The biological effect of acetylcholine is manifested in. Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter

Are common
Acetylcholine


Systematic name	N,N,N-trimethyl-2-aminoethanol acetate
Abbreviations	ACH
Chemical formula	CH 3 CO 2 CH 2 CH 2 N (CH 3) 3
Empirical Formula	C 7 H 16 N O 2
Physical Properties
Molar mass	146.21 g/mol
Thermal Properties
Classification
Reg. CAS number	51-84-3
Reg. PubChem number	187
SMILES	O=C(OCC(C)(C)C)C

Properties

Physical

Colorless crystals or white crystalline mass. Spreads out in the air. Easily soluble in water and alcohol. When boiled and stored for a long time, the solutions decompose.

Medical

Peripheral muscarine-like action of acetylcholine is manifested in slowing heart rate, expanding peripheral blood vessels and lowering blood pressure, increased peristalsis of the stomach and intestines, contraction of the muscles of the bronchi, uterus, gall bladder and bladder, increased secretion of the digestive, bronchial, sweat and lacrimal glands, miosis. The myotic effect is associated with increased contraction of the circular muscle of the iris, which is innervated by postganglionic cholinergic fibers of the oculomotor nerve. At the same time, as a result of the contraction of the ciliary muscle and the relaxation of the ligament of the ciliary girdle, a spasm of accommodation occurs.

The constriction of the pupil, due to the action of acetylcholine, is usually accompanied by a decrease in intraocular pressure. This effect is partly explained by the fact that with the narrowing of the pupil and flattening of the iris, the canal of Schlemm (the venous sinus of the sclera) and the fountain spaces (spaces of the iriocorneal angle) expand, which provides a better outflow of fluid from the internal media of the eye. It is possible that other mechanisms are involved in lowering intraocular pressure. In connection with the ability to reduce intraocular pressure, substances that act like acetylcholine (cholinomimetics, anticholinesterase drugs) are widely used for the treatment of glaucoma. It should be borne in mind that when these drugs are introduced into the conjunctival sac, they are absorbed into the blood and, having a resorptive effect, can cause side effects characteristic of these drugs. It should also be borne in mind that long-term (over a number of years) use of miotic substances can sometimes lead to the development of persistent (irreversible) miosis, the formation of posterior petechiae and other complications, and long-term use of anticholinesterase drugs as miotics can contribute to the development of cataracts.

Acetylcholine also plays an important role as a CNS mediator. It is involved in the transmission of impulses in different parts of the brain, while small concentrations facilitate, and large ones inhibit synaptic transmission. Changes in the metabolism of acetylcholine can lead to impaired brain function. Its deficiency largely determines the clinical picture of such a dangerous neurodegenerative disease as Alzheimer's disease. Some centrally acting acetylcholine antagonists (see Amizil) are psychotropic drugs (see also Atropine). An overdose of acetylcholine antagonists can cause disturbances in higher nervous activity (have a hallucinogenic effect, etc.).

Application

General application

For use in medical practice and for experimental studies, acetylcholine chloride (lat. Acetylcholini chloridum). As a drug, acetylcholine chloride is not widely used.

Treatment

When taken orally, acetylcholine is ineffective, as it is rapidly hydrolyzed. When administered parenterally, it has a quick, sharp, but short-lived effect. Like other quaternary compounds, acetylcholine does not penetrate the blood-brain barrier well and does not significantly affect the CNS. Sometimes acetylcholine is used as a vasodilator for spasms of peripheral vessels (endarteritis, intermittent claudication, trophic disorders in the stumps, etc.), with spasms of the retinal arteries. In rare cases, acetylcholine is administered for atony of the intestines and bladder. Acetylcholine is also sometimes used to facilitate the radiological diagnosis of esophageal achalasia.

Form of application

The drug is prescribed under the skin and intramuscularly at a dose (for adults) of 0.05 g or 0.1 g. Injections, if necessary, can be repeated 2-3 times a day. When injecting, make sure that the needle does not enter a vein. Intravenous administration is not allowed due to the possibility of a sharp decrease in blood pressure and cardiac arrest.

Higher doses under the skin and intramuscularly for adults:

single 0.1 g,
daily 0.3 g.

Danger of use in treatment

When using acetylcholine, it should be borne in mind that it causes constriction of the coronary vessels of the heart. In case of an overdose, a sharp decrease in blood pressure with bradycardia and cardiac arrhythmias, profuse sweat, miosis, increased intestinal motility and other phenomena can be observed. In these cases, you should immediately enter into a vein or under the skin 1 ml of a 0.1% solution of atropine (repeated if necessary) or another anticholinergic drug (see Metacin).

Participation in life processes

Formed in the body (endogenous) acetylcholine plays an important role in life processes: it takes part in the transmission of nervous excitation in the central nervous system, vegetative nodes, endings of parasympathetic and motor nerves. Acetylcholine is associated with memory functions. A decrease in acetylcholine in Alzheimer's disease leads to a weakening of memory in patients. Acetylcholine plays an important role in falling asleep and waking up. Awakening occurs with increased activity of cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain nuclei and the brainstem.

Physiological properties

Acetylcholine is a chemical transmitter (mediator) of nervous excitation; the endings of the nerve fibers for which it serves as a mediator are called cholinergic, and the receptors that interact with it are called cholinergic receptors. Cholinergic receptor (according to modern foreign terminology - "cholinergic receptor") is a complex protein macromolecule (nucleoprotein) localized on the outer side of the postsynaptic membrane. At the same time, the cholinergic receptor of postganglionic cholinergic nerves (heart, smooth muscles, glands) is designated as m-cholinergic receptors (muscarinic-sensitive), and those located in the region of ganglionic synapses and in somatic neuromuscular synapses - as n-cholinergic receptors (nicotine-sensitive). This division is associated with the peculiarities of the reactions that occur during the interaction of acetylcholine with these biochemical systems: muscarine-like in the first case and nicotine-like in the second; m- and n-cholinergic receptors are also located in different parts of the central nervous system.

According to modern data, muscarinic receptors are divided into M1-, M2- and M3-receptors, which are distributed differently in organs and are heterogeneous in physiological significance (see Atropine, Pirencepine).

Acetylcholine does not have a strict selective effect on the varieties of cholinergic receptors. To one degree or another, it acts on m- and n-cholinergic receptors and on subgroups of m-cholinergic receptors. The peripheral nicotine-like effect of acetylcholine is associated with its participation in the transmission of nerve impulses from preganglionic fibers to postganglionic fibers in the autonomic nodes, as well as from motor nerves to striated muscles. In small doses, it is a physiological transmitter of nervous excitation, in large doses it can cause persistent depolarization in the synapse region and block the transmission of excitation.

Contraindications

Acetylcholine is contraindicated in bronchial asthma, angina, atherosclerosis, organic heart disease, epilepsy.

Release form

Release form: in ampoules with a capacity of 5 ml, containing 0.1 and 0.2 g of dry matter. The drug is dissolved immediately before use. The ampoule is opened and the required amount (2-5 ml) of sterile water is injected into it with a syringe to

Acetylcholine chloride is a drug from the group of m- and n-cholinomimetics, it has a stimulating effect on m- and n-cholinergic receptors.

What is the action of acetylcholine chloride?

M-cholinomimetic action will be manifested by bradycardia, increased tone, as well as contractile activity of the muscles of the bronchi, bladder, gastrointestinal tract, as well as the ciliary muscle of the eye. In addition, the secretion of the salivary, lacrimal glands, bronchi, stomach, and intestines will increase. The sphincters of the bladder and gastrointestinal tract will relax under the influence of this drug.

The N-cholinomimetic effect of the drug Acetylcholine chloride is associated with the participation of the substance acetylcholine in the transmission of nerve impulses to the postganglionic vegetative nodes and to the striated muscles. In small doses, this agent is considered a transmitter of nervous excitation, and in large doses it leads to persistent depolarization in the synapse region, which leads to blocking of the transmission of excitation.

The drug Acetylcholine chloride is directly involved in the transmission of nerve impulses in many parts of the brain, while in high concentrations it inhibits synaptic transmission, and in small concentrations it facilitates.

What are the indications for Acetylcholine Chloride?

I will list some conditions in the presence of which it is indicated to use the drug Acetylcholine chloride:

The patient has endarteritis;
With intermittent claudication, this drug is also used;
Its use is also shown for trophic disorders in the stumps;
The remedy is also effective in the presence of spasms of the arteries of the retina;
It is used for intestinal atony, as well as for decreased bladder tone.

In addition, Acetylcholine chloride is used to facilitate x-ray examination in the presence of such a pathological process as esophageal achalasia.

What are the contraindications for the use of the drug Acetylcholine chloride?

Among the contraindications Acetylcholine chloride, instructions for use give the following conditions:

You can not use this remedy for bronchial asthma;
In the presence of angina, Acetylcholine chloride is also contraindicated;
Do not use it for severe atherosclerotic processes in the human body;
Do not prescribe the drug for epilepsy;
With lactation;
With bleeding from the digestive tract;
With hyperkinesis;
Its use is contraindicated in all trimesters during pregnancy.

If the patient has any inflammatory processes localized in the abdominal cavity before surgery, in this case Acetylcholine is also contraindicated.

What is the use and dosage of Acetylcholine Chloride?

This drug is used parenterally, namely, it is administered subcutaneously or intramuscularly, while the dosage can be 50-100 mg, the frequency of use should not exceed three times during the day. The maximum doses of Acetylcholine chloride are as follows: single - 100 mg, and the daily amount is not more than 300 mg.

When used simultaneously with anticholinesterase agents, the cholinomimetic effect of Acetylcholine chloride is markedly enhanced.

With the combined use of m-anticholinergics, neuroleptics (clozapine, phenothiazine, chlorprothixene), as well as tricyclic antidepressants, the effect of Acetylcholine chloride decreases. It should be noted that this drug is not used during breastfeeding, as well as during pregnancy.

What are the side effects of Acetylcholine Chloride?

When using Acetylcholine chloride, the manifestation of side effects is not excluded, for example, from the digestive system there may be nausea, vomiting, the patient will complain of pain in the abdomen, in addition, loose stools join, signs of salivation are noted.

From the side of the cardiovascular system, side effects may also appear, in particular, bradycardia will appear, in addition, the patient may complain of low blood pressure.

Other side effects may also be noted, they will be manifested by increased sweating, rhinorrhea will join, bronchospasm is not excluded, in addition, a person may feel frequent urination.

On the part of the nervous system, a headache is noted, in addition to this, accommodation is disturbed, lacrimation joins. With a clear manifestation of side effects, it is recommended to consult with your doctor.

special instructions

Currently, the use of Acetylcholine chloride is limited in terms of systemic use, but it is included in combination preparations for topical use in ophthalmic surgery, in order to create a rapid constriction of the pupil, the so-called miosis.

Preparations containing Acetylcholine chloride (analogues)

Acetylcholine chloride is contained in the preparation of the same name, it is produced in a dosage form, which is represented by a fine powder, it is necessary to prepare a medicinal solution from it, which is intended for intramuscular administration, as well as for subcutaneous injections. It must be used before the expiration date indicated on the package.

Often this drug is used in ophthalmology, for example, during surgery on the anterior chamber of the eye, in particular, to remove an existing cataract, for iridectomy, and also for keratoplasty. As a result of the use of Acetylcholine chloride, pupil constriction is provided for some time.

Conclusion

Before using the drug, you should consult with your doctor.

Acetylcholine (lat. Acetylcholinum) is a neurotransmitter that carries out neuromuscular transmission, as well as the main neurotransmitter in the parasympathetic nervous system.

List of symptoms of elevated acetylcholine:

Depressed mood
Anhedonia
Problems with concentration
Problems with thinking
mental fatigue
Memory problems
Low motivation
Sleep inability
Trouble understanding and completing complex tasks
Pessimism
Feelings of hopelessness and helplessness
Irritability
Tearfulness
vision problems
Headache
Dry mouth
Stomach ache
Bloating
Diarrhea or constipation
Nausea
muscle pain
muscle weakness
Tooth or jaw pain
Tingling or numbness of the hands or feet
Frequent urination or problems with bladder control
Flu or cold-like symptoms
Weak immunity
Cold hands and feet
Sleep problems
Anxiety
Vivid dreams, mostly nightmares
Decreased levels of serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine in the brain

There is an inverse antagonistic relationship between serotonin and acetylcholine. When the level of one of these neurotransmitters rises, the levels of the other decrease. A certain amount of acetylcholine is necessary for the normal functioning of the brain. Memory, motivation, sexual desire and sleep are dependent on acetylcholine. In small amounts, acetylcholine acts as a dopamine and norepinephrine release stimulant. Too high levels of acetylcholine have the opposite effect, causing inhibition of the central nervous system. In summary, when levels of acetylcholine increase in the brain, levels of other neurotransmitters such as serotonin, dopamine, and noradrenaline decrease.

In terms of mood, the combination of elevated acetylcholine and norepinephrine, along with low serotonin, results in anxiety, emotional lability, irritability, pessimism, impatience, impulsivity, and more. When norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin are low, and acetylcholine is high, the result is depression. Antidepressants such as SSRIs, by increasing serotonin, are able to lower the level of acetylcholine, thereby reducing or eliminating the symptoms associated with elevated acetylcholine. However, the main disadvantage of this approach is that by increasing the level of serotonin, we decrease the level of dopamine and norepinephrine in the brain. Therefore, prolonged use of SSRIs will eventually lead to elevated levels of serotonin, and this is another type of depression. It is for this reason that SSRIs do not work for all people, and in some people worsen depression and cause unpleasant side effects. So, despite the popularity and prevalence of use, SSRI antidepressants are not the best choice in this situation.

The level of acetylcholine in the brain is directly related to the amount of choline in the diet. But there are other reasons that do not depend on the food consumed. Food rich in choline:

Chicken eggs
soy products
Anything That Contains Lecithin

Some people are more sensitive to choline, so even small amounts of choline consumed can trigger symptoms in them. Choline sensitivity also increases with age.

According to materials: DIFERENT

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Neurotransmitters play an important role in the proper functioning of the human nervous system. One of these substances is acetylcholine - an organic molecule, the presence of which is characteristic of the brain of various mammals, birds and, of course, humans. What role does the neurotransmitter acetylcholine play in the human body, why is it so important and are there ways to increase the level of acetylcholine in the body - read the article prepared for you by the site.

What is the neurotransmitter acetylcholine and what is its function?

Chemical formula of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine CH3COO(CH2)2N+(CH3). This organic molecule plays a role in the functioning of the central and peripheral nervous systems. The place of synthesis of acetylcholine is the axons of nerve cells, the substances necessary for the formation of acetylcholine: acetylcoenzyme A and choline (vitamin B4). Acetylcholinesterase (an enzyme) is responsible for the balance of this mediator, which is able to break down excess acetylcholine into choline and acetate.

Functions of acetylcholine

improvement of cognitive abilities;
memory improvement;
improved neuromuscular communication.

Scientists have found that the neurotransmitter acetylcholine not only helps improve memory and promote learning, it also helps the brain distinguish between old and new memories - thanks to it, we remember what happened yesterday and what happened five years ago.

In the membrane of muscle cells are H-cholinergic receptors that are sensitive to acetylcholine. When acetylcholine binds to this kind of receptor, sodium ions enter the muscle cells, causing the muscles to contract. As for the action of acetylcholine on the heart muscle, it differs from the effect on smooth muscles - the heart rate decreases.

Deficiency of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine: causes and methods of replenishment

With a decrease in the level of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, a deficiency of acetylcholine is observed. The doctor will be able to accurately determine the cause of such a deficiency.

Acetylcholine deficiency symptoms:

inability to listen;
inability to concentrate;
inability to remember and recall information (memory impairment);
slow information processing;
fatty liver metamorphosis;
Alzheimer's disease;
sleep disorders;
nerve problems;
increased fatigue;
muscle weakness.

When the level of acetylcholine in the body is normalized, and this happens through proper nutrition, inflammation is suppressed, and the connection between muscles and nerves improves.

The following are at risk of lowering the level of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine:

marathon runners and athletes who perform endurance exercises;
people who abuse alcohol;
vegetarians;
people whose diet is not balanced.

The main factor contributing to the decrease or increase of acetylcholine in the body is a balanced diet.

How to increase the level of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in the body?

There are three main ways to increase levels of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in the body:

nutrition;
regular physical activity;
intellectual training.

Foods rich in choline (vitamin B4) - liver (chicken, beef, etc.), eggs, milk and dairy products, turkey, green leafy vegetables. It is better to replace coffee with tea. Make sure you have enough of these foods in your diet so you don't have to worry about acetylcholine deficiency.

With a shortage of raw materials for the production of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, the brain begins to "eat itself", so carefully monitor your diet.

If, for any reason, a person cannot get enough vitamin B4 from food, a doctor may prescribe the following supplements and drugs to increase acetylcholine levels:

lecithin;
citicoline;
L-alpha glycerylphorylchlorin;
Choline bitartrate;
Phosphatidylcholine;
Acetyl-L-carnitine (ALCAR);
racetams;
acetylcholinesterase inhibitors.

the site recalls that the doctor is responsible for prescribing supplements and drugs after conducting appropriate tests.

Neurotransmitters play an important role in the proper functioning of the human nervous system. One of these substances is acetylcholine, an organic molecule, the presence of which is characteristic of the brain of various mammals, birds and, of course, humans. What role does the neurotransmitter acetylcholine play in the human body, why is it so important and are there ways to increase the level of acetylcholine in the body.

What is the neurotransmitter acetylcholine and what is its function?

Functions of acetylcholine

improvement of cognitive abilities;
improved neuromuscular communication.

Scientists have found that the neurotransmitter acetylcholine not only helps improve memory and promote learning, it also helps the brain distinguish between old and new memories – thanks to it, we remember what happened yesterday and what happened five years ago.

In the membrane of muscle cells are H-cholinergic receptors that are sensitive to acetylcholine. When acetylcholine binds to this kind of receptor, sodium ions enter the muscle cells, causing the muscles to contract. As for the action of acetylcholine on the heart muscle, it is different from the effect on smooth muscles - the heart rate decreases.

Deficiency of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine: causes and methods of replenishment

With a decrease in the level of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, a deficiency of acetylcholine is observed.

Symptoms deficit acetylcholine:

inability to listen;
inability to concentrate;
inability to remember and recall information (memory impairment);
slow information processing;
fatty liver metamorphosis;

When the level of acetylcholine in the body is normalized, and this happens through proper nutrition, inflammation is suppressed, and the connection between muscles and nerves improves.

The following are at risk of lowering the level of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine:

marathon runners and athletes who perform endurance exercises;
people who abuse alcohol;
vegetarians;
people whose diet is not balanced.

The main factor contributing to the decrease or increase of acetylcholine in the body is a balanced diet.

How to increase the level of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in the body?

There are three main ways to increase levels of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in the body:

nutrition;
regular physical activity;
intellectual training.

Foods rich in choline (vitamin B4) - liver (chicken, beef, etc.), eggs, milk and dairy products, turkey, green leafy vegetables. It is better to replace coffee with tea.

With a shortage of raw materials for the production of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, the brain begins to "eat itself", so carefully monitor your diet.

THIS IS A DESCRIPTION OF THE CHARACTER OF THE "UNHAPPY" PERSON

Its 2 main problems:

1) chronic dissatisfaction of needs,

2) the inability to direct his anger outward, restraining him, and with it restraining all warm feelings, makes him more and more desperate every year: no matter what he does, it doesn’t get better, on the contrary, it only gets worse. The reason is that he does a lot, but not that.

If nothing is done, then, over time, either a person will “burn out at work”, loading himself more and more - until he is completely exhausted; either his own Self will be emptied and impoverished, unbearable self-hatred will appear, a refusal to take care of oneself, in the long term - even self-hygiene.

A person becomes like a house from which the bailiffs took out the furniture.

Against the background of hopelessness, despair and exhaustion, there is no strength, no energy even for thinking.

Complete loss of the ability to love. He wants to live, but begins to die: sleep, metabolism are disturbed ...

It is difficult to understand what he lacks precisely because we are not talking about the deprivation of possession of someone or something. On the contrary, he has the possession of deprivation, and he is not able to understand what he is deprived of. Lost is his own I. It is unbearably painful and empty for him: and he cannot even put it into words.

If you recognize yourself in the description and want to change something, you urgently need to learn two things:

1. Learn the following text by heart and repeat it all the time until you can use the results of these new beliefs:

I am entitled to needs. I am, and I am me.
I have the right to need and satisfy needs.
I have the right to ask for satisfaction, the right to get what I need.
I have the right to crave love and love others.
I have the right to a decent organization of life.
I have the right to express dissatisfaction.
I have a right to regret and sympathy.
... by birthright.
I may get rejected. I can be alone.
I'll take care of myself anyway.

I want to draw the attention of my readers to the fact that the task of "learning the text" is not an end in itself. Auto-training by itself will not give any sustainable results. It is important to live each phrase, to feel it, to find its confirmation in life. It is important that a person wants to believe that the world can be arranged somehow differently, and not just the way he used to imagine it to himself. That it depends on him, on his ideas about the world and about himself in this world, how he will live this life. And these phrases are just an occasion for reflection, reflection and search for one's own, new "truths".

2. Learn to direct aggression to the one to whom it is actually addressed.

…then it will be possible to experience and express warm feelings to people. Realize that anger is not destructive and can be presented.

WANT TO KNOW WHAT IS NOT ENOUGH FOR A PERSON TO BECOME HAPPY?

FOR K EVERY “NEGATIVE EMOTION” IS A NEED OR DESIRE, THE SATISFACTION OF WHICH IS THE KEY TO CHANGE IN LIFE…

TO SEARCH THESE TREASURES I INVITE YOU TO MY CONSULTATION:

YOU CAN SIGN UP FOR A CONSULTATION FROM THIS LINK:

Psychosomatic diseases (it will be more correct) are those disorders in our body, which are based on psychological causes. psychological causes are our reactions to traumatic (difficult) life events, our thoughts, feelings, emotions that do not find timely, correct expression for a particular person.

Mental defenses work, we forget about this event after a while, and sometimes instantly, but the body and the unconscious part of the psyche remember everything and send us signals in the form of disorders and diseases

Sometimes the call may be to respond to some events from the past, to bring “buried” feelings out, or the symptom simply symbolizes what we forbid ourselves.

YOU CAN SIGN UP FOR A CONSULTATION FROM THIS LINK:

The negative impact of stress on the human body, and especially distress, is enormous. Stress and the likelihood of developing diseases are closely related. Suffice it to say that stress can reduce immunity by about 70%. Obviously, such a decrease in immunity can result in anything. And it’s also good if it’s just colds, but what if oncological diseases or asthma, the treatment of which is already extremely difficult?