Veterinary guide for dog owners. Innovative Apoquel tablets for dogs: rules for the use of an antipruritic veterinary drug with complex action Is it possible to constantly feed a dog only dry food
Be sure to consult your veterinarian before using the drug. The dose can be both increased and reduced depending on the condition of the animal. Don't risk animal health!!!
1. Enter the name of the drug (in Russian).
If after entering the first three letters of the drug you are not prompted to select a name or the drug you are looking for is not displayed in the proposed list, then it is not there.
You can use the online assistant (on the right of the screen) or in any way convenient for you (at the bottom of the site) to inform us about the missing drug, and we will fill the gap as soon as possible.
2. After choosing the drug, you are asked to choose the type of animal: 
If the required type of animal is not available, but you are sure that the selected drug is used for this type of animal, please let us know and we will add a calculation.
3. Choose the type of dose (therapeutic or prophylactic): 
In the vast majority, the therapeutic dose is presented
4. Enter the required value. Pay attention to the inscription in the window, it can be either a calculation for 1 kg of animal weight (group of animals) or for the amount of feed / water!!!
5. Click "Calculate" and get the result.
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Instruction
Use "Amoxicillin" in dogs to treat diseases caused by antibiotic-sensitive microorganisms: gastrointestinal diseases (enterocolitis, enteritis, gastroenteritis), respiratory diseases (bronchitis, rhinitis, bronchopneumonia), surgical diseases (joint inflammation, abscesses), diseases of the urogenital organs (endometritis , urethritis, metritis, cystitis, pyelonephritis).
Determine the weight of a small dog using a steelyard. To do this, place it in a bag and weigh it. To obtain an accurate result, then weigh the empty bag and subtract its weight from the previous weighing.
Find out the weight of a medium sized dog with a floor scale. Pick up your pet and stand on the scale. Remember the result and weigh yourself without a dog. Calculate the difference between the first and second weighing - this will be the weight of the animal. Dogs of large breeds (weighing over 25 kg) are weighed on floor scales, which are available in almost every veterinary clinic.
Be sure to wash your hands before injecting the drug. Shake the ampoule, wipe the broken area with a cotton swab dipped in alcohol. After opening the ampoule, draw the medicine into the syringe. To remove any remaining air, lift the syringe with the needle up and press the plunger until drops of medicine appear on the needle.
Intramuscularly "Amoxicillin" is injected into the femoral muscle of the dog's hind leg. Be sure to treat the selected place with a cotton swab dipped in alcohol. Inject strictly perpendicular to the skin, insert the needle slowly and carefully.
Perform a hypodermic injection at the withers of the dog. To do this, take the syringe in your right hand, and with your left pull the skin at the base of the withers until a fold forms. Then inject. The needle should enter the skin at an angle. "Amoxicillin" should be administered slowly.
Inject the drug subcutaneously or intramuscularly once a day for 5 days. In animals, allergic reactions may occur, which disappear after the end of the use of the product. If severe allergies occur, administer antihistamines and corticosteroids to your pet. At the end of the antibiotic course, treat your dog with probiotics.
Home veterinary first aid kit
Treatment of animals requires special training and practical skills not only when choosing a treatment method, but also when choosing drugs and the method of their introduction into the body of a sick pet. Each drug is used in certain quantities. Dose is the amount of drug administered to a sick animal at one time. A dose of a medicinal product that improves the condition of a sick animal and does not have a harmful effect on the body is called a therapeutic or therapeutic dose; and the dose that causes temporary or permanent disorders in the body is called toxic. Due to the fact that different breeds of dogs differ from each other in weight and other characteristics, many medicinal substances are dosed per 1 kg of live weight (Table 13). This must be taken into account when giving medicines to your pet. Medicinal substances in their form are divided into crystalline, or solid, soft and liquid.
Medicines are used in various forms:
- powders (pulverized solid medicinal substances);
- tablets (compressed forms);
- ointments (mixtures of medicinal substances with fats and alkalis);
- infusions or infusions (forms containing herbal medicinal substances, doused with boiling water and infused for 10 minutes);
- decoctions (liquids obtained by boiling medicinal plants in water for 30 minutes);
- solutions (forms obtained by diluting the medicinal substance in a solvent (distilled, boiled water, novocaine);
- tinctures (solutions on alcohol or ether).
There are other dosage forms. The first aid kit should include:
- tools: thermometer, pipette, syringe, scissors, tweezers, syringes (for example, 1 and 5 ml);
- dressing material: individual dressing bag, bandages - wide and narrow, absorbent cotton, compress paper or cellophane, adhesive plaster; as well as a protective, or Elizabethan, collar;
- medicines.
All instruments and dressings can be purchased at a regular pharmacy, but a protective collar can only be purchased at a veterinary pharmacy. It is designed to prevent chewing of injured places in a dog (for example, after cropping of the ears, after surgical intervention on the limbs). This collar is made of special plastic, which has the shape of a semicircle. A collar is required to secure it around the dog's neck. It is necessary to correctly choose the size of the collar by the girth of the neck, as well as by measuring the length of the muzzle from the tip of the nose to the back of the head. Another 5 cm is added to this length, that is, the end of the collar should extend beyond the end of the muzzle by at least 5 cm, which will not allow the dog to reach the healing part of the body. You can make such a collar yourself or from cardboard, which will last a very short time, or cut the bottom out of an ordinary plastic bucket. In this case, it is necessary to glue the sharp edges with cotton wool or any dense fabric to avoid cuts on the neck. Plus, you need to make 4 holes in both the cardboard version and the bucket, where to put the ribbons to fix the collar on the collar.
Today it is much easier, more practical and cheaper to buy ready-made collars, which are produced by both domestic and foreign manufacturers. The home veterinary first aid kit should not contain poisonous or potent drugs. Each substance must be tightly closed in a vial or jar or in any other industrial packaging, provided with a label (sticker) indicating the name of the substance, by whom it was manufactured and the date of manufacture and / or expiration date. In this case, it is necessary to pay attention to the conditions and each medicinal product (storage temperature, storage location).
All medicines, tools, dressings of a home veterinary first aid kit should be stored separately from a regular home first aid kit, best of all in a specially designated box. Different drugs have a variety of effects, depending on many factors. Let us dwell in more detail on some of the drugs most widely used in veterinary practice.
Medical alcohol It is a clear liquid with a specific odor. It is used for wiping the injection site, for compresses. Hydrogen peroxide solution is a colorless, odorless liquid. Store it in a dark dry place. It is used to disinfect and cleanse contaminated wounds. In this case, abundant foam is formed, which contributes to the mechanical removal of particles of pus, blood clots and mucus. In addition to the disinfectant action, hydrogen peroxide also has some hemostatic properties.
Iodine tincture or 5-10% alcohol solution of iodine It is a dark red brown liquid with a characteristic odor that evaporates at room temperature. It should be stored in well-corked dark glass bottles. In veterinary practice, it is used to lubricate the edges of wounds, ulcers and other skin lesions. Iodine with glycerin (a mixture of equal volumes of tincture of iodine with glycerin) is used to lubricate inflammation on the mucous membranes (oral cavity, larynx, vaginal mucosa).
Brilliant green, or brilliant green, is a dark green solution. Store in a well-stoppered bottle in a dark place. It has a strong effect against staphylococci and streptococci. Applied externally in the form of 0.5-2% solutions for the treatment of wounds, ulcers, burns, bedsores.
Potassium permanganate, or potassium permanganate, or potassium permanganate,- These are dark purple crystals, soluble in water, preferably in boiling water. In veterinary practice, it is used as a bactericidal, oxidizing and deodorizing (that is, removing bad smell) agent. The bactericidal properties of potassium permanganate are based on the ability of its solutions to release active oxygen in the presence of organic substances. Strong solutions of dark brown potassium permanganate (5%) are used to lubricate limited burns on the skin and as a hemostatic agent. Weaker solutions, from reddish to slightly pink (0.25-0.1%), are used for douching, washing the eyes and stomach when a dog is poisoned with phosphorus, cyanide, strychnine. If the dog was bitten by a poisonous snake, a 1% solution of potassium permanganate is injected under the skin at the site of the bite, 0.2-0.5 ml 3-4 times a day.
Boric acid solution is an aqueous solution of boric acid. Boric acid has a weak antimicrobial effect and almost does not irritate tissues and skin. It is part of 5-10% ointments for dermatitis. In veterinary practice, boric alcohol is used for washing wounds, for douching, as eye drops. 3% boric alcohol is instilled into the ears of dogs.
Vaseline oil. This is liquid paraffin, a mixture of carbohydrates obtained from the refined fraction of oil after distillation of kerosene. Mixes with vegetable oils. It is used externally to lubricate the tip of a thermometer, syringe, paw pads, inside - as a laxative.
Castor oil. Thick, viscous, clear liquid, colorless or slightly yellowish. Used as a laxative. Sold in gelatin capsules, the dosage of which is calculated based on the weight of your pet.
Activated carbon. Charcoal is a good adsorbent. It actively absorbs heavy metals, various plant and bacterial poisons, gases. Sold in tablets. It is used for poisoning, flatulence, diarrhea and other diseases of the gastrointestinal tract (1 tablet 3-5 times a day).
Streptocid. White crystalline powder, odorless. It has an effect on streptococci, E. coli and other bacteria. Available in the form of a powder, ointment or liniment. It is used for superficial skin diseases, burns, ulcers.
Furacilin. This is an antimicrobial agent from the group of nitrofuran drugs. Released in the form of yellow tablets. It is used to treat infected wounds and long-term non-healing ulcers, burns, boils, bedsores, purulent conjunctivitis, purulent inflammatory processes in the vagina and uterus, in the ears, with cystitis, mastitis, to treat the surgical field. To prepare an aqueous solution, one tablet is dissolved in 250 ml of water. For faster and more complete dissolution of furacilin, it is better to use boiled or hot water.
Furazolidone. It is a yellow powder, odorless, slightly bitter taste, almost insoluble in water, available in the form of tablets. It has a wide spectrum of antimicrobial activity. It is used for the prevention and treatment of gastrointestinal diseases of various etiologies, as well as for diseases of the urinary tract. Use 1 tablet every four hours for a 40 kg dog.
Sulfa ointment or any other ointment that has a bacteriostatic effect. It is used for the treatment of cuts, wound healing.
Antibiotics. These are specific waste products of microorganisms that have an antimicrobial effect. They are used to treat and prevent many infectious and non-infectious diseases. Many of them have a wide spectrum of action on both gram-positive and gram-negative microbes. The course of taking antibiotics is 5-7 days. Produced in the form of powder in ampoules for intramuscular injection, in the form of tablets for oral administration. The frequency of administration and dosage of the drug are given in the annotation for the use of a particular agent. One of the representatives of this group of drugs, the most commonly used in veterinary practice, is tetracycline. It has a wide spectrum of action, and therefore it is used in diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, respiratory organs, urinary tract, eyes. However, this drug is contraindicated in diseases of the liver, kidneys, and it should not be given to animals sensitive to it. For subcutaneous injections, the recommended dose is 20 mg / kg every 8 hours, for intramuscular and intravenous administration - 7 mg / kg every 12 hours.
Sulfonamide preparations. These are synthetic chemotherapeutic agents with a predominantly bacteriostatic effect. All drugs from this group are similar to each other in terms of spectrum and mechanism of action against streptococci, staphylococci, pneumococci, meningococci, as well as Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Pasteurella and other bacteria. One of the representatives of this group of drugs is sulfadimezin. This is a low-toxic drug that is effective in the treatment of diseases of the respiratory and digestive organs, inflammation of the mammary glands and uterus. Assign the drug at the rate of 0.05 g per 1 kg of body weight (at one time). Take 1-2 times a day for 5-7 days. In the local treatment of wounds, burns, sulfadimezin is used externally in the form of a powder.
Analgin. Represents white crystal powder of white color with slightly yellowish shade, easily soluble in water. With prolonged storage, the dipyrone solution turns yellow, but does not lose its activity. Available in the form of tablets, powders and solutions in ampoules. This drug acts on the dog's body as an analgesic, antirheumatic and antipyretic agent. The analgesic effect of analgin depends on the route of administration. When given to a dog through the mouth, its effect manifests itself after 30-40 minutes, when administered subcutaneously - after 10-20 minutes. Pain is reduced by one to 2 hours.
Dimedrol. It is a white crystalline powder, rapidly soluble in water. Produced in the form of dragees, solution in ampoules. It works well for allergies, spasms of smooth muscles, vomiting, agitation and other indications. Regidron. It is a powder, highly soluble in water, which is a mixture of various salts and sugar. It is bred in water. Produced in packages of 10 g. It is used for dehydration of the body: with profuse vomiting, diarrhea.
You select the necessary insect and worm repellants yourself, depending on the ease of use, as well as other medicines, and form your own veterinary first aid kit.
Table 13
Doses of the main medicinal substances
| A drug | Indications | Dose | Method of administration |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ampicillin | Antimicrobial agent | 10.0-20.0 mg/kg after 8 hours | inside |
| Bromhexine | Decrease in bronchosecretion | 2.0-8.0 mg 2 times a day | inside |
| Vikasol 1% | Blood clotting disorders | 1.0-3.0 ml daily | i/m |
| Glucose 40% | Detoxification therapy | 1.0-5.0 ml/kg | in / in |
| Sodium bicarbonate 4.2% | acidosis, toxicity | 2.0-4.0 ml/kg | in/in drip |
| Calcium gluconate 10% | Violation of calcium metabolism | 1.0-5.0 ml | i/m, i/v |
| Diphenhydramine | Antihistamine | 0.02-0.04 g | in / in, in / m, s / c |
| Insulin | Strengthening the absorption of sugar by tissues, its transformation into glycogen | 3.0-20.0 IU 3 times a day | i/m, i/v |
| Caffeine 25% | Stimulation of breathing and cardiac activity | 0.5-3.0 ml | s / c, in / m |
| Oxytocin | contraceptive action increased uterine motility | 1.0-5.0 IE | i/m |
| Penicillin | Antimicrobial agent | 20.0-40.0 thousand units / kg after 4 hours | in / in, in / m |
| Prednisolone | Anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, detoxification treatment | 2.0-8.0 mg/kg | i/m, i/v |
| Progesterone | Regulation of sexual cycles | 5.0-25.0 mg | PC |
| Sulfadimethoxine | Antimicrobial agent | 25.0 mg/kg after 24 hours | inside, in / in, in / m |
| Tetracycline | Antimicrobial agent | 20.0 m g/kg after 8 hours | inside |
| Estrogens | Estrus activation, contraceptive action | 0.5-1.0mg | s / c, in / m |
| Furasemide | Stimulation of diuresis | 5.0-40.0 mg every other day | inside |
| Cefalexin | Antimicrobial agent | 30.0 mg/kg after 12 hours | inside |
Note: in / in - intravenously, in / m - intramuscularly, s / c - subcutaneously.
Giving medicines
Depending on the dosage form of the drug, one or another method of its administration is selected.
EXTERNAL USE OF DRUGS
This method is suitable for products used externally, namely ointments, powders, compresses. The ointment is applied as follows: take a gauze tupfer (tampon) and, dipping it in the ointment, rub the drug into the affected area. The powder is simply sprinkled on top in a small amount on the injured area. Cold compresses cause vasoconstriction, reduce pain. They are used only at the beginning of inflammation (bruises, closed injuries), in the first 1-2 days. For a cold compress, gauze or a wide bandage is folded four times, the cloth is moistened with cold water and applied to the sore spot. The warmed material is changed every 3-5 minutes. A warm compress is placed on a sore spot in order to retain heat transfer and enhance metabolism in it. They are used to accelerate the formation of abscesses, dissolve swelling (for example, after an injection of a drug) and improve the blood supply to the area. To do this, gauze or a wide bandage is moistened in alcohol and applied to a sore spot. On top of the wet fabric, cellophane is applied so that it covers the fabric. Cotton wool is placed on the cellophane to retain heat and the compress is bandaged with a bandage. Leave this bandage on for several hours.
INSTALLATION OF EYE DROPS AND PUTTING OINTMENT IN THE EYES
Eye drops are usually stored at room temperature in a dry place. They are administered to the dog with a pipette, which must be stored in a cardboard case or in a glass with cotton wool at the bottom. Before each use of the pipette, it must first be rinsed with warm water and checked to see if the tip is broken. Eye drops can be administered to the dog in any position. After washing your hands, draw the medicine into the pipette. With the fingers of the left hand, pull the lower eyelid of the dog, and with the fingers of the right hand, in which the pipette is located, press the rubber cap. After dripping two drops per eyelid closer to the inner corner of the eye, release the eyelid. Remove excess medicine that has leaked from the eye with a cotton swab. Vata for each century should be separate.
Eye ointment is laid with a special glass spatula, which must be washed before use and checked to see if it is broken. After washing your hands, proceed with the procedure. With your left hand, pull back the dog's lower eyelid. With a wide flat end of a glass spatula with a small amount of ointment, gently touch the eyelid at the inner corner of the eye, lubricating the ointment from the spatula onto the inner surface of the eyelid. After applying the ointment, it is necessary to bring the upper and lower eyelids of the pet together with two fingers and lightly massage them so that the ointment is evenly distributed over the eyeball. If the ointment is in special tubes, then you can do without a glass spatula: the ointment is squeezed out of the tube onto the inner surface of the lower eyelid. A light eyelid massage is a must.
INTRANASAL ADMINISTRATION
Intranasal administration - the introduction of drugs through the nose. Drops are instilled into the nose either with a pipette or from a tube with a special nozzle. This will depend on the vial in which the medicine is released. A couple of drops of the drug are instilled into each nostril. This is best done by lifting the dog's muzzle up.
INTRODUCTION OF THE MEDICINE INSIDE
Medicines, namely powders, tablets, pills, capsules, solutions are more often given to the dog by mouth (orally). If the animal is able to take water or food, then medicinal substances are given with food. If this method does not work (for example, the dog eats all the food, but leaves the food with the drug), then in this case the medicine is given by force. The dog's mouth is opened wide, a tablet is placed on the root of the tongue, holding it. The jaws are closed, then 100 ml of water is poured into the cheek with a syringe to activate swallowing movements and better passage of the drug through the esophagus, that is, the animal makes a reflex swallowing movement and swallows the drug. If you give tablets and capsules without water, they can stick to the wall of the esophagus and cause necrosis in this place. You can dissolve the drug (this applies to tablets and powders) in a small amount of boiled water (if it dissolves) and use a syringe without a needle to inject the contents into the dog's mouth. To do this, it is best, without opening the dog's mouth, to pull the edge of the lip closer to the molars in the form of a small pocket and pour the medicine over the cheek in small portions. Liquid medicines are administered in the same way.
SUBCUTANEOUS INTRODUCTION
The most convenient place for subcutaneous injection of drugs or serums is the skin in the area of the withers or the outer surface of the thigh. It is better to clamp the dog with your legs in the thigh area, standing forward with your head towards its head. For the injection, disposable syringes and needles are used. First, the drug is drawn from the ampoule. Before the injection itself, it is necessary to raise the syringe with the needle up and, moving the piston slightly, remove air bubbles from the syringe and needle. After treating the injection site with alcohol or iodine, use the thumb and forefinger of the left hand to collect the skin into a fold with the fingers of the hand and prick at an angle of 45 ° at a distance of 3-4 cm under the base of the leather fold the needle attached to the syringe (Fig. 25). The cut of the needle should be facing up. Having overcome the resistance of the skin, the needle is in the subcutaneous tissue, where the fluid is injected.
If the syringe has to be filled with the drug two or more times, then the needle should not be removed, you need to refill the syringe with another needle and put the syringe itself on the needle again. After removing the needle, lightly massage the skin with a sterile cotton swab. At the same place, the injection can be repeated only after a few days.
INTRAMUSCULAR INTRODUCTION
Typically, this administration of drugs is carried out in the back muscle group of the thigh or shoulder. The needle should be thin, small diameter and long (4-5 cm). After skin treatment, grasping the needle with the thumb and forefinger, it is quickly injected perpendicularly into the skin to a depth of 3 to 5 cm, depending on the thickness of the subcutaneous fat layer (Fig. 26). It is better to inject first without a syringe in order to make sure that you do not get into the vessel.
Rice. 25.
Rice. 26.
The injection is made in the position of the dog lying or standing. The rate of drug administration depends on the drug (see the annotation for the use of the drug). After the injection, the needle is removed, and the injection site is lightly massaged with a sterile cotton swab. If it is necessary to simultaneously introduce two or three incompatible drugs, the needle, after removing the syringe, is punctured into the adjacent muscle area without removing it from the skin, and then the syringe is connected.
INTRAVENOUS INTRODUCTION
This manipulation is carried out in a standing or lying position. Medicines are injected into the superficial vein of the forearm and saphenous vein of the leg. A rubber tourniquet is applied above the vein puncture site, respectively, on the shoulder or thigh in the area of the elbow or knee joints. This is necessary to obstruct the outflow of venous blood. After that, the veins swell and become better visible, and it is easy to feel them through the skin near the elbow or knee fossae (Fig. 27). After filling the vein and disinfecting the skin with a needle beveled upwards, they pierce the skin next to the vein, along it, and then the vein itself. When drops of blood appear in the cannula, the needle is advanced further along the vein and a syringe is attached, the syringe is removed and an infusion is made. The syringe plunger is first pulled back to extract air bubbles from the needle lumen, and then the drug is slowly injected. At the moment of infusion, the hand holding the syringe simultaneously wraps around the operated limb, so that an accidental jerk of the dog does not lead to the needle slipping out of the vein. When the drug is injected, the needle is quickly removed, the injection site is pressed with a swab dipped in a disinfectant.
Rice. 27.
RECTAL INTRODUCTION
The rectal route of administration is the administration of a drug into the rectum. In this way, drugs are administered in the form of special suppositories (candles) or enemas. The suppository is taken out of the package, put to the anus and pushed inward with the index finger as deep as possible. To prevent the drug from being pushed back, the tail is briefly pressed to the anus. Usually, suppositories are administered after an evening walk at night to prolong the effect of the drug.
In case of poisoning or constipation, as well as for the introduction of a liquid medicinal substance through the rectum, an enema is used. There are various types of enemas: cleansing, enveloping, oily and enemas for regulating body temperature (Table 14). It is most advisable to introduce into the body a liquid with a temperature of 30 ° C, except for enemas designed to reduce body temperature. Cleansing enemas are used for constipation in order to produce a mechanical softening of feces, as well as for various intestinal disorders. With strong irritation of the rectum, prolonged urge to defecate, enveloping enemas are used, first with slightly diluted potassium permanganate, then with starch or rice water.
An infusion of vegetable oil heated to room temperature, in addition to enveloping and soothing action, also separates and removes a foreign body from the intestine. Oil, penetrating into hard lumps of feces, softens them better than water. Depending on the temperature of the injected fluid, it is possible to reduce the dog's body temperature by 0.5-0.8°C. Giving an enema to a calm dog is not a problem. Take a syringe, pre-lubricate the tip with petroleum jelly or grease. Hold the tail with your left hand and carefully insert the tip with your right hand. Enter the liquid gradually so as not to provoke its premature release. For rapid absorption of the drug, the volume of the enema together with the diluent (water) should not exceed 200-300 ml.
Table 14
Approximate amount of fluid administered to a dog during an enema
douche
Douching is a method of administering a drug through the genitals. This procedure is both medical and sanitary-hygienic. Vaginal douching of bitches is used for inflammatory processes in the vagina and for chronic inflammatory processes in the uterus. Douching in males is used for inflammatory processes in the preputial sac or in the penis itself. For douching dogs, various medicinal substances are used depending on the purpose: potassium permanganate (pink solution), baking soda (1 teaspoon per 1 liter of water) and others. The douching procedure itself is an injection of a jet of liquid from a rubber bulb, the capacity of which depends on the size of the dog.
Douching water is heated (depending on the indication), but it should not be lower than the dog's body temperature. It is recommended to boil the rubber bulb before each use. Douching of males is carried out as follows: the tip of the pear is lubricated with boiled vaseline oil and inserted 0.5 cm into the opening of the preputial sac. With two fingers of the left hand, the skin fold of the hole is pressed against the tip, after which the liquid is injected. The liquid, as it accumulates in the preputial sac, begins to flow back, first cloudy, purulent, and then cleaner, without admixture of pus. Douching is usually carried out once a day with a pale pink solution of potassium permanganate for 2-3 days. Douching of bitches is carried out in any position of the dog, and the tip should be inserted into the vagina 1 cm.
The owner of the bitch should remember that douching is not recommended during estrus, pregnancy, during the period of feeding puppies. Douching is not recommended if there is no complete certainty that they are necessary, since, firstly, an additional infection can be introduced and, secondly, frequent douching reduces the natural resistance of the genital mucosa as a result of a violation of its chemical environment and bacterial flora.
Veterinary guide for dog owners
M. V. Dorosh
(Caninsulin)
COMPOSITION AND FORM OF RELEASE
1 ml of caninsulin contains 40 units of highly purified porcine insulin (30% as amorphous zinc insulin and 70% as crystalline zinc insulin). It is an aqueous suspension for injection. Packed in glass bottles of 2.5 ml, which are packed in 10 bottles in cardboard boxes.
PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES
Kaninsulin compensates for the lack of endogenous (formed in the body) insulin in diabetes mellitus, lowers blood glucose levels. Kaninsulin is an intermediate-acting insulin. Caninsulin contains porcine insulin, which is structurally identical to dog insulin. The use of porcine insulin makes it possible to largely avoid the development of insulin resistance, which makes it possible to do without increasing the selected dose of the drug for a long time, in contrast to preparations based on human insulin. Insulin in the preparation is presented as a mixture of short-acting (amorphous fraction) and long-acting (crystalline fraction) insulins. Short-acting insulin allows you to achieve a rapid therapeutic effect, which is especially important with elevated blood glucose levels observed in the morning. By the time the activity of short-acting insulin decreases, long-acting insulin reaches the peak of activity, which prolongs the therapeutic effect of caninsulin. Adding a small amount of zinc solution to caninsulin slows down the absorption of the drug from the injection site and prolongs the action of insulin. In dogs, the amorphous fraction of insulin begins to act 1 to 2 hours after subcutaneous administration. The peak activity of the amorphous fraction of insulin occurs approximately 3 hours after injection. The duration of action of the amorphous fraction is about 8 hours. The crystalline fraction of insulin has a slower onset of action, peaking between 7 and 12 hours after drug administration. The duration of action of the crystalline fraction is from 16 to 20 hours. In cats, the total duration of action of caninsulin is about 12 hours.
INDICATIONS
Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in dogs and cats.
DOSES AND METHOD OF APPLICATION
Kaninsulin is administered subcutaneously to dogs and cats. Intramuscular administration is also possible. The dose of caninsulin and the intervals between injections are set individually for each animal. When dosing insulin, it is necessary to round the animal's weight down to the nearest whole kilogram, and the estimated dose of insulin round down to the nearest whole unit. Shake the contents of the vial very gently before use. Caninsulin is administered to dogs 1-2 times a day. Starting daily dose of caninsulin for dogs includes an initial dose equal to 1 IU of insulin per 1 kg of animal weight and an additional dose depending on the weight of the dog (when an animal weighs up to 10 kg, additionally add 1 IU of insulin per animal, from 10 to 12 kg - 2 IU per animal, from 12 up to 20 kg - 3 units per animal, over 20 kg - 4 units per animal). If caninsulin is administered to a dog once a day, it is recommended to feed the animal before the morning insulin injection in the amount of 1/3 - 1/4 of the daily portion. The rest of the daily portion is given 6-8 hours after the administration of the drug. If caninsulin is administered to the dog 2 times a day, then the first feeding is carried out before the morning injection of insulin in the amount of 1/2 daily portion. The rest of the feed is given 12 hours after the injection of the drug (before the administration of the evening dose of insulin). Starting daily dose of caninsulin for cats is 0.25-0.5 units per 1 kg of animal weight. Patients with diabetes mellitus cats need to inject caninsulin 2 times a day, i.e., the starting daily dose of insulin should be divided into 2 injections (morning and evening). At the same time, for cats, the maximum daily dose of insulin in the first 2-3 weeks of treatment should not exceed 2 IU per animal. The first feeding of the cat is carried out before the morning injection of caninsulin in the amount of 1/2 daily portion. The rest of the feed is given 12 hours after the injection of the drug (before the administration of the evening dose of insulin). Blood glucose levels should be measured regularly to determine the correct maintenance dose of insulin for an animal. The dose of the drug is not recommended to change more than 1 time in 3-4 days. In this case, the dose of insulin must be selected in such a way that it does not differ from the previous dose by more than 10%, both in the direction of decreasing and increasing the dose. It is necessary to ensure that a diabetic animal always has clean drinking water in the drinker.
SIDE EFFECTS
Hypersensitive animals may have allergic reactions. Hypoglycemia (with large doses of insulin, skipping or late feeding, heavy physical exertion, on the background of infections or diseases, especially with diarrhea or vomiting), which is accompanied by increased sweating, palpitations, muscle tremors, hunger, agitation, anxiety. Hyperglycemia and diabetic acidosis (with low doses of insulin, missed injections, non-compliance with the diet, against the background of infections), accompanied by drowsiness, thirst and loss of appetite. With prolonged use of insulin, lipodystrophy develops (atrophy or hypertrophy of subcutaneous adipose tissue).
CONTRAINDICATIONS
Increased individual sensitivity to caninsulin. It is forbidden to administer the drug intravenously. Do not administer to animals with hypoglycemia (low blood glucose).
SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS
During treatment, animals must be on a strict diet. Kaninsulin should be used with caution in obese animals. It is not recommended to use insulin simultaneously with antibiotics of the tetracycline group (especially oxytetracycline), sulfa drugs, glucocorticosteroids and progestogens. It is necessary to adjust the dose of insulin when changing the nature of the feeding and diet of the animal, as well as in case of infectious diseases, surgical operations, diseases of the liver and kidneys, during pregnancy. With prolonged use of insulin, it is recommended to change the injection site.
STORAGE CONDITIONS
In a dry, dark place and out of the reach of children and animals at a temperature of 2 to 8 ºС. Store vials in an upright position. Do not allow freezing of caninsulin. Shelf life - 2 years. After opening the vial, the drug can be used within 28 days.
MANUFACTURER
Intervet Schering-Plough Animal Health, The Netherlands.
In order to increase the effectiveness of Pirantel, veterinarians often advise combining it with other drugs of similar action. For example, when infected with tapeworms, it can be combined with praziquantel, and for the fight against whipworm - with febantel. Pirantel is combined with oxantel pamoate by manufacturers as part of newfangled drugs for animals that can fight intestinal nematodes.
The medicine is used for dogs of various age groups and sexes. It does not harm the elderly. Depending on the dosage, it is even prescribed for the treatment of puppies. The only condition is that the animal must reach the weight of one kilogram.
Instructions for use
The drug is administered to the animal in the morning or during the first feeding. The dose is calculated according to the weight of the animal. It is strictly forbidden to use Pirantel for animals, including puppies, that have not reached the weight of one kilogram.
It is interesting! In the case of prevention of infection of puppies from the mother, the choice should be made in favor of using Pirantel in the form of a suspension.
The medicine in the form of a suspension is administered through a special applicator under the tongue, the tablets are best added to the animal's favorite treat. Pyrantel has no effect on the eggs and larvae of the worm, so the operation should be repeated after 3 weeks in order to remove the remaining mature individuals. In especially severe cases, a repeated third appointment is prescribed.
How to calculate the dose for a dog
Each individual tablet contains 0.25 mg of active ingredient. The average data show the appointment of 5 ml of Pirantel per 1 kilogram of weight for dogs. Also consider the size of the breed. For example, for large breeds, a total of less than the specified amount per kilogram is allowed. If a dog of small breeds - on the contrary, the amount of medicine per kilogram increases slightly.
So, most often, puppies weighing from one to two kilograms are prescribed 1 ml of liquid suspension. For those who have exceeded the weight of two kilograms - 2.5 ml each. For adult dogs weighing from five to seven kilograms, 1 tablet of Pirantel is prescribed, containing 250 mg of the active substance. In the case of a different quantitative content of the active substance, the dose should be calculated in proportion. For dogs weighing over seven kilograms, one and a half tablets are prescribed. And so on, according to the scheme.
It is best to give the drug during the morning feeding. Before starting treatment of a pet, it is imperative to examine the annotation to the drug. In some cases, the data regarding the dosage differ. In the case of double or triple the recommended dose, it is important to stick to it. In this way, the manufacturer is often reinsured if the final version of the drug contains a different amount of the active substance, which was deliberately reduced in order to save production. As a preventive measure, Pirantel is given once a year, preferably in the spring.
Contraindications
Pyrantel is a targeted drug with minimal toxic effects. Consequently, he has a minimum number of contraindications, but they exist. As mentioned above, it should not be given to animals less than 1 kilogram.
It should be used with extreme caution in case of insufficient work or kidney and liver disease. Also, you can not combine it with taking laxatives to "improve the effect."
Pirantel interacts differently with other drugs, so if you need to combine drugs, for one reason or another, it is extremely important to get the advice of an experienced veterinarian. The drug is not contraindicated during pregnancy or feeding puppies.
Precautionary measures
Important! To receive Pirantel, the animal should not have any other concomitant ailments that weaken the body at the time of treatment. Do not mix the drug with drugs containing piperazine, as it reduces the effectiveness of Pirantel.
During treatment with Pirantel, it is important for puppies to ensure constant access to water, as there are frequent cases of symptoms of dehydration after taking the drug, especially detrimental to animals with low weight.
