize social tension: a) imbalance in the functioning of various spheres of public life; b) decline in the standard of living of the population; c) the formation of social opposition groups, one of the parties of which are the authorities; d) the possibility of unpredictable, spontaneous mass behavior and the formation of an aggressive crowd. All of these factors stimulate political extremism and weaken the ability of government agencies to effectively counter it. Social and political mood is used by extremism to dismantle established social structures. Extremist organizations and movements carry out their political actions, regardless of constitutional and other legislative acts. Extremism is legal nihilism. If we take Russian reality, then the anti-constitutional activities of extremist-minded individuals and associations have acquired widespread proportions. Moreover, illegal armed and paramilitary groups have been created that associate themselves with some trade union, commercial, financial, and also criminal structures. In order to prevent a threat to the foundations of the constitutional order, public security and state integrity, in March 1995, a decree of the President of the Russian Federation “On measures to ensure coordinated actions of public authorities in the fight against manifestations of fascism and other forms of political extremism in the Russian Federation” was adopted. The most extreme expression of political extremism is terrorism - systematic intimidation, provocation, and destabilization of society through violence. These include terrorist attacks that took place in 1995-1996. in Budennovsk, Kizlyar, Pervomaisky, and received wide resonance in the world. In the ideological aspect, extremism uses demagogic slogans and appeals that create the image of an enemy and appeal to a person’s base feelings. He also organizes terrorist acts, deliberately provokes riots, calls for civil disobedience, etc. Extremism promises people a quick elimination of difficulties, the implementation of guaranteed order and social security. This requires a decisive suppression of dissent, a rigid affirmation of one’s system of political, ideological and other values. Today, Western countries have accumulated experience that can be used in Russia: a mechanism has been created for coexistence or cooperation with these forces when they act as right-wing and left-wing radicals; suppressing them when they act as extremists and sharply intensifying the struggle and intimidation during their activities as neo-fascists.

4) Extremism- (‹lat.extremus extreme) - commitment to extremes in politics. Most often, terrorism manifests itself in the denial of existing political norms, values, procedures, and the fundamental principles of the organization of political systems, the desire to undermine political stability and overthrow the existing government. E. is characterized by intolerance of dissent, pluralism, and the search for consensus. They distinguish between E. political. Ethnic and religious. Political economics strives for a radical change in the state system and the existing political regime. Ethnic ethics is focused on protecting the interests of a particular nation and establishing its privileged position and superiority. Religious ethics manifests itself in intolerance towards representatives of other religions and denominations. In a number of eastern countries, religious ethics is a form of political ethics. Ethnicity is characteristic of marginal strata, which are characterized by the predominance of counterculture norms over the norms of political culture. (Dictionary, p. 320)

5) Extremism- (from Latin extremus - extreme), commitment to extreme views, measures (usually in politics).

6) Extremism- - 1) the use of violent and lawless means to achieve political or other goals; 2) commitment to extreme views.

7) Extremism- commitment in politics and ideas to extreme views and actions. E. Generates a variety of factors: socio-economic crises, a sharp drop in the living standards of the bulk of the population, deformations of political institutions and structures, their inability to solve pressing issues of social development, a totalitarian regime of suppression of the opposition by the authorities, the desire of social or political groups to accelerate the implementation of the tasks they put forward , the political ambitions of their leaders, etc.

8) Extremism- (lat. extremus extreme) - commitment to extremes in politics. Most often, terrorism manifests itself in the denial of existing political norms, values, procedures, and the fundamental principles of the organization of political systems, the desire to undermine political stability and overthrow the existing government. E. is characterized by intolerance of dissent, pluralism, and the search for consensus. Elements are distinguished between political, ethnic, and religious. Political economics strives for a radical change in the state system and the existing political regime. Ethnic ethics is focused on protecting the interests of a particular nation and establishing its privileged position and superiority. Religious ethics manifests itself in intolerance towards representatives of other religions and denominations. In a number of eastern countries, religious ethics is a form of political ethics. E. is inherent in marginal layers, which are characterized by the predominance of counterculture norms over the norms of political culture.

9) Extremism- Commitment to extreme views and measures, mainly in politics.

(from Latin extremus - extreme) - commitment to extreme measures, actions, views, decisions, etc., primarily in politics and ideology. Favorable conditions for the flourishing of democracy are economic and social crises in the country, disasters and impoverishment of the population, social, national, religious and other conflicts, gross violations of democratic rights and freedoms, the collapse of former moral values ​​and the state of anemia, authoritarianism, totalitarianism, fascism, racism. etc. The social base of democracy is most often formed by the lumpen, the marginalized, certain layers of students and intellectuals, representatives of national and religious minorities, etc. The specific and most obvious forms of manifestation of terrorism are terrorism, armed partisan, underground struggle, fascist and racist pogroms, etc. . E. manifests itself from both “right” and “left” positions.

- (from Latin extremus - extreme) - commitment in politics to extreme views and measures. Extremism is generated by various factors: the breakdown of established social structures; impoverishment of mass groups of the population; economic and social crisis worsening the living conditions of the majority of the population; weakening of state power and discrediting its institutions; decline in executive discipline; increase in antisocial manifestations; the collapse of the previous value system; growing feeling of infringement of national dignity, etc. There is a whole complex of contradictions that underlie the emergence and development of extremism in Russia. These include contradictions of an economic nature, among which the discrepancy between the results of economic reform and the expectations of various groups of the population stands out; extremely high cost of transformation (fall in production, growing unemployment, marginalization of the population, etc.). Social contradictions have intensified. This is an increase in wealth inequality; slowing down the pace of formation of the middle layer, which is able to ensure social stability in society; expansion of criminal circles due to the number of marginalized and lumpen people. Conflict situations of an industrial, national or ethnic nature in modern conditions have acquired not only special social significance, but also political urgency. Signs have formed that characterize social tension: a) imbalance in the functioning of various spheres of public life; b) decline in the standard of living of the population; c) the formation of social opposition groups, one of the parties of which are the authorities; d) the possibility of unpredictable, spontaneous mass behavior and the formation of an aggressive crowd. All of these factors stimulate political extremism and weaken the ability of government agencies to effectively counter it. Social and political mood is used by extremism to dismantle established social structures. Extremist organizations and movements carry out their political actions, regardless of constitutional and other legislative acts. Extremism is legal nihilism. If we take Russian reality, then the anti-constitutional activities of extremist-minded individuals and associations have acquired widespread proportions. Moreover, illegal armed and paramilitary groups have been created that associate themselves with some trade union, commercial, financial, and also criminal structures. In order to prevent a threat to the foundations of the constitutional order, public security and state integrity, in March 1995, a decree of the President of the Russian Federation “On measures to ensure coordinated actions of public authorities in the fight against manifestations of fascism and other forms of political extremism in the Russian Federation” was adopted. The most extreme expression of political extremism is terrorism - systematic intimidation, provocation, and destabilization of society through violence. These include terrorist attacks that took place in 1995-1996. in Budennovsk, Kizlyar, Pervomaisky, and received wide resonance in the world. In the ideological aspect, extremism uses demagogic slogans and appeals that create the image of an enemy and appeal to a person’s base feelings. He also organizes terrorist acts, deliberately provokes riots, calls for civil disobedience, etc. Extremism promises people a quick elimination of difficulties, the implementation of guaranteed order and social security. This requires a decisive suppression of dissent, a rigid affirmation of one’s system of political, ideological and other values. Today, Western countries have accumulated experience that can be used in Russia: a mechanism has been created for coexistence or cooperation with these forces when they act as right-wing and left-wing radicals; suppressing them when they act as extremists and sharply intensifying the struggle and intimidation during their activities as neo-fascists.

(‹ lat. extremus extreme) - commitment to extremes in politics. Most often, terrorism manifests itself in the denial of existing political norms, values, procedures, and the fundamental principles of the organization of political systems, the desire to undermine political stability and overthrow the existing government. E. is characterized by intolerance of dissent, pluralism, and the search for consensus. They distinguish between E. political. Ethnic and religious. Political economics strives for a radical change in the state system and the existing political regime. Ethnic ethics is focused on protecting the interests of a particular nation and establishing its privileged position and superiority. Religious ethics manifests itself in intolerance towards representatives of other religions and denominations. In a number of eastern countries, religious ethics is a form of political ethics. Ethnicity is characteristic of marginal strata, which are characterized by the predominance of counterculture norms over the norms of political culture. (Dictionary, p. 320)

(from Latin extremus - extreme), commitment to extreme views, measures (usually in politics).

1) the use of violent and lawless means to achieve political or other goals; 2) commitment to extreme views.

commitment in politics and ideas to extreme views and actions. E. Generates a variety of factors: socio-economic crises, a sharp drop in the living standards of the bulk of the population, deformations of political institutions and structures, their inability to solve pressing issues of social development, a totalitarian regime of suppression of the opposition by the authorities, the desire of social or political groups to accelerate the implementation of the tasks they put forward , the political ambitions of their leaders, etc.

(Latin extremus extreme) - commitment to extremes in politics. Most often, terrorism manifests itself in the denial of existing political norms, values, procedures, and the fundamental principles of the organization of political systems, the desire to undermine political stability and overthrow the existing government. E. is characterized by intolerance of dissent, pluralism, and the search for consensus. Elements are distinguished between political, ethnic, and religious. Political economics strives for a radical change in the state system and the existing political regime. Ethnic ethics is focused on protecting the interests of a particular nation and establishing its privileged position and superiority. Religious ethics manifests itself in intolerance towards representatives of other religions and denominations. In a number of eastern countries, religious ethics is a form of political ethics. E. is inherent in marginal layers, which are characterized by the predominance of counterculture norms over the norms of political culture.

Actual - (Latin "actu", "action") literally, "real", "present". ...
Anarchism - from the Greek "a", "an" "denial", "not"...
Apolitea - from the Greek "a" is a particle of negation, and...

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What is extremism and extremist activity and types of responsibility

Extremism is a commitment to extreme measures and views that radically deny the norms and rules existing in society through a set of violent manifestations committed by individuals and specially organized groups and communities. Among such manifestations one can note the provocation of riots, civil disobedience, terrorist acts, and methods of guerrilla warfare.

The most radical extremists often deny in principle any compromises, negotiations, or agreements. The growth of extremism is usually facilitated by socio-economic crises, a sharp drop in the living standards of the bulk of the population, a totalitarian political regime with suppression of the opposition by the authorities, and persecution of dissent. However, extremism as a phenomenon is quite tenacious in states with a democratic system that includes numerous rights and freedoms.
Types of extremism: political, national, religious.
National extremism acts under the slogans of protecting “one’s own people,” economic interests, and cultural values, as a rule, to the detriment of representatives of other nationalities living in the same territory.
Religious extremism is understood as intolerance towards dissident representatives of the same or another religion. In recent years, the problem of Islamic extremism has worsened. The Wahhabi ideology, the slogan of which is “death to all infidels,” has become widespread.
Political extremism is a movement or movement against the existing constitutional order. As a rule, national or religious extremism is the basis for the emergence of political extremism. Today, extremism is a real threat to the national security of the Russian Federation.
The legal definition of what actions are considered extremist is contained in Art. Federal Law-114-FZ “On combating extremist activities.”
In accordance with the amendments made to the said Law on December 25, 2012, extremist activities (extremism) include:
- violent change of the foundations of the constitutional system and violation of the integrity of the Russian Federation;
- public justification of terrorism and other terrorist activities;
- inciting social, racial, national or religious hatred;
- propaganda of exclusivity, superiority or inferiority of a person on the basis of his social, racial, national, religious or linguistic affiliation or attitude to religion;
- violation of the rights, freedoms and legitimate interests of a person and citizen, depending on his social, racial, national, religious or linguistic affiliation or attitude to religion;
- obstruction of citizens from exercising their voting rights and the right to participate in a referendum or violation of the secrecy of voting, coupled with violence or the threat of its use;
- obstruction of the legitimate activities of state bodies, local government bodies, election commissions, public and religious associations or other organizations, combined with violence or the threat of its use;
- commission of crimes for the reasons specified in paragraph “e” of part one of Article 63 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation (political, ideological, racial, national or religious hatred or enmity, or based on hatred or enmity against any social group);
- propaganda and public display of Nazi paraphernalia or symbols, or paraphernalia or symbols that are confusingly similar to Nazi paraphernalia or symbols, or public display of paraphernalia or symbols of extremist organizations;
- public calls for the implementation of these acts or mass distribution of obviously extremist materials, as well as their production or storage for the purpose of mass distribution;
- publicly knowingly false accusation of a person holding a public office of the Russian Federation or a public office of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation of committing, during the performance of his official duties, the acts specified in this article and constituting a crime;
- organization and preparation of these acts, as well as incitement to their implementation;
- financing of these acts or other assistance in their organization, preparation and implementation, including through the provision of educational, printing and material and technical base, telephone and other types of communications or the provision of information services.
For carrying out extremist activities, citizens of the Russian Federation, foreign citizens and stateless persons bear criminal, administrative and civil liability in the manner established by the legislation of the Russian Federation.
Administrative liability – occurs for committing an administrative offense, i.e. an unlawful act characterized by a lower social danger than a crime. Thus, the Code of the Russian Federation on Administrative Offenses establishes liability for propaganda and public display of Nazi paraphernalia or symbols or public display of paraphernalia or symbols of extremist organizations (Article 20.3 of the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation).
Nazi paraphernalia and symbols may include banners, badges, uniform attributes, other distinctive signs, greetings and welcoming gestures. The sale, production or acquisition for the purpose of selling such symbols is also administratively punishable.
The symbols of an extremist organization are the officially registered symbols of an organization in respect of which, on the grounds provided for by law, a court has made a decision that has entered into legal force to liquidate or ban its activities in connection with the implementation of extremist activities.
Production and distribution of extremist materials included in the published federal list of extremist materials, as well as their production or storage for the purpose of mass distribution (Article 20.29 of the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation).
Extremist materials are documents or information on other media that call for extremist activities. Such materials include the works of the leaders of the National Socialist Workers' Party of Germany, the Fascist Party of Italy, publications justifying national and (or) racial superiority, publications justifying the commission of crimes against any ethnic, social, racial, national or religious group.
The most severe form of liability for carrying out extremist activities is criminal. The basis for criminal liability is the commission of a crime, i.e. an unlawful, socially dangerous act (action or inaction), for which the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation provides for liability. This type of liability is associated with the most serious legal restrictions for persons involved in it, up to and including imprisonment for a certain period.
1) Article 280 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation establishes liability for public calls for extremist activities.
2) Article 282 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation establishes liability for inciting hatred or enmity, as well as humiliation of human dignity. Responsibility arises only if these actions were committed publicly or using the media.
3) Article 282.1 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation establishes responsibility for organizing and participating in an extremist community. An extremist community is an organized group of individuals for preparing or committing the above-mentioned crimes of an extremist nature.
4) Article 282.2 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation establishes responsibility for organizing the activities of an extremist organization.
In addition, the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation in a number of articles establishes criminal liability for committing crimes based on political, ideological, racial, national or religious hatred or enmity based on hatred or hostility towards any social group (for example: Art. 105, Part 2 item “l” – intentional murder, Article 111, part 2, item “e” – intentional infliction of grievous bodily harm, Article 116, part 2, item “b” – beatings, etc.).
In order to ensure state and public security on the grounds and in the manner provided for by federal law, a person who has participated in extremist activities may, by a court decision, be limited in access to state and municipal service, contract military service and service in law enforcement agencies, and also to work in educational institutions and engage in private detective and security activities.
If the head or member of the governing body of a public or religious association or other organization makes a public statement calling for extremist activities, without indicating that this is his personal opinion, as well as if a court verdict comes into force in relation to such person for a crime of an extremist nature, the relevant public or religious association or other organization is obliged, within five days from the day on which the specified statement was made, to publicly declare its disagreement with the statements or actions of such a person. If the relevant public or religious association or other organization does not make such a public statement, this may be considered as a fact indicating the presence of signs of extremism in their activities.
In addition, Article 14 of the Federal Law “On Combating Extremist Activities” provides for separate liability for statements by an official, as well as another person in the state or municipal service, about the need, admissibility, possibility or desirability of carrying out extremist activities, made publicly or in performance of official duties, or indicating the position held, as well as failure by an official to take measures to suppress extremist activities in accordance with his competence.
Thus, officials bear responsibility not only for extremist activities carried out by them as citizens of the state, but also for failure to take measures to suppress these activities, within the scope of their competence.

Deputy Prosecutor of Varna District lawyer 1st class I.A. Bagautdinov

16But I

What is Extremism

Extremism is an extreme form of adherence to certain views in religion, often in politics, which poses a threat to the safety of the population. Such measures have a provocative meaning, since participants in the extremist movement are radically opposed to social norms and laws. A characteristic feature is the denial of any compromises, negotiations, or agreements. Extremism is a phenomenon that arises in the process of changing the socio-economic system in a country with a decrease in the living standards of the population, led by the ruling circles.

What is EXTREMISM - definition, meaning in simple words.

In simple words, extremism is a call by the social masses to take violent action against the existing political, religious or social system. Throughout the entire historical development, the theme of extremism was expressed in the racial, social, national, and linguistic affiliation of a person. This trend violates the interests and safety of the population, which can freely choose religion, language, etc.

What manifestations of extremism exist today:

• Conducting and public demonstrative behavior;
• Being fanatical about particular views and showing cruelty towards others;
• Conducting terrorist and bandit operations;
• Seizing power by ideology, demonstrations and propaganda;
• Use of Nazi symbols and similar paraphernalia. Extremist organizations often use this method to attract attention;
• Calls and dissemination of extremist materials against the existing regime and social opinions. Their mass distribution leads to unrest in society and disruption of civility.

Manifestation of extremism is expressed in a specific ideology that one person or group brings to the general masses. Extremists consider themselves exceptional, superior to others in rights and development. This gives rise to hatred and enmity towards a particular social group.

Criminal punishment for extremism.

Punishment for extremism is gradated depending on the severity of the crime. The maximum term of imprisonment is 15-20 years for especially serious crimes ( depends on the specific country). These include materials that are distributed in printed and electronic form to carry out work against the interests and security of the state. Mild forms of extremism are punishable by 1-5 years of imprisonment or an administrative fine as a warning.

The law prosecutes any actions that are directed against the state system or public well-being. The leaders of such a movement deliberately go against the state and society in order to violate values, rights, and traditional views. Often outbursts of aggression are accompanied by calls for physical or moral violence. This direction is strictly suppressed by the criminal code for public safety.

Countering extremism.

Countering extremism is an important procedure that allows you to restore the state in society and neutralize the danger. For example, Nazi paraphernalia that is legally in a museum but is not used to distribute or persuade others is not a sign of extremism. It is also not a sign of extremism if a person carries within himself, but does not transfer them to other people and does not apply them in life. Many writers can build on the theme of promoting something, but in the form of scientific research, the study of such a phenomenon, as a literary work, not to impose their views on the reader.

Types of extremism.

Political extremism.

Political extremism is views and statements directed against. Various currents are trying to impose inter-class, racial, regional, market-economic struggle.

This term should not be confused with the activities of a specific party, which acts within the framework of the current legislation in expressing its interests to attract voters. For example, many consider the opposition to be something illegal that poses a threat to national interests, but this is incorrect, because it operates within the framework of the legislative framework.

Religious extremism.

Today this trend is mainly based on Islamic regimes, which are considered the most inhumane in world practice. Radical Muslim armed movements have nothing in common with the pure religion of Islam, where there is no talk of violence and domination over other nations and cultures. Terrorist groups arose by imposing and fooling the masses, who began to use religion as an ideology and a tool for violence.

Religious uprisings are extreme form of fanaticism. They are characterized by hysterical, schizoid, excitable forms, which turn to self-praise, the use of force, and intimidation.

Youth extremism.

Concerns the most vulnerable segments of the population - school-age children and students. Most people unknowingly end up in societies that organize crimes and secret meetings. Satanists, skinheads () and other groups where young people can often be found act together. Stronger morally and physically participants force weaker ones to commit illegal actions and manipulate them. As a result, the child is left with a depressed psyche and suffers from the influence of his peers. It is important to conduct preventive conversations with a child and adolescent to identify his problems.

Often extremism is associated with the activities of sects or sects that impose their views on all participants. There are dozens of examples in history, the most striking of which are: Hare Krishnas, Jehovah's Witnesses and other organizations. All of them are in one way or another aimed at racial and cultural discrimination, violation of human rights and freedoms, and the seizure of his material wealth. Sects are created to strictly control group members, suppress their own thinking, and impose their interests to gain power. This is where the cult of personality and religion arises, which lowers people’s vigilance, makes them susceptible to other people’s opinions, and withdraws into themselves.

The phenomenon of extremism is still being studied, so this term covers all structures of human life and requires detailed analysis. From this article you learned what extremism is in simple words, what types and features it has.

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The concept of extremist activity is given in the Federal Law of July 25, 2002 “On Combating Extremist Activities.” Article 1 of the Law interprets extremist activity as:

Violent change in the foundations of the constitutional system and violation of the integrity of the Russian Federation;

Public justification of terrorism and other terrorist activities;

Inciting social, racial, national or religious hatred;

Propaganda of exclusivity, superiority or inferiority of a person on the basis of his social, racial, national, religious or linguistic affiliation or attitude to religion;

Violation of the rights, freedoms and legitimate interests of a person and citizen, depending on his social, racial, national, religious or linguistic affiliation or attitude to religion;

Obstructing citizens from exercising their voting rights and the right to participate in a referendum or violating the secrecy of voting, coupled with violence or the threat of its use;

Obstruction of the legitimate activities of state bodies, local governments, election commissions, public and religious associations or other organizations, combined with violence or the threat of its use;

Committing crimes for the reasons specified in paragraph "e" of part one of Article 63 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation;

Propaganda and public display of Nazi paraphernalia or symbols or paraphernalia or symbols that are confusingly similar to Nazi paraphernalia or symbols;

Public calls for the implementation of these acts or mass distribution of obviously extremist materials, as well as their production or storage for the purpose of mass distribution;

Public knowingly false accusation of a person holding a public office of the Russian Federation or a public office of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation of committing, during the performance of his official duties, the acts specified in this article and constituting a crime;

Organization and preparation of these acts, as well as incitement to their implementation;

Financing of these acts or other assistance in their organization, preparation and implementation, including through the provision of educational, printing and material and technical base, telephone and other types of communications or the provision of information services. Dyakov, S. V. Crimes against the foundations of the constitutional order and security of the state: criminal law and criminological research / S. V. Dyakov. - St. Petersburg: Publishing House of R. Aslanov “Legal Center Press”, 2009. -P.167

It is believed that the word “extremism” comes from the Latin word “extremus” - “extreme”, that is, something that goes beyond certain boundaries or norms. In dictionaries, extremism is interpreted as adherence to extreme views and measures. In the legal literature, extremism is defined in different ways. According to A.G. Khlebushkin, extremism is an illegal activity, the implementation of which causes or may cause significant harm to the foundations of the constitutional system or the constitutional foundations of interpersonal relations. In this concept, he did not reflect the subjective essence of extremism.

The definition of extremism given by Yu.I. lacks the noted drawback. Avdeev and A.Ya. Guskov: “...Extremism is an antisocial socio-political phenomenon, which is a socially and psychologically conditioned, ideologically motivated use of extreme forms and methods in socio-political relations.”

The current Russian legislation does not contain the concept of “extremism”, but it is included in international legal acts.

According to Article 1 of the Shanghai Convention of June 15, 2001 “On the fight against terrorism, separatism and extremism”, extremism is any act aimed at the violent seizure of power or the forcible retention of power, as well as a violent change in the constitutional system of the state, as well as violent encroachment on public safety, including the organization for these purposes of illegal armed groups or participation in them, and prosecuted criminally.

At the same time, it represents a whole direction within the framework of modern ideological movements and socio-political movements, seeking to influence the process of social development, based on its own norms and dogmas. The theoretical justification of extremism comes down to the fact that modern society has lost the ability to constructively and non-violently solve socio-political problems.

The nature of extremist theory lies in the logical development of any ideas or views taken out of context. Most of these theories are based on a small number of theoretical premises, which are often absolutized and overgrown with a number of consequences and conclusions. It should also be emphasized that extremist movements, as a rule, are not associated with power and strive for dictatorship. All types of extremism use conspiracy theories.

The object of aggressive attacks by extremists are all modern socio-political, economic institutions, power structures that seem imperfect, since they, according to the ideologists of extremism, are the main obstacle to establishing the foundations of a new order. Borisov, S. The essence of extremist crimes / S. Borisov // Justice of the Peace.-2009.-No.4.-P.9

The practice of extremism consists of active and immediate, and therefore aggressive actions to establish a new order in the state, come to power, and achieve other political and economic goals.

Moderate extremists are willing to use existing government institutions; radical ones inevitably slide into methods of terror.

Extremism poses a real threat to the national security of the Russian Federation. Russia, as a multinational country, is formed in accordance with national-territorial and administrative-territorial principles. Therefore, extremist actions are directed not only against a specific person. Donika, E.E. On some problems of countering extremism in Russia at the present stage / E. E. Donika // Proceedings of the Academy of Management of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia.-2008.-No. 3.-P.6

Manifestations of extremism are quite diverse - from inciting civil hatred or enmity to the functioning of numerous illegal armed groups that set themselves the goals of changing the constitutional system of the Russian Federation and violating its territorial integrity. The intersection of extremist manifestations and crimes has led to the emergence of a new type of socially dangerous activity - criminal extremism. At the same time, elements of organization are not alien to crime of an extremist nature.

Extremist activities can be carried out with the help of extremist materials. They are understood as documents or information on other media intended for publication, calling for the implementation of extremist activities or substantiating or justifying the need for such activities, including the works of the leaders of the National Socialist Workers' Party of Germany, the Fascist Party of Italy, publications substantiating or justifying national and (or) racial superiority or justifying the practice of committing military or other crimes aimed at the complete or partial destruction of any ethnic, social, racial, national or religious group.

Calls to carry out extremist activities mean inflammatory actions, verbal or written, aimed at achieving a specified goal. These calls must be public, i.e. be carried out directly in the presence of third parties or (if they are written) with the expectation that other persons will become familiar with them later (for example, pasting posters or slogans with relevant content). The expectation of becoming familiar with the content of other people's appeals in the future may also be characteristic of oral appeals through the use of, for example, tape recordings. Commentary on the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation / resp. ed. V. I. Radchenko, scientific. ed. A. S. Mikhlin, V. A. Kazakova.-M.: Prospekt, 2009.-P.586

In fact, extremism is also characterized by its internal qualifying features, therefore, when defining it, it is necessary to take into account not only the ongoing government policy and the state of the social situation in the country, but also the essence of extremism. Currently, it is becoming widespread throughout Russia.

As a result of the analysis of legislation and literature on extremism, the following characteristics can be identified.

Firstly, extremism is a specific act. From the point of view of law, adherence to extreme measures and views, devotion to reactionary, political, religious and other theories, teachings, and views cannot be considered extremism. It is generally accepted in law that extremist, reactionary ideas, beliefs and sentiments, even if expressed in one form or another and becoming known to outsiders, should not be recognized as offenses. Otherwise, it would be necessary to ban the activities of communist parties, anarchist organizations, religious sects, etc.

Secondly, extremism is the use of extreme, radical forms and methods of activity. “Extreme” implies, as stated in the 2001 Shanghai Convention, physical or mental violence. However, extremists can also commit non-violent actions, for example, producing and distributing extremist materials, inciting hatred or enmity based on gender, race, nationality, language or membership in any group.

Thirdly, all types of extremist activities that are listed in Art. 1 of the Federal Law “On Combating Extremist Activities” is connected by one feature - an ideological basis, which is expressed in the denial of any dissent, xenophobia, and the desire to impose one’s theories and views on other people.

Fourthly, if we consider extremism from a legal point of view, then its characteristic is the illegality of extremist actions, that is, their prohibition by law. They may be prohibited by criminal, administrative and other branches of law. Extremist actions are recognized by the legislator as illegal because they cause harm to certain social relations. If extremist actions cause significant harm to legally protected benefits and interests, then they should be recognized as criminal. In any case, significant harm is caused when there is an encroachment on the peace and security of the state, a violation of the constitutional rights and freedoms of man and citizen, as well as the use of physical or mental violence against victims for extremist reasons.

Fifthly, legal entities and individuals can be subjects of extremist activity. For example, both citizens, including officials, and legal entities bear administrative responsibility for the production and distribution of extremist materials.

From the point of view of the state-political approach, an additional sign must be introduced, which is a sign of public danger. Only those supporters of extreme views and measures can be recognized as extremists, from a state-political point of view, whose adherence to their beliefs directly or indirectly threatens the security of the individual, society and state. If they do not pose such a danger, then classifying them as extremists can only be of a purely formal, casuistic nature.

For example, convinced supporters of the view that the Americans never landed on the Moon and all their “evidence” of being there was filmed in Hollywood pavilions obviously do not pose any serious danger to anyone (at least in Russia). At the same time, supporters of, for example, a complete ban on abortion pose a certain danger for some women who may need an abortion for medical reasons. However, supporters of extreme freedom of abortion also pose a certain social danger, both from the point of view of the morality and health of society, and from the point of view of its demographic security. Finally, supporters, for example, of the doctrine of anarchism, which calls for the complete abolition of the state, pose the most serious danger to society, and the greater the wider the movement of supporters of such ideas and the more violent methods they fight against opponents of such views and programs.

The examples given were intended to demonstrate the existence of varying degrees of danger from various forms of extremism. Therefore, even with the addition of the sign of public danger, we still do not receive grounds for qualifying extremism from a state-political point of view. The state and society should be mainly interested in dangerous, very dangerous and extremely dangerous forms of extremism. Extremism of minor social danger does not deserve serious government and public attention and should be perceived with a certain degree of tolerance. In other words, extremism is allocated to a special state-political category not so much because it represents a certain extreme, but because such an extreme carries with it a high or extreme danger for the individual, society and the state.

From a state-political point of view, determining the degree of public danger of a particular form of extremism should be developed not behind the scenes by experts, but democratically - in the course of broad public, scientific and parliamentary discussions, with final reliance on the broad public opinion of a particular country. It should be borne in mind that the same forms of extremism pose different dangers to different countries. So, for example, racism and extreme nationalism (ethnocentrism) are not relevant or dangerous currently in the context of Japan or Korea, but are very dangerous in countries such as Russia (or the former Yugoslavia). Accordingly, the degree of counteraction to these forms of extremism in different societies should be different. In this case, there is no single international standard applicable to all countries and peoples at the same time.

So, extremism, from a state-political point of view, should be recognized as the commitment of specific individuals or organizations to extreme views and measures of social practice that carry a high degree of danger (potential or actual) for the individual, society and the state. The degree of such danger should be determined on the basis of broad public opinion, in the course of scientific, public and parliamentary discussions. Measures taken to prevent and counter specific forms of extremism must correspond to the degree of their public danger in a particular country.

However, this more specific definition of extremism is still not enough to fully penetrate its essence. Further specification of this definition requires addressing the social causes and conditions that give rise to dangerous forms of extremism.

Such causes and conditions in the most general form are social contradictions. The social and state fabric of a modern highly developed society with a fairly rich culture and history is permeated with many different contradictions, among which the contradictions between large and super-large groups of people are of particular importance for understanding the essence of extremism, among which the following should be highlighted.

1. Interreligious and interconfessional contradictions.

2. Interethnic and cultural-ethnic contradictions.

3. Interracial contradictions.

4. Political contradictions (between forces fighting for power in the state).

5. Interethnic (interstate, international) contradictions.

6. Interclass contradictions.

7. Market and economic contradictions (between representatives of various sectors of the modern economy and various global players in the modern market).

8. Ideological contradictions (between adherents of different ideological movements and doctrines, offering different forms and methods for resolving all social contradictions).

These main contradictions exist in society objectively, regardless of the will and desires of people, and in public life they manifest themselves in the form of interpersonal and intergroup conflicts.

In the course of these conflicts and their understanding, the warring parties develop certain ideologies and programs aimed at fundamentally resolving these conflicts. And it is precisely in the specifics of these fundamental permissions that socially dangerous extremism may lie.

From this point of view, the essence of extremism is that one of the parties to a social conflict (or both parties) chooses a method of resolving it that comes down to the moral, legal or even physical destruction of one of the parties to the conflict. Instead of a civilized and socially fruitful way of resolving objective contradictions (and the life of society consists of such everyday resolution of these contradictions), an irreconcilable, antagonistic method is chosen, based on the idea of ​​​​the fundamental unsolvability of a contradiction without the moral, legal or physical destruction of one of the parties.

It is with the choice by the parties to the conflict of this approach and with its implementation in practice that social conflicts become aggravated to the maximum, and the normal life of society begins to be threatened with increased danger. The social danger of extremism, therefore, consists in its choosing an irreconcilable, antagonistic position in relation to its opponent (or adversary) in a particular social conflict that exists within the framework of objective social contradictions.

At the same time, fascism and national socialism, as forms of extremist ideology, establish a whole “bouquet” of insoluble contradictions. First of all, this is racism as a contradiction between the “Aryan” master race and all other “inferior” peoples subject to Aryan enslavement and subjugation. Within the framework of this conflict, German fascism attaches special importance to the conflict with the Jewish people as the most “evil”, subject to complete elimination. Fascism is equally uncompromising towards its ideological opponents - liberalism and communism (socialism). Less radical, but quite harshly, fascism relates to the big bourgeoisie, to the church, to market forms of economic regulation, to supporters of freedom of thought, etc.

Thus, the most socially dangerous, from a state-political point of view, are such extremist doctrines, programs and forms of socio-political action that deny one of the parties to an objective social contradiction and social conflict an equal right to exist, declaring the coexistence of the parties to the conflict in that or in any other form impossible and calling for moral, legal or even physical violence against one’s opponent, his property, valuables, shrines, etc.

To summarize, we can formulate the following concept: extremism is antisocial behavior of individuals or legal entities, which is expressed in the unlawful use of violence or other extreme forms and methods of activity motivated by political, ideological, racial, national, religious hatred or enmity, hatred or enmity towards any social group and similar ideological motives.

Extremism (from French extremisme, from Latin extremus - extreme) - commitment to extreme views and, in particular, measures (usually in politics). Such measures include provoking riots, civil disobedience, terrorist acts, and methods of guerrilla warfare. The most radical extremists often deny in principle any compromises, negotiations, or agreements. The growth of extremism is usually facilitated by: socio-economic crises, a sharp drop in the standard of living of the bulk of the population, a totalitarian political regime with suppression of the opposition by the authorities, and persecution of dissent. In such situations, extreme measures may become for some individuals and organizations the only opportunity to really influence the situation, especially if a revolutionary situation develops or the state is engulfed in a long civil war - we can talk about “forced extremism.”

1. The problem of defining the concept

In different countries and at different times, many different legal and scientific definitions of the concept of “extremism” have been given. There is no single definition today. Dr. Peter T. Coleman and Dr. Andrea Bartoli, in their work “Addressing Extremism,” gave a brief overview of the proposed definitions of this concept:

Extremism is actually a complex phenomenon, although its complexity is often difficult to see and understand. The easiest way to define it is as the activities (as well as beliefs, attitudes towards something or someone, feelings, actions, strategies) of an individual that are far from the usual generally accepted ones. In a situation of conflict - demonstration of a tough form of conflict resolution. However, labeling activities, people and groups as “extremist”, as well as determining what should be considered “ordinary” or “generally accepted” is always a subjective and political matter. Thus, we assume that any discussion on the topic of extremism addresses the following:

• Typically, some extremist actions are viewed by some people as just and virtuous (for example, pro-social “freedom fighting”), while other extremist actions are viewed as unjust and immoral (anti-social “terrorism”). This depends on the values, political beliefs, moral restrictions of the evaluator, as well as on his relationship with the actor.
• In addition, the same person’s moral assessment of the same extremist action (for example, Nelson Mandela’s use of guerrilla warfare tactics against the South African government) may change depending on the conditions - leadership, opinion of the world community, crises, “settling of historical scores” and so on. Thus, the contemporary and historical context in which an extremist act occurs shapes our views on it
• Power differences also matter in defining extremism. During conflict, the actions of members of a weaker group often appear more extreme than those of members of a stronger group defending its status quo. In addition, marginalized people and groups who view more normative forms of conflict resolution as inaccessible to them or are prejudiced against them are more likely to take extreme measures. However, dominant groups also often resort to extreme actions (for example, government-sanctioned violent paramilitary actions or the Waco attack carried out by the FBI in the USA).
• Extremist actions often involve violence, although groups of extremists may differ in their preference for violent or nonviolent tactics, the level of violence tolerated, and the preferred targets for their violent actions (from infrastructure and military personnel to civilians and even children). Again, weaker groups are more likely to use and undertake direct and episodic forms of violence (such as suicide bombings), while dominant groups are prone to more structured or institutionalized forms of violence (such as the covert use of torture or the informal authorization of police atrocities).
• Although extremists and their groups (such as Hamaz or Islamic Jihad) are often seen as a united and concerted evil, it is important to understand that within them there can be conflict and ambivalent behavior among group members. Thus, for example, individual Hamaz members may vary widely in their willingness to negotiate with the Palestinian Authority and, ultimately, with certain factions in Israel.
• Finally, the main problem is that the extremism present in situations of protracted conflict is not the most brutal, but the most visible of the actions of the parties. The rigid and intolerant position of extremists is extremely difficult to change.

Another approach is demonstrated by the co-coordinator of the International Movement for the Protection of Peoples' Rights V. D. Trofimov-Trofimov. According to his definition, extremism is not associated only with politics and extends to all types of human activity:

Extremism is the ideology of the permissibility of using extreme measures, extremes of social behavior, to obtain the desired effect.

2. International legal definition

The “Shanghai Convention on Combating Terrorism, Separatism and Extremism” of June 15, 2001 gives the following definition of extremism (clause 3, part 1, article 1):

Extremism- any act aimed at the forcible seizure of power or forcible retention of power, as well as forcible change in the constitutional system of the state, as well as a violent encroachment on public safety, including the organization of illegal armed groups for the above purposes or participation in them, and those prosecuted criminally in accordance with the national legislation of the Parties.

This Shanghai Convention was signed by: the Republic of Kazakhstan, the People's Republic of China, the Kyrgyz Republic, the Russian Federation, the Republic of Tajikistan and the Republic of Uzbekistan. It was ratified in January 2003 and came into force in Russia on March 29 of the same year.

3. Legal definition in Russia
In Russia, the legal definition of what actions are considered extremist is contained in Article 1 of Federal Law No. 114-FZ “On Combating Extremist Activities.”

In accordance with the amendments of April 29, 2008, extremist activities (extremism) include:

• violent change in the foundations of the constitutional system and violation of the integrity of the Russian Federation;
• public justification of terrorism and other terrorist activities;
• inciting social, racial, national or religious hatred;
• propaganda of exclusivity, superiority or inferiority of a person on the basis of his social, racial, national, religious or linguistic affiliation or attitude to religion;
• violation of the rights, freedoms and legitimate interests of a person and citizen, depending on his social, racial, national, religious or linguistic affiliation or attitude to religion;
• obstruction of citizens' exercise of their voting rights and the right to participate in a referendum or violation of the secrecy of voting, coupled with violence or the threat of its use;
• obstruction of the legitimate activities of state bodies, local governments, election commissions, public and religious associations or other organizations, coupled with violence or the threat of its use;
• committing crimes for the reasons specified in paragraph “e” of part one of Article 63 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation;
• propaganda and public display of Nazi paraphernalia or symbols, or paraphernalia or symbols that are confusingly similar to Nazi paraphernalia or symbols;
• public calls for the implementation of these acts or mass distribution of obviously extremist materials, as well as their production or storage for the purpose of mass distribution;
• publicly knowingly falsely accusing a person holding a public office of the Russian Federation or a public office of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation of committing, during the performance of his official duties, the acts specified in this article and constituting a crime;
• organization and preparation of these acts, as well as incitement to their implementation;
• financing of these actions or other assistance in their organization, preparation and implementation, including through the provision of educational, printing and material and technical base, telephone and other types of communications or the provision of information services.

4. Legal definitions in the USA
Such crimes are classified as “hate crimes” in some US states. This is a special legal qualification of a special kind of crimes against the person, committed under the influence of hatred towards persons of a different race or nationality, religion, ethnic origin, political beliefs, gender and sexual orientation, and people with disabilities. Such additional qualifications, aggravating guilt and toughening punishment, exist in some states of the United States and in a number of countries in Western and Central Europe, but are absent in other states and countries.

5. Basic principles of countering extremist activities
Countering extremist activities is based on the following principles:

• recognition, observance and protection of human and civil rights and freedoms, as well as the legitimate interests of organizations;
• legality;
• publicity;
• priority of ensuring the security of the Russian Federation;
• priority of measures aimed at preventing extremist activity;
• cooperation of the state with public and religious associations, other organizations, citizens in countering extremist activities;
• the inevitability of punishment for carrying out extremist activities.

6. Main directions of countering extremist activities
Countering extremist activities is carried out in the following main areas:

• taking preventive measures aimed at preventing extremist activity, including identifying and subsequently eliminating the causes and conditions conducive to extremist activity;
• identification, prevention and suppression of extremist activities of public and religious associations, other organizations, individuals.

7. Subjects of countering extremist activities
Federal government bodies, government bodies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, and local government bodies participate in countering extremist activities within the limits of their competence.

In the Russian Federation, issues of countering extremist activities fall within the competence of the Department for Countering Extremism of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia.

8. Prevention of extremist activities
In order to counter extremist activities, federal government bodies, government bodies of constituent entities of the Russian Federation, and local self-government bodies, within their competence, prioritize preventive, including educational, propaganda measures aimed at preventing extremist activities.

9. Responsibility of officials, state and municipal employees for their implementation of extremist activities
Statements by an official, as well as another person in the state or municipal service, about the need, admissibility, possibility or desirability of carrying out extremist activities, made publicly, either in the performance of official duties, or indicating the position held, as well as failure to accept the official in accordance with with its competence to take measures to suppress extremist activities entails liability established by the legislation of the Russian Federation. The relevant state bodies and higher officials are obliged to immediately take the necessary measures to bring to justice persons who committed the actions specified in part one of this article.

10. Responsibility for carrying out extremist activities
For carrying out extremist activities, citizens of the Russian Federation, foreign citizens and stateless persons bear criminal, administrative and civil liability in the manner established by the legislation of the Russian Federation. In order to ensure state and public security on the grounds and in the manner provided for by federal law, a person who has participated in extremist activities may, by a court decision, be limited in access to state and municipal service, contract military service and service in law enforcement agencies, and also to work in educational institutions and engage in private detective and security activities. In the event that the head or member of the governing body of a public or religious association or other organization makes a public statement calling for extremist activities, without indicating that this is his personal opinion, as well as in the event that a sentence comes into force in relation to such person court for a crime of an extremist nature, the relevant public or religious association or other organization is obliged, within five days from the day on which the specified statement was made, to publicly declare its disagreement with the statements or actions of such a person. If the relevant public or religious association or other organization does not make such a public statement, this may be considered as a fact indicating the presence of signs of extremism in their activities.

11. International cooperation in the field of combating extremism
On the territory of the Russian Federation, the activities of public and religious associations, other non-profit organizations of foreign states and their structural divisions, the activities of which are recognized as extremist in accordance with international legal acts and federal legislation, are prohibited. A ban on the activities of a foreign non-profit non-governmental organization entails:

a) cancellation of state accreditation and registration in the manner established by the legislation of the Russian Federation;

b) prohibition of foreign citizens and stateless persons staying on the territory of the Russian Federation as representatives of this organization;

c) a ban on conducting any economic or other activities on the territory of the Russian Federation;

d) prohibition of publication in the media of any materials on behalf of a banned organization;

e) prohibition of dissemination on the territory of the Russian Federation of materials of a banned organization, as well as other information products containing materials of this organization;

f) a ban on holding any mass actions and public events, as well as participation in mass actions and public events as a representative of a prohibited organization (or its official representatives);

g) a ban on the creation of its successor organizations in any organizational and legal form. After the entry into force of a court decision to ban the activities of a foreign non-profit non-governmental organization, the authorized state body of the Russian Federation is obliged to notify the diplomatic mission or consular office of the relevant foreign state in the Russian Federation within ten days about the ban on the activities of this organization on the territory of the Russian Federation, the reasons for the ban, as well as consequences associated with the ban.

The Russian Federation, in accordance with international treaties of the Russian Federation, cooperates in the field of combating extremism with foreign states, their law enforcement agencies and special services, as well as with international organizations fighting extremism.

12. Combating child extremism
The target program “Prevention of homelessness, neglect and juvenile delinquency for 2007-2009” adopted by the city parliament of Kaluga in 2006, in particular, contained measures designed to develop in adolescents a rejection of Nazi paraphernalia and participation in unauthorized meetings.

13. Criticism of Russian state policy in the field of combating extremism
According to a number of journalists, in Russia at the beginning of the 21st century, the term “extremism” acquired a clearly negative meaning and is mainly used in state media for the purpose of:

• creating a negative image and criminal prosecution of public activists, members of opposition movements, independent journalists;
• creating a negative image of nationalist and/or religious movements and organizations, discrediting their positions and views and legitimizing their prohibition.

On June 9, 2011, during a discussion of the draft resolution of the plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation on criminal cases on extremism, the speaker, Supreme Court Judge Vladimir Davydov, expressed concern that the legislation does not spell out the definition of the controversial concept of “social group”, and suggested that by introducing such a term, “The legislator wanted to highlight weak, unprotected groups, but did it extremely unsuccessfully.” It was stated that the Supreme Court plans, pending help from the legislature, to recommend that courts interpret “social groups” restrictively rather than expansively - that is, violations may be in relation to “socially weak groups” - pensioners, disabled people, orphans. However, in the adopted resolution the term “social group” was not interpreted in this way. However, it was pointed out that criticism in the media of officials (professional politicians), their actions and beliefs should not in itself be considered in all cases as an act aimed at humiliating the dignity of an individual or group of individuals, since in relation to these individuals the limits of acceptable criticism are wider than for private individuals.

This Resolution “On judicial practice in criminal cases involving extremist crimes” was adopted on June 28, 2011 and published in Rossiyskaya Gazeta on July 4.