How is open pulmonary tuberculosis transmitted? Open form of tuberculosis

Whether an open form of tuberculosis is treated, and how to recognize its symptoms, we will describe below. Tuberculosis, like many respiratory diseases It is transmitted by airborne droplets, but unlike the common cold, it is very dangerous, especially if you start its treatment. The disease can be of two forms: closed and open. The latter is dangerous because, upon contact with a sick person of this form, you can easily become infected from him, his sputum already contains the tuberculosis virus. Such a patient can infect up to 15 people in a year.

What is an open form of tuberculosis?

Sometimes, if a person has not been fully treated, an open form of tuberculosis can turn into chronic form. And in case complete failure from taking medication, it threatens lethal outcome.

Folk remedies

Human nutrition during therapy also plays an important role. For him, foods rich in vitamins and proteins are selected, very useful. variety of vegetables, meat, fish and fruits in any form. Since the open form of tuberculosis heavily burdens the liver and provokes intoxication of the whole organism. It is very important to get out of it harmful substances, vegetables such as carrots, beets and cabbage will help with this. Taking honey on an empty stomach also removes negative substances. A mixture of melted lard and milk also helps.

Treatment of an open form of tuberculosis can take several years. Those who do not have such long time, which needs to be allocated for treatment, can decide on drastic measures and resort to surgery. After it, the affected part of a lung, but there are times when such an intervention does not work.

Lack of planned medical examinations, open migration of people from disease-prone countries, illiteracy of the population have led to the fact that in the twenty-first century the risk of becoming infected is still high open form tuberculosis, as this disease is transmitted in several ways.

On the way to work, at school or in the store, you can meet a person with an open, active form of the disease, who spreads mycobacteria around him without even knowing it.

The paradox of the situation lies in the fact that the open form of tuberculosis has been thoroughly studied, but neither rapid tests are available, nor new ones. effective drugs disease is not invented. Therapy is carried out with drugs that were treated twenty years ago. Even in prosperous countries, mortality from tuberculosis is high.

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What is an open form of tuberculosis?

There is an open and a closed form of the disease. Most often, the open form is transmitted: a person becomes a distributor of bacilli by coughing or in any other way. This happens due to the rupture of the capsule, which protects the mycobacterium from attacks by the immune system. The opening of the capsule leads to the penetration of Koch's bacillus into the blood, through which it spreads throughout the body and is transmitted to others.

The favorite localization of mycobacteria is the lung tissue, so the disease most often affects the lungs. But in the case of a generalized form of tuberculosis, any organ can become infected, including the brain.

Upon penetration into tissues, cell destruction begins, with the formation of deep cavities. The area of tissue decay depends on the duration of the course of the disease and the timeliness of treatment. Without timely therapy, the patient is open, active form tuberculosis dies.

The main signs of an open form of tuberculosis

The open form in its active stage has symptoms indicating the presence of an infection in the body:

Cough, especially severe during exertion, at night, may be accompanied by the release of blood from the lungs, while being transmitted to others maximum amount bacteria;
copious sputum, the amount of which can reach one hundred milliliters per day;
night sweats;
heat;
severe weakness, apathy, decreased vitality;
weight loss without following any diet, a person loses a lot of weight for a short time.

Ways of transmission of infection

The main route by which an open form of tuberculosis is transmitted is airborne. At the same time, it is not necessary to closely communicate with the sick person, since the particles of saliva that fly out when coughing contain thousands of mycobacteria. Koch's wand is very resistant to damage, survives well in external environment and transmitted through the air.

In order to become infected, you just need to inhale air with dust particles on which bacteria have settled, or use the dishes from which the patient ate. Street cafe, train station, public transport- these are places potentially dangerous in terms of infection with tuberculosis, it is there that the infection is transmitted.

The contact route of infection is also common, since mycobacteria can enter the body through cuts or wounds on the hands, skin damage, sometimes the disease is transmitted through the digestive tract.

Contact with the sick: what is the risk of infection?

The patient may not know that he is progressing until hemoptysis (open form) begins. The symptomatology of tuberculosis often resembles the usual or. During this period of time, he actively spreads mycobacteria around him, (they are transmitted by all means) with which others are infected. There is a certain risk of infection, the degree of which in contact with the patient depends on:

Duration of contact with the carrier of the disease open type. A casual one-time meeting is less dangerous than regular, albeit short-term contacts;
communication density. Living in the same area with the patient will certainly lead to infection, because the bacterium is transmitted in several ways, while teamwork less dangerous in terms of infection;

A single kiss or sexual contact is more dangerous than fleeting, albeit regular meetings.

health status. Strong the immune system can protect against the attack of Koch's wand and will not work, even if contact with the patient was close and prolonged.

Prevention measures: how not to get sick

If it turns out that someone in the environment or in the family suffers from tuberculosis, which is transmitted rapidly, one should take preventive measures to protect yourself from illness:

Be sure to consult a phthisiatrician. The doctor will prescribe necessary examination and prophylactic course of drugs;
within six months it is necessary to organize enhanced nutrition, with a predominance of natural protein foods and animal fats. In the past it quality food helped to cure consumptive patients .;

Fresh air and stress free required condition in the fight against tuberculosis of any form. It is necessary to provide the immune system with all the conditions for a full-fledged fight against mycobacteria.

it is advisable to lead a healthy, planned, measured lifestyle, exclude alcohol intake for the entire period of prevention, quit smoking. According to statistics, smoking is especially dangerous for those infected with mycobacteria, as it has an extremely negative effect on the condition. respiratory tract aggravating the patient's condition;
the room should be treated with special solutions. Primarily, this is done by employees of the sanitary and epidemiological station. The next few months require daily wet cleaning, ventilation of the house and textiles.

This is special dangerous infection. An open form of tuberculosis - one of the most severe varieties of the disease in terms of the nature of the course, is an open variety of the disease, because it can be infected in a short time of communication with the patient. Moreover, the threat of infection increases if the patient does not follow sanitary and hygienic precautions. Mycobacteria (Koch's sticks) are shed when sneezing and coughing. Therefore, it is possible to become infected with an open form of tuberculosis not only by airborne droplets. An open form of tuberculosis can also develop through the contact-household way. How to treat open tuberculosis find out in this article.

Factors of an open form of tuberculosis

Koch's sticks settle primarily in the lungs. external symptoms may not appear immediately. In order for an open form of tuberculosis to appear, 2 conditions are necessary:

provoking factor;

Weakened immunity.

There is a decrease in the body's resistance often with a lack of vitamins, proteins and trace elements in the diet, and it can be provoked stressful situations, any transferred and chronic diseases. Adolescents, children, the elderly and pregnant women are most susceptible to infection with tuberculosis, because they have an instability of neuroendocrine functions.

Open form of tuberculosis: symptoms of the disease

The open form of tuberculosis is characterized by the appearance in the tissues of the lungs of areas of inflammation, which may look like small or large tubercles. In the changed tissues of the lungs with an open form of tuberculosis, caverns can form, in which mycobacteria multiply and spread throughout respiratory system. In this case, hemoptysis is added to the cough, sometimes bleeding.

How to treat open tuberculosis

The open form of tuberculosis responds well to treatment, in which four groups of antibiotics are used. But to obtain a reliable effect of therapy, it is necessary to use not only anti-inflammatory drugs, but also other drugs. Moreover, mycobacteria are extremely resistant to antibiotics. Also, Koch sticks emit toxic substances, poisoning all organs and negatively affecting the humoral and cellular immunity.

What to do after treatment of an open form of tuberculosis

After treatment of an open form of tuberculosis, it is necessary to carry out rehabilitation, during which it is advisable to use silicon dioxide along with other restorative drugs. On the one hand, the sorbent will increase the body's resistance, and on the other hand, it will enhance the natural defenses. Thanks to this, the immune system will be able to resist the re-penetration of Koch's sticks. To prevent the occurrence of tuberculosis, you need to eat right, strengthen the body sports loads and harden, as well as give up alcohol and smoking.

Stages of tuberculosis

primary tuberculosis. It develops in those who first had contact with the pathogen. An inflammatory reaction begins to develop around the site where the infection has entered. This form of the disease usually resolves without symptoms. The focus of inflammation turns into a hard nodule, which is subsequently replaced by fibrous tissue. It absorbs calcium and becomes firmer. After such nodules become visible on x-rays.

latent tuberculosis. Tuberculosis bacteria can exist on the periphery of the focus of inflammation without visible manifestations. The disease will begin to activate with a decrease protective functions organism.

secondary tuberculosis. It develops in those people who have already been infected with tuberculosis bacteria. The focus may harden due to calcium and scarring, as in the primary stage. Sometimes this focus can develop pneumonia, getting into the airways, or begin to spread with blood to the liver, spleen, bones and brain. This form of the disease is called miliary. Usually this stage is accompanied by progressive symptoms over time.

At proper treatment an open form of tuberculosis and the timely intake of medicines prescribed by a doctor, even open tuberculosis is usually successfully treated. Various combinations of several antibiotics are used for treatment, since Mycobacterium tuberculosis is resistant to treatment. The course of treatment lasts at least six months. But the duration of treatment increases if the disease has spread to other organs.

A dangerous disease is an open form of tuberculosis, in which infectious agents are excreted along with sputum. The course of the disease in this case is severe, and the patient presents serious danger to others as a source of infection.

Treating open tuberculosis stationary conditions tuberculosis dispensary.

Tuberculosis open and closed form

In medicine, tuberculosis is considered in two versions - open and closed form. In the first case, there is an active isolation of bacteria, so the open form is designated as (BK+). When bacteria are not isolated, in this case the disease corresponds to the designation (BK-). Treatment of the open form occurs exclusively in stationary conditions, and closed form treated on an outpatient basis.

Koch rods are defined when inflammatory process accompanied necrotic changes. Sputum, coughed up through the bronchi, in addition to mucus, contains specific tuberculous pus and microbacteria. The closed form is characterized by the absence of destroyed areas and links with the bronchial tree.

The difference between open and closed forms of tuberculosis is determined depending on a number of factors. The volume of damage to the lung tissue, the presence or absence of destroyed areas of the lung are taken into account. Bronchial patency directly affects the results of tests that determine the presence of Koch's sticks. During blockage, the data received may be incorrect. Tuberculosis bacilli are visible under a microscope only if they are copious excretion. Modern equipment captures the presence of even single bacteria. The boundary between the concepts of open and closed tuberculosis conditional. On different stages disease, the excretion of bacteria can be intense or stop altogether.

Closed form of tuberculosis

Often in patients with tuberculosis there is no isolation of pathogenic microbacteria. Because of this, the disease is difficult to diagnose. Patients complain of symptoms characteristic of the common cold. That's why accurate diagnosis installed only with x-ray examination including using computed tomography.

Symptoms of an open form of tuberculosis

Tuberculosis develops gradually, passing through several stages in turn. Each one is different in intensity. infectious process and your own symptoms.

An open form of tuberculosis how you can get infected

The main danger of infection is posed by patients with an open form of tuberculosis, actively excreting Koch's bacilli in environment. When coughing, sneezing or talking, mycobacteria are released. Their distribution in the air occurs within a radius of 2 - 6 meters. They get on the dust, and then, along with it, are deposited on the floor and furniture, maintaining viability for a long time.

Infection leads to close contact with tuberculosis patients through personal belongings, dishes and other places where sputum with tuberculosis bacilli has got. In some cases, infection occurs from sick animals. The reason is direct contact and consumption of meat and dairy products obtained from them.

How is open tuberculosis treated? Tuberculosis is one of the most dangerous infectious diseases modernity, which has already become a social problem. The number of patients is growing every year, according to statistics, out of 100 thousand inhabitants of Russia, 80 suffer from tuberculosis, of which about 2% of cases end in death.

Main danger this disease is that there are cases in which you can get infected even for short span time spent with the patient. This form is called an open form of tuberculosis.

Since this disease is transmitted by airborne droplets and household contact, in which the patient becomes a carrier of the virus, tuberculosis in an open form is very dangerous. When coughing, sputum is produced with bacteria that are transmitted to others.

An open form of the disease can only be treated in special medical institutions- TB hospitals. During treatment, the patient is isolated while his sputum contains bacteria. dangerous disease.

The causative agent of the disease is, otherwise called Koch's bacillus or tubercle bacillus. Koch's bacillus retains its infectious properties even in dry sputum, on the ground, and also on the surface of objects. In addition, it has a high resistance to acids, alkalis and other disinfectants.

When infected, inflammation occurs in the tissues of the lungs different sizes, in appearance resembling tubercles. Also, the open form may be accompanied by the formation of caverns, as a result of which the cough is accompanied by hemoptysis.

In humans, in most cases, the development of the disease is provoked by the human (more than 90%) and bovine species of mycobacteria, but their varieties are much larger.

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How is open pulmonary tuberculosis transmitted?

It is important for everyone to know how an open form of tuberculosis is transmitted! The main carrier of the disease is a person already suffering from tuberculosis. The process of infection can occur through any objects during a conversation. Dust contains mycobacteria, when inhaled with air, they enter the body, and infection occurs. However, not all people who are sick dangerous disease are contagious.

Forms in which microbes are not excreted with sputum are not contagious to others. This is closed tuberculosis.

IN rare cases the source of the disease can be a large cattle. If the animal is sick, then the milk contains the bovine species of mycobacteria and when it is ingested, the infection is transmitted to humans. As a result, the disease can go into both closed and open forms.

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Signs of an open form

The symptoms of tuberculosis infection are very similar to the symptoms of other infectious diseases, but have some features.

The time from the moment of penetration of microbes into the body and until the development of allergization of the body is very difficult to identify. Currently, doctors have agreed that it is about 2-3 months.

The first signs of infection can be detected using tuberculin, which is injected under the skin. This procedure is called the Mantoux test. Cases when the reaction to the tuberculin test is negative, and a year later it is positive, with an increase in the size of the papule by 0.5 cm, indicate infection.

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Stages of the disease

In cases where a person is healthy lifestyle life: observes the regime of the day, proper diet, goes in for sports, hardens, strengthens his immunity, the stage of infection and sensitization can last for years. That is, a person is infected, but in fact his health is normal.

Painful condition, lethargy, fever - these are all intoxications. It manifests itself under stress, when defensive forces organisms are weakened. The cause of such intoxication is not toxic substances secreted by bacteria, but an allergy to the pathogen. This phase can also go on for a very long time.

The lung develops in people who first came into contact with the pathogen. An inflammatory reaction develops around the site of infection. Gradually, the focus of inflammation hardens, as a result, a fibrous tissue. It absorbs calcium and thickens. Such nodules are visible on X-ray examination. At this stage, the disease is rarely open.

Despite the fact that the body continues to be in the process allergic reaction, under favorable circumstances, the disease can proceed hidden.

The latent stage of the disease occurs when Koch's bacilli live on the periphery of the focus of inflammation, without manifestation obvious symptoms.

- this is the stage when, after the primary stage, immunity drops sharply or another infection enters the body. It can affect large areas of lung tissue. The disease is aggressive, mycobacteria are present in the sputum.

Sometimes at this stage, inflammation can develop into pneumonia, and in some cases it passes to others. internal organs. This is the miliary form of the disease. lung usually has an open shape.

At the same time, open tuberculosis can proceed almost imperceptibly, manifesting itself only with symptoms such as:

lethargy;
slight increase temperature.

But it is also acute severe symptoms diseases:

heat;
persistent cough;
heavy sweating.

The best way to diagnose an infection is to laboratory conditions check sputum for bacilli.

Bronchoscopy is another method for detecting the disease, performed in cases where it is impossible to obtain sputum.