Burgherdom in medieval Europe. The meaning of the word burgher

The townspeople were divided into burghers and non-burghers. Burghers from the 11th to the 13th centuries. called full-fledged citizens who elected and could be elected to city government bodies. Only those who had their own estate or workshop in the city became a burgher. All other townspeople belonged to non-burghers: servants of burghers, apprentices, clerks, employees, beggars, etc.

The burghers consisted of patricians, that is, the city elite, and guild masters. The patricians included large landowners, wealthy merchants, and families of wealthy craftsmen. They considered themselves almost the navel of the earth, imitating the knights in their everyday life and behavior. But unlike real lords, they lived not from the labor of dependent peasants, but from income from trade, usury, and the collection of customs duties, that is, from what the “noble” nobility neglected. Therefore, no matter how proud the merchants were of their wealth (by the way, almost all of them were illiterate), others, especially people of mental work, treated it with contempt.

Beginning of the 16th century From the work of the writer and scientist Erasmus of Rotterdam “In Praise of Stupidity”

The stupidest and nastiest of all are the merchant breed, for merchants set themselves the most vile goal and achieve it by disgusting means: they always lie, swear, steal, cheat, cheat and at the same time imagine themselves to be the first people in the world just because their fingers decorated with gold rings. Flattering brother monks revolve around them, admire them, loudly call them venerable, in the hope of receiving a small fraction of ill-gotten wealth.

Patriciate almost until the 14th century. held in his hands the bodies of city government - the city council and the court.

XV century From the Nuremberg Beggars Charter

After the venerable council... learned that there are beggars and beggars who behave impiously, inappropriately and indecently, and that some people beg in Nuremberg, although they do not need it..., our gentlemen from the council decide that neither one burgher or burgher, guest or guest has no right to beg in Nuremberg, either day or night, unless they have received permission to do so from the venerable council. Those who have received this permission can ask for alms if they openly wear (on their clothes) the sign that will be given to them. Whoever begs without permission or without a sign will be expelled from Nuremberg for a whole year, he will lose the right to approach him within a distance of one mile...Material from the site

There were many beggars among the townspeople, and their number was increasing. Not only those who really had nothing to live on begged in the cities, but also those who liked it. The “fathers” of the city fought begging mostly through restrictions and prohibitions.

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Burger Burger - a city dweller in European countries in the Middle Ages; the same as the bourgeois. In historical literature it is more often used to refer to the middle stratum of the population of a medieval city.

Historical Dictionary. 2000 .

Synonyms:

See what “Burger” is in other dictionaries:

- (German Burger, from Burg city). German citizen, bourgeois. Dictionary of foreign words included in the Russian language. Chudinov A.N., 1910. BURGER citizen, member of the city. classes in Germany. A complete dictionary of foreign words included in... ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

Gottfried August (Burger, 1747 1794) German poet, son of a priest. He entered the history of literature as the creator of the German ballad. B. began his activity by imitating the Rococo poets: “Drinking Song” “Trinklied” (1767), “My Cupid” “Mein... ... Literary encyclopedia

- (German Bürger, from the ancient Upper German burgari defenders of the city) city dweller, citizen. Evolution of meaning: In the Early Middle Ages, residents of the fortified settlement “Burga” (German burg fortress, castle, city) ... Wikipedia

Philistine, philistine, tradesman Dictionary of Russian synonyms. burgher see philistine Dictionary of synonyms of the Russian language. Practical guide. M.: Russian language. Z. E. Alexandrova. 2011… Synonym dictionary

- (German Burger), a city dweller in European countries in the Middle Ages; the same as the bourgeois. In historical literature, the population of a medieval city is more often used to designate the middle stratum... Modern encyclopedia

BURGER, burgher, husband. (German Burger) (book). City dweller (in Western Europe). || trans. A man of philistine psychology (ironic). Ushakov's explanatory dictionary. D.N. Ushakov. 1935 1940 ... Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary

BURGER, ah, husband. (obsolete). In Germany and some other countries: city dweller. | wives burgher, and (colloquial). | adj. burgher, oh, oh. Burgher morals (translated: philistine). Ozhegov's explanatory dictionary. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 … Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary

See BOURGEOIS. Antinazi. Encyclopedia of Sociology, 2009 ... Encyclopedia of Sociology

Burgher- (German Burger), a city dweller in European countries in the Middle Ages; the same as the bourgeois. In historical literature, the population of a medieval city is more often used to designate the middle layer. ... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary

BURGHER- (from German Burger citizen) a member of the community of a medieval city, enjoying the fullness of city privileges, the right to residence, patronage of the community in business, participation in city governance, etc.; in a narrower sense, a representative of the average... Legal encyclopedia

Books

The Adventures of Baron Munchausen, Burger G.A.. This publication is printed in one thousand copies, one hundred of which are made with a three-sided gold edge, bound in black leather and numbered. Copies No. 1-70…
E. Abbott. Flatland. D. Burger. Spherlandia, E. Abbott. D. Burger. 1976 edition. The authors, in a fascinating manner with constant humor, introduce the reader to important geometric ideas, such as proportionality, curvature, etc. The book is supplemented with articles about...

German B?rgertum, from B?rger - city dweller, mountains. inhabitant) - the middle layer of the mountains. population of Western Europe Middle-century city, consisting of ch. arr. from independent master craftsmen and medium and small traders. Legally, the concept of B. was broader. It covered all inhabitants of the Middle Ages. cities that fell under the influence of the mountains. rights, i.e. all members. mountains communities (including the top of the urban population - the patriciate, and sometimes certain feudal lords who acquired V. rights), as opposed to simply “residents” who were not part of the mountains. community; B. (townspeople) acted as a feud. estate. B. was formed in the process of struggle (11-13 centuries) with the feud. lords beyond the mountains land, liberation from feud. exploitation and arbitrariness. In the main The burghers came from dependent peasants and village artisans who fled (or moved by agreement with their masters) to the city. At the early stage of the mountains. development (approximately until the 14th-15th centuries) of the mountains. the community usually freely and willingly accepted into its membership (i.e., among the burghers) all fugitives, helping the serfs acquire personal freedom. Personal freedom and the consequences arising from it will be excluded. jurisdiction of the cities court, the right to dispose of their property and other privileges were required. signs of the burgher state. Basic the bulk of B. consisted of artisans united in guilds. B., economically interested in the centralization of the country, supported the queens and power against the large feudal lords. In the fight against feud. fragmentation, a large role was played by lawyers from among the burghers, who were attracted by the queens, by the authorities to the state. management (French legalists, Spanish letrados). With the emergence of the class monarchy, B., strengthened economically, received the right to participate in class representation. institutions. Attracting B. to the state. management was very different from country to country: significant in France, insignificant, for example, in Germany. In property. B.'s attitude (not only in the broad, but also in the narrow sense) was not uniform: its elite, consisting of rich craftsmen and merchants, differed sharply in their position from the poor burghers - Ch. arr. small artisans, who often actually lost their economic independence and those who descended into the ranks of the plebeians. Only the elite of B. were represented in class institutions. She also seized power in the city in cases of B.’s victory over the patriciate. The process of stratification of B. especially intensified during the late Middle Ages. The question of the social composition of the Middle Ages. B. found different interpretations in the bourgeoisie. lit-re. On the one hand, there is a denial of property. inequality, sharp social stratification and class. struggle within Belgium (German scientists R. Som and especially K. Bücher and G. Belov), on the other hand, modernization, the rapprochement of the top of Belgium with the bourgeoisie (German historian G. Sieveking, Belgian historian A. Pirenne, etc. ). B., occupying a fief. about dualities. position (on the one hand, this is a tax-paying class, unprivileged, lacking full rights, on the other, the propertied layer of the population, the top of which exploited the lower classes), actively participated in the anti-feud. speeches, showing at the same time a tendency to agree with the feudal lords and to betray the people. wt. This manifested itself, for example, in the mountains. uprisings in France and especially clearly during the Cross. wars of 1524-25 in Germany. At the same time, small B. often acted jointly. with the plebeians and peasants. B. played a huge role in the development of the feud. society. According to F. Engels, it personified the further development of production and exchange, education, social and political. institutions (“On the Decomposition of Feudalism...”, see K. Marx and F. Engels, 2nd ed., vol. 21, p. 407). Being an integral part of the feudal society, B. at the same time contributed to the development of the commodity market. relations that undermined the feud. system. Oio created its own mountains. a culture that carried within itself the germs of anti-feud. ideology and prepared humanistic. Renaissance movement. In the 16th-18th centuries. from part of V., which was moving towards capitalism. production methods, the formation of a bourgeois class took place, which became the hegemon in the early bourgeoisie. revolutions. Elements of V., not yet formed into the bourgeoisie, often played in the social movements of the late Middle Ages and in the bourgeoisie. reactionary revolutions role, clinging to their guild exclusivity, trying to save the remnants of their middle ages. liberties and privileges (part of the French B. during the Religious Wars of the 16th century, B. of certain southern Dutch cities during the revolution of the 16th century). In plural countries with slow capitalism. development, with the preservation (at least formal) of the guild system, the burgher layers last. time continued to exist in modern times (for example, in Germany). Lit.: Engels F., Cross. war in Germany, M., 1952; him, On the decomposition of feudalism and the emergence of nationalism. state-in (appendix to "The Cross, the War in Germany"); Stoklitskaya-Tereshkovich V.V., Essays on German social history. cities in the XIV-XV centuries, M.-L., 1936; hers, Main. problems of history of the Middle Ages. cities of the X-XV centuries, M., 1960; Levitsky Ya. A., Cities and mountains. craft in England in the X-XII centuries, M.-L., 1960; Thierry O., Experience in the history of the origins and successes of the third estate, fav. cit., trans. from French, M., 1937; Pirenne A., Middle Ages. cities of Belgium, lane. from French, M., 1937; Luzzatto D., Economic history of Italy; Antiquity and the Middle Ages, trans. from Italian, M., 1954; Belov G., Gor. construction and mountains life of the Middle Ages Germany, trans. from German, M., 1912; Kirillova A, A., From the social history of the cities of England in the 13th century, in collection. Wed. century, century 13, M., 1958; Pirenne H., Histoire ?conomique de l'occident medieval, Bruges, 1951; Maurer G., Geschichte der St?dteverfassung in Deutschland, Bd 1-4, Erlangen, 1869-71. See also Art. The city and literature for it. V. A Ermolaev. Saratov.

Mass escapes from the villages of artisans, dissatisfied with the high quitrent of the feudal lords. These people settled at the intersection of main roads, near convenient sea harbors, near river crossings, and practiced their craft. Over time, the settlements grew, and both peasants and merchants came to the artisans for the necessary products. This is how cities with the first burghers were founded.

Development of the burghers

Craftsmen owned workshops and workshops, produced their own products and had their own money. At the early stage of urban development, the urban community freely accepted new residents into its composition, helping feudal-dependent peasants acquire freedom. Gradually, the burghers became an influential force in society. Mandatory features of the burgher state were exclusive jurisdiction of the city court and the right to dispose of their property. Medieval cities were small in size, rarely exceeding ten thousand people. But in each there was a senior burgher - a burgomaster of self-government.

Burgher lifestyle

The life of urban artisans took place in workshops, workshops, studios, and in city markets. They had a well-kept house and farm; the children of the burghers were introduced to work from an early age, helping their parents. Schools were opened that were accessible to the children of all citizens. Children were taught not only to count, but also to draw up business papers, and paid great attention to the study of weights and measures.

The burghers were economically interested in the country and, in most cases, supported royal power against large feudal lords. They actively participated in anti-feudal protests, together with the peasants. It was the burghers who contributed to the development of commodity-money relations and the creation of urban culture, preparing the ground for the humanistic movement of the Renaissance. Over time, some artisans became wealthy and managed to enter the emerging bourgeoisie, while others, on the contrary, went bankrupt and went to work for hire. By the 18th century, not all townspeople began to be called burghers, but only the middle, economically successful strata of the urban population. The burghers gradually emerged as a class community and began to have political weight. In modern usage, a burgher is a person with established views, afraid of change, a layman, a tradesman.

3 Burger Gottfried August

Burger Gottfried August (1747-1794), poet of the Sturm und Drang literary movement. He introduced the ballad genre into German literature, which previously existed only in the form of oral folk art (“Lenora”). His lyrics are characterized by a folk sound; themes are also often taken from the life of the people. "The Wild Hunter" - a reworking of R.E. Raspe's book about Munchausen - has become a "people's book for reading." In the village of Molmerswende (Molmerswende, Sachsen-Anhalt), where G.A. Bürger was born, there is a museum (Bürger-Gedenkstätte). A memorial bust was erected to him here, and the Munchausen Festival (Münchhausen-Festspiele) is held. ▲ "Lenore", "Der wilde Jäger" → Sturm und Drang , Raspe Rudolf Erich , Sachsen-Anhalt , Münchhausen Karl Friedrich Hieronimus , Münchhausen-Zimmer

4 Sternheim Carl

Sternheim Karl (1878-1942), playwright, writer, poet. The best works - the cycle of plays "From the heroic life of a tradesman" ("Pants", "Casket", "Burger Schippel", "Snob", "1913"), convey the atmosphere of the life of the petty bourgeois in Wilhelmine Germany. Deceitful bourgeois morality, a tendency towards dictatorship, acquisitiveness, hiding behind invisibility, opportunism are the distinctive features of Sternheim’s heroes. His translations of foreign playwrights are also known. ▲ "Die Hose", "Die Kassette", "Bürger Schippel", "Der Snob"

5 Sturm und Drang

"Sturm und Drang", literary movement between 1765 and 1790 (Sturm-und-Drang-Zeit), a protest by young writers and playwrights against the rationalism of the Enlightenment. Based on the aesthetic principles of Herder (theorist of Sturm and Drang), they created a new type of drama and abandoned the postulate of “unity of time, place and action.” They defended national identity, folk art, depicted strong characters, passions, heroic deeds, and strived for expressive prose language. Famous writers of Sturm und Drang included Goethe (Goetz von Berlichingen, The Sorrows of Young Werther), F. Schiller (The Robbers), G. Burger (who made ballads a literary genre), J. Lenz (Soldiers) , "Hommeister"), F. Klinger, whose drama "Storm und Drang" ("Sturm und Drang") gave its name to the literary movement. In music, the most important manifestations of the spirit of this movement are the works of Christophe Gluck: the ballet "Don Juan" and the opera "Orpheus and Eurydice" → Herder Johann Gottfried , Goethe Johann Wolfgang von , Die Leiden des jungen Werthers , Schiller Friedrich , Lenz Jakob Michael Reinhold , Bürger Gottfried August , Klinger Friedrich Maximilian , Göttinger Hainbund , Mannheimer Schule , Gluck Christoph Willibald

Books

The Adventures of Baron Munchausen, Burger G.A.. This publication is printed in one thousand copies, one hundred of which are made with a three-sided gold edge, bound in black leather and numbered. Copies No. 1-70…

Burgherdom in medieval Europe. The meaning of the word burgher

See what “Burger” is in other dictionaries:

Books

Development of the burghers

Burgher lifestyle

See also in other dictionaries:

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