At present, the human environment is changing rapidly and at an increasing rate. The task of mankind is to maintain nature on the globe in a condition necessary for life, health and well-being. It is also necessary to preserve, as far as possible, at least the most unique places in nature that are of special value from a scientific point of view, areas that make up areas of valuable or endangered species of plants and animals. There are many unique places in nature, the disappearance of which would be an irreparable loss not only for the country in which they are located, but for all mankind as a whole.In most countries of the world, networks of so-called "specially protected natural areas" (SPNA) have been created for these purposes. These include the following natural objects:

Nizhnesvirsky Nature Reserve, Leningrad Region

Reserves are created with the aim of preserving or restoring some or all of the components of nature and to maintain the overall ecological balance. Some types of economic activity are limited in these territories.

Gladyshevsky reserve, Leningrad region

Natural monuments are small territories, including objects of natural value: caves, rocks, waterfalls, groves of rare tree species, river valleys, lakes, etc.

Natural monument "Hawk Lake", Leningrad region

Natural parks serve to protect natural complexes of ecological, historical and aesthetic value. They are staffed with special staff.

Veppsky Forest Nature Park, Leningrad Region

B Have you ever visited one of the protected areas? What do you remember about this place?

In these territories, people preserve both rare, unique and typical areas of forests, swamps, meadows, reservoirs and other natural ecosystems, rare and common species of plants and animals in their natural habitat, bird flight routes, fish spawning routes and others. natural objects and processes.

All the nature of our planet is priceless and unique. Of course, it is difficult to single out some of the most outstanding and valuable corners of nature of “exceptional importance” from the natural areas subject to special protection, which are vitally important to preserve for the present and future generations. This is the subject of a special UNESCO program, which is the so-called World Heritage List.

The UNESCO Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage entered into force in 1975. Its main goal is to attract the forces of the world community to preserve unique objects of culture and nature. By mid-2012, the total number of countries participating in the Convention had already reached 189. Among the international programs of UNESCO, this program is the most representative. In order to improve the efficiency of the work of the Convention, the Committee and the World Heritage Fund were formed in 1976.

World natural heritage is made up of mountains, volcanoes, lakes, rivers, islands, forests, caves, reefs, national parks, nature reserves, wildlife sanctuaries.

Of course, being on a par with the universally recognized world pearls of nature and culture is honorable and prestigious, but at the same time it is a great responsibility. To receive World Heritage status, an object must be of outstanding universal value, undergo a thorough expert assessment. At the same time, the nominated natural object must meet at least one of the following four criteria:

Include unique natural phenomena or areas of exceptional natural beauty and aesthetic value;

Present outstanding examples of the main stages of the history of the Earth, including traces of ancient life, serious geological processes that continue to occur in the development of the forms of the earth's surface, significant geomorphological or physiographic features of the relief;

Present outstanding examples of important ongoing ecological and biological processes in the evolution and development of terrestrial, freshwater, coastal and marine ecosystems and communities of plants and animals;

Include natural areas of great importance for their conservation of biological diversity, including areas of endangered species that are of outstanding scientific or conservation value.

The status of a world natural heritage site provides additional guarantees for the safety and integrity of unique natural complexes, increases the prestige of territories, promotes the popularization of objects and the development of alternative types of nature management, and ensures priority in attracting financial resources.

The first cultural and natural sites were included in the UNESCO World Heritage List two years after the creation of the program. Of the natural areas, the Galapagos Islands (Ecuador), the national parks Yellowstone (USA), Nahanni (Canada) and Seamen (Ethiopia) received heritage status. Over the past years, the List has become very representative both in terms of the regions of the planet represented and in terms of the number of objects: by mid-2012, it already included 188 natural objects. Most of them are located in the USA and Australia (more than 10 objects in each country). Under the protection of the Convention are such world-famous natural monuments as the Great Barrier Reef, the Hawaiian Islands, the Grand Canyon, Mount Kilimanjaro. Video 62.

In Russia, the initiator of the inclusion of natural objects in the World Heritage List is primarily Greenpeace. By joining this UNESCO program, a new page was opened in the field of nature protection in Russia.

Russian World Natural Heritage Sites

There are inaccuracies on the map, since at the moment 11 objects are already included in the list, including the Putorana Plateau and the Lena Pillars Natural Park. The first in our country to receive the status of a world natural heritage site in 1995 was a natural complex called "Virgin Komi Forests".

The territory of this object is the largest of the remaining massifs of primary forests in Europe, the appearance of which is almost not changed by human influence. Video 63.

The virgin forests of Komi are a real taiga treasury. There are more than 40 species of mammals here (including brown bear, sable, elk), 204 species of birds (including the white-tailed eagle and osprey listed in the Red Book of Russia), 16 species of fish, the most valuable of which are considered glacial relics - char palia and Siberian grayling.

This territory stretches along the western slope of the Subpolar and Northern Urals for more than 300 km. The Ural mountain system has a significant impact on the climate. In places, natural complexes form a complex mosaic: along narrow river valleys, taiga vegetation rises high into the mountains.

The main tree species - spruce and fir - are accompanied by Siberian cedar. Here it originates and receives the crystal clear tributaries of the Pechora. Now the territory of the World Heritage Site "Virgin Komi Forests" is in danger due to illegal gold mining unfolding here (1).Greenpeace Russia and other non-governmental organizations will fight to stop any nature-destroying activity on its territory.

Lake Baikal

Baikal is one of the greatest lakes on the planet, a lake of "superlatives": the deepest (1637 meters), the oldest (about 25 million years), with the most diverse flora and fauna among fresh water bodies. Video 64.

The lake has a unique fresh water supply in terms of volume and quality - more than 20% of the world's reserves). The Baikal depression is the central link of the Baikal rift zone, one of the largest ancient fault systems on Earth. The lake, together with its entire basin, is a peculiar and very fragile natural ecosystem that provides the natural process of formation of the purest waters. For Siberia, the climate of the Baikal coasts is comparatively mild. For example, the number of sunny days a year here is higher than in many Black Sea resorts.One of the richest and most unusual freshwater fauna in the world, which is of exceptional value for studying evolutionary processes, has formed in the isolated Baikal depression since ancient times.

Of the more than 2,630 species and subspecies of animals and plants found so far in the lake, more than 80% are found nowhere else in the world. Who has not heard of the famous Baikal omul or Baikal sturgeon? Two unique species of viviparous fish, representatives of the family endemic (2) for Baikal, the big and small golomyanka, are known to ichthyologists all over the world. The pyramid of the lake ecosystem is crowned by a mammal of typically marine origin - the seal, or the Baikal seal.

Unfortunately, the unique nature of Baikal is under threat (3).

WITH Have you heard about the actions that the public is taking to protect Lake Baikal from pollution by the pulp and paper mill?

Another danger for Baikal is the planned development of deposits, illegal logging, forest fires, poaching, and oil spills.

Volcanoes of Kamchatka

The Kamchatka Peninsula is located at the junction of tectonic plates in a zone of active volcanism, where modern natural processes and the history of our planet are inseparable. Video 65.

Here, in a limited area, 30 active and about 300 extinct volcanoes are concentrated, as well as more than 150 groups of thermal and mineral springs. Dozens of geysers, hot springs, fumaroles (4), cascades of waterfalls, sharp peaks of ridges, mud pots and turquoise lakes, carpets of colorful algae give a fabulous look to the famous Valley of Geysers

The richest life is represented in the seas washing the coast of Kamchatka. Here are the growth zones of king crab larvae, salmon spawning places and their juveniles rolling into the sea. From summer to the beginning of winter, an amazing natural phenomenon can be observed on the rivers of the peninsula: millions of salmon in a continuous mass move along the rivers against the current to their spawning grounds.

Golden Mountains of Altai

The nature of this mountainous territory, located at the junction of Central Asia and Siberia, is distinguished by its bright originality. There are few places in the world with such a contrasting combination of different landscapes in such a small space. Video 66.

The flora and fauna of the region are diverse and in many ways unique. Here, the most significant subalpine and alpine meadows in terms of area in the mountains of Siberia. The color of the vegetation of the Southern Altai, where semi-deserts, steppes and tundra coexist, is also unique. The diversity of landscapes contributed to the emergence and preservation of endemics in Altai, often occupying very small areas. Among the rare species of mammals, the snow leopard should be singled out; this is one of the most beautiful cats in the world fauna. Very few of these animals have survived in Altai.

The geological history of the region is unique, “recorded” in the rocks of different ages that make it up and imprinted in unusual landforms. Such, for example, are the high terraces of the Katun River, striking in their grandeur. The grandiose Mount Belukha is the highest peak in Siberia (4506 meters). The Altai river valleys are narrow deep canyons.

The diversity of nature has left its mark on the culture and religion of the indigenous population of this territory - the Altaians. The achievements of Altai traditional medicine are highly valued. As the outstanding philosopher, writer, traveler H.K. Roerich, "many peoples passed through Altai and left traces: Scythians, Huns, Turks." Gorny Altai is called an open-air museum.

Western Caucasus

The western part of the Greater Caucasus in terms of the diversity of flora and fauna, their preservation is unparalleled not only in the Caucasus region, but also among other mountainous regions of Europe and Western Asia. Video 67.

This is an area where a large number of endangered rare, endemic and relict species of plants and animals are concentrated. It is especially important that the little-altered habitat of the most vulnerable large mammals has been preserved here: bison, Caucasian red deer, Western Caucasian tur, chamois, Caucasian subspecies of brown bear, wolf and others.

The Caucasian reserve is practically the only habitat of the mountain bison in the world; outside this territory, it is almost completely exterminated by poachers.

The territory is rich in picturesque objects: powerful waterfalls, pointed mountain peaks (up to 3360 meters), turbulent mountain rivers with clear water, clear mountain lakes, huge trees (majestic firs up to 85 meters high and more than 2 meters in diameter), rare plants (orchids, etc.). .) and many others. An invaluable unique natural complex has been preserved in the Western Caucasus.

curonian spit

The relief of this territory, located in the Kaliningrad region, is unique. A continuous strip of sand dunes 0.3 - 1 km wide, some of which are close to the highest in the world (up to 68 m), stretches along the peninsula for 70 km. Video 68.

Due to its geographic location and orientation from northeast to southwest, the spit serves as a "guide line" for birds of many species migrating from the northwestern regions of Russia, Finland and the Baltic countries to the countries of Central and Southern Europe. Every year in spring and autumn 10 - 20 million birds fly over the spit, a significant part of which stops here for rest and feeding. Among the birds flying here are many rare and endangered species listed in the Red Books of Russia, Europe and the world.

It is especially interesting that the spit is rich in cultural heritage sites. These are defensive structures unique in their scale, extremely valuable from the point of view of history, science and art; fishermen's settlements harmoniously integrated into the landscape; archaeological sites and monuments of religious architecture. The many-sided dune relief of the Curonian Spit, combined with the greenery of forests, the whiteness of sandy beaches and the boundless blue of the Baltic Sea, has a high aesthetic value.

Central Sikhote-Alin

This territory, located in the south of the Far East within Russia, is one of the largest and least human-modified centers of preservation of communities of ancient coniferous-deciduous and broad-leaved forests. Video 69.

It presents a lot of rare and endangered animal species, a significant part of which is preserved only within its boundaries. The mountainous country of Sikhote-Alin is the last large integral territory in the world inhabited by the Amur tiger. Many other rare and endangered plant and animal species endemic to the region also need protection.

Picturesque landforms, full-flowing rivers, combined with an exceptional variety of flora and fauna, the presence of exotic plants and animals reminiscent of the tropics, give the nature of Sikhote-Alin completely unique features. There are many objects of aesthetic and recreational significance here: rock massifs, picturesquely standing out among the taiga, waterfalls, lakes and rapids, reefs, sandy bays on the coast of the Sea of ​​Japan.

Ubsunur basin

The Ubsunur basin, located on the territory of Mongolia and Russia, is one of the most original and unusual places in Central Asia. Video 70.

This region has preserved a unique complex of neighboring, closely interacting, extremely contrasting ecosystems - from the taiga to the desert. Glaciers, snowfields, mountain tundra of the alpine belt and subalpine meadows turn into a vast mountain taiga belt, which gives way to forest-steppe, steppe, semi-desert and even loose sandy ridges, creating a natural phenomenon of exceptional beauty and diversity. It is impossible to see such diverse landscapes in such close proximity anywhere else in Eurasia. An unusually high species richness for temperate latitudes reigns in this territory.

Relative sparsely populated territory, the absence of industrial facilities make it possible to preserve the basin as a natural laboratory for the study of biospheric processes

However, the value of the territory lies not only in the unique nature of the Ubsunur basin. Of great importance are the objects of cultural heritage located here - archaeological monuments, many of which have not been studied so far. Nowhere else in Central Asia are barrows found in such a concentration as here (according to a rough estimate, there are up to 20 thousand of them); most of them are older than the Egyptian pyramids. Thousands of rock paintings and stone sculptures, the remains of medieval settlements and Buddhist chapels form a unique natural and cultural landscape.

The natural system of the reserve "Wrangel Island"»

The Wrangel Island Reserve is located on the border of the East Siberian and Chukchi Seas on the Wrangel and Herald Islands with a 12-mile sea area adjacent to them. Video 71.

The 180th meridian passes through Wrangel Island, so that the island lies in both the Western and Eastern hemispheres. The relief is predominantly mountainous, strongly dissected, with coastal lowlands in the north and south. There are 1400 rivers and streams on the island, about 900 small lakes. A unique combination of natural-historical and landscape-climatic conditions, as well as inaccessibility, have led to a large number of endemic, rare and relict plant species on the islands. On the islands, as parts of the ancient land that once united the Eurasian and North American continents, both Euro-Asian and American species of flora and fauna are widely represented.

Putorana Plateau

The plateau is located in the Krasnoyarsk Territory. It is a large basaltic plateau, located on the northern limit of the taiga and almost completely unaffected by human economic activity. Video 72. Unusual and extremely interesting are the trap relief forms (5), crossed by huge canyons. The scale and number of waterfalls are impressive (the highest concentration in Russia). Here is a 108 m high waterfall - one of the highest in our country. There are many lakes on the plateau with depths up to 400 m, lake fjords are very picturesque.More than 1300 plant species have been recorded on the Putorana Plateau. Here is the northern limit of the distribution of flying squirrel, lynx, sable, stone capercaillie. The migration route of the world's largest population of wild reindeer, the Taimyr one, runs through the plateau. A little-studied, extremely interesting local form of the bighorn sheep also lives here.

Lena Pillars

The Lena Pillars Natural Park is located in Central Yakutia, in the middle reaches of the Lena River. Video 73.

The park got its name because of the unique ridge of rocks - fabulous stone sculptures in the form of pillars and towers stretch along the banks of the Lena for tens of kilometers. Some are up to 100 meters high. This natural monument is composed of Cambrian limestones - a rock that was formed more than 500 million years ago.

In addition, in the park there are small areas of the desert landscape - unique permafrost ecosystems, as well as fluttering tukulan sands - isolated and independently developing sandy ridges with slopes practically not fixed by vegetation. In the area of ​​the Lena Pillars, scientists discovered burials of bone remains of ancient fauna: mammoth, bison, Lena horse, woolly rhinoceros.

21 species of rare and endangered "Red Book" plants grow in the park. In the basin of the middle reaches of the Lena River, the fish fauna includes 31 species. Nesting of 101 species of birds has been established in the park. Animals such as sable, brown bear, squirrel, elk, red deer, chipmunk, musk deer, mountain-forest form of wild reindeer are common here.

Work to continue the inclusion of new areas in the World Heritage List continues. According to the rules, nominations for consideration by the World Heritage Committee must first be included in the national Tentative List. They are presented on the World Natural Heritage map of Russia (see above).

Obviously, the effective protection of such territories is impossible without the active involvement of public organizations, as many citizens of the country as possible. Let us remember that we have an individual and collective responsibility for the preservation of natural complexes.

Read the resolution of the International NGO Forum on World Heritage Sites (6).

What can we, the people of Russia, do to support the conservation and development of specially protected natural areas?

Each of these places is unique in its own way, and all together they function, making up the unity and integrity of the life support system on the Planet. They create its unique, still far from fully unraveled and known appearance.

Cultural heritage is an important part of the life of every nation. For this reason, one should know what cultural heritage is and why its preservation is so important. It helps to better learn and understand the history of the formation of modern society.

What is cultural heritage

Nature and culture together form the human environment. The skills and knowledge acquired by mankind from the beginning of time are accumulated and multiplied over the centuries, forming a cultural heritage. There is no single definition of what cultural heritage is, since this term is considered from different points of view.

From the point of view of cultural studies, this is the main way of existence of culture. Heritage objects preserve and pass on to future generations values ​​that carry an emotional aspect. History considers cultural heritage primarily as a source of information about the development and formation of modern society. The legal point of view does not take into account the emotional value, but determines the degree of informativeness and relevance of this or that object, as well as its ability to influence society.

If we combine these concepts, then cultural heritage can be defined as a set of material and non-material values ​​created by nature and man during previous historical eras.

social memory

Social memory should be understood as the basis of social cognition. The experience and knowledge accumulated by mankind are passed down from generation to generation. The development of modern man is possible only based on the knowledge of ancestors.

Cultural heritage and social memory are concepts that always go hand in hand with each other. Heritage objects are the main means of transferring knowledge, thoughts and worldviews to future generations. This is irrefutable evidence of the existence of certain people, events and ideas. In addition, they guarantee the authenticity of social memory, preventing it from being distorted.

Social memory is a kind of library where all useful knowledge is stored that can be used and improved by society in the future. Unlike the memory of one person, social memory has no end and belongs to every member of society. Ultimately, heritage determines the basic elements of social memory. Those values ​​that are not part of the cultural heritage, sooner or later lose their meaning, are forgotten and excluded from social memory.

Organization UNESCO

UNESCO is a UN agency dealing with education, science and culture (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization). One of the goals of UNESCO is to unite countries and peoples to preserve the world's cultural values.

The organization was formed in November 1945 and is based in Paris. To date, more than two hundred states are members of UNESCO.

In the field of culture, the organization is engaged in the preservation and protection of the cultural and natural heritage of mankind. The Convention on the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, adopted in 1972, became the basis for this area of ​​activity. During the first session, the main provisions and tasks of the World Heritage Committee were adopted.

The Committee also determined the natural and cultural criteria for assessing objects, according to which they were included or not included in the list of protected. The preservation of cultural heritage is an obligation undertaken by the state that has this or that object, with the support of UNESCO. Today, the register includes more than a thousand protected objects.

world heritage

The 1972 Convention gave a clear definition of what cultural heritage is and divided it into categories. Cultural heritage means:

• monuments;
• ensembles;
• places of interest.

Monuments include all works of art (painting, sculpture, etc.), as well as objects of archaeological significance (rock inscriptions, burials) created by man and valuable for science, history and art. Ensembles are architectural groups harmoniously inscribed in the surrounding landscape. Places of interest are human creations separate from nature or together with it.

The Convention also outlined the criteria for natural heritage. It includes natural monuments, places of interest, geological and physiographic formations.

Cultural heritage of Russia

To date, the World Heritage Register includes twenty-seven objects that are located on the territory of Russia. Sixteen of them are selected according to cultural criteria and eleven are natural sites. The first objects were classified as World Heritage in 1990. Twenty-three more objects are on the list of candidates. Of these, eleven are cultural, three are natural and cultural, and nine are natural objects.

Among the UNESCO Member States, the Russian Federation is in ninth place in terms of the number of World Heritage Sites.

Cultural Heritage Days in Moscow - International Day for the Protection of Monuments and Sites (celebrated on April 18) and International Museum Day (May 18). Every year these days in Moscow free access to heritage sites is opened, excursions, quests, lectures are organized. All these events are aimed at popularization of cultural values, familiarization with them.

Legal aspect

The Federal Law (FZ) on cultural heritage objects was adopted by the State Duma of the Russian Federation in 2002. This law defines the preservation of cultural heritage as a priority for the authorities. The law also establishes the procedure for identifying heritage sites and including them in the register.

This register includes tangible and intangible cultural values ​​that have passed peer review. Each object entered in the register is assigned a registration number and a passport. The passport contains detailed characteristics of the object: name, date of occurrence, photographic materials, description, location information. The passport also reflects data on the expert assessment of the object and the conditions for protecting the object.

According to the Federal Law on objects of cultural heritage, cultural values ​​are recognized as the property of the state. In this regard, the need to preserve them, as well as to popularize and provide access to heritage sites, has been declared. The law prohibits alteration and demolition of objects. Management of cultural heritage objects is a set of measures aimed at the control, preservation and development of cultural objects.

Natural objects of Russia

On the territory of the Russian Federation there are ten objects included in the World Heritage. Six of them, according to the UNESCO classification, should be considered as a phenomenon of exceptional beauty. One of these objects is Lake Baikal. This is one of the oldest freshwater formations on the planet. Thanks to this, a unique ecosystem has formed in the lake.

Volcanoes of Kamchatka are also natural phenomena. This formation is the largest cluster of active volcanoes. The area is constantly evolving and has unique landscapes. The Golden Altai Mountains are unique in their geographical features. The total area of ​​this heritage site is one million six hundred and forty thousand hectares. This is a habitat for rare animals, some of which are on the verge of extinction.

Cultural objects of Russia

Among the objects that represent the cultural heritage of Russia, it is difficult to single out more significant exhibits. Russian culture is ancient and very diverse. These are monuments of Russian architecture, and a colossal project of interweaving the streets and canals of St. Petersburg, and numerous monasteries, cathedrals and Kremlins.

The Moscow Kremlin occupies a special place among the heritage sites. The walls of the Moscow Kremlin are witnesses of many historical events that affect the life of Russia. St. Basil's Cathedral, located on Red Square, is a unique masterpiece of architecture. Churches and monasteries form the main part of the World Heritage Site in Russia. Among them is the ensemble "Solovki Islands", the first settlement of which dates back to the fifth century BC.

Importance of cultural heritage

The value of cultural heritage is very great both for society as a whole and for each person individually. The formation of personality is impossible without knowledge of the traditions and experience of ancestors. Preservation of heritage sites and their enhancement is an important task of every generation. This ensures the spiritual growth and development of mankind. Cultural heritage is an important component of culture, which helps to assimilate the experience of world history.

World heritage sites included in the special list of UNESCO are of great interest to the entire population of the planet. Unique natural and cultural objects make it possible to preserve those unique corners of nature and man-made monuments that demonstrate the richness of nature and the possibilities of the human mind.
As of July 1, 2009, there are 890 objects in the World Heritage List (including 689 cultural, 176 natural and 25 mixed) in 148 countries: individual architectural structures and ensembles - the Acropolis, the cathedrals in Amiens and Chartres, the historical center of Warsaw (Poland) and St. Petersburg (Russia), the Moscow Kremlin and Red Square (Russia), etc.; cities - Brasilia, Venice along with the lagoon, etc.; archaeological reserves - Delphi, etc.; national parks - Great Barrier Reef Marine Park, Yellowstone (USA) and others. The states on whose territory the World Heritage sites are located undertake obligations to preserve them.

1) Tourists inspect the Buddhist sculptures of the Longmen Grottoes ("Dragon Gate") near the city of Luoyang in the Chinese province of Henan. There are more than 2,300 caves in this place; 110,000 Buddhist images, more than 80 dagobas (Buddhist mausoleums) containing relics of the Buddhas, as well as 2,800 inscriptions on the rocks near the Yishui River, a kilometer long. For the first time Buddhism in China was introduced in these places during the reign of the Eastern Han Dynasty. (China Photos/Getty Images)

2) Bayon Temple in Cambodia is famous for its many giant stone faces. There are over 1,000 temples in the Angkor region, ranging from nondescript piles of brick and rubble scattered among rice fields to the magnificent Angkor Wat, considered the world's largest single religious monument. Many of the temples at Angkor have been restored. More than a million tourists visit them every year. (Voishmel/AFP - Getty Images)

3) One of the parts of the archaeological site of Al-Hijr - also known as Madain Salih. This complex, located in the northern regions of Saudi Arabia, was added to the UNESCO World Heritage List on July 6, 2008. The complex includes 111 rock burials (I century BC - I century AD), as well as a system of hydraulic structures dated to the ancient Nabataean city of Hegra, which was the center of caravan trade. There are also about 50 rock inscriptions dating back to the Donabatean period. (Hassan Ammar/AFP - Getty Images)

4) The waterfalls "Garganta del Diablo" ("Devil's Throat") are located on the territory of the Iguazu National Park in the Argentine province of Misiones. Depending on the water level in the Iguazu River, the park has from 160 to 260 waterfalls, as well as over 2000 varieties of plants and 400 Iguazu National Park was inscribed on the World Heritage List in 1984. (Christian Rizzi/AFP - Getty Images) #

5) The mysterious Stonehenge is a stone megalithic structure, consisting of 150 huge stones, and located on the Salisbury Plain in the English county of Wiltshire. This ancient monument is believed to have been built in 3000 BC. Stonehenge was included in the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1986. (Matt Cardy/Getty Images)

6) Tourists stroll by the Bafang Pavilion in the Summer Palace, Beijing's famous classical imperial garden. The Summer Palace, built in 1750, was destroyed in 1860 and rebuilt in 1886. It was inscribed on the World Heritage List in 1998. (China Photos/Getty Images)

7) The Statue of Liberty at sunset in New York. "Lady Liberty", which was presented to the United States by France, stands at the entrance to New York Harbor. It was inscribed on the World Heritage List in 1984. (Seth Wenig/AP)

8) "Solitario George" (Lonely George), the last living giant tortoise of this species, born on Pinta Island, lives in the Galapagos National Park in Ecuador. She is now approximately 60-90 years old. The Galapagos Islands were originally inscribed on the World Heritage List in 1978, but in 2007 they were marked as endangered. (Rodrigo Buendia/AFP - Getty Images)

9) People skate on the ice of the canals in the Kinderdijk Mills area, a UNESCO World Heritage site near Rotterdam. Kinderdijk has the largest collection of historic windmills in the Netherlands and is one of the top attractions in South Holland. Decoration with balloons of the holidays passing here gives a certain flavor to this place. (Peter Dejong/AP)

10) View of the Perito Moreno Glacier located in the Los Glaciares National Park, in the southeast of the Argentinean province of Santa Cruz. This place was listed as a UNESCO World Natural Heritage Site in 1981. The glacier is one of the most interesting tourist sites in the Argentinean part of Patagonia and the 3rd largest glacier in the world after Antarctica and Greenland. (Daniel Garcia/AFP - Getty Images)

11) Terraced gardens in the northern Israeli city of Haifa surround the golden-domed Shrine of the Bab, the founder of the Baha'i faith. Here is the world administrative and spiritual center of the Baha'i religion, the number of professing which in the world is less than six million. The site was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site on July 8, 2008. (David Silverman/Getty Images)

12) Aerial photography of St. Peter's Square in the Vatican. According to the World Heritage website, this small state contains a unique collection of artistic and architectural masterpieces. The Vatican was inscribed on the World Heritage List in 1984. (Giulio Napolitano/AFP - Getty Images)

13) Colorful underwater scenes of the Great Barrier Reef in Australia. This thriving ecosystem hosts the world's largest collection of coral reefs, including 400 coral species and 1,500 fish species. The Great Barrier Reef was inscribed on the World Heritage List in 1981. (AFP - Getty Images)

14) Camels rest in the ancient city of Petra in front of Jordan's main monument, Al-Khazneh, or the Treasury, supposedly the tomb of a Nabataean king carved out of sandstone. This city, located between the Red and Dead Seas, is at the crossroads of Arabia, Egypt, Syria and Phoenicia. Petra was added to the World Heritage List in 1985. (Thomas Coex/AFP - Getty Images)

15) Sydney Opera House - one of the most famous and easily recognizable buildings in the world, which is a symbol of Sydney and one of the main attractions of Australia. The Sydney Opera House was listed as a World Heritage Site in 2007. (Torsten Blackwood/AFP - Getty Images)

16) Rock paintings made by the San people in the Dragon Mountains, located in the east of South Africa. The San people lived in the Drakensberg area for thousands of years until they were destroyed in clashes with the Zulus and white settlers. They left behind incredible rock paintings in the Dragon Mountains, which were inscribed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site in 2000. (Alexander Joe/AFP - Getty Images)

17) General view of the city of Shibam, located in the east of Yemen in the province of Hadhramaut. Shibam is famous for its incomparable architecture, which is included in the UNESCO World Heritage Program. All houses here are built of clay bricks, about 500 houses can be considered multi-storey, as they have 5-11 floors. Shibam is often referred to as "the oldest city of skyscrapers in the world" or "Desert Manhattan", it is also the oldest example of urban planning based on the principle of vertical construction. (Khaled Fazaa/AFP - Getty Images)

18) Gondolas near the Grand Canal in Venice. The Church of San Giorgio Maggiore is visible in the background. Island Venice is a seaside resort, a center of international tourism of world importance, a venue for international film festivals, art and architectural exhibitions. Venice was listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site in 1987. (AP)

19) Some of the 390 abandoned huge statues of compressed volcanic ash (moai in the Rapa Nui language) at the foot of the Rano Raraku volcano on Easter Island, 3700 km from the coast of Chile. Rapa Nui National Park has been included in the UNESCO World Heritage Program since 1995. (Martin Bernetti/AFP - Getty Images)

20) Visitors walk along the Great Wall of China in the Simatai area, northeast of Beijing. This largest architectural monument was built as one of the four main strategic strongholds in order to defend against the invading tribes from the north. The 8,851.8 km long Great Wall is one of the largest construction projects ever completed. It was inscribed on the World Heritage List in 1987. (Frederic J. Brown/AFP - Getty Images)

21) Temple at Hampi, near the South Indian city of Hospet, north of Bangalore. Hampi is located in the middle of the ruins of Vijayanagara, the former capital of the Vijayanagara Empire. Hampi and its monuments were inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1986. (Dibyangshu Sarkar/AFP - Getty Images)

22) A Tibetan pilgrim rotates prayer mills on the grounds of the Potala Palace in Lhasa, Tibet's capital. The Potala Palace is a royal palace and Buddhist temple complex, which was the main residence of the Dalai Lama. Today, the Potala Palace is a museum actively visited by tourists, remaining a place of pilgrimage for Buddhists and continuing to be used in Buddhist rituals. Due to its enormous cultural, religious, artistic and historical significance, it was included in the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1994. (Goh Chai Hin/AFP - Getty Images)

23) The Inca citadel of Machu Picchu in the Peruvian city of Cusco. Machu Picchu, especially after receiving the UNESCO World Heritage status in 1983, has become a center of mass tourism. The city is visited by 2,000 tourists per day; In order to preserve the monument, UNESCO demands to reduce the number of tourists per day to 800. (Eitan Abramovich/AFP - Getty Images)

24) Buddhist pagoda Kompon-daito on Mount Koya, in the province of Wakayama, Japan. Mount Koya, located east of Osaka, was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 2004. In 819, the Buddhist monk Kukai, the founder of the Shingon school, an offshoot of Japanese Buddhism, was the first to settle here. (Everett Kennedy Brown/EPA)

25) Tibetan women walk around the Bodhnath Stupa in Kathmandu - one of the most ancient and revered Buddhist shrines. On the sides of the tower crowning it, "Buddha's eyes" inlaid with ivory are depicted. Kathmandu valley with a height of about 1300 m is a mountain valley and a historical region of Nepal. There are many Buddhist and Hindu temples here, from the Boudhanath stupa to tiny street altars in the walls of houses. Locals say that 10 million Gods live in the Kathmandu Valley. The Kathmandu Valley was inscribed on the World Heritage List in 1979. (Paula Bronstein/Getty Images)

26) A bird flies over the Taj Mahal, a mausoleum-mosque located in the Indian city of Agra. It was built by order of the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his wife Mumtaz Mahal, who died in childbirth. The Taj Mahal was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1983. The architectural marvel was also named one of the "New Seven Wonders of the World" in 2007. (Tauseef Mustafa/AFP - Getty Images)

27) Located in northeast Wales, the 18km Pontcysillte Aqueduct is an Industrial Revolution civil engineering feat completed in the early years of the 19th century. More than 200 years after its opening, it is still in use and is one of the busiest sections of the UK canal network, handling around 15,000 boats a year. In 2009, the Pontkysilte aqueduct was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List as "a milestone in the history of civil engineering during the Industrial Revolution." This aqueduct is one of the unusual monuments to plumbers and plumbing. (Christopher Furlong/Getty Images)

28) A herd of moose grazes in the meadows of Yellowstone National Park. Mount Holmes, on the left, and Mount Dome are visible in the background. In the Yellowstone National Park, which occupies almost 900 thousand hectares, there are more than 10 thousand geysers and thermal springs. The park was included in the World Heritage program in 1978. (Kevork Djansezian/AP)

29) Cubans drive an old car along the Malecon in Havana. UNESCO inscribed Old Havana and its fortifications on the World Heritage List in 1982. Although Havana has expanded and has a population of over 2 million, its old center retains an interesting mixture of baroque and neoclassical monuments and homogeneous ensembles of private houses with arcades, balconies, wrought iron gates and patios. (Javier Galeano/AP)

Project work "World Heritage of Russia"

Prepared by an elementary school teacher
Tagibekova Faiza Tagirovna

Research objectives:

- introduce the objects of natural and cultural heritage of Russia;

-show all the greatness and beauty of the natural and cultural heritage of Russia;

- to instill love for the Motherland and the environment.

Project objectives:

- to cultivate feelings of respect for nature and pride in their homeland;

- to develop cognitive activity among students, to form a persistent interest in the subject;

- to form a careful attitude to the natural and cultural heritage.

Fundamental question:

Can humanity learn lessons?

Problem questions:

What is World Heritage?

What was the origin of the World Heritage Organization?

What do people do to save these objects for posterity?

When did Russia join this organization?

What objects of Russia are included in the World Heritage List?

Project result:

Strong knowledge on the topic "World Heritage of Russia".

People realized that due to ill-conceived economic activities, the whole world could lose priceless treasures. The idea arose to announce the most

outstanding sights of nature and culture as a World Heritage Site subject to mandatory protection. This is how the World Heritage List was born. It is run by the authoritative international organization UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization).

In 1972, the UNESCO organization adopted the Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage (entered into force in 1975). The USSR ratified the convention on March 9, 1988. The main purpose of World Heritage is to make known and protect properties that are unique in their kind. The states in whose territory the World Heritage sites are located assume the responsibility for their conservation.

Like most countries of the world, Russia supported the idea of ​​creating a World Heritage List. Now it includes a number of objects of nature and culture of our country. Every year the UNESCO World Heritage List is replenished.

UNESCO attractions in Russia

Russia is a unique country. In terms of territorial area, it ranks first in the world, in terms of population - ninth. As of 2012, there are 25 specially protected objects in Russia. Fifteen of them have the status of a cultural landmark, the remaining ten are of a natural nature. Six out of fifteen UNESCO cultural sites in Russia are labeled "i", that is, they belong to the masterpieces of human civilization. Four out of ten natural sites have the highest aesthetic criterion "vii".
UNESCO sites in Russia
The nature of the country is distinguished by a variety of plant and animal forms: northern mosses and lichens coexist in it with southern palm trees and magnolias, the coniferous forests of the taiga make up a striking contrast with the steppe crops of wheat and sunflower. The climatic, natural and cultural diversity of Russia has led to interest in it both on the part of its own and foreign citizens. Natural and man-made attractions, river cruises and rail travel, beach and health, sports and extreme tourism make the country attractive for all categories of tourists. The main sights of Russia are included in the UNESCO World Heritage List. Anyone who wants to discover a great country can start by getting acquainted with twenty-five natural and man-made objects that have a cultural, historical or ecological degree of world significance. The UNESCO list is compiled in order to preserve and show the modern man the full depth of our common civilizational heritage.

1. Historic center of St. Petersburg

The northern capital of Russia was included in the UNESCO List as part of 36 monuments located not only in St. Petersburg itself, but also in its neighboring cities - Pushkin and Shlisselburg. The palace and park ensembles of the villages of Gatchina and Strelna, the Koltuvskaya and Yukkovskaya uplands, the Lindulovskaya grove and the Komarovskoye village cemetery - all this makes up one huge cultural and natural formation, territorially and historically connected with the northern capital of Russia. St. Petersburg itself is represented in the UNESCO List by the historical center and the old part of the city of Kronstadt, the Pulkovo Observatory and the palace and park ensembles of Peterhof, the Shuvalovsky Park and the Vyazemsky estate, local fairways and numerous city highways.

2. The architectural ensemble of the Kizhi Pogost

Built in the 18th-19th centuries in Kizhi, two wooden churches and a bell tower were included in the UNESCO List in 1990. The cultural heritage of Karelia is known throughout the world for the Church of the Transfiguration, built, according to legend, without a single nail. Since the middle of the 20th century, the Kizhi State Historical and Architectural Museum has been functioning on the basis of the Kizhi Pogost. Along with the ancient primordial buildings, it includes objects of wooden religious architecture brought in and built in the immediate vicinity - for example, an eight-winged windmill built in 1928. The wooden fence of the ensemble of the Kizhi churchyard was reconstructed in 1959 in accordance with the principles of organizing traditional churchyard fences.

3. Moscow Kremlin and Red Square

The symbols of the whole country and era - the Moscow Kremlin and Red Square - are among the most significant cultural sights of Russia and the whole world. It seems that there is no person on Earth who does not know what they look like. Most foreigners visiting Russia first go to Red Square. The Moscow Kremlin is one of the oldest architectural monuments in Russia. Its majestic walls and numerous towers, its Orthodox cathedrals and palace buildings, its squares and gardens, the Armory and the Kremlin Palace of Congresses reflect the centuries-old history of the country. Adjacent to the northeastern wall of the Kremlin, Red Square is known not only for the Mausoleum and the Eternal Flame, but also for the numerous events organized on it recently. Victory parades, concerts dedicated to the Independence Day of Russia, New Year's skating rinks - all this can be afforded by one of the largest pedestrian areas in Moscow.

4.Novgorod historical monuments

Veliky Novgorod and its surroundings were included in the UNESCO list with more than ten cultural sites of a predominantly religious nature. Znamensky, Zverin, Anthony and Yuriev Monastery, the Church of the Nativity on the Red Field, the Church of the Savior on Nereditsa, St. John the Merciful and the Annunciation on Myachina and many other Orthodox buildings belong to the ancient periods of Russian history and are unique architectural complexes. The Novgorod citadel (that is, the Kremlin) and the part of the city related to it are interesting from the point of view of historical and architectural heritage.

5. Solovetsky Islands

The Spaso-Preobrazhensky Solovetsky Monastery was built in the 20-30s of the 15th century. It is spread over four islands of the Solovetsky archipelago. The Solovetsky Islands cultural and historical ensemble includes the main monastery, Voznesensky and Savvatievsky skete, St. Isaakovskaya, Makarievskaya and Filippovskaya hermitages on Bolshoy Solovetsky Island, Sergievsky skete on Bolshaya Muksalma island, Trinity and Golgotha-Crucifixion skete and Eleazarova hermitage on Anzer and Andreevskaya deserts and stone labyrinths on the Big Zayatsky Island. In Soviet times, the Solovetsky Special Purpose Correctional Camp, the largest in the USSR, operated on the monastery territory. Monastic life became possible here only at the end of 1990.

6.White stone monuments of Vladimir and Suzdal

Eight architectural monuments of ancient Russian architecture, mostly of a white stone character, were included in the UNESCO list in 1992. All of them are located on the territory of the Vladimir region and belong to the Orthodox culture of Russia. There are three UNESCO-protected sites in Vladimir: the Assumption and Demetrius Cathedrals erected in the 12th century, as well as the Golden Gates. In Suzdal, there is the 12th-century Kremlin with the Nativity Cathedral and the Spaso-Efimievsky Monastery built in the 16th-17th centuries. The village of Bogolyubovo is known to Orthodox pilgrims for the Palace of Andrei Bogolyubsky and the magnificent Church of the Intercession on the Nerl. The Church of Boris and Gleb in the village of Kideksha is the first white stone building in northeastern Rus'.

7. Church of the Ascension in Kolomenskoye

Built in the 16th century, the Church of the Ascension of the Lord is the first stone Orthodox church to use a tent instead of a classic dome. According to legend, it was erected on the occasion of the birth of Ivan the Terrible. The place for the temple was chosen on the right bank of the Moskva River, famous for its miraculous key. The Church of the Ascension of the Lord has the appearance of a centric tower temple, rising above the ground to a height of 62 meters. The architectural design of the church shows features of the early Renaissance. In a circle, the temple is surrounded by a two-tiered gallery-gullbishche.

8. Trinity - Sergius Lavra.

The Holy Trinity Sergius Lavra was founded by St. Sergius of Radonezh in 1337. Currently, it is the largest Orthodox male monastery in Russia. The Trinity-Sergius Lavra is located in the center of Sergiyev Posad, a city in the Moscow region. The designation "lavra" indicates the crowdedness, multi-population of the monastery. The architectural ensemble of the monastery consists of fifty buildings of various functional purposes. Among them there are Orthodox cathedrals, and numerous bell towers, and royal palaces. In the Trinity-Sergius Lavra, Boris Godunov and members of his family found their last shelter.

9. Komi Forest.

The virgin forests of Komi are known as the largest untouched forests growing in Europe. They occupy an area of ​​32,600 square kilometers in the north of the Ural Mountains, within the Pechero-Ilychsky Reserve and the Yugyd Va National Park. According to their composition, the Komi forests belong to the taiga ecosystem. They are dominated by coniferous trees. The western part of the forests falls on the foothills, the eastern part - on the mountains themselves. The forest area of ​​Komi is distinguished by the diversity of not only flora, but also fauna. More than two hundred species of birds live here, rare species of fish are found. Many forest plants are protected.

10. Lake Baikal.

For the whole world, Baikal is a lake, for the people of Russia, who are in love with a unique natural object, Baikal is a sea! Located in Eastern Siberia, it is the deepest lake on the planet and, at the same time, the largest natural reservoir of fresh water in terms of volume. The shape of Baikal has the shape of a crescent. The maximum depth of the lake is 1642 meters with an average depth of 744. Baikal contains 19 percent of all fresh water on the planet. The lake is fed by more than three hundred rivers and streams. Baikal water is distinguished by a high content of oxygen. Its temperature rarely exceeds plus 8-9 degrees Celsius even in summer near the surface. The water of the lake is so clean and transparent that it allows you to see in depth at a distance of up to forty meters.

11. Kamchatka volcanoes.

Volcanoes of Kamchatka are part of the Pacific volcanic ring of fire - a large chain of the main active volcanoes of the planet. Unique natural sites were included in the UNESCO List in 1996, along with adjacent territories, characterized by scenic views and biological diversity. The exact number of volcanoes on the peninsula is unknown. Scientists talk about several hundred and even thousands of objects. About thirty of them are classified as active. The most famous Kamchatka volcano is Klyuchevskaya Sopka, the highest volcano in Eurasia and the most active on the peninsula. The volcanoes of Kamchatka are of different volcanic origin and are divided into two superimposed belts - Sredinny and East Kamchatka.

12. Sikhote - Alinsky reserve.

A large biosphere reserve in Primorsky Krai was originally created to preserve the sable population. At present, it is the most convenient place for observing the life of the Amur tiger. A huge number of plants grow on the territory of the Sikhote-Alin Reserve. More than a thousand higher species, more than a hundred - mosses, about four hundred - lichens, more than six hundred species of algae and more than five hundred - fungi. The local fauna is represented by a large number of birds, marine invertebrates and insects. Many plants, birds, animals and insects are among the protected objects. Schisandra chinensis and Palibina edelweiss, spotted deer and Himalayan bear, black kite and Japanese starling, Sakhalin sturgeon and Swallowtail butterfly - all of them found shelter in the Sikhote-Alin Reserve.

13. Golden mountains of Altai.

The three most significant areas of the Altai Mountains - the Altai and Katunsky Reserve and the Ukok plateau - were included in 1998 in the UNESCO list under the name "Golden Mountains of Altai". Mount Belukha and Lake Teletskoye also fell into the number of protected geographical objects. The Altai Mountains received the natural criterion "x" for the most complete picture of alpine vegetation. In this area, one after another, in turn, five belts follow: steppe, forest-steppe, mixed, subalpine and alpine. On the territory of the golden mountains of Altai, rare species of animals live - the snow leopard, the Siberian mountain goat and others.

14. Ubsunur basin.

The Ubsu-Nur lake basin, located in the Tyva Republic, belongs to both Russia and Mongolia. On the part of the Russian Federation, it is represented by the biosphere natural reserve "Ubsunur Hollow", which includes both the waters of the lake itself and the land areas adjacent to it. On the latter, there is a unique and, in many respects, diverse ecosystem of the region - here you can find both glaciers and the northernmost deserts in Eurasia. On the territory of the Ubsunur basin there are taiga zones, forest and classical steppes, alpine tundra and meadows. The area of ​​the reserve is replete with several tens of thousands of unexcavated mounds of ancient nomadic tribes.

15. Caucasian reserve.

The natural biosphere reserve located in the Western Caucasus belongs to the category of state ones. It is a large natural formation belonging to two climatic zones - temperate and subtropical. More than 900 species of vascular plants and 700 species of mushrooms grow on the territory of the reserve. Initially, the Caucasian Reserve was called the bison. Nowadays, it was decided to abandon this definition, since, in addition to bison, a large number of other mammals live in the Western Caucasus, each of which needs state protection. Today on the territory of the reserve you can meet wild boars and roe deer, the West Caucasian tur and brown bear, Caucasian mink and bison.

16 Kazan Kremlin.

Not only the Moscow and Novgorod Kremlin are included in the UNESCO World Heritage List. The Kazan Kremlin was also among the culturally significant objects of world significance. Its historical and architectural complex, consisting of a white-stone Kremlin, temples and other buildings, is a monument of three historical periods: XII-XIII, XIV-XV and XV-XVI centuries. The Kremlin territory of Kazan has the shape of an irregular polygon, coinciding in outline with the hill on which the ancient settlement is located. Initially, the Kazan Kremlin was a Bulgar fortress. Then he came under the rule of the Kazan Khanate. After the capture of Kazan by Ivan the Terrible, the first Orthodox churches appeared on the Kremlin territory. In 2005, in honor of the millennium of Kazan, the main mosque of the Republic of Tatarstan - Kul Sharif - was built within the Kazan Kremlin.

17. Ferapontov monastery.

Currently, the Ferapontov Monastery is one of the inactive. The Ferapontovsky branch of the Kirillo-Belozersky Museum-Reserve located in it and the unique Dionysius Frescoes Museum became a stumbling block between the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation and the Russian Orthodox Church. In 2000, the Ferapontov Monastery was included in the UNESCO List, which finally gave it the status of not so much a religious as a cultural heritage of mankind. The architectural ensemble of the monastery is represented by the Cathedral of the Nativity of the Virgin, painted by the famous Moscow icon painter of the XV-XVI centuries - Dionysius, the monumental Church of the Annunciation, the state chamber and outbuildings.

18. Curonian Spit.

The Curonian Spit is a long, narrow strip of sandy land that separates the Curonian Lagoon from the Baltic Sea. According to its geographical status, this natural object is sometimes referred to as peninsulas. The Curonian Spit is 98 kilometers long and 400 to 4 kilometers wide. The saber-shaped strip of land belongs half to Russia, half to Lithuania. On Russian territory, the Curonian Spit contains the national park of the same name. The original peninsula was included in the UNESCO World Heritage List due to its biological diversity. Numerous landscapes, ranging from deserts to tundra, a large number of flora and fauna, as well as the ancient migratory route of birds, make the Curonian Spit a unique natural complex that needs protection.

19. Derbent.

Derbent, the southernmost city in Russia, located in the Republic of Dagestan, is one of the oldest cities in the world. The first settlements on its territory arose at the end of the 4th millennium BC. The city acquired its modern look in 438. In those distant times, Derbent was a Persian fortress, consisting of the Naryn-Kala citadel and double walls descending to the Caspian Sea. The ancient fortress, the old city and fortifications of Derbent were included in the UNESCO List in 2003. Naryn-kala has survived to this day in the form of ruins, an ancient temple of fire worshipers, a mosque, baths and water reservoirs located on its territory.

20. Wrangel Island.

Located in the Arctic Ocean, Wrangel Island was discovered in 1849. In 1926, the first polar station was established on it, in 1948, the island was inhabited by domestic reindeer, and in 1975, by musk oxen. The last event led to the fact that the authorities of the Magadan region decided to establish a nature reserve on Wrangel Island, which also included the neighboring Herald Island. At the end of the 20th century, the adjacent water areas joined the Wrangel Island Reserve. The flora of the island consists mainly of ancient plant species. The fauna of the area is poorly developed: most often, birds and walruses are found here, which have set up their main Russian rookery on Wrangel Island.

21. Novodevichy Convent.

The Novodevichy Bogoroditse-Smolensky Monastery was founded in 1524 in honor of the Smolensk Icon of the Mother of God Hodegetria. The location of the women's Orthodox monastery is the Maiden's Field of Moscow. In the center of the monastery is the five-domed Smolensk Cathedral, from which the creation of the entire architectural ensemble of the religious monument of the Russian capital began. In the 17th century, the Church of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary, the Church of the Transfiguration of the Savior, the Church of the Intercession of the Blessed Virgin Mary, a bell tower, a refectory, Lopukhinsky, Mariinsky and Burial Chambers were built around it.

22. Historical center of Yaroslavl.

The historical center of Yaroslavl, consisting of the Chopped City (the local Kremlin) and the Earthen City, was awarded by UNESCO in 2005 as an outstanding architectural example of the urban reform carried out under Catherine II. The buildings of the classicism period were carried out near the parish church of Elijah the Prophet, in front of which there was a semicircular square. Streets-rays were drawn to it, each of which ended with an architectural monument earlier in time of construction - the Assumption Cathedral on the Strelka, the Znamenskaya and Uglich towers, the church of Simeon the Stylite.

23. Struve geodesic arc.

A network of 265 reference geodetic points, created in the first half of the 19th century to study terrestrial parameters, is currently found in many European cities. On the Russian territory, it is represented by two points - "Point Mäkipyallus" and "Point Z", located on the island of Gogland. Of the more than two hundred objects of the Struve arc, only 34 have survived to this day, which served as the basis for the inclusion of a unique scientific monument of mankind in the List of Especially Valuable Cultural Objects of Our Time.

24. Putarana Plateau.

Like many natural objects of Russia included in the UNESCO List, the Putarana Plateau was included in it because of the unique combination of different ecological systems. Located within an isolated mountain range, the Putorana State Nature Reserve combines the subarctic and arctic belts, taiga, forest tundra and the arctic desert within its territory. The Putoran subspecies of the snow leopard, listed in the Red Book of Russia, lives on the territory of the reserve. Winters on the plateau and the world's largest population of wild reindeer.

25. Lena Pillars.

Located on the territory of the Republic of Sakha, the Lena Pillars are the latest Russian site to be included in the UNESCO World Heritage List in 2012. The geological formation, located on the banks of the Lena, is a multi-kilometer complex of vertically elongated rocks. The unique natural monument is based on Cambrian limestone. Scientists attribute the beginning of the formation of the Lena Pillars to the early Cambrian - a time removed from ours by 560 million years. The relief form of the Lena Pillars was formed much later - only 400 thousand years ago. Near the Lena Pillars there is a natural park of the same name. On its territory there are fluttering sands and the site of an ancient man. There are also fossilized remains of mammoths.

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In 1988, the USSR signed the UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage.

Over the past years after the collapse of the USSR, the largest number of monuments included in the List of cultural and natural heritage, not counting Russia, turned out to be on the territory (3), and (2 each). As of January 1, 1999, the rest of the former republics of the Soviet Union either achieved inclusion in the List of World Heritage Sites of only one monument, or so far have not been included in it at all. , especially after the creation of the Institute of Natural and Cultural Heritage in 1992, which coordinates activities to identify, substantiate and include the national natural and cultural heritage under protection, develops a methodology for the conservation and use of the country's treasures, which have entered and will still enter as part of the cultural and natural heritage of mankind, is doing significant work. In 2001, 14 sites were included in the Heritage List. The principle of inclusion in the natural and cultural heritage of Russia is territorial. On the territory included in the Heritage List, there can be several nominations: national parks, nature reserves, wildlife sanctuaries. The total number of specially protected nominations is 20. Of these, 7 reserves, 3 national parks, 4 natural parks, as well as a number of reserves.

In the virgin forests of Komi, two protected areas have been identified: the Pechoro-Ilychsky Reserve and the Yugyd-Va National Park, on the northeastern outskirts of the Komi Republic. In the north of Europe, this is the most significant array of virgin taiga forests, practically undisturbed by human activities. Forests stretch along the western slopes of the Northern and Polar Urals, occupy the upper reaches (source) of the Pechora River basin. Their role as a climate regulator in the region is great. The Pechoro-Ilychsky Reserve is located on the western slopes. Within its limits, vertical zonality is perfectly traced, forest types are diverse: on the Pechora lowland - pine forests; in the foothills - dark coniferous forests of Siberian spruce, cedar, Siberian fir. Age-old spruce forests need special protection. In the alpine zone - birch crooked forests, mountain tundra and bald mountains. The Yugyd-Va National Park is located on the western slopes of the Subpolar Urals. In the foothills and low mountains, north-taiga pine and spruce-fir forests predominate, higher - subalpine woodlands and meadows, mountain tundra and bald mountains. Forests cover about half of the area of ​​the national park. There are small glaciers and cars created by their activity, circuses, troughs. Mountain rivers foam in the canyons, breaking out of the gorges. The lakes reflect mountain peaks, unusual remnant rocks of various shapes. These places were sacred to the indigenous peoples. On the eastern border of the park is the highest point of the Ural mountain system - Mount Narodnaya (1895 m), other peaks are no less picturesque here - Saber, Belfry, etc.

Kronotsky nature reserve is the largest in Kamchatka. It occupies about 1 million hectares on land and 100 thousand hectares in the water area. This is a picturesque mountainous area with two dozen active volcanoes, fifty small glaciers, lakes and rivers. Of the active volcanoes, Kronoikaya Sopka stands out with a height of 3528 m. Spruce-larch taiga and forests of stone birch stretch along the valleys and climb the slopes of the mountains. Numerous geysers, fumaroles, thermal and mineral springs, thermal lakes and waterfalls surrounded by steam make it possible for a person to realize that he has red-hot magma under his feet.

The caldera of the Uzon volcano is a gigantic bowl, framed by sides from 200 to 900 m high. Thermal lakes, emissions of gases, especially carbon dioxide, have created unique places. Among them is a small hollow - the Valley of Death, where the bodies of dead animals and carcasses of birds are buried. Animals wandering here, breathing in carbon dioxide, quickly lose their orientation, strength and “fall asleep” forever. The view of the Uzon crater in autumn is fantastic.

On, north of the city, is the Valley of Geysers. It is included in the territory of the Kronotsky Reserve. It can be reached in just an hour by helicopter. The Valley of Geysers begins at the confluence of the Geysernaya and Shumnaya rivers. In the lower and middle parts of the valley of the Geysernaya River, which collects water from the northern slopes of the Kikhpinych volcano, there are 9 groups of geysers stretching for 6 km. The slopes of the Valley of Geysers are steep, in places scree. Terrace-like surfaces of different levels are located on them. As a rule, geysers “work” on them, throwing out jets of boiling water with enviable frequency. The largest geyser is called "Giant". He throws out a stream of boiling water and steam to a height of tens of meters. Geysers are associated with faults in the earth's crust. In fracture zones, voids are created where water is under hydrostatic pressure and heated above 100°. When the critical temperature is reached, the water boils, and then a jet of boiling water is ejected from the neck of the geyser with noise and whistle. The boiling fountain works for seconds. Water cooled in the air partially falls back into the vent, so the temperature in the underground voids decreases. The accumulation of water and its heating lead to a new release of boiling water and steam. Hot water is thrown to the ground, and the vapor cloud quickly dissipates. Geyser water is highly mineralized. Around the vent, sinter forms are formed, composed of geyserite. Geyserite produces "shoots" - brownish-yellow, lemon-colored sprigs that resemble corals. The formation of this mineral is a long process: hundreds and hundreds of years are required for its appearance. Not all boiling springs effectively throw out jets of water. Some of them resemble pots on a hot stove. Water boils in them, large bubbles burst. From the vent comes grumbling and snorting. But the edges of the necks are still bordered by geyserite.

The Bystrinsky Nature Park occupies the central part of the Kamchatka Peninsula, the highlands of the Sredinny Range, the upper reaches of the Tigil, Bystraya and Anavgay rivers. The area is 1.333 thousand hectares. The park is characterized by low population density, significant landscape diversity, active and extinct volcanoes, thermal springs. Absolute heights - from 500 to 3600 m (Ichinskaya Sopka - an active volcano). This is one of the "snowiest" places in Kamchatka, the thickness here reaches several meters.

The Nalychevo Natural Park is adjacent to Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, occupying the southeastern part of the Kamchatka Peninsula. The area is 287 thousand hectares. The beauty of the relatively poorly developed highlands, the abundance (more than 200) of mineral springs, including thermal ones, are comparable to those of the Caucasus. Active volcanoes - Koryakskaya Sopka, Zhupanovskaya Sopka, Avachinskaya Sopka and extinct volcanoes - are geological monuments.

The South Kamchatka Natural Park occupies the southern tip of the Kamchatka Peninsula. The area is 479 thousand hectares. Seaside flat territories and mountainous volcanic ecosystems coexist with extinct and active volcanoes, thermal and mineral springs. The protection of the "Red Book" species, especially birds, as well as near-water and marine mammals (Kuril sea otter, island seal, blue and gray whales, fin whale, humpback whale, etc.) has been established. The snow sheep are guarded in the mountains.

The South Kamchatka Federal Reserve includes the southern tip of the peninsula, Cape Lopatka, Lake Kurilskoye and Utashud Island. The area is 274 thousand hectares. This mountainous country with volcanic, thermal and mineral springs lies on the main path of seasonal birds. Landscapes are diverse - from birch forests, alder and cedar dwarf forests to mountain tundra and bald mountains.

Lake Baikal

The nomination includes actually, as well as the coastal zones surrounding it, about half of the area of ​​\u200b\u200bwhich are specially protected territories: Barguzinsky, Baikalsky and Baikal-Lensky reserves. Pribaikalsky and Zabaikalsky national parks, several reserves. They create a kind of necklace around the lake, consisting of natural monuments - biological and geological.

Baikal is worthy of the Guinness Book of Records. This is the deepest lake in the world - 1637 m, it contains more than 20% of the world's fresh water reserves (23,600 km3). Baikal is the oldest lake in terms of geological age, existing for at least 20 million years. 2360 species and varieties of animals and plants live in its waters, 70 - 80% of them are endemic. Over a long period of evolution of the living world of the lake, stable trophic systems have developed in it, for example, the epimura crustacean - the Baikal omul - the seal, the seal. Viviparous golomyanka fish, various invertebrates, 52 species of fish, among which 17 species are commercial, and edemic species make this lake-sea unique. The picturesqueness of its coasts and natural monuments, primarily geological ones, brought him worldwide fame.

Baikal deserves to become one of the world centers of ecological tourism. The total area of ​​​​the range is 8.8 million hectares, the largest in Russia.

The Baikal Reserve occupies the southern shore of Lake Baikal, located in the Republic of Buryatia. The area - 165.7 thousand hectares, also includes the central part of the Khamar-Daban ridge. The northern slopes facing the lake are covered with dark coniferous taiga of fir, cedar and spruce; southern - light coniferous taiga from pine and larch; above - cedar elfin, thickets of rhododendron, subalpine meadows, mountain tundra and bald mountains with alpine-type relief - cirques, pointed peaks and ridges.

The Barguzinsky Nature Reserve is located on the northeastern coast of Lake Baikal, in the Republic of Buryatia. Created in 1916. It includes the western slope of the Barguzinsky Range, in the south it borders on the Trans-Baikal National Park.

The lower part of the slopes in the low and middle mountains (up to altitudes of about 1500 m) - sparse larch forests and forests of spruce, fir and cedar; above - mountain tundra and bald mountains, alpine meadows. Glacial landforms, stone ruins - kurums, lakes that have taken the place of melted glaciers in kars - negative landforms in which small glaciers once lay. The highest point of the Barguzinsky Range is 2840 m above sea level.

The Baikal-Lensky Nature Reserve is located on the northwestern shore of the lake in the Irkutsk region. It covers part of the Baikal Range and the upper reaches basin. In the south it borders on the Baikal National Park. The area is 659.9 thousand hectares. The lower and middle mountain belts are spruce, larch, fir, cedar, pine; above - cedar elfin, mountain tundra, loaches.

The Pribaikalsky National Park in the Irkutsk Region has, perhaps, the longest coastline - about 500 km; includes the southwestern and western parts of the coast of the lake along the Primorsky Range and the island, as well as the area of ​​​​the source of the river. The area is 418 thousand hectares. The altitudinal zonality is clearly visible. On the coast and in the foothills - meadow steppes, steppes and forest-steppes (pine, larch), in the low mountains and middle mountains - pine and larch forests, higher - cedar forests, giving way to mountain tundra and char. Olkhon Island on Baikal is the largest and extremely picturesque. Forest-steppe plateau landscapes, numerous rocks, cliffs, cliffs attract tourists.

Golden mountains of Altai. The nomination includes two nature reserves, a natural park, a protective zone around and one reserve. The total area is about 1.6 million hectares. Landscape and biological diversity, picturesqueness have made this area at the junction of the borders of Russia, Kazakhstan, and China one of the most amazing places on our planet.
The Altai Reserve in the eastern Altai is distinguished by a variety of natural landscapes - from the waters of Lake Teletskoye to mountain taiga, alpine meadows, mountain steppes, high mountain tundra and glacial zone. On the eastern shore of Lake Teletskoye is the Korbu waterfall. and diverse relief make this region very attractive not only for scientists, but also for nature lovers. The three-kilometer protective strip around Lake Teletskoye (93.7 hectares) is adjacent to the Altai Reserve and plays a buffer role in protecting the unique Teletskoye Lake.

The Katunsky Reserve lies on the border with and covers the South. The area is 151.6 thousand hectares. It presents a variety of landscapes, as the height difference exceeds 3000 m. Mountain taiga is adjacent to alpine meadows and areas of mountain steppes, high-mountain tundra. The picturesqueness of the Katun river valley attracts numerous water tourists, rock climbers and mountain tourists. Deeply incised canyons, alternating rapids and calm sections of the riverbed, waterfalls, a clearly defined staircase of floodplain terraces. About half of the territory is stony ruins of boulders, talus, rocks and the realm of snow and ice. Numerous lakes, among them the Multinsky lake cascade, clean air make this corner of the planet attractive for thousands of travelers, vacationers and tourists.

The Belukha Natural Park adjoins the Katunsky Reserve from the east. The area is 262.8 thousand hectares. Peak of Mount Belukha - 4506 m; since ancient times it has been sacred, it is distinguished by its amazing beauty and picturesqueness. It stands out sharply above the surrounding mountains, shining with the whiteness of the peak. The rich flora and fauna in the surrounding landscapes is similar to that in the Katunsky Reserve.