Mental illness description. Types of mental disorders

Mental disorders are a heterogeneous group of pathological conditions that differ from the generally accepted norm. Mental disorders are characterized by changes in the areas of feelings and perceptions, thinking, drives and behavioral responses. Many of them also cause somatic disorders.

Correction of most mental illnesses involves long, regularly repeated courses of basic therapy in combination with the elimination of the symptoms of the disease.

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Prevalence

Experts have noticed that mental illness and disorders are somewhat more common in women (7%) than in men (3%).

Clinicians attribute this feature to the presence of more provoking factors in the fairer sex:

pregnancy and difficult childbirth;
perimenopausal period;
menopause, menopause.

Classification of organic mental disorders

The term "organic" refers to mental disorders, the occurrence of which is explained by independent cerebral or systemic diseases. The term “symptomatic” refers to disorders that occur secondary to systemic extracerebral disease.

Organic mental disorders (including symptomatic mental disorders) are a group of conditions that are the consequences of organic brain lesions.

Three criteria play a role in diagnosing the described disorders:

the fact of transferred exogenous pathogenic impact;
the presence of specific psychopathological symptoms characteristic of certain cerebral dysfunctions;
the possibility of objective diagnosis of cerebral pathomorphological substrate.

The modern international classification of diseases describes a group of mental disorders as follows:

ICD-10 class	Group of diseases
F00-F09	Organic mental disorders, including symptomatic
F10-F19	Mental and behavioral disorders associated with the use of psychotropic chemicals
F20-F29	Schizophrenia, schizophrenia-like, schizotypal and delusional disorders
F30-F39	Mood disorders (affective disorders)
F40-F48	Disorders provoked by stress (neurotic, somatoform)
F50-F59	Syndromes relating to behavioral disorders caused by physical factors and physiological disorders
1.7 F60-F69	Personality and behavioral disorders in adulthood
1.8 F70-F79	Mental retardation
1.9 F80-F89	Developmental Disorders
1.10 F90-F98	Behavioral and emotional disorders that debut in childhood and (or) adolescence
1.11 F99	Mental disorders that do not have additional specifications

Clinical

The clinical classification distinguishes the following diseases in the group of organic mental disorders:

Group of diseases	Diagnosis
dementia	Dementia due to Alzheimer's disease; vascular dementia; dementia in diseases listed under other headings; unspecified dementia
Deficiency Disorders	Organic amnesic syndrome; mild cognitive impairment; organic emotionally labile disorder; postencephalitic syndrome; post-concussion syndrome
Organic psychotic disorders	Delirium not provoked by alcohol or other psychoactive substances; organic hallucinosis; organic catatonic disorder; organic delusional disorder
affective disorders	Organic disorders of the sphere of mood; organic anxiety disorder
Organic personality disorders	dissociated disorder; personality disorder of organic origin; other violations of behavior and personality of an organic nature, provoked by damage, trauma or dysfunction of the brain (the same group includes personality changes in epilepsy of traumatic origin)

Etiological

By origin, all mental disorders are usually divided into the following two types:

Exogenous - arising in connection with factors affecting from the outside (reception of toxic substances, exposure to industrial poisons, drug addiction, radiation exposure, the influence of infectious agents, craniocerebral and psychological trauma). A variety of exogenous disorders are psychogenic diseases, the occurrence of which is interconnected with emotional stress, the impact of social or family problems.
Endogenous - actually mental disorders. Etiological factors in this case are internal causes. Examples are chromosomal disorders, diseases associated with gene mutations, diseases with a hereditary predisposition that develop if the patient has an inherited injured gene. Hereditary forms of neuropsychiatric diseases manifest themselves in the event of exposure to a powerful provoking factor (trauma, surgery, serious illness).

Functional Disorders

From organic mental disorders, functional disorders should be distinguished - violations, the occurrence of which is due to the influence of psychosocial factors. These disorders are formed in people who have a predisposition to their occurrence. Researchers refer to such a group of ailments, for example, postpartum psychosis with decreased appetite, anxiety, and a desire for isolation.

Violations of this group are most typical for the following categories of people:

unbalanced, with a mobile psyche;
in a state of chronic stress;
suffering from asthenic syndrome, which is a consequence of the weakening of the body by a serious illness, injury, chronic fatigue, systematic lack of sleep.

The psychological characteristics of such people contain indications of emotional lability, excessive impressionability, and unhealthy depressive ideas.

Prevention of the occurrence of disorders in people with an unstable psyche can serve as:

healthy lifestyle;
specialized psychological trainings;
if necessary - individual sessions with a psychotherapist.

Clinical manifestations

Each type of mental illness is characterized by unique features of the clinical picture that determine the behavior of the patient, the severity of his condition and influence the choice of medical tactics.

Clinical manifestations are superimposed on the personality traits of a person who has mental problems. Therefore, the description of the symptoms of the same disease in different patients may vary. To distinguish pathological manifestations from personality traits helps to collect a family history, a conversation with the patient's immediate environment.

Researchers have noticed some patterns in the formation of symptoms, depending on the gender of the patient. For example, phobic disorders, sleep disturbances, and decreased resistance to stress are more common among women.

dementia

Dementia, or acquired dementia, in psychiatry is a disorder manifested by the impoverishment of mental activity and the gradual loss of a number of higher cortical functions (cognitive and mental processes, emotional reactions, systems of behavior and motivation).

The group of dementias is heterogeneous - that is, the disorder may have a different etiology and other features that are used in differential diagnosis. Dementias that have arisen against the background of various diseases have a different course: from chronic, with a gradual extinction of the functions of the central nervous system, to fulminant.

Often, patients with dementia are prone to depressive moods. In this case, a differential diagnosis with appropriate pathologies is required.

Features of subtypes of pathology are described in the table:

Etiology of dementia	Characteristic manifestations
Dementia syndrome in Alzheimer's disease	Gradual and smooth start. No other cause for dementia
Vascular dementia	The presence of diagnostic data confirming the insufficiency of blood supply to brain tissues. A history of transient ischemic episodes or cerebral infarctions. The predominance of disorders related to the intellectual-mnestic sphere (memory loss, impoverishment of the level of judgments, amnestic aphasia, emotional weakness). Duration of preservation of the personality core
Dementia in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease	A triad of symptoms is characteristic: transient devastating dementia; gross pyramidal and extrapyramidal disorders; triphasic electroencephalogram
Dementia in Huntington's disease	Progressive dementia is accompanied by mental disorders (in the form of depression, dysphoria, paranoid phenomena), choreiform hyperkinesis and characteristic personality changes.
Dementia in Parkinson's disease	The course of dementia is characterized by disorders in the system of formation of emotions and motivation, emotional poverty, a tendency to manifest depressive, hypochondriacal reactions.

Deficiency disorders

The group of deficient pathologies includes conditions characterized by a decrease or loss of any of the mental functions. They are described in detail in the table:

Disorder	Character traits
Amnestic Syndrome	Prevalence of loss of memory of recent events, anterograde and retrograde amnesia, sequential memory decay. Sometimes there are confabulations. At the same time, automated knowledge should be stored for a long time.
Organic emotionally labile disorder (asthenic)	Cerebrosthenia. Constant emotional incontinence. Rapid exhaustion. Hyperesthesia to various physical sensations. Autonomic disorders
Mild cognitive impairment	Decreased productivity of mental activity due to memory impairment, difficulty concentrating, situational mood swings. Mental fatigue and subjective learning problems are typical.
Postencephalitic syndrome	Neurosis-like syndrome in the form of a sleep disorder, appetite. High fatigue, mental exhaustion. Increased irritability, tendency to conflicts. Difficulties with learning and work. The fundamental difference from organic personality disorders is the reversibility of the process
Postconcussion (postconcussion) syndrome	Vegetative disorders. Fatigue and irritability. Difficulties in solving mental problems and concentrating. Memory deterioration. Decreased resistance to stress. Insomnia. Emotional arousal. The formation of a depressive state and a phobia of an unfavorable outcome is possible

Organic mental disorders

Conditions in this category have the following characteristics:

hallucinatory syndrome, characterized by clouding of consciousness;
the predominance of true hallucinations;
acute development of disorders;
figurative nonsense;
motor excitation;
violation of the structure of sleep and the cyclical nature of sleep and wakefulness;
impaired consciousness - from arousal to stupor.

The clinical picture of organic hallucinosis is characterized by a combination of visual, auditory, olfactory, tactile hallucinosis, including the Kandinsky-Clerambault syndrome (an obsessive sensation of extraneous influence from the outside and an acute desire to get rid of it).

This mental disorder does not exclude the sanity of the patient. INin some cases, such a person may be the first to understand that he is sick, and deliberately hide the symptoms from loved ones. In this case, it is difficult for others to recognize the patient. The patient, as a rule, retains criticism of his condition. Against the background of preserved consciousness, violations may well be perceived by the patient as hallucinations (not always).

For a catatonic disorder, signs of catatonia (waxy flexibility, impulsivity) accompanying hallucinosis are typical. Polar psychomotor disorders (stupor and agitation) can be interspersed with any frequency.

In medicine, it is still a debatable question whether the development of such a disorder is possible against the background of clear consciousness.

Schizophrenia-like disorder has characteristic features in the form of dominance of stable recurrent delusional ideas of various structures, accompanied by hallucinations, thought disorders. When diagnosing, pay attention to the absence of impaired memory and consciousness.

organic affective disorder

Organic mood disorder has a wide range of manifestations, always accompanied by a change in the overall level of activity.

Affective disorders are usually divided into:

monopolar (depressive and manic);
bipolar (manic-depressive).

Personality disorder

The criterion for diagnosing a personality disorder is a violation of the integration between the memory of the past and awareness of oneself as a person in the present day. Disturbances of direct sensations and control over the movement of the body are characteristic.

Organic personality disorder is manifested by a significant violation of the lifestyle and behavior habitual before the disease. This is especially clearly expressed in the sphere of emotions (sharp emotional lability, euphoria, irritability, aggression). There is a violation of needs and motives. In patients, cognitive activity decreases, the function of planning and foresight disappears. Sometimes there is the formation of overvalued ideas.

Treatment

When providing medical care to patients with mental disorders, it is important to determine the place of treatment (whether hospitalization is necessary). The choice is made taking into account the patient's condition individually in each case. Sometimes the issue of hospitalization in a psychiatric hospital is decided in court.

Indications for hospitalization in a mental institution are:

psychotic disorders of acute or subacute course;
disturbance of consciousness;
state of psychomotor agitation;
identification of suicidal tendencies and intentions;
any other mental disorders that are not stopped on an outpatient basis (disturbance of desires, violent actions, convulsive attacks).

Relanium (diazepam) - a drug from the category of benzodiazepine derivatives

The goal of therapy in a hospital setting is to relieve acute symptoms, normalize behavioral reactions, select effective therapy that the patient will receive in the future, and also address social issues.

Velafax is a member of the antidepressant group.

Therapy of mental disorders is carried out in a complex manner using all available therapeutic agents, which are described in the table:

Syndrome	Pharmacotherapeutic group and list of drugs
depressive state	Antidepressants: Venlafaxine, Velafax, Lenuxin, Elycea, Venlaxor, Brintellix; Neroplant, Geparetta, Adepress, Amitriptyline, Framex, Paxil. Anxiolytics (anti-anxiety drugs): Grandaxin, Atarax, Alprox
Anxiety, obsessive fears	Anxiolytic drugs
psychomotor agitation	Tranquilizers (anxiolytics). Soothing benzodiazepine series: Diazepam, Nozepam, Phenazepam. Antipsychotics: Sulpiride, Quentiax, Tiapride, Ketilept, Olanzapine, Ariprazol, Betamax
Sleep disorders	Sleeping pills of plant origin. benzodiazepine derivatives
Delirium, hallucinatory syndrome	Antipsychotics. tranquilizers
dementia	Nootropic drugs: Piracetam, Phenotropil, Noopept, Cereton, Bilobil, Combitropil. Cerebroprotectors: Celebrolysin. Antioxidants: Mexidol. Vasodilator drugs; Cavinton, Vinpocetine
convulsive syndrome	Anticonvulsants: Carbamazepine, Convulsan, Konvuleks, Depakine. Drugs of the benzodiazepine group

The list of drugs used to treat mental disorders is quite large. From the whole variety, you should choose the means that have the least number of side effects and the minimum range of drug interactions. Another mandatory rule is to start therapy with minimal dosages - this is especially true in cases where continuous treatment is required over a long period of time.

The success of therapy of patients with mental disorders is due to the complexity of the approach. If possible, the impact is carried out simultaneously on the elimination of the causes that caused the disease, on the mechanisms of its development and the elimination of the symptoms of the disorder:

Orientation of therapy

Mental disorders are invisible to the naked eye, and therefore very insidious. They significantly complicate the life of a person when he is unaware of the presence of a problem. Experts studying this aspect of the boundless human essence claim that many of us have mental disorders, but does this mean that every second inhabitant of our planet needs to be treated? How to understand that a person is really sick and needs qualified help? You will receive answers to these and many other questions by reading the following sections of the article.

What is a mental disorder

The concept of "mental disorder" covers a wide range of deviations of a person's state of mind from the norm. The problems with internal health in question should not be taken as a negative manifestation of the negative side of the human personality. Like any physical illness, a mental disorder is a violation of the processes and mechanisms of perception of reality, which creates certain difficulties. People faced with such problems do not adapt well to real life conditions and do not always correctly interpret what is happening.

Symptoms and signs of mental disorders

The characteristic manifestations of a mental disorder include behavioral/mood/thinking disorders that go beyond generally accepted cultural norms and beliefs. As a rule, all the symptoms are dictated by an oppressed state of mind. At the same time, a person loses the ability to fully perform the usual social functions. The general spectrum of symptoms can be divided into several groups:

physical - pain in various parts of the body, insomnia;
cognitive - difficulties in clear thinking, memory impairment, unjustified pathological beliefs;
perceptual - states in which the patient notices phenomena that other people do not notice (sounds, movement of objects, etc.);
emotional - a sudden feeling of anxiety, sadness, fear;
behavioral - unjustified aggression, inability to perform elementary self-service activities, abuse of mentally active drugs.

The main causes of diseases in women and men

The aspect of the etiology of this category of diseases is not fully understood, so modern medicine cannot clearly describe the mechanisms that cause mental disorders. Nevertheless, a number of reasons can be distinguished, the connection of which with mental disorders has been scientifically proven:

stressful life conditions;
difficult family circumstances;
brain diseases;
hereditary factors;
genetic predisposition;
medical problems.

In addition, experts identify a number of special cases, which are specific deviations, conditions or incidents against which serious mental disorders develop. The factors that will be discussed are often encountered in everyday life, and therefore can lead to a deterioration in the mental health of people in the most unforeseen situations.

Alcoholism

The systematic abuse of alcohol often leads to disorders of the human psyche. The body of a person suffering from chronic alcoholism constantly contains a large amount of decay products of ethyl alcohol, which cause serious changes in thinking, behavior and mood. In this regard, there are dangerous mental disorders, including:

Psychosis. A mental disorder due to a violation of metabolic processes in the brain. The toxic effect of ethyl alcohol overshadows the mind of the patient, but the consequences appear only a few days after the cessation of use. A person is seized by a feeling of fear or even a persecution mania. In addition, the patient may have all sorts of obsessions associated with the fact that someone wants to cause him physical or moral harm.
Delirium tremens. A common post-alcohol mental disorder that occurs due to deep metabolic disorders in all organs and systems of the human body. Delirium tremens manifests itself in sleep disorders and convulsive seizures. The listed phenomena, as a rule, appear in 70-90 hours after the termination of the use of alcohol. The patient shows sudden mood swings from carefree fun to terrible anxiety.
Rave. A mental disorder called delirium is expressed in the appearance of unshakable judgments and conclusions in a patient that do not correspond to objective reality. In a state of delirium, a person's sleep is disturbed and photophobia appears. The boundaries between sleep and reality become blurred, the patient begins to confuse one with the other.
Hallucinations are vivid representations, pathologically brought to the level of perception of real-life objects. The patient begins to feel that the people and objects around him are swaying, rotating or even falling. The sense of the passage of time is distorted.

brain injury

When receiving mechanical injuries of the brain, a person can develop a whole range of serious mental disorders. As a result of damage to the nerve centers, complex processes are triggered that lead to clouding of consciousness. After such cases, the following disorders / conditions / diseases often occur:

Twilight states. As a rule, they are celebrated in the evening hours. The victim becomes drowsy, delirium appears. In some cases, a person can sink into a state similar to a stupor. The patient's consciousness is filled with all sorts of pictures of excitement, which can cause appropriate reactions: from psychomotor disorder to brutal affect.
Delirium. A serious mental disorder in which a person has visual hallucinations. So, for example, a person injured in a car accident can see moving vehicles, groups of people and other objects associated with the roadway. Mental disorders plunge the patient into a state of fear or anxiety.
Oneiroid. A rare form of mental disorder in violation of the nerve centers of the brain. It is expressed in immobility and slight drowsiness. For some time, the patient may be chaotically excited, and then freeze again without movement.

Somatic diseases

Against the background of somatic diseases, the human psyche suffers very, very seriously. There are violations that are almost impossible to get rid of. Below is a list of mental disorders that medicine considers the most common in somatic disorders:

Asthenic neurosis-like condition. A mental disorder in which a person exhibits hyperactivity and talkativeness. The patient systematically experiences phobic disorders, often falls into a short-term depression. Fears, as a rule, have clear outlines and do not change.
Korsakovsky syndrome. A disease that is a combination of a memory disorder regarding ongoing events, a violation of orientation in space / locality and the appearance of false memories. A serious mental disorder that cannot be treated with methods known to medicine. The patient constantly forgets about the events that have just happened, often repeats the same questions.
Dementia. A terrible diagnosis, deciphered as acquired dementia. This mental disorder is often found in people aged 50-70 who have somatic problems. Dementia is a diagnosis for people with cognitive impairment. Somatic disorders lead to irreparable abnormalities in the brain. The mental sanity of a person does not suffer. Learn more about how treatment is carried out, what is the life expectancy with this diagnosis.

Epilepsy

Almost all people with epilepsy have mental disorders. Disorders that occur against the background of this disease can be paroxysmal (single) and permanent (permanent). The following cases of mental abnormalities are found in medical practice more often than others:

Mental seizures. Medicine distinguishes several varieties of this disorder. All of them are expressed in sharp changes in the mood and behavior of the patient. A mental seizure in a person suffering from epilepsy is accompanied by aggressive movements and loud screams.
Transient (transient) mental disorder. Prolonged deviations of the patient's condition from normal. A transient mental disorder is a prolonged mental seizure (described above), aggravated by a state of delirium. It can last from two to three hours to a whole day.
Epileptic mood disorders. As a rule, such mental disorders are expressed in the form of dysphoria, which is characterized by a simultaneous combination of anger, longing, causeless fear and many other sensations.

Malignant tumors

The development of malignant tumors often leads to changes in the psychological state of a person. With the growth of formations on the brain, pressure increases, which causes serious deviations. In this state, patients experience causeless fears, delusional phenomena, melancholy, and many other focal symptoms. All this may indicate the presence of the following psychological disorders:

hallucinations. They can be tactile, olfactory, auditory and gustatory. Such abnormalities are usually found in the presence of tumors in the temporal lobes of the brain. Often, along with them, vegetative-visceral disorders are detected.
affective disorders. Such mental disorders in most cases are observed with tumors localized in the right hemisphere. In this regard, attacks of horror, fear and longing develop. Emotions caused by a violation of the structure of the brain are displayed on the face of the patient: the facial expression and skin color change, the pupils narrow and expand.
Memory disorders. With the advent of this deviation, signs of Korsakov's syndrome appear. The patient gets confused in the events that just happened, asks the same questions, loses the logic of events, etc. In addition, in this state, a person often changes mood. Within a few seconds, the patient's emotions can switch from euphoric to dysphoric, and vice versa.

Vascular diseases of the brain

Violations of the circulatory system and blood vessels instantly affect the mental state of a person. With the appearance of diseases associated with an increase or decrease in blood pressure, brain functions deviate from the norm. Serious chronic disorders can lead to the development of extremely dangerous mental disorders, including:

Vascular dementias. This diagnosis means dementia. In their symptoms, vascular dementias resemble the consequences of some somatic disorders that manifest themselves in old age. Creative thought processes in this state are almost completely extinguished. The person withdraws into himself and loses the desire to maintain contact with anyone.
Cerebral-vascular psychoses. The genesis of mental disorders of this type is not fully understood. At the same time, medicine confidently names two varieties of cerebrovascular psychosis: acute and protracted. The acute form is expressed by episodes of confusion, twilight clouding of consciousness, delirium. For a protracted form of psychosis, a state of stupor is characteristic.

What are mental disorders

Mental disorders in people can occur regardless of gender, age and ethnicity. The mechanisms of development of mental illness are not fully understood, so medicine refrains from making specific statements. However, at the moment, the relationship between some mental illnesses and age limits is clearly established. Each age has its own common deviations.

In the elderly

In old age, against the background of diseases such as diabetes mellitus, heart / kidney failure and bronchial asthma, many mental disorders develop. Senile mental illnesses include:

paranoia
dementia;
Alzheimer's disease;
marasmus;
Pick's disease.

Types of mental disorders in adolescents

Adolescent mental illness is often associated with adverse circumstances in the past. Over the past 10 years, young people often have the following mental disorders:

prolonged depression;
bulimia nervosa;
anorexia nervosa;
drancorexia.

Features of diseases in children

In childhood, serious mental disorders can also occur. The reason for this, as a rule, are problems in the family, incorrect methods of education and conflicts with peers. The list below lists mental disorders that are most often recorded in children:

autism;
Down syndrome;
attention deficit disorder;
mental retardation;
developmental delays.

Which doctor to contact for treatment

Mental disorders are not treated on their own, therefore, if there is the slightest suspicion of mental disorders, an urgent appeal to a psychotherapist is required. A conversation between a patient and a specialist will help to quickly identify the diagnosis and choose an effective treatment strategy. Almost all mental illnesses are curable if treated early. Remember this and don't delay!

Video about the treatment of mental illness

The video attached below contains a lot of information about modern methods of dealing with mental disorders. The information received will be useful for everyone who is ready to take care of the mental health of their loved ones. Listen to the words of experts to break stereotypes about inadequate approaches to the fight against mental disorders and find out the real medical truth.

Attention! The information presented in the article is for informational purposes only. The materials of the article do not call for self-treatment. Only a qualified doctor can make a diagnosis and give recommendations for treatment based on the individual characteristics of a particular patient.

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We suggest you familiarize yourself with the most unusual psychological syndromes. Many of them got their names thanks to our favorite fairy tales from childhood, films dear to our hearts, famous writers.

Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD)

Megan/Flickr.com

A person suffering from ADD is inattentive, impatient, it is very difficult for him to concentrate on anything.

Dealing with ADD is difficult, but not impossible. Read about how to do this.

Chris/Flicker.com

This syndrome is named after ducklings due to the fact that the duckling takes for the mother of anyone he sees immediately after birth. Even an inanimate object can be considered a mother duckling.

In people, the duckling syndrome manifests itself as follows: when a person sees something for the first time, a priori, a person begins to consider this something the best. And in fact, everything can be exactly the opposite.

In order to get rid of duckling syndrome, you should not take everything for granted. Develop critical thinking in yourself, analyze, do not be too self-confident and do not jump to conclusions.

Courtney Dirks/Flickr.com

We all know that:

If you chase two hares, you won't catch one.

But despite this, most of us grab onto a lot of things at once and end up not being able to finish any of them properly. And if you think about how many nerves we spend on this and how many sleepless nights we spend trying to do everything at once, it becomes scary. You can find out how to deal with things normally and not immerse yourself in the abyss of multitasking.

Monk syndrome for three days

is a belle/Flickr.com

The essence of this syndrome: you can not finish what you started. It doesn't matter what - training, foreign language courses, some kind of project or anything else. It doesn't even matter how much time you spent on this business before: days, weeks, months and even years - at one not at all perfect moment, all this flies to hell.

It will be very disappointing if you stop doing something important to you because of your laziness, your own disorganization, or simply because you are a master at making excuses, right? You will learn how to always finish what you started and stop being a “monk for three days”.

sumboid/Flickr.com

It seems that they are not loafers and could live. They would take Mondays and cancel.

Andrey Mironov

Any adult person, even responsible and organized, has at least once encountered this syndrome. It turns out that to avoid the "Monday" syndrome, you need to set yourself the right pace at the beginning of the day. Read about how to do this.

Lajpal_Kaur/Flickr.com

Another syndrome named after the work of Lewis Carroll. Scientifically, this syndrome is called "micropsia" and "macropsia". A person suffering from Alice in Wonderland syndrome perceives reality distortedly: the surrounding objects will seem to him much smaller or much larger than they really are.

Like the heroine Alice, people suffering from this syndrome will not understand where is reality and where is their distorted perception.

Most often, this syndrome can be accompanied by migraine, but can also occur under the influence of various psychotropic drugs.

Dustin Gaffke/Flickr.com

This is a mental disorder that is accompanied by palpitations, dizziness and hallucinations. This syndrome manifests itself when a person suffering from it finds himself in places of accumulation of works of fine art: in museums and art galleries. Also, Stendhal's syndrome can cause excessive beauty of nature.

Stendhal in his book "Naples and Florence: a journey from Milan to Reggio" described the first manifestation of this syndrome, which later received its name in honor of the famous French writer.

Florence, Venice, Rome and Istanbul are the cities in which Stendhal's syndrome is most often activated.

shelby gill/Flickr.com

People suffering from this syndrome tend to isolate themselves from society, neglect themselves, are incredibly stingy and gravitate towards collecting various rubbish.

A striking example is Plyushkin from Gogol's Dead Souls.

The syndrome is named after the ancient Greek philosopher Diogenes, who, according to legend, lived in a barrel. However, Diogenes did not collect any rubbish and did not avoid human communication, therefore a number of researchers consider it appropriate to rename this syndrome into Plyushkin's syndrome.

Amelie syndrome

Shot from the film "Amelie"

What is the essence of this syndrome, everyone who watched the picture of the French film director Jean-Pierre-Junet “Amelie” guesses.

People suffering from this syndrome periodically fall into childhood, like to watch strangers and make surprises for them, post various announcements and congratulations around the city - in general, you can list for a long time and still not list everything, so I just advise everyone to watch this film .

wavebreakmedia/Shutterstock.com

Adele's syndrome, or love insanity - a passionate unrequited love feeling.

The syndrome got its name from Adele Hugo, daughter of the famous French writer Victor Hugo.

Adele was a very beautiful and gifted girl, but her mental health was greatly affected by the death of her older sister. Later, the girl met the English officer Albert and fell in love with him without memory. But she fell in love unrequitedly: Albert did not reciprocate the girl.

She pursued Albert, lied to everyone, first about the engagement, and then about marrying him. She upset an officer's engagement to another girl and spread rumors that she had given birth to a stillborn child from him. The end of the story is sad: Adele spent the rest of her life in a psychiatric hospital.

Despite the fact that all this seems incredible and greatly exaggerated, many girls and boys suffer from this syndrome.

It is hardly possible to identify specific ways that will help fight such a harmful feeling that sucks a person like a black hole. You should just always remember that "There is no unhappy love ...", and find the strength and pride in yourself to refuse a person who does not need you.

zeondp/Flickr.com

This syndrome affects many young people who are able to throw all their strength, money and their own time in pursuit of external youth and beauty. This becomes their main goal in life.

This syndrome is familiar to readers from Oscar Wilde's The Picture of Dorian Gray.

This syndrome often affects the human psyche in the most negative way and leads to other mental disorders.

Capgras syndrome

ℓyts/Flickr.com

This syndrome is also called "delusions of the negative twin." A person subject to this syndrome is sure that their double has moved into people close to him. A person does not exclude the possibility that a double has moved into him, and he attributes to the “second self” all the negative actions that he does on his own.

Eugene Parmon/Flickr.com

...or morbid jealousy. A person suffering from this syndrome is constantly jealous of his beloved / his lover, even if he has no reason or reason at all.

People go crazy from this syndrome: people constantly watch the object of their love, their sleep is disturbed, they cannot eat normally, they are constantly nervous and cannot think about anything except that they are supposedly being cheated on.

Anhedonia

This is not a syndrome, but due to its importance, anhedonia should also be included in this list.

Pete Pahham/Shutterstock.com

Anhedonia is a diagnosis of lack of joy.
Anti-war army, anti-fire fire.
Yanka Diaghileva

Anhedonia is a decrease or loss of the ability to experience pleasure. A person suffering from anhedonia loses motivation for activities that can bring pleasure: sports, travel, favorite hobbies.

Anhedonia is treated with long sleep and a healthy diet, the rehabilitation process also includes visiting various institutions and events that should evoke positive emotions in a person. In severe cases, drug treatment is used.

Kevin Hamm/Flickr.com

All children, except for the one and only child in the world, sooner or later grow up.
James Barry "Peter Pan"

People suffering from Peter Pan syndrome do not want to grow up in any way, and it does not matter at all how old they are - 20, 30, 40 ...

Such people are called kidalts (adult children).

exploding head syndrome

ahhhlicia/Flickr.com

Falling asleep or waking up, a person can hear a loud sound that can be compared with a shot or a cry of a wild beast. He will feel like his head is being torn apart.

The exploding head syndrome is very often the result of a frantic pace of life, permanent fatigue, heavy workload and worries. To cope with this syndrome, a person needs a good rest, ideally a rest for a couple of days or even weeks.

victoria/Flickr.com

Scientifically, this syndrome is called the Kleine-Levin syndrome. Those suffering from this syndrome are characterized by excessive sleepiness (18 hours of sleep, and sometimes even more), and if they are not allowed to sleep, they become irritable and aggressive.

Alexander Raths/Shutterstock.com

Subject to this syndrome constantly simulates various diseases, and then seeks medical help. Those suffering from this syndrome tend to be intelligent, resourceful, and resourceful, with extensive medical knowledge.

Brent Hofacker/Flickr.com

Excessive infatuation with refined and usually expensive food. This syndrome is not dangerous for human life and health, but for the wallet it is quite deplorable.

What unusual syndromes are familiar to you? Share in the comments.

Nowadays, mental deviations are found in almost every second person. Not always the disease has bright clinical manifestations. However, some deviations cannot be neglected. The concept of the norm has a wide range, but inaction, with obvious signs of illness, only exacerbates the situation.

Mental illness in adults, children: list and description

Sometimes, different ailments have the same symptoms, but in most cases, diseases can be divided and classified. Major mental illnesses - a list and description of deviations can attract the attention of loved ones, but only an experienced psychiatrist can establish the final diagnosis. He will also prescribe treatment based on the symptoms, coupled with clinical studies. The sooner the patient seeks help, the greater the chance of successful treatment. We need to discard stereotypes, and not be afraid to face the truth. Now mental illness is not a sentence, and most of them are successfully treated if the patient turns to the doctors for help in time. Most often, the patient himself is not aware of his condition, and this mission should be taken on by his relatives. The list and description of mental illnesses is for informational purposes only. Perhaps your knowledge will save the lives of those who are dear to you, or dispel your worries.

Agoraphobia with panic disorder

Agoraphobia, in one way or another, accounts for about 50% of all anxiety disorders. If initially the disorder meant only the fear of open space, now the fear of fear has been added to this. That's right, a panic attack overtakes in an environment where there is a high probability of falling, getting lost, getting lost, etc., and fear will not cope with this. Agoraphobia expresses non-specific symptoms, that is, increased heart rate, sweating can also occur with other disorders. All the symptoms of agoraphobia are exclusively subjective signs experienced by the patient himself.

Alcoholic dementia

Ethyl alcohol, with constant use, acts as a toxin that destroys the brain functions responsible for human behavior and emotions. Unfortunately, only alcoholic dementia can be tracked, its symptoms can be identified, but treatment will not restore lost brain functions. You can slow down alcohol dementia, but you can't heal a person completely. Symptoms of alcoholic dementia include slurred speech, memory loss, sensory loss, and lack of logic.

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Allotriophagy

Some are surprised when children or pregnant women combine incompatible foods, or, in general, eat something inedible. Most often, this is the lack of certain trace elements and vitamins in the body. This is not a disease, and is usually “treated” by taking a vitamin complex. With allotriophagy, people eat what is basically not edible: glass, dirt, hair, iron, and this is a mental disorder, the causes of which are not only a lack of vitamins. Most often, this is a shock, plus beriberi, and, as a rule, treatment also needs to be approached comprehensively.

Anorexia

In our time of craze for gloss, the mortality rate from anorexia is 20%. An obsessive fear of getting fat makes you refuse to eat, up to complete exhaustion. If you recognize the first signs of anorexia, a difficult situation can be avoided and measures can be taken in time. The first symptoms of anorexia:

Table setting turns into a ritual, with calorie counting, fine cutting, and spreading/smearing food on a plate. All life and interests are focused only on food, calories, and weighing five times a day.

Autism

Autism - what is this disease, and how can it be treated? Only half of the children diagnosed with autism have functional brain disorders. Children with autism think differently than normal children. They understand everything, but cannot express their emotions due to the disruption of social interaction. Ordinary children grow up and copy the behavior of adults, their gestures, facial expressions, and so learn to communicate, but with autism, non-verbal communication is impossible. do not strive for loneliness, they simply do not know how to establish contact themselves. With due attention and special training, this can be somewhat corrected.

Delirium tremens

Delirium tremens refers to psychosis, against the background of prolonged use of alcohol. Signs of delirium tremens are represented by a very wide range of symptoms. Hallucinations - visual, tactile and auditory, delirium, rapid mood swings from blissful to aggressive. To date, the mechanism of brain damage is not fully understood, as well as there is no complete cure for this disorder.

Alzheimer's disease

Many types of mental disorders are incurable, and Alzheimer's disease is one of them. The first signs of Alzheimer's disease in men are non-specific, and it is not immediately evident. After all, all men forget birthdays, important dates, and this does not surprise anyone. In Alzheimer's disease, short-term memory is the first to suffer, and a person literally forgets today. Aggression, irritability appear, and this is also attributed to a manifestation of character, thereby missing the moment when it was possible to slow down the course of the disease and prevent too rapid dementia.

Pick's disease

Niemann Pick disease in children is exclusively hereditary, and is divided according to severity into several categories, according to mutations in a certain pair of chromosomes. The classic category "A" is a sentence for a child, and death occurs by the age of five. Symptoms of Niemann Pick disease appear in the first two weeks of a child's life. Lack of appetite, vomiting, clouding of the cornea of the eye and enlarged internal organs, due to which the child's stomach becomes disproportionately large. Damage to the central nervous system and metabolism leads to death. Categories "B", "C", and "D" are not so dangerous, since the central nervous system is not affected so rapidly, this process can be slowed down.

bulimia

Bulimia - what kind of disease is it, and should it be treated? In fact, bulimia is not just a mental disorder. A person does not control his feeling of hunger and eats literally everything. At the same time, the feeling of guilt makes the patient take a lot of laxatives, emetics, and miracle remedies for weight loss. Obsession with your weight is just the tip of the iceberg. Bulimia occurs due to functional disorders of the central nervous system, with pituitary disorders, with brain tumors, the initial stage of diabetes, and bulimia is only a symptom of these diseases.

Hallucinosis

The causes of hallucinosis syndrome occur against the background of encephalitis, epilepsy, traumatic brain injury, hemorrhage, or tumors. With full lucid consciousness, the patient may experience visual hallucinations, auditory, tactile, or olfactory. A person can see the world around him in a somewhat distorted form, and the faces of the interlocutors can be presented as cartoon characters, or as geometric shapes. The acute form of hallucinosis can last up to two weeks, but you should not relax if the hallucinations have passed. Without identifying the causes of hallucinations, and appropriate treatment, the disease may return.

dementia

Senile is a consequence of Alzheimer's disease, and is often referred to by the people as "old man's insanity." The stages of development of dementia can be divided into several periods. At the first stage, memory lapses are observed, and sometimes the patient forgets where he went and what he did a minute ago.

The next stage is the loss of orientation in space and time. The patient can get lost even in his room. Further, hallucinations, delusions, and sleep disturbances follow. In some cases, dementia proceeds very quickly, and the patient completely loses the ability to reason, speak and serve himself within two to three months. With proper care, supportive care, the prognosis of life after the onset of dementia is from 3 to 15 years, depending on the causes of dementia, patient care, and individual characteristics of the body.

Depersonalization

Depersonalization syndrome is characterized by a loss of connection with oneself. The patient cannot perceive himself, his actions, words, as his own, and looks at himself from the outside. In some cases, this is a defensive reaction of the psyche to a shock, when you need to evaluate your actions from the outside without emotions. If this disorder does not go away within two weeks, treatment is prescribed based on the severity of the disease.

Depression

It is impossible to answer unequivocally whether it is a disease or not. This is an affective disorder, that is, a mood disorder, but it affects the quality of life, and can lead to disability. A pessimistic attitude triggers other mechanisms that destroy the body. Another option is also possible, when depression is a symptom of other diseases of the endocrine system or pathology of the central nervous system.

dissociative fugue

Dissociative fugue is an acute mental disorder that occurs against a background of stress. The patient leaves his home, moves to a new place, and everything connected with his personality: name, surname, age, profession, etc., is erased from his memory. At the same time, the memory of the books read, of some experience, but not related to his personality, is preserved. A dissociative fugue can last from two weeks to many years. Memory may return suddenly, but if this does not happen, you should seek qualified help from a psychotherapist. Under hypnosis, as a rule, the cause of the shock is found, and the memory returns.

Stuttering

Stuttering is a violation of the tempo-rhythmic organization of speech, expressed by spasms of the speech apparatus, as a rule, stuttering occurs in physically and psychologically weak people who are too dependent on someone else's opinion. The area of the brain responsible for speech is adjacent to the area responsible for emotions. Violations occurring in one area are inevitably reflected in another.

gambling addiction

Gambling is considered a disease of the weak. This is a personality disorder, and treatment is complicated by the fact that there is no cure for gambling. Against the background of loneliness, infantilism, greed, or laziness, addiction to the game develops. The quality of treatment for gambling addiction depends solely on the desire of the patient himself, and consists in constant self-discipline.

Idiocy

Idiocy is classified in the ICD as profound mental retardation. The general characteristics of personality and behavior are correlated with the level of development of a three-year-old child. Patients with idiocy are practically incapable of learning and live exclusively by instinct. Typically, patients have an IQ of around 20, and treatment consists of patient care.

Imbecility

In the International Classification of Diseases, imbecility has been replaced by the term "mental retardation". Impairment of intellectual development in the degree of imbecility represents the average level of mental retardation. Congenital imbecility is a consequence of intrauterine infection or defects in the formation of the fetus. The level of development of the imbecile corresponds to the development of a child of 6-9 years. They are moderately trainable, but the imbecile's independent living is impossible.

Hypochondria

It manifests itself in an obsessive search for diseases in oneself. The patient carefully listens to his body and looks for symptoms that confirm the presence of the disease. Most often, such patients complain of tingling, numbness of the extremities and other non-specific symptoms, requiring doctors to accurately diagnose. Sometimes, patients with hypochondria are so sure of their serious illness that the body, under the influence of the psyche, fails and really gets sick.

Hysteria

The signs of hysteria are quite violent, and, as a rule, women suffer from this personality disorder. With a hysteroid disorder, there is a strong manifestation of emotions, and some theatricality, and pretense. A person seeks to attract attention, arouse pity, achieve something. Some consider it just whims, but, as a rule, such a disorder is quite serious, since a person cannot control his emotions. Such patients need psychocorrection, since hysterics are aware of their behavior, and suffer from incontinence no less than their loved ones.

Kleptomania

This psychological disorder refers to the disorder of drives. The exact nature has not been studied, however, it is noted that kleptomania is a concomitant disease with other psychopathic disorders. Sometimes kleptomania manifests itself as a result of pregnancy or in adolescents, with a hormonal transformation of the body. The craving for theft in kleptomania does not aim to get rich. The patient is looking for only thrills from the very fact of committing an illegal act.

Cretinism

Types of cretinism are divided into endemic and sporadic. As a rule, sporadic cretinism is caused by a deficiency of thyroid hormones during embryonic development. Endemic cretinism is caused by a lack of iodine and selenium in the mother's diet during pregnancy. In the case of cretinism, early treatment is of the utmost importance. If, with congenital cretinism, therapy is started at 2-4 weeks of a child's life, the degree of his development will not lag behind the level of his peers.

"Culture shock

Many do not take culture shock and its consequences seriously, however, the state of a person with culture shock should be of concern. Often people experience culture shock when moving to another country. At first a person is happy, he likes different food, different songs, but soon he encounters the deepest differences in deeper layers. Everything that he used to consider normal and ordinary goes against his worldview in a new country. Depending on the characteristics of the person and the motives for moving, there are three ways to resolve the conflict:

1. Assimilation. Complete acceptance of a foreign culture and dissolution in it, sometimes in an exaggerated form. One's own culture is belittled, criticized, and the new one is considered more developed and ideal.

2. Ghettoization. That is, creating your own world inside a foreign country. This is a separate residence, and the restriction of external contacts with the local population.

3. Moderate assimilation. In this case, the individual will keep in his home everything that was accepted in his homeland, but at work and in society he tries to acquire a different culture and observes the customs generally accepted in this society.

Persecution mania

Mania of persecution - in a word, one can characterize the real disorder as spy mania, or persecution. Persecution mania can develop against the background of schizophrenia, and manifests itself in excessive suspicion. The patient is convinced that he is an object of surveillance by special services, and suspects everyone, even his relatives, of espionage. This schizophrenic disorder is difficult to treat, since the patient cannot be convinced that the doctor is not an employee of the special services, but the pill is a medicine.

Misanthropy

A form of personality disorder characterized by hostility towards people, up to hatred. What is misanthropy, and how to recognize a misanthrope? Misanthrope opposes himself to society, its weaknesses and imperfections. To justify his hatred, a misanthrope often raises his philosophy to a kind of cult. A stereotype has been created that a misanthrope is an absolutely closed hermit, but this is not always the case. The misanthrope carefully selects whom to let into his personal space and who can be his equal. In a severe form, the misanthrope hates all of humanity as a whole and may call for massacres and wars.

Monomania

Monomania is a psychosis, expressed in focusing on one thought, with full preservation of reason. In today's psychiatry, the term "monomania" is considered obsolete, and too general. Currently, there are "pyromania", "kleptomania" and so on. Each of these psychoses has its own roots, and treatment is prescribed based on the severity of the disorder.

obsessive states

Obsessive-compulsive disorder, or obsessive-compulsive disorder, is characterized by the inability to get rid of annoying thoughts or actions. As a rule, OCD suffers from individuals with a high level of intelligence, with a high level of social responsibility. Obsessive-compulsive disorder manifests itself in endless thinking about unnecessary things. How many cells are on the companion's jacket, how old is the tree, why the bus has round headlights, etc.

The second version of the disorder is obsessive actions, or rechecking actions. The most common impact is related to cleanliness and order. The patient endlessly washes everything, folds and washes again, to the point of exhaustion. The syndrome of persistent states is difficult to treat, even with the use of complex therapy.

narcissistic personality disorder

The signs of narcissistic personality disorder are easy to recognize. prone to overestimated self-esteem, confident in their own ideality and perceive any criticism as envy. This is a behavioral personality disorder, and it's not as harmless as it might seem. Narcissistic personalities are confident in their own permissiveness and are entitled to something more than everyone else. Without a twinge of conscience, they can destroy other people's dreams and plans, because it does not matter to them.

Neurosis

Is obsessive-compulsive disorder a mental illness or not, and how difficult is it to diagnose the disorder? Most often, the disease is diagnosed on the basis of patient complaints, and psychological testing, MRI and CT of the brain. Often, neuroses are a symptom of a brain tumor, aneurysm, or previous infections.

Oligophrenia

This is a form of mental retardation in which the patient does not develop mentally. Oligophrenia is caused by intrauterine infections, defects in genes, or hypoxia during childbirth. The treatment of oligophrenia consists in the social adaptation of patients, and teaching the simplest self-service skills. For such patients, there are special kindergartens, schools, but it is rarely possible to achieve development more than the level of a ten-year-old child.

Panic attacks

A fairly common disorder, however, the causes of the disease are unknown. Most often, doctors in the diagnosis write VVD, since the symptoms are very similar. There are three categories of panic attacks:

1. Spontaneous panic attack. Fear, increased sweating and palpitations occur without any reason. If such attacks occur regularly, somatic diseases should be ruled out, and only after that you should be referred to a psychotherapist.

2. Situational panic attack. Many people have phobias. Someone is afraid to ride in an elevator, others are afraid of airplanes. Many psychologists successfully cope with such fears, and you should not delay visiting a doctor.

3. Panic attack when taking drugs or alcohol. In this situation, biochemical stimulation is on the face, and the psychologist in this case will only help get rid of the addiction, if any.

Paranoia

Paranoia is a heightened sense of reality. Patients with paranoia can build the most complex logical chains and solve the most intricate tasks, thanks to their non-standard logic. - a chronic disorder characterized by periods of calm and violent crises. During such periods, the treatment of the patient is especially difficult, since paranoid ideas can be expressed in persecution mania, megalomania, and other ideas where the patient considers doctors enemies or they are unworthy of treating him.

Pyromania

Pyromania is a mental disorder characterized by a morbid passion for watching fire. Only such contemplation can bring joy, satisfaction and calm to the patient. Pyromania is considered a type of OCD, due to the inability to resist the urge to set something on fire. Pyromaniacs rarely plan a fire in advance. This is spontaneous lust, which does not give material gain or profit, and the patient feels relieved after the arson has been committed.

Psychoses

They are classified according to their origin. Organic psychosis occurs against the background of brain damage due to infectious diseases (meningitis, encephalitis, syphilis, etc.)

1. Functional psychosis - with a physically intact brain, paranoid deviations occur.

2. Intoxication. The cause of intoxication psychosis is the abuse of alcohol, drug-containing drugs, and poisons. Under the influence of toxins, nerve fibers are affected, which leads to irreversible consequences and complicated psychoses.

3. Reactive. Psychosis, panic attacks, hysteria, and increased emotional excitability often occur after psychological trauma.

4. Traumatic. Due to traumatic brain injuries, psychosis can manifest itself in the form of hallucinations, unreasonable fears, and obsessive-compulsive states.

Self-damaging behavior "Patomimia"

Self-harmful behavior in adolescents is expressed in self-hatred, and self-infliction of pain as a punishment for their weakness. During adolescence, children are not always able to show their love, hate, or fear, and self-aggression helps to cope with this problem. Often, pathomimia is accompanied by alcoholism, drug addiction, or dangerous sports.

seasonal depression

Conduct disorder is expressed in apathy, depression, increased fatigue, and a general decrease in vital energy. All these are signs of seasonal depression, which affects mainly women. The causes of seasonal depression lie in the reduction of daylight hours. If the breakdown, drowsiness and melancholy began from the end of autumn and last until the very spring - this is seasonal depression. The production of serotonin and melatonin, the hormones responsible for mood, is affected by the presence of bright sunlight, and if it is not there, the necessary hormones fall into "hibernation".

Sexual perversions

The psychology of sexual perversion changes from year to year. Separate sexual inclinations do not correspond to modern standards of morality and generally accepted behavior. In different times and in different cultures, their understanding of the norm. What can be considered a sexual perversion today:

Fetishism. The object of sexual attraction is clothing or an inanimate object.
Egsbizionism. Sexual satisfaction is achieved only in public, by demonstrating one's genitals.
Voyeurism. Does not require direct participation in sexual intercourse, and is content with spying on the sexual intercourse of others.

Pedophilia. Painful longing to satisfy one's sexual passion with pre-pubescent children.
Sadomasochism. Sexual satisfaction is possible only in the case of causing or receiving physical pain or humiliation.

Senestopathy

Senestopathy is in psychology one of the symptoms of hypochondria or depressive delirium. The patient feels pain, burning, tingling, for no particular reason. In a severe form of senestopathy, the patient complains of freezing of the brain, itching of the heart, and itching in the liver. Diagnosis of senestopathy begins with a complete medical examination to exclude somatics and nonspecific symptoms of diseases of the internal organs.

negative twin syndrome

The delusional negative twin syndrome is also known as Capgras syndrome. In psychiatry, they have not decided whether to consider this an independent disease or a symptom. A patient with the negative twin syndrome is sure that one of his relatives, or himself, has been replaced. All negative actions (crashed the car, stole a candy bar in the supermarket), all this is attributed to the double. Of the possible causes of this syndrome, the destruction of the connection between visual perception and emotional is called, due to defects in the fusiform gyrus.

irritable bowel syndrome

Irritable bowel syndrome with constipation is expressed in bloating, flatulence, and impaired defecation. The most common cause of IBS is stress. Approximately 2/3 of all TCS sufferers are women, and more than half of them suffer from mental disorders. Treatment for IBS is systemic and includes medication to treat constipation, flatulence, or diarrhea, and antidepressants to relieve anxiety or depression.

chronic fatigue syndrome

Already reaching epidemic proportions. This is especially noticeable in large cities, where the rhythm of life is more rapid and the mental burden on a person is enormous. The symptoms of the disorder are quite variable and home treatment is possible if this is the initial form of the disease. Frequent headaches, sleepiness throughout the day, fatigue even after vacations or weekends, food allergies, memory loss and inability to concentrate are all symptoms of CFS.

Burnout Syndrome

The syndrome of emotional burnout in medical workers occurs after 2-4 years of work. The work of doctors is associated with constant stress, often doctors feel dissatisfied with themselves, the patient, or feel helpless. After a certain time, they are overtaken by emotional exhaustion, expressed in indifference to someone else's pain, cynicism, or outright aggression. Doctors are taught to treat other people, but they don't know how to deal with their own problem.

Vascular dementia

It is provoked by a violation of blood circulation in the brain, and is a progressive disease. Those who have high blood pressure, blood sugar, or someone from close relatives suffered from vascular dementia should be attentive to their health. How long they live with such a diagnosis depends on the severity of the brain damage, and on how carefully loved ones care for the patient. On average, after diagnosis, the life of the patient is 5-6 years, subject to appropriate treatment and care.

Stress and adjustment disorder

Stress and impaired behavioral adaptation are quite persistent. Violation of behavioral adaptation usually manifests itself within three months, after the stress itself. As a rule, this is a strong shock, the loss of a loved one, a catastrophe, violence, etc. A behavioral adaptation disorder is expressed in violation of the moral rules accepted in society, senseless vandalism, and actions that endanger one's life or others.
Without appropriate treatment, stress disorder can last up to three years.

Suicidal behavior

As a rule, adolescents have not yet fully formed the idea of death. Frequent suicide attempts are caused by the desire to relax, take revenge, get away from problems. They do not want to die forever, but only temporarily. Nevertheless, these attempts may be successful. To prevent suicidal behavior in adolescents, prevention should be carried out. Trusting relationships in the family, learning to cope with stress and resolve conflict situations - this greatly reduces the risk of suicidal ideation.

Madness

Insanity is an outdated concept for the definition of a whole complex of mental disorders. Most often, the term madness is used in painting, in literature, along with another term - "madness". By definition, insanity or insanity can be temporary, caused by pain, passion, possession, and is mostly treated with prayer or magic.

Tapophilia

Tapophilia manifests itself in attraction to the cemetery and funeral rituals. The reasons for tapophilia mainly lie in the cultural and aesthetic interest in monuments, in rites and rituals. Some old necropolises are more like museums, and the atmosphere of the cemetery pacifies and reconciles with life. Tapophiles are not interested in dead bodies, or thoughts about death, and show only cultural and historical interest. As a general rule, taphophylia does not require treatment unless visiting cemeteries develops into compulsive behavior with OCD.

Anxiety

Anxiety in psychology is unmotivated fear, or fear for minor reasons. There is a “useful anxiety” in a person’s life, which is a protective mechanism. Anxiety is the result of an analysis of the situation, and a forecast of the consequences, how real the danger is. In the case of neurotic anxiety, a person cannot explain the reasons for his fear.

Trichotillomania

What is trichotillomania and is it a mental disorder? Of course, trichotillomania belongs to the OCD group and is aimed at pulling out one's hair. Sometimes hair is pulled out unconsciously, and the patient can eat personal hair, which leads to gastrointestinal problems. As a rule, trichotillomania is a reaction to stress. The patient feels a burning sensation in the hair follicle on the head, on the face, body, and after pulling out, the patient feels calm. Sometimes patients with trichotillomania become recluses, as they are embarrassed by their appearance, and they are ashamed of their behavior. Recent studies have revealed that patients with trichotillomania have damage in a particular gene. If these studies are confirmed, the treatment of trichotillomania will be more successful.

hikikomori

To fully study such a phenomenon as hikikomori is quite difficult. Basically, hikikomori deliberately isolate themselves from the outside world, and even from members of their family. They do not work, and do not leave the limits of their room, except for an urgent need. They maintain contact with the world via the Internet, and can even work remotely, but they exclude communication and meetings in real life. It is not uncommon for hikikomori to suffer from autism spectrum disorder, social phobia, and anxiety disorder. In countries with an underdeveloped economy, hikikomori is practically not found.

Phobia

A phobia in psychiatry is fear, or excessive anxiety. As a rule, phobias are classified as mental disorders that do not require clinical research and psychocorrection will do better. The exception is already rooted phobias that get out of control of a person, disrupting his normal life.

Schizoid personality disorder

Diagnosis - schizoid personality disorder is based on the signs characteristic of this disorder.
In schizoid personality disorder, the individual is characterized by emotional coldness, indifference, unwillingness to socialize, and a tendency to retire.
Such people prefer to contemplate their inner world and do not share their experiences with loved ones, and are also indifferent to their appearance and how society reacts to it.

Schizophrenia

On the question: is it a congenital or acquired disease, there is no consensus. Presumably, for the appearance of schizophrenia, several factors must come together, such as genetic predisposition, living conditions, and socio-psychological environment. It is impossible to say that schizophrenia is an exclusively hereditary disease.

selective mutism

Selective mutism in children aged 3-9 years is manifested in selective verbality. As a rule, at this age, children go to kindergarten, school and find themselves in new conditions for themselves. Shy children experience difficulties in socialization, and this is reflected in their speech and behavior. At home they may talk incessantly, but at school they won't utter a single sound. Selective mutism is classified as a behavioral disorder, and psychotherapy is indicated.

Encoprese

Sometimes parents ask the question: "Encopresis - what is it, and is it a mental disorder?" With encopresis, the child cannot control his feces. He can "go big" in his pants, and not even understand what's wrong. If such a phenomenon is observed more than once a month, and lasts at least six months, the child needs a comprehensive examination, including by a psychiatrist. During potty training, parents expect the child to get used to it the first time, and scold the baby when he forgets about it. Then the child has a fear of both the potty and defecation, which can be expressed in encopresis on the part of the psyche, and a host of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract.

Enuresis

As a rule, it disappears by the age of five, and special treatment is not required here. It is only necessary to observe the regime of the day, do not drink a lot of liquid at night, and be sure to empty the bladder before going to bed. Enuresis can also be caused by neurosis against the background of stressful situations, and psychotraumatic factors for the child should be excluded.

Of great concern is enuresis in adolescents and adults. Sometimes in such cases there is an anomaly in the development of the bladder, and, alas, there is no treatment for this, except for the use of an enuresis alarm clock.

Often, mental disorders are perceived as a person’s character and they blame him for what, in fact, he is not guilty. The inability to live in society, the inability to adapt to everyone is condemned, and the person, it turns out, is alone with his misfortune. The list of the most common ailments does not cover even a hundredth of mental disorders, and in each case, symptoms and behavior may vary. If you are concerned about the condition of a loved one, do not let the situation take its course. If the problem interferes with life, then it must be solved together with a specialist.

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Psychological diseases are caused by various factors of disorders of the nervous and mental systems of the body.

The first factor - productive - lies in the normal mental activity of a person (the appearance of ideas that partially or completely surround a person's attention; the patient listens and feels what is not really there).

The second factor - negative - consists in general changes leading to a weakening of the nervous activity of a person.

Types of diseases

Types of psychological diseases are divided into two categories:

exogenous;
endogenous.

Analyzing in detail the list of human psychological diseases, it is taken into account that exogenous mental disorders include psychoses that have arisen under the pressure of environmental factors. Examples of psychosis: the effects of various kinds of infections on the cortex (gray matter) of the head organ of the body - the brain - and the brain as a whole, intoxication with chemicals that have penetrated the inside of the body, diseases of the internal organs (kidneys, liver and heart muscle), endocrine diseases. In a separate group of diseases - exogenous mental disorders - reactive psychoses can be introduced, the causes of which are severe mental, emotional trauma and a constant depressing mental effect on a person.

Endogenous mental disorders include the causes of hereditary factors. Such factors can go completely unnoticed by a person, but can result in such a serious list of psychological diseases as: schizophrenia (psychosis, in which consciousness and intelligence are preserved, but there is a clear deviation in the psyche), MDP (manic-depressive psychosis - passing from one in other periods of joyful and depressed mood), schizophrenic psychosis (is an intermediate stage between MDP and schizophrenia).

Causes

Often a person's thinking leads to the question of the psychological causes of illness. These include a wide variety of factors. All of them depend on what exactly the person is ill with. Analyzing the psychological problems of diseases and their causes, we always come to one human organ, which is responsible for our psyche. This is the brain, any violations of which lead to unstable work of our thinking and an unstable mental state.

The psychological causes of diseases have not been fully studied, but it can be noted with complete certainty that the psychological causes of mental illness are influenced by biological, social, and psychological factors that disrupt the proper functioning of the nervous system. They also include situations of a hereditary factor and deep stresses of the body.

Resistance to the above reasons is determined by the physical characteristics of a person as an individual and his general mental development as a whole. All people can react in completely different ways to the same type of situation. Some can easily survive failure and conclude, try to move forward again, while others become depressed and, sitting still, oppress an already difficult situation. What will lead to a violation of their nervous system and will show the psychological prerequisites for diseases?

Headache? Learn about the symptoms of increased intracranial pressure from our. Read about the manifestations of various thyroid diseases.

Almost all symptoms of psychological illness can be detected with the naked eye of a qualified doctor. The symptoms can be myriad. Patients do not attach much importance to some of them and do not seek qualified help from professionals.

Psychological diseases and their symptoms include receptor disorders:

Treatment of psychological diseases

It is quite difficult to treat a person's psychological diseases, but it is fully possible and effective. With such treatment, it is very important to determine the names of psychological diseases in order to know with certainty what and from what to treat the patient.

Basically, all treatment provides for a detailed study of the main psychosomatic symptoms. All mental illnesses and disorders are treated in psychological clinics by experienced professionals and safe drugs for patients.

The probability of recovery of patients in our time is very high, but you should not postpone the treatment of mental disorders on the back burner. If there are psychological prerequisites for illnesses, an immediate appeal to a psychiatrist is the best option in this case!