What is a microscope in biology definition. Research project “What is a microscope? How does a microscope work?
Tatiana Osipova
Educational and research project "Microscope"
Informative– research project« Microscope»
Type project: short-term research
Duration: 4 weeks
Participants: teacher and students middle group "Flowers".
Target:
Explore possibilities microscope for objects of living and inanimate nature
Tasks:
1. Find out the history of creation microscope.
2. Find out what they are made of microscopes, and what they can be.
3. Conduct experiments with research elements.
Relevance project
Among preschoolers, it is very difficult to find those who are not interested in the structure of all life on Earth. Every day, children ask dozens of difficult questions to their moms and dads. Curious kids are definitely interested in All: what animals and plants are made of, how nettles sting, why some leaves are smooth and others are fluffy, how a grasshopper chirps, why a tomato is red and a cucumber is green. And exactly microscope will make it possible to find answers to many children's “whys”. It’s much more interesting not just to listen mom's story about some cells there, but look at these cells with your own eyes. It's hard to even imagine how breathtaking the pictures can be seen through the eyepiece. microscope, what amazing discoveries your little naturalist will make.
Classes with microscope will help the child expand his knowledge about the world around him, create the necessary conditions For cognitive activity , experimentation, systematic observation of all kinds of living and non-living objects. The baby will develop curiosity and interest in the phenomena happening around him. He will pose questions and look for answers to them on his own. A little researcher will be able to take a completely different look at the most simple things, see their beauty and uniqueness. All this will become a strong basis for further development and training.
The project is based on the example of a microscope show children the possibilities of using instruments to study objects and phenomena of the surrounding world, broaden their horizons, involve them in experimental and design activities using microscope.
Implementation mechanism project
Implementation project was carried out through the selection of materials and experiments.
Expected results
Increasing the level of environmental education of preschool children.
A desire to experiment with using microscope.
Gain practical knowledge of how to use microscope.
Main part
History of creation microscope.
Microscope(from Greek - small and looking)- an optical device for obtaining magnified images of invisible objects naked eye.
This is a fascinating activity - looking at something in microscope. But who came up with this miracle - microscope?
In the Dutch city of Middelburg there lived a spectacle master three hundred and fifty years ago. He patiently polished glass, made glasses and sold them to everyone who needed it. He had two children - two boys. They loved to climb into their father’s workshop and play with his tools and glass, although this was forbidden to them. And then one day, when their father was away somewhere, the guys made their way to his workbench as usual - is there anything new that they can have fun with? On the table lay glasses prepared for glasses, and in the corner lay a short copper a tube: the master was going to cut out rings from it - frames for glasses. The guys squeezed into the ends of the tube spectacle glass. The older boy put the pipe to his eye and looked at the page of the open book that lay right there on the table. To his surprise, the letters became huge. The younger one looked into the phone and shouted, stricken: he saw a comma, but what a comma - it looked like a fat worm! The guys pointed the tube at the glass dust left after polishing the glass. And they saw not dust, but a bunch of glass grains. The tube was right magical: She greatly enlarged all objects. The boys told their father about their discovery. He didn't even scold their: He was so surprised by the extraordinary property of the pipe. He tried to make another tube with the same glasses, long and extendable. The new tube increased the magnification even better. This was the first microscope. It was accidentally invented in 1590 by the spectacle maker Zacharias Jansen, or rather, by his children.
Microscope can be called a device that reveals secrets. Microscopes V different years looked different, but every year they became more and more complex, and they began to have many details.
Kinds microscopes.
There are many various types magnifying devices. For example, magnifying glasses, telescopes, binoculars, microscopes. What kind are there? microscopes?
There are 3 types microscopes.
1. Optical microscope, which was invented back in the 16th century. It consists of 2 lenses, one of which is intended for the eye, the other for the object that you want to view.
2. Electronic microscope was invented at the beginning of the 20th century. The observed object is scanned by an electron laser, which analyzes the particles using a computer that recreates a three-dimensional image of the observed object.
3. Scanning tunnel microscope and atomic force microscope were invented later, with their help you can see infinitesimal particles.
Professions in which it is used microscope.
Chemists use microscope to study molecules. By seeing what is invisible to the naked eye, they can mix molecules and create new materials called plastics.
Doctors and biologists use microscope to understand the functioning of living organisms. With help microscope, doctors study various diseases and create medicines, as well as carry out surgical operations, which require special precision.
An agricultural engineer studies food molecules. This helps create new products from already existing species food. Microscope It is also used to control food quality, which can prevent many diseases.
Forensic scientists investigate crimes scientific methods. They use evidence microscope, left at the crime scene. Microscope helps collect and study fingerprints.
Microscope
In our laboratory kindergarten we will work with optical microscope, which runs on batteries. The main task of this microscope- show the object in an enlarged view.
I introduced the children to this microscope, told me what it consists of and how it works.
Children found out what items are included in his set This:
Transparent plates, with their help you can save samples that have been studied previously;
Tweezers and stirring stick;
Needle, scalpel and micro-cutting;
Petri dish.
Before conducting research, children learned the rules of working with microscope:
1. Put microscope on a flat surface.
2. Check the backlight. Place the sample on the stand and clamp the plate, turn the control to obtain 150x magnification.
3. Look through the eyepiece. Use the focus control to move the lens as close to the plate as possible without touching it. Then turn the knob in the opposite direction until the image becomes clear.
4. Using light filters, you can change the colors of the objects in question.
5. If the image is too dark, you can adjust the brightness of the backlight.
6. Select an object to study and focus.
Experiments with microscope.
Under microscope you can literally look at all this interesting and informative.
1. Plant composition
Everything, from seeds to leaves of trees and other plants, is alive. These items are made up of thousands of tiny cells that help plants grow, develop and reproduce. These are the ones that are visible in microscope like little bricks. Why were they called cells? This name was invented by the English botanist R. Hooke. Looking under microscope section of cork, he noticed that it consists of “many boxes.” He also called these “boxes” cameras etc. cells.
Microscope will help you learn that all living things are made up of cells. Under microscope you can see not only the cell, but also examine its structure.
Experiment 1. Leaf.
The leaves are the nose of the tree. They have 2 main ones functions: absorption sun rays, carbon dioxide and oxygen. Let's take a good green maple leaf. Let's cut a small piece from it. Let's place this piece on the plate, fix it on a stand, and use direct lighting.
The leaf has a simple structure. It consists of a cutting that extends from a tree trunk or branch. The veins are the skeleton of the plant. Platinum sheet is the main fabric of the sheet. On each side of the leaf there are 2 types of cells that are responsible for both functions. On the outside there are chloroplasts that are responsible for capturing sunlight. There are stomata on the inside that absorb carbon dioxide during the day and oxygen at night.
Why are the leaves green? Chlorophyll is the green pigment of leaves. It's something like "blood" leaf. In the fall, the leaf will turn red or yellow as the chlorophyll content decreases.
2. People and animals
Humans have many similarities with animals. They consist of identical cells. These cells allow them to live, think, move and reproduce. Let's conduct an experiment that will reveal amazing world animal cells.
Experiment 2. Cells in the mouth
Saliva is made up of many animal cells. Surprisingly, they are almost no different from plant cells!
Use a clean cotton swab to collect some saliva from inside cheeks. Place a small amount of the resulting sample on the plate, spread it over it, cover it with another transparent plate and let it dry for a few minutes. We will carry out observations with a magnification of 400 times and using reflected light.
Saliva makes it easy to observe animal cells. Most of the cells in this sample died, but retained their structure, similar to the structure of plant cells - the nucleus, which is vital center, which is immersed in the cytoplasm. Inside the cytoplasm there is nutrients, which allow the cell to live, but, unfortunately, are not visible in microscope. The membrane protects the cell. Distinctive feature from plant cells is that animal cells do not have a regular shape and can be of different sizes.
What other cells live in your body? Your body consists of a specific set of cells. For example, red blood cells are blood cells that do not have a nucleus, and the brain consists of cells called neurons.
Items in your house.
There are a lot of interesting items in your home. In the closet, in the refrigerator, in the living room there are many objects with which you can experiment.
Experience 3. Sugar in food.
All children love sweets, breakfast cereals or chocolate spread. All these products contain sugar
You will need to make two samples. Place sugar on the first and chocolate powder on the second. (cocoa). We will conduct the experiment at low magnification.
Under microscope Sugar particles can be discerned in cocoa powder. These are small transparent pieces against a background of chocolate granules. They make up almost 65% of cocoa powder. In fact, this is exactly the sugar that we add to tea and coffee. Chocolate powder is not the best sweet product. For example, there are 9 sugars in a bottle of soda. In addition, one cookie contains 1 piece of sugar, and candies consist almost entirely of it. Therefore, to stay healthy, you should not overuse these products.
What fruits are the sweetest? There are 7 pieces of sugar per 100g of dates. This is followed by grapes and banana. But strawberries, on the contrary, contain the least amount of sugar.
This is where our research ended. We took photographs of all the objects we examined under microscope.
Conclusion
Exploring different objects under microscope, Human discovers the nature of life itself. By doing this project, we learned the history of the creation of the first microscope, and which people now use in modern life.
Learned to use optical microscope– a device for obtaining magnified images of objects invisible to the naked eye. We learned what it consists of and how to work with it. We conducted several experiments to study enlarged objects. Indeed, it is a fascinating activity to look at something in microscope.
conclusions:
1. Met With interesting story inventions microscope.
2. We found out what they are made of microscopes, and what they are.
3. We did some very interesting and educational experiences.
4. Microscope is an interesting thing!
Probably, each of us, at least once in our lives, had the opportunity to work with such a device as a microscope - some in school during a biology lesson, and others, perhaps, due to their profession. With the help of a microscope we can observe the smallest living organisms, particles. The microscope is a rather complex device, and besides, it has a long history, which will be useful to know. Let's figure out what a microscope is?
Definition
The word “microscope” comes from two Greek words “micros” - “small”, “skopeo” - “look”. That is, the purpose of this device is to examine small objects. If you give more precise definition, then a microscope is an optical device (with one or more lenses) used to obtain magnified images of certain objects that are not visible to the naked eye.
For example, microscopes used in today's schools are capable of magnifying 300-600 times, this is quite enough to see living cell in detail - you can see the walls of the cell itself, vacuoles, its nucleus, etc. But for all this, he went through quite a long path of discoveries, and even disappointments.
History of the discovery of the microscope
The exact time of the discovery of the microscope has not yet been established, since the very first devices for observing small objects were found by archaeologists in different eras. They looked like an ordinary magnifying glass, that is, it was a biconvex lens that magnified the image several times. Let me clarify that the very first lenses were made not of glass, but of some kind of transparent stone, so there is no need to talk about the quality of the images.
Later, microscopes consisting of two lenses were invented. The first lens is the objective, it addressed the object being studied, and the second lens is the eyepiece into which the observer looked. But the image of the objects was still greatly distorted, due to strong spherical and chromatic deviations - the light was refracted unevenly, and because of this the picture was unclear and colored. But still, even then the magnification of the microscope was several hundred times, which is quite a lot.
The lens system in microscopes was significantly complicated only at the very beginning of the 19th century, thanks to the work of such physicists as Amici, Fraunhofer, and others. The lens design already used a complex system consisting of collecting and diverging lenses. Moreover, these lenses were from different types glass that compensated for each other's shortcomings.
The microscope of a scientist from Holland, Leeuwenhoek, already had a stage where all the objects being studied were placed, and there was also a screw that allowed this table to be moved smoothly. Then a mirror was added - for better lighting objects.
Microscope structure
There are simple and complex microscopes. A simple microscope consists of a single lens system, just like a regular magnifying glass. A complex microscope combines two simple lenses.
A complex microscope, accordingly, provides greater magnification and, moreover, it has greater resolution. It is the presence of this ability (resolution) that makes it possible to distinguish the details of samples. An enlarged image, where details cannot be distinguished, will give us some useful information.
Complex microscopes have two-stage circuits. One lens system (objective) is brought close to the object - it, in turn, creates a resolved and enlarged image of the object. Then, the image is already magnified by another lens system (eyepiece), which is placed directly closer to the observer’s eye. These 2 lens systems are located at opposite ends of the microscope tube.
Modern microscopes
Modern microscopes can provide enormous magnification - up to 1500-2000 times, while the image quality will be excellent. Binocular microscopes are also quite popular; in them, the image from one lens is bifurcated, and you can look at it with two eyes at once (in two eyepieces). This allows you to distinguish visually small details much better. Such microscopes are usually used in various laboratories (including medical ones) for research.
Electron microscopes
Electron microscopes help us “examine” images of individual atoms. True, the word “consider” is used here relatively, since we do not look directly with our eyes - the image of an object appears as a result of the most complex processing of the received data by a computer. The design of a microscope (electronic) is based on physical principles, as well as the method of “feeling” the surfaces of objects with a very thin needle, the tip of which is only 1 atom thick.
USB microscopes
Nowadays, with the development of digital technology, everyone can purchase a lens attachment for their camera. mobile phone, and take photographs of any microscopic objects. There are also very powerful USB microscopes that, when connected to a home computer, allow you to view the resulting image on the monitor. Most digital cameras are capable of taking pictures in macro mode, with the help of which you can take photos of the smallest objects. And if you place a small converging lens in front of your camera lens, you can easily magnify a photo up to 500x.
Today, new technologies help us see what was inaccessible literally a hundred years ago. The parts of the microscope have been constantly improved throughout its history, and currently we see the microscope in its finished form. Although, scientific progress does not stand still, and in the near future, even more advanced models of microscopes may appear.
Introduction
Aren't some schoolchildren interested in the structure of all life on Earth? We constantly ask the most difficult questions dads, moms and teachers at school. I am always interested in how objects work, I am interested in experiments, I love making discoveries, learning something new.
Once I saw a microscope in one of the cartoons; they talked about its structure in a very interesting way. I immediately wanted to check how it works and what can be seen in it. In addition, I was given this wonderful device for the New Year!
The purpose of my research: explore the capabilities of the microscope and its use in various professions. Create a microscope with your own hands.
Research objectives:
1. Find out the history of the creation of the microscope.
2. Find out what microscopes are made of and what they can be.
3. Conduct experiments with research elements.
Object of study is the study of the microscope, and the subject is its capabilities.
In this work, we used the method of observation, studying specialized literature: a dictionary, encyclopedia, an experiment, watching a TV show, and talking with adults.
Microscope
What is a microscope
A microscope (from the Greek - small and looking) is an optical device for obtaining magnified images of objects invisible to the naked eye.
A microscope can be called a device that reveals secrets. It’s a fascinating activity to look at something through a microscope.
The history of the microscope
And who invented this miracle - the microscope? In the 16th century in Holland there lived a master who made glasses for people with disabilities. poor vision. He made glasses and sold them to everyone who needed it. He had two children - two boys. They loved to climb into their father's workshop and play with his tools and glass. And then one day, when my father was away somewhere, the guys made their way, as usual, to his work desk. On the table lay glasses prepared for glasses, and in the corner lay a short copper tube: from it the master was going to cut rings - frames for glasses. The guys squeezed spectacle glass into the ends of the tube. The older boy put the pipe to his eye and looked at the page of the open book that lay right there on the table. To his surprise, the letters became huge. The younger one looked into the receiver and screamed, amazed: he saw a comma, but what a comma - it looked like a thick worm! The guys pointed the tube at the glass dust and saw not dust, but a bunch of glass grains. The tube turned out to be downright magical: it greatly magnified all objects. The boys told their father about their discovery. He didn’t even scold them: he was so surprised by the unusual pipe. He tried to make another tube with the same glasses, long and extendable. The new tube increased the magnification even better. This was the first microscope.
Microscopes looked different over the years, but every year they became more and more complex, and they began to have many details.
Over time, other masters also began to try to invent microscopes.
The first large compound microscope was made by English physicist Robert Hooke in the 17th century.
This is what microscopes looked like in the 18th century. There were many travelers in the 18th century. And they needed to have a travel microscope that would fit in a bag or jacket pocket. In the first half of the 18th century. A “pocket” microscope designed by the English optician J. Wilson was often used.
How does a microscope work?
Having studied specialized literature: encyclopedias, a dictionary, watched an educational TV show, presentation, observed the device itself, can I say what a microscope consists of?
All microscopes consist of the following parts:
Part of a microscope What is it for?
the eyepiece magnifies the image received from the lens
lens provides magnification of small objects
telescope tube, connects the lens and eyepiece
the adjustment screw raises and lowers the tube, allows you to zoom in and out of the object of study
subject table on which the subject of examination is placed
The mirror helps direct the light into the hole on the stage.
This wonderful device has no unnecessary parts. Every detail is very important.
There is also a backlight and clamps.
Types of microscopes
I also learned what microscopes can be. IN modern world All microscopes can be divided:
1) Educational microscopes. They are also called school or children's.
Educational or children's microscopes are the simplest in construction and use. The main task of such a microscope is to teach a child how to use a microscope and to interest him in this area of science.
2) Digital microscopes. The main task of a digital microscope is not just to show an object in an enlarged form, but also to take a photograph or shoot a video. A digital microscope is an interactive equipment consisting of a microscope itself and a digital camera.
When working with a digital microscope, you can enlarge the image of the object under study many times over, transfer the obtained data to a computer, show it to others using a projector, and save the research results for future use.
3) Laboratory microscopes. The main task of a laboratory microscope is to conduct specific studies in various areas science, industry, medicine. Laboratory microscope- this is already a professional optical device, with the help of which many Scientific research and scientific discoveries are made.
4) X-ray microscope- a device that studies the microscopic structure and structure of an object using x-ray radiation. The X-ray microscope has great capabilities.
Experiments.
Experiment No. 1 on creating a microscope with your own hands.
When we were looking for information about the history of the microscope, we learned on one of the sites that you can make your own microscope from a drop of water. Along with the microscope, I was given an album for conducting experiments, “Young Chemist.” And then I decided to try to conduct an experiment to create such a microscope. You can make a small microscope from a drop of water. A drop of water will serve as a lens (magnifying glass) for me.
To do this, you need to take thick paper, pierce a hole in it with a thick needle and carefully place a drop of water on it. The microscope is ready! Bring this drop to the newspaper - the letters increase. How less drop, the greater the increase. In the first microscope invented by Leeuwenhoek, everything was done exactly like this, only the droplet was glass.
When I started working on the invention of my microscope, I needed the help of an adult, my mother. She suggested slightly changing the way the device was invented. For work we needed:
1. A box of chocolates with transparent decorative inserts.
2. A jar of water.
3. Pipette.
4. A sheet of paper with text.
When we collected all this, we began to create a model of the microscope.
Step 1: for the experiment, I took a jar of water.
Step 2: using scissors I cut from the box top part, in which there were transparent inserts made of thick film, which will later become a mirror.
Step 3: apply a drop of water onto the transparent film using a pipette
Step 4: I looked at the text while holding the blank above the piece of paper with the text and saw that the letters enlarged if you looked at them through a drop of water. Here's what happened:
Experiment No. 2. Conducting an experiment using a training microscope.
Not long ago we were asked a very interesting question homework around the world around us. It was necessary to conduct an experiment with snow. Observe what happens to it at room temperature and find out what kind of snow it is: clean or dirty.
For the experiment I needed:
1. Glass with snow
2. 2 flasks
3. Funnel with filter (cotton pad)
4. Pipette
5. Educational microscope
When we collected all this, we began the experiment.
Step 1: for the experiment, I took a glass and filled it with snow.
Step 2: put a glass of snow on the table and wrote down the time. It was 19:45 on the clock
Step 3: when the clock was 20:45 the snow completely melted and turned into water.
Step 4: in order to find out whether the snow was clean, I took a funnel and a cotton pad, which served as a filter.
Step 5: pour from one flask using a funnel melt water into another flask
Step 6: took the filter out of the funnel and placed it under the microscope.
My research showed that there were dirt particles remaining on the filter; the water was purified through a cotton pad. This means that the snow only seems white and clean, but in fact it contains dirty substances and microbes.
Step 7: Using a pipette, I took a sample of purified water for analysis and saw that it was almost pure.
Conclusion
So, I managed:
- Explore the capabilities of the microscope and its use in various professions.
- Create a microscope with your own hands.
- Learn the history of the creation of the microscope.
- Find out what microscopes are made of and what they can be like.
- Conduct experiments with research elements.
- Create your own microscope at home using improvised materials using a drop of water!
