Insects have simple eyes. Brief description of the class insects

The ability to see the world in the whole spectrum of its colors and shades - unique gift nature to man. The world of colors that our eyes are able to perceive is bright and amazing. But man is not the only living being on this planet. Do animals and insects also see objects, colors, night shapes? How do flies or bees see our room, for example, or a flower?

insect eyes

Modern science, with the help of special instruments, has managed to see the world through the eyes of different animals. This discovery became a sensation in its time. It turns out that many of our smaller brothers, and especially insects, see a completely different picture that we observe. Do flies see at all? Yes, but not at all like that, and it turns out that we and flies, and other flying and crawling ones, seem to live in the same world, but they are completely different.

It's all about In insects, he's not alone, or rather, not quite alone. The eye of an insect is a collection of thousands of facets or ommatidia. They look like cone lenses. Each such ommatidium sees a different part of the picture, accessible only to him. How do flies see? The image that they observe is like a picture assembled from a mosaic, or a puzzle.

The visual acuity of insects depends on the number of ommatidia. The most sighted is the dragonfly, it has ommatidia - as many as about 30 thousand. Butterflies are also sighted - about 17 thousand, for comparison: a fly has 4 thousand, a bee has 5. The most visually impaired is an ant, its eye contains only 100 facets.

All-round defense

Another ability of insects, which is different from the human one, is the possibility of a circular view. The eye-lens is able to see everything in 360 degrees. Among mammals, the hare has the largest angle of view - 180 o. Therefore, he is nicknamed oblique, and what to do if there are so many enemies. The lion is not afraid of enemies, and his eyes look at less than 30 about the horizon. In small insects, nature compensated for the lack of growth by the ability to see everyone who sneaks up on them. What else distinguishes the visual perception of insects is the speed of changing the picture. During a fast flight, they manage to notice everything that people cannot see at such a speed. For example, how do flies see TV? If our eyes were like those of a fly or a bee, we would need to spin the film ten times faster. It is almost impossible to catch a fly from behind, it sees the wave of the hand faster than it happens. A man seems to be an insect slow turtle, and a turtle is generally a motionless stone.

Colors of rainbow

Almost all insects are color blind. They distinguish colors, but in their own way. Interestingly, the eyes of insects and even some mammals do not perceive red at all or see it as blue, purple. To a bee, red flowers look black. Plants that need bee pollination do not bloom red. Majority bright colors scarlet, pink, orange, burgundy, but not red. Those rare ones that allow themselves a red outfit are pollinated in a different way. This is the relationship in nature. It is hard to imagine how the scientists managed to figure out how the flies see the colors of the room, but it turns out that their favorite color is yellow, and blue and green annoy them. That's it. In order to have fewer flies in the kitchen, you just need to paint it properly.

Can flies see in the dark?

Flies, like most flying insects, sleep at night. Yes, they need sleep too. If a fly is constantly driven away and not allowed to sleep for three days, it dies. Flies see poorly in the dark. These are insects round eyes but nearsighted. They don't need eyes to find food.

Unlike flies, worker bees see well at night, which allows them to work in night shift too. At night, the flowers are more fragrant and there are fewer rivals for nectar.

They see well at night, but the American cockroach is recognized as the undoubted leader in vision in the dark.

Item shape

The perception of the shape of an object by different insects is interesting. The specificity is that they may not perceive at all simple forms that are not necessary for their viability. Bees, butterflies do not see objects of simple shapes, especially motionless, but they are attracted to everything that has complex shapes of flowers, especially if they move, sway. This explains, in particular, the fact that bees and wasps rarely sting a person standing still, and if they sting, then in the area of \u200b\u200bthe lips when he talks (moves his lips). Flies and some other insects do not perceive a person; they sit on him simply in search of food, which they search for by smell and see with sensors on their paws.

General features of insect vision

Only butterflies can distinguish red color - they pollinate rare flowers such a range.
The structure of the eye is all faceted, the difference is in the number of ommatidia.
Trichromasia, or the ability to transform colors into three primary colors: violet, green and ultraviolet.
The ability to break and reflect light rays and see the whole picture of the surrounding reality.
The ability to view pictures that change very quickly.
Insects know how to navigate by sunlight, so night butterflies flock to the lamp.
Binocular vision helps insect predators accurately determine the distance to their prey.

Both flies and bees have five eyes. Three simple eyes are located in the upper part of the head (one might say, on the crown of the head), and two complex, or faceted, on the sides of the head. The compound eyes of flies, bees (as well as butterflies, dragonflies and some other insects) are the subject of enthusiastic study by scientists. The fact is that these organs of vision are very interesting. They are made up of thousands of individual hexagons, or to put it scientific language, facets. Each of the facets is a miniature eye that gives an image of a separate part of the object. The compound eyes of the housefly have about 4,000 facets, worker bee- 5000, for a drone - 8000, for a butterfly - up to 17,000, for a dragonfly - up to 30,000. It turns out that the eyes of insects send several thousand images of individual parts of an object to their brain, which, although they merge into the image of the object as a whole, but all but this object looks like it was made of a mosaic.

Why do you need compound eyes? It is believed that with their help insects orient themselves in flight. While simple eyes designed to view objects that are close. So, if a bee removes or glues compound eyes, then it behaves like a blind bee. If simple eyes are glued, then it seems that the insect has a slow reaction.

1,2 -Faceted (compound) eyes of a bee or fly
3 -three simple eyes of a bee or fly

Five eyes allow insects to cover 360 degrees, that is, to see everything that happens in front, from both sides and behind. Maybe that's why it's so hard to get close to a fly undetected. And if you consider that compound eyes see a moving object much better than a stationary one, then one can only wonder how a person sometimes manages to slap a fly with a newspaper!

feature of insects compound eyes to catch even the slightest movement is shown in the following example: if bees and flies sit down with people to watch a movie, then it will seem to them that two-legged viewers look at one frame for a long time before moving on to the next one. In order for insects to watch a movie (and not individual frames, like a photo), the projector film must be twisted 10 times faster.

Is it worth it to envy the eyes of insects? Probably not. For example, the eyes of a fly see a lot, but are not capable of looking closely. That's why they discover food (a drop of jam, for example) by crawling across the table and literally bumping into it. And bees, because of the peculiarities of their eyesight, do not distinguish red - for them it is black, gray or blue.

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Insect and man look at the world literally different eyes. The eyes of all insects - be it a housefly, a hornet, a butterfly or a beetle - are complex (faceted), consisting of separate eyes. (Many species also have simple eyes.) In some butterflies and dragonflies, the compound eye consists of 30,000 elements; ants have only six. Each eye has its own lens focal length which is fixed and does not accommodate. The insect sees a mosaic picture (this is how a greatly enlarged newspaper photograph looks like - from individual specks) and poorly distinguishes the shape of objects. But the compound eye perfectly sees movement, which helps the insect avoid predators and detect prey.

The eyes of the fly and dragonfly occupy most of the surface of the head, providing a view of almost 360, so that a predator can be seen approaching from behind, above and below. Ants that spend most of their time underground make do with underdeveloped eyes, and some species are blind.

The structure of the compound eye

How many eyes does a dragonfly have?

For predatory, as well as fast-flying insects, vision has great importance. Their eyes are made up of many individual eyes. Such a compound eye in dragonflies may consist of 30,000 individual lenses. Passing through lenses and transparent crystalline cones, light reaches sensitive cells. They turn it into electrical impulses, which are then transmitted to the brain, where the complete image is collected. This picture seems to be divided into cells and consists of many points - like a newspaper photograph or a screensaver on a TV. In addition to the compound eyes, many insects have three small ocelli on the forehead - with many light-sensitive cells and one common lens. Insects need them to determine the degree of illumination of the surrounding space and adjust the position of their body during flight. In a dragonfly, separate eyes are clearly visible as part of compound eyes. Relatively simple in terms of structure, an additional eye in the center of the forehead looks like a drop of water.

Dragonfly flight speed

Large dragonflies usually fly at a speed of about 30 km/h. One Australian dragonfly species can reach speeds of up to 58 km/h when flying over short distances. However, horseflies are the champions in high-speed flights. American view horsefly develops speed up to 70 km / h. Dragonflies, thanks to their direct muscles, can move their wings in all directions and thus even fly backwards.

Do insects see colors?

Human visual cells recognize three primary colors: blue, green and red. All other colors come from mixing these three primary colors. Each honey bee separate eye also contains three types of cells, which, however, distinguish between blue, green and ultraviolet. Bees do not perceive red color: it seems to them dark gray or black. Ultraviolet light provides bees, ants and flies with information about the direction of vibrations of polarized light, which are analyzed by the insect brain. Therefore, insects, even with high cloudiness, can assess the location of the sun and orient themselves on the ground. Water bugs and water bugs also use polarized light data to see reflective water surfaces in flight.

What is resolution?

A person can perceive 20 successive pictures per second. If this happens faster, then the picture is seen in motion. This effect is used when shooting movies. The picture on the computer monitor and TV screen is updated 50 times per second and therefore seems constant. The eye of a dung fly can distinguish individual pictures within four thousandths of a second. Honey bees see 300 pictures per second.

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Varieties of the structure of the organs of vision

In insects, the eyes can be represented in three varieties:

(faceted);
(dorsal, ocelli);
larval (lateral, larval). (a photo)

They have different structure and unequal ability to see.

Compound eyes are found in most insects, and the more highly developed the latter, the better their organs of vision are usually developed. also called faceted because they outside surface It is represented by a set of lenses located next to each other - facets.

Ommatidium

A (left) - appositional ommatidium,

B (right) - superpositional ommatidium

1 - axons of visual cells, 2 - retinular cells,

3 - cornea, 4 - crystalline cone,

5 - pigment cells, 6 - light guide, 7 - rhabdom

The compound eye consists of various, as a rule, a large number of separate structural units- ommatidians. include a number of structures that provide conduction, light refraction (facet, root cell, crystal cone) and perception of visual signals (retinal cells, rhabdom, nerve cells). In addition, each has a pigment isolation device, due to which it is completely or partially protected from lateral rays.

Diagram of the structure of a simple eye

Of all the varieties of insect eyes, they have the weakest ability to see. According to some reports, they do not perform at all visual function, and are only responsible for improving the function of compound eyes. This, in particular, is proved by the fact that in insects there are practically no simple ones in the absence of complex ones. In addition, when painting over compound eyes, insects cease to orient themselves in space, even if they have well-defined ones.

Features of insect vision

Dedicated to the study of insect vision great amount scientific works. In view of such interest on the part of specialists, many features of the work of the eyes in Insecta have been reliably elucidated to date. However, the structure of the organs of vision in these organisms is so diverse that the quality of vision, the perception of color and volume, the distinction between moving and stationary objects, the recognition of familiar visual images, and other properties of vision differ enormously in different groups insects. The following factors can affect this: in a compound eye - the structure of ommatidia and their number, bulge, location and shape of the eyes; in simple eyes and - their number and subtle features of the structure, which can be represented by a significant variety of options. The vision of bees has been best studied today.

A certain role in the perception of form is played by the movement of the object. Insects are more likely to sit on flowers that sway in the wind than on stationary ones. dragonflies rush after moving prey, and male butterflies react to flying females and have trouble seeing sitting ones. Probably, the matter is in a certain frequency of irritation of the ommatidia eyes during movement, flashing and flickering.

Recognition of familiar objects

Insects recognize familiar objects not only by color and shape, but also by the arrangement of objects around them, so the idea of \u200b\u200bthe exceptional primitiveness of their vision cannot be called true. For example, the Sand Wasp finds the entrance to the mink, focusing on those objects that are located around it (grass, stones). If they are removed or their location changed, this can confuse the insect.

distance perception

This feature is best studied on the example of dragonflies, ground beetles and other predatory insects.

The ability to determine the distance is due to the presence in higher insects binocular vision, that is, two eyes whose fields of view partially intersect. The structural features of the eyes determine how large the distance available for the review of an insect is. For example, jumping beetles react to prey and pounce on it when they are at a distance of 15 cm from the object.

Light compass movement

Many insects move in such a way that they constantly maintain the same angle of incidence of light on the retina. In this way, Sun rays are a kind of compass by which the insect is oriented. By the same principle, moths move in the direction of artificial light sources.

It is believed that up to 90% of knowledge about the outside world a person receives with the help of his stereoscopic vision. Hares have acquired peripheral vision, thanks to which they can see objects that are on the side and even behind them. In deep-sea fish, the eyes can occupy up to half of the head, and the parietal "third eye" of the lamprey allows it to navigate well in the water. Snakes can only see a moving object, and the eyes of a peregrine falcon are recognized as the most vigilant in the world, capable of tracking prey from a height of 8 km!

But how do representatives of the most numerous and diverse class of living beings on Earth see the world - insects? Along with vertebrates, to which they lose only in terms of body size, it is insects that have the most perfect vision and complex structures. optical systems eyes. Although the compound eyes of insects do not have accommodation, as a result of which they can be called short-sighted, they, unlike humans, are able to distinguish extremely fast moving objects. And thanks to the ordered structure of their photoreceptors, many of them have a real "sixth sense" - polarized vision.

Vision fades - my strength,
Two invisible diamond spears...

A. Tarkovsky (1983)

It is difficult to overestimate the value Sveta (electromagnetic radiation visible spectrum) for all the inhabitants of our planet. sunlight serves as the main source of energy for photosynthetic plants and bacteria, and indirectly through them - for all living organisms of the earth's biosphere. Light directly affects the flow of all diversity life processes animals, from breeding to seasonal color changes. And, of course, thanks to the perception of light by special sense organs, animals receive a significant (and often even more) about most) of the information about the world around them, they can distinguish the shape and color of objects, determine the movement of bodies, navigate in space, etc.

Vision is especially important for animals that are able to actively move in space: it was with the advent of mobile animals that they began to form and improve visual apparatus- the most complex of all known sensory systems. Such animals include vertebrates and among invertebrates - cephalopods and insects. It is these groups of organisms that can boast of the most complex organs of vision.

However, the visual apparatus of these groups differs significantly, as does the perception of images. It is believed that insects as a whole are more primitive compared to vertebrates, not to mention their higher level - mammals, and, naturally, humans. But how different are their visual perceptions? In other words, how much different from our world, seen through the eyes of a small creature called a fly?

Hexagon mosaic

The visual system of insects, in principle, does not differ from that of other animals and consists of peripheral organs of vision, nervous structures and formations of the central nervous system. But as for the morphology of the organs of vision, here the differences are simply striking.

Everyone is familiar with complex faceted insect eyes, which are found in adult insects or in insect larvae developing from incomplete transformation, i.e. without the pupal stage. There are not so many exceptions to this rule: these are fleas (order Siphonaptera), fan-winged birds (order Strepsiptera), most silverfish (family Lepismatidae) and the entire class of cryptomaxillaries (Entognatha).

The compound eye looks like a basket of a ripe sunflower: it consists of a set of facets ( ommatidian) - autonomous receivers of light radiation, having everything necessary for the regulation of the light flux and image formation. The number of facets varies greatly: from a few in bristletails (order Thysanura) to 30 thousand in dragonflies (order Aeshna). Surprisingly, the number of ommatidia can vary even within one systematic group: for example, a number of species of ground beetles living in open spaces have well-developed compound eyes with large quantity ommatidia, while in ground beetles living under stones, the eyes are greatly reduced and consist of a small number of ommatidia.

The upper layer of ommatidia is represented by the cornea (lens) - a section of a transparent cuticle secreted by special cells, which is a kind of hexagonal biconvex lens. Under the cornea in most insects there is a transparent crystalline cone, the structure of which may vary in different types. In some species, especially those leading a nocturnal lifestyle, there are additional structures in the light-refracting apparatus, which mainly play the role anti-reflective coating and increasing the light transmission of the eyes.

The image formed by the lens and the crystal cone falls on photosensitive retinal(visual) cells, which are a neuron with a short tail-axon. Several retinal cells form a single cylindrical bundle - retinulus. Inside each such cell, on the side facing inward, the ommatidium is located rabdomer- a special formation of many (up to 75-100 thousand) microscopic tubes-villi, the membrane of which contains a visual pigment. Like all vertebrates, this pigment is rhodopsin- a complex colored protein. Due to the huge area of these membranes, the photoreceptor neuron contains a large number of rhodopsin molecules (for example, in the fruit fly Drosophila this number exceeds 100 million!).

Rhabdomers of all visual cells combined into rabdom, and are light-sensitive, receptor elements of the compound eye, and all retinules together constitute an analogue of our retina.

The light-refracting and light-sensitive apparatus of the facets along the perimeter is surrounded by cells with pigments, which play the role of light isolation: thanks to them, the light flux, refracting, falls on the neurons of only one ommatidium. But this is how facets are arranged in the so-called photopic eyes adapted to bright daylight.

For species leading a twilight or nocturnal lifestyle, eyes of a different type are characteristic - scotopic. Such eyes have a number of adaptations for insufficient light output, for example, very large rhabdomers. In addition, in the ommatidia of such eyes, light-shielding pigments can freely migrate inside the cells, due to which the light flux can reach the visual cells of neighboring ommatidia. This phenomenon underlies the so-called dark adaptation insect eye - an increase in the sensitivity of the eye in low light.

When light photons are absorbed by rhabdomers, retinal cells generate nerve impulses, which are sent along the axons to the paired visual lobes of the brain of insects. In each visual lobe there are three associative centers, where the processing of the flow of visual information, which simultaneously comes from many facets, is carried out.

One to thirty

According to ancient legends, people once had a "third eye" responsible for extrasensory perception. There is no evidence for this, but the same lamprey and other animals, such as the tuatara lizard and some amphibians, have unusual light-sensitive organs in the “wrong” place. And in this sense, insects do not lag behind vertebrates: in addition to the usual compound eyes, they have small additional eyes - ocelli located on the fronto-parietal surface, and stemma- on the sides of the head.

Ocelli are found mainly in well-flying insects: adults (in species with complete metamorphosis) and larvae (in species with incomplete metamorphosis). As a rule, these are three eyes located in the form of a triangle, but sometimes the median one or two lateral ones may be absent. In structure, ocelli are similar to ommatidia: under a light-refracting lens they have a layer of transparent cells (analogous to a crystalline cone) and a retinal retina.

Stemma can be found in insect larvae that develop with complete metamorphosis. Their number and location varies depending on the species: from one to thirty ocelli can be located on each side of the head. In caterpillars, six eyes are more common, arranged so that each of them has a separate field of vision.

In different orders of insects, stemma may differ from each other in structure. These differences are possibly associated with their origin from different morphological structures. Thus, the number of neurons in one eye can range from several units to several thousand. Naturally, this affects the perception of the surrounding world by insects: if some of them can only see the movement of light and dark spots, then others are able to recognize the size, shape and color of objects.

As we can see, both stemmae and ommatidia are analogues of single facets, albeit modified ones. However, insects have other “fallback” options. Thus, some larvae (especially from the Diptera order) are able to recognize light even with completely shaded eyes with the help of photosensitive cells located on the surface of the body. And some types of butterflies have so-called genital photoreceptors.

All such photoreceptor zones are arranged in a similar way and represent an accumulation of several neurons under a transparent (or translucent) cuticle. Due to such additional "eyes", Diptera larvae avoid open spaces, and female butterflies use them when laying eggs in shaded places.

Faceted Polaroid

What are the complex eyes of insects capable of? As you know, any optical radiation has three characteristics: brightness, spectrum(wavelength) and polarization(orientation of oscillations of the electromagnetic component).

Insects use the spectral characteristic of light to register and recognize objects of the surrounding world. Almost all of them are capable of perceiving light in the range of 300–700 nm, including the ultraviolet part of the spectrum inaccessible to vertebrates.

Usually, different colors perceived various areas compound eye insects. Such "local" sensitivity can vary even within the same species, depending on the sex of the individual. Often, different color receptors can be found in the same ommatidia. So, in butterflies of the genus Papilio two photoreceptors have a visual pigment with an absorption maximum at 360, 400, or 460 nm, two more at 520 nm, and the rest from 520 to 600 nm (Kelber et al., 2001).

But this is not all that the insect eye can do. As mentioned above, in optic neurons, the photoreceptor membrane of the rhabdomer microvilli is coiled into a round or hexagonal tube. Due to this, some of the rhodopsin molecules do not participate in the absorption of light due to the fact that the dipole moments of these molecules are parallel to the path of the light beam (Govardovsky, Gribakin, 1975). As a result, the microvillus acquires dichroism- the ability to absorb light differently depending on its polarization. An increase in the polarization sensitivity of ommatidium is also facilitated by the fact that the molecules of the visual pigment are not arranged randomly in the membrane, as in humans, but are oriented in one direction, and besides, they are rigidly fixed.

If the eye is able to distinguish between two light sources based on their spectral characteristics, regardless of the intensity of the radiation, we can talk about color vision . But if it does this by fixing the polarization angle, as in this case, we have every reason to speak of insect polarization vision.

How do insects perceive polarized light? Based on the structure of the ommatidium, it can be assumed that all photoreceptors must be simultaneously sensitive both to a certain length (lengths) of light waves and to the degree of light polarization. But in this case, there may be serious problems- the so-called false color perception. So, the light reflected from the glossy surface of the leaves or the water surface is partially polarized. In this case, the brain, analyzing the data of photoreceptors, may make a mistake in assessing the intensity of color or the shape of the reflective surface.

Insects have learned to successfully cope with such difficulties. So, in a number of insects (primarily flies and bees), in ommatidia that perceive only color, a rhabdom is formed. closed type, in which the rhabdomers do not contact each other. At the same time, they also have ommatidia with the usual straight rhabdoms, which are also sensitive to polarizing light. In bees, such facets are located along the edge of the eye (Wehner and Bernard, 1993). In some butterflies, distortions in color perception are removed due to significant curvature of rhabdomere microvilli (Kelber et al., 2001).

In many other insects, especially in Lepidoptera, the usual direct rhabdoms are preserved in all ommatidia, so their photoreceptors are able to simultaneously perceive both “colored” and polarized light. Moreover, each of these receptors is sensitive only to a certain polarization angle of preference and a certain wavelength of light. This complex visual perception helps butterflies feed and lay eggs (Kelber et al., 2001).

unfamiliar land

You can endlessly delve into the features of the morphology and biochemistry of the insect eye and still find it difficult to answer such a simple and at the same time incredibly complex issue: How do insects see?

It is difficult for a person to even imagine the images that arise in the brain of insects. But everyone should notice that popular today mosaic vision theory, according to which the insect sees the image in the form of a kind of puzzle of hexagons, does not accurately reflect the essence of the problem. The fact is that although each single facet captures a separate image, which is only a part of the whole picture, these images can overlap with images obtained from neighboring facets. Therefore, the image of the world obtained using the huge eye of a dragonfly, consisting of thousands of miniature facet cameras, and the “modest” six-facet eye of an ant, will vary greatly.

Concerning visual acuity (resolution, i.e., the ability to distinguish the degree of dissection of objects), then in insects it is determined by the number of facets per unit convex surface eyes, i.e. their angular density. Unlike humans, the eyes of insects do not have accommodation: the radius of curvature of the light-conducting lens does not change in them. In this sense, insects can be called myopic: they see the more details, the closer they are to the object of observation.

At the same time, insects with compound eyes are able to distinguish very fast moving objects, which is explained by the high contrast and low inertia of their visual system. For example, a person can distinguish only about twenty flashes per second, and a bee - ten times more! This property is vital for fast-flying insects that need to make decisions directly in flight.

The color images perceived by insects can also be much more complex and unusual than ours. For example, a flower that appears white to us often hides in its petals many pigments that can reflect ultraviolet light. And in the eyes of pollinating insects, it sparkles with many colorful shades - pointers on the way to nectar.

It is believed that insects "do not see" the red color, which in " pure form"and is extremely rare in nature (with the exception of tropical plants pollinated by hummingbirds). However, red-colored flowers often contain other pigments that can reflect short-wavelength radiation. And given that many of the insects are able to perceive not three primary colors, like a person, but more (sometimes up to five!), Then their visual images should be just an extravaganza of colors.

And finally, the “sixth sense” of insects is polarized vision. With its help, insects manage to see in the world around them what a person can get only a faint idea with the help of special optical filters. Insects in this way can accurately locate the sun in a cloudy sky and use polarized light as a "celestial compass". And aquatic insects in flight detect water bodies by partially polarized light reflected from a water surface (Schwind, 1991). But what kind of images they “see” at the same time, it is simply impossible for a person to imagine ...

Anyone who, for one reason or another, is interested in the vision of insects, may have a question: why did they not form a chamber eye, similar to human eye, with a pupil, lens and other devices?

An outstanding American theoretical physicist once exhaustively answered this question, Nobel Laureate R. Feynman: “This is hindered by somewhat rather interesting reasons. First of all, the bee is too small: if it had an eye similar to ours, but correspondingly smaller, then the pupil size would be on the order of 30 microns, and therefore the diffraction would be so great that the bee still could not see better. Too much small eye- it's not very good. If such an eye is made of sufficient size, then it should be no smaller than the head of the bee itself. The value of the compound eye lies in the fact that it practically does not take up space - just a thin layer on the surface of the head. So before giving advice to a bee, don't forget that it has its own problems!"

Therefore, it is not surprising that insects have chosen their own path in the visual knowledge of the world. Yes, and we, in order to see it from the point of view of insects, would have to acquire huge compound eyes in order to maintain the usual visual acuity. It is unlikely that such an acquisition would be useful to us from the point of view of evolution. To each his own!

Literature
1. Tyshchenko V.P. Physiology of insects. M.: graduate School, 1986, 304 p.
2. Klowden M. J. Physiological Systems in Insects. Academ Press, 2007. 688 p.
3. Nation J. L. Insect Physiology and Biochemistry. Second Edition: CRC Press, 2008.