Norms of human body temperature at different ages. Causes of low temperature

Winter has arrived, and with it the cold and the flu. When you're trying to figure out whether you have the flu or a cold, it's often important to know if and what type of fever you have.

But what is a fever? This is also important to know in connection with the increased frequency of enterovirus infections this year. When can our temperature be considered abnormal? When is it really a fever?

What is normal temperature?

From kindergarten age, we know for sure that the normal temperature is 36.6 degrees Celsius. Therefore, most people believe that 38.5 degrees is already a fever. But when does a rise in temperature become a fever? In the process of increasing from the norm to 38 degrees or after overcoming this milestone?

First, we need to figure out what a normal temperature is. 36.6 ° C is an often quoted value that is not entirely correct initially. If we measured the body temperature of 100 healthy people, we would find that most of them would not have a temperature of 36.6. A 1992 study of 148 adults showed that body temperature in healthy people can range from 35.5 to 38.2, averaging around 36.8 degrees Celsius. Normal rectal temperature is usually slightly higher.

The study also showed that the lowest body temperatures were recorded in the morning hours - around 6 am, and peak temperatures were usually recorded in the evening - around 6 pm.

How high a temperature should be considered a fever?

It is clear from these studies that morning readings are greater than 37.2ºC (98.9ºF) or daytime temperatures are greater than 37.7ºC (99.9ºF) above the average, but as you can see in Figure 1, there are many normal variations that differ from person to person, so even normal healthy people can sometimes have a temperature just below 38.3. And sometimes a completely sick person at some time will have a lower temperature. For this reason, it is important to measure body temperature several times during the day. Normally, a person's temperature fluctuates by about 1ºC during the day, but when sick, the temperature can fluctuate much more.

The standard medical definition of fever is something like this: "It's a temperature of 38.3 or higher." But it is obvious that this definition should be used as a rough guide. When we say that someone has a fever, what we really mean is that that person's body temperature is higher than normal. But the indicator of the norm also depends on the time of day, the characteristics of the body and the lifestyle of a particular person whose temperature we measure.

Why is it so important for us to know if someone has a fever or not? This knowledge can be the key to understanding whether this particular person is sick or not, and it is also important because too high a temperature can be very dangerous for the body.

What causes a fever?

Fever can have several causes. The vast majority of cases of fever are caused by infections, but sometimes high fever occurs for other reasons.

• So, most often, an increase in temperature is caused by infections - viral and bacterial.
• Heat dissipation and/or dehydration may also be accompanied by fever.
• Malignant tumors very often give a constant increase in body temperature.
• Sometimes taking antibiotics and certain other medications can cause a fever.
• Vaccination can also cause a fever - some people develop a mild fever for a day or several after vaccination.
• Chronic inflammation, such as rheumatoid arthritis, is often accompanied by fever.
• Burns cause high fever.
• Damage to the hypothalamus is very rare, but may be accompanied by fever.

Why does fever appear?

The best answer to this question at the moment is that we don't really know why this is happening. We know how this happens, but we don't quite understand why. Some experts believe that fever is part of the body's defense mechanism against infection, as viruses and bacteria cannot function and multiply if a person's body is too hot. This seems logical since many enzymes work best in a narrow temperature range. And enzymes are important for many cellular functions on which viruses and bacteria depend, their reproduction and metabolism.

If this were the case, then it would be logical to expect that when a person takes measures to reduce body temperature, he will be sick longer and more severely. But, fortunately, this does not happen. Paracetamol or ibuprofen does not appear to increase or worsen the course and outcome of most diseases.

At this point, it is not clear whether fever is an adaptation of the body to fight off infection, or just a necessary side effect that occurs when our immune system "goes to battle infection," similar to how our body heats up when we run or do other physical activity. work. If so, then heating serves no purpose and may even be harmful. This is simply a natural result of the process by which our muscles burn "fuel" and work.

Sometimes I hear a patient say, “That doesn't make any sense. I feel hot when I have a normal temperature" or "I'm freezing, but now I have a fever." It sounds weird, but it's actually exactly what you can expect if you understand exactly what's going on.

Let's say that the body is trying to raise its temperature. How is this achieved? Much like you raise the temperature if you're trying to warm up your home: you can either increase the temperature the stove puts out, or you can close the windows and insulate them better to keep the heat in.

The same thing happens in your body. The only difference is that the body has to convince you of this, even if it cannot talk to you. The body communicates with you in the only way it can: it makes you feel chilly or hot. This is achieved by changing the "internal thermostat" in a special gland called the hypothalamus. When you feel cold, you naturally do things to warm up, and also involuntarily begin to shiver. When you shiver, your muscles contract and relax, vigorously releasing heat (similar to stirring a burning fuel in a furnace). Alternatively, you can put on a sweatshirt or crawl under the covers (this is the same as if you improve the insulation of the house or close the windows tightly to keep the heat inside). Therefore, in response to the sensation of cold, you generate more heat and do your best to keep it. After a while, the temperature starts to rise and you already have a fever. You are still freezing, but your temperature is 38.3!

When it comes time to lower your body temperature, you feel hot. You stop shivering, take off all your layers of clothing, and perhaps drink something cold. After some time after such actions, the temperature will drop. You are hot and sweaty, but your temperature is normal.

These fluctuations (up and down) in temperature can occur several times during the day when you are sick, especially if you are taking ibuprofen or paracetamol to bring down the fever. But in most cases, elevated temperature changes according to the same cycle that is characteristic of the body in a healthy state.

Body temperature is usually lower in the morning and rises in the evening. Sometimes people think that the disease is gone because their body temperature is normal in the morning, but later they are disappointed when the fever returns in the evening. These fluctuations are not at all a sign that something serious is happening to health. This is a normal picture in any disease that causes fever. As the disease passes, the temperature will be less and less each evening, until finally the fever will not disappear at all, that is, it will not be even at night.

Measurement of body temperature or thermometry is a valuable objective indicator of the state of the human body. But the answer to the question "What is the normal temperature of a human body?" not so simple.

The normal body temperature of an adult is 36.6 °C. But this is just an average. In fact, physiological fluctuations in the body temperature of a healthy person range from 35.5 to 37.4 °C. This is natural: during sleep, metabolic processes slow down and body temperature decreases, and in the waking state, especially during physical and emotional stress, body temperature rises. Therefore, the morning temperature is usually lower than the daytime or evening temperature. Also, body temperature depends on the method and place of its measurement, gender, age and condition of the subject. And in women from or pregnancy. The body temperature in a child is more labile and depends to a greater extent on the ambient temperature and on the state of the body.

Fever or hyperthermia

A person's body temperature above 37.4 °C is considered elevated. Causes of high temperature:

1. Overheating of the body or heat stroke;
2. Infectious diseases;
3. Oncological diseases;
4. Excess thyroid hormones;
5. Violation of the work of the center of thermoregulation of the brain

The critical temperature of the human body, at which some proteins begin to denature, is 42 °C. The maximum human body temperature of 46.5 ° C was recorded in the USA in a man after a heat stroke.

Low temperature or hypothermia

Body temperature below 35.5 ° C is considered low. Reasons for low temperature:

1. hypothermia;
2. Hypothyroidism or lack of thyroid hormones;
3. Asthenic conditions during exhaustion, after a serious illness, poisoning or stress.

The minimum critical temperature at which a coma occurs is 25 ° C. The minimum human body temperature of 14.2 ° C was recorded in a Canadian girl after severe hypothermia. Amazing fact!

How to measure temperature?

There are 3 main ways to measure body temperature:

1. Axillary, when the thermometer is placed in the armpit;
2. Rectal, in which the temperature in the rectum or basal temperature is measured;
3. Oral or oral temperature measurement

It should be remembered that different parts of the human body have different temperatures. And if the temperature in the armpit is 36.6 ° C, then in the mouth it will be about 37 ° C, and in the rectum even higher - 37.5 ° C.

Detailed thermometry methods can be found.

When to bring down the temperature

Elevated body temperature is often a disease. In this case, at a high temperature, metabolism is activated, the activity of the immune system increases, blood flow and oxygen supply to cells increase, and the processes of repairing damaged tissues are accelerated. Thus, a high body temperature is a protective reaction of the human body, and it is not necessary to bring down the temperature to 38.5 ° C in a satisfactory general condition.

When to lower the temperature:

1. When the rise in temperature is accompanied by a significant deterioration in the condition;
2. When an increase in body temperature is accompanied by chills or a clear coldness of the extremities;
3. At a body temperature above 39 ° C;
4. With the threat of convulsions;
5. In debilitated or debilitated patients and in the presence of severe concomitant diseases

What to do with low body temperature

If low body temperature is associated with hypothermia, you need to warm up, take a hot bath, drink hot tea, lie down and cover yourself with a warm blanket. In the case when the body temperature is constantly lowered, you must first find out the cause. It can be associated with intoxication, overwork, starvation, prolonged stressful situations, and a general decrease in vitality. If the cause of constant hypothermia is caused by a lack of thyroid hormones, then you should contact an endocrinologist for the appointment of hormone replacement therapy.

Finally

Normal human body temperature ranges from 35.5 to 37.4 °C. Fever is most often associated with infectious diseases. Low temperature - with a decrease in thyroid function. A high temperature during infection is a protective reaction of the body, and it is necessary to take antipyretics only for direct indications.

At the same time, temperature indicators depend on the age of a person, time of day, the impact of the outside world, health status and other characteristics of the body. So what should be the body temperature of a person?

Types of temperature indicators

People are used to the fact that with changes in body temperature it is customary to talk about a violation of health. Even with a slight hesitation, a person is ready to sound the alarm. But it's not always so sad. Normal human body temperature ranges from 35.5 to 37 degrees. In this case, the average in most cases is 36.4-36.7 degrees. I would also like to note that temperature indicators can be individual for each. The normal temperature regime is considered to be when a person feels completely healthy, able-bodied and there is no failure in metabolic processes.

What is the normal body temperature in adults also depends on what nationality the person is. For example, in Japan, it is kept at 36 degrees, and in Australia, the body temperature rises to 37 degrees.

It is also worth noting that the normal human body temperature can fluctuate throughout the day. In the morning it is lower, and in the evening it rises significantly. At the same time, its fluctuation during the day can be one degree.

Human temperature is divided into several types, which include:

1. lower body temperature. Her performance falls below 35.5 degrees. This process is called hypothermia;
2. normal body temperature. Indicators can range from 35.5 to 37 degrees;
3. elevated body temperature. It rises above 37 degrees. At the same time, it is measured in the armpit;
4. subfebrile body temperature. Its limits range from 37.5 to 38 degrees;
5. febrile body temperature. The indicators are from 38 to 39 degrees;
6. high or pyretic body temperature. It rises to 41 degrees. This is the critical body temperature, which leads to disruption of metabolic processes in the brain;
7. hyperpyretic body temperature. A lethal temperature that rises above 41 degrees and leads to death.

Also, the internal temperature is classified into other types in the form:

• hypothermia. When the temperature is below 35.5 degrees;
• normal temperature. It ranges from 35.5-37 degrees;
• hyperthermia. The temperature is above 37 degrees;
• feverish state. The indicators are raised above 38 degrees, while the patient has chills, blanching of the skin, marble mesh.

Rules for measuring body temperature

All people are used to the fact that, according to the standard, temperature indicators should be measured in the armpit. To perform the procedure, you must follow a few rules.

1. The armpit should be dry.
2. Then a thermometer is taken and gently shaken to a value of 35 degrees.
3. The tip of the thermometer is located in the armpit and is pressed tightly by the hand.
4. Keep it on for five to ten minutes.
5. After that, the result is evaluated.

With a mercury thermometer, you should be extremely careful. It must not be broken, otherwise the mercury will pour out and emit harmful fumes. It is strictly forbidden to give such things to children. Instead, you can have an infrared or electronic thermometer. Such devices measure the temperature in a matter of seconds, but the values ​​\u200b\u200bfrom mercury may differ.

Not everyone thinks that the temperature can be measured not only in the armpit, but also in other places. For example, in the mouth. With this method of measurement, normal indicators will be in the range of 36-37.3 degrees.

How to measure the temperature in the mouth? There are several rules.

To measure the temperature in the mouth, you need to be in a calm state for five to seven minutes. If there are dentures, braces or plates in the oral cavity, they should be removed.

After that, the mercury thermometer must be wiped dry and placed under the tongue on either side. To get the result, you need to hold it for four to five minutes.

It is worth noting that oral temperature differs significantly from measurements in the axillary zone. Temperature measurements in the mouth can show a result higher by 0.3-0.8 degrees. If an adult doubts the indicators, then a comparison should be made between the temperature obtained in the armpit.

If the patient does not know how to measure the temperature in the mouth, then you can follow the usual technology. During the procedure, it is worth observing the execution technique. The thermometer can be placed behind the cheek or under the tongue. But clamping the device with your teeth is strictly prohibited.

Decreased body temperature

After the patient has learned what temperature he has, you need to determine its nature. If it is below 35.5 degrees, then it is customary to talk about hypothermia.

The internal temperature may be low for several reasons, which include:

• weakened immune function;
• severe hypothermia;
• recent illness;
• diseases of the endocrine system;
• the use of certain drugs;
• low hemoglobin;
• failure in the hormonal system;
• presence of internal bleeding;
• intoxication of the body;
• chronic fatigue.

If the patient's internal temperature is greatly reduced, then he will feel weak, prostration and dizziness.

To increase the temperature at home, you need to put your feet in a hot foot bath or on a heating pad. After that, put on warm socks and drink hot tea with honey, an infusion of medicinal herbs.

If the temperature indicators decrease gradually and reach 35-35.3 degrees, then we can say:

• about simple overwork, strong physical exertion, chronic lack of sleep;
• about malnutrition or adherence to a strict diet;
• about hormonal imbalance. Occurs at the stage of gestation, with menopause or menstruation in women;
• on disorders of carbohydrate metabolism due to liver diseases.

Increased body temperature

The most common phenomenon is elevated body temperature. If it keeps at levels from 37.3 to 39 degrees, then it is customary to talk about an infectious lesion. When viruses, bacteria and fungi penetrate the human body, severe intoxication occurs, which is expressed not only in an increase in body temperature, but also in a runny nose, tearing, coughing, drowsiness, and deterioration in the general condition. If the internal temperature rises above 38.5 degrees, then doctors advise taking antipyretics.

The occurrence of temperature can be observed with burns and mechanical injuries.

In rare situations, hyperthermia is observed. This condition is caused by an increase in temperature indicators above 40.3 degrees. In such a situation, you need to call an ambulance as soon as possible. When the indicators reached 41 degrees, it is customary to talk about a critical condition that threatens the patient's future life. At a temperature of 40 degrees, an irreversible process begins to occur. There is a gradual destruction of the brain and deterioration of the internal organs.

If the internal temperature is 42 degrees, then the patient dies. There are cases when the patient experienced such a condition and survived. But their number is small.

If the internal temperature rises above the hole, then the patient manifests symptoms in the form of:

1. fatigue and weakness;
2. general morbid condition;
3. dry skin and lips;
4. mild or severe chills. Depends on temperature indicators;
5. pain in the head;
6. aches in muscle structures;
7. arrhythmias;
8. decrease and complete loss of appetite;
9. increased sweating.

Each person is individual. Therefore, everyone will have their own normal body temperature. Someone with indicators of 35.5 degrees feels normal, and when it rises to 37 degrees, it is already considered sick. For others, even 38 degrees may be the limit of the norm. Therefore, it is worth focusing also on the general condition of the body.

Diagnosis by body temperature

It would seem, what could be difficult here? Elevated body temperature indicates a disease, the need to see a doctor, etc. Did you know that temperature changes during the day can tell a lot about the nature of the disease?

First you need to correctly measure the body temperature. Here, too, there are rules, the violation of which can lead to incorrect results.

To measure body temperature today use a mercury thermometer. A column of mercury, expanding from heat, rises up a thin transparent tube, next to which there is a scale with divisions. One division is 0.1 degrees. Such a thermometer allows you to measure the temperature from 35 to 42 degrees. Having risen, the column of mercury does not fall until the thermometer is shaken.

Before taking the temperature, shake the thermometer vigorously so that the mercury column drops to 35 ° C. Carefully inspect the column. There should not be any gaps in it, otherwise the thermometer will never show the correct temperature!

It is known that in some countries the temperature (including body temperature) is measured in Fahrenheit. Fahrenheit is Celsius times 1.8 + 32. The difference is related to that. what value was taken by scientists for absolute zero.

The cup temperature is measured in the armpit. Before measurement, it must be wiped dry, otherwise the moisture, evaporating from the surface of the skin, will cool it, and the temperature will be lower than it actually is. The thermometer must be positioned so that the mercury reservoir is completely covered by the skin. The hand must be pressed to the body and held for 10 minutes. After that, the thermometer is removed and the result is looked at.

The armpit is not the only place to take temperature. For example, if a person is weak and cannot hold a thermometer himself, you can measure the temperature in the inguinal fold. In addition, temperature is also measured in the rectum, vagina, and sometimes in the mouth.

In order to measure the temperature in the rectum, you need to thoroughly wash the thermometer, lubricate its end with petroleum jelly and carefully insert it into the anus. After measuring, the thermometer must be washed again and wiped with alcohol or cologne.

It must be remembered that the body temperature in the armpit, in the rectum or vagina will never be the same. In the rectum, it will always be higher, but this difference should not exceed 0.8-1 degrees. If the difference exceeds these figures, this indicates inflammation of the internal organs, which means you need to urgently consult a doctor.

Everyone knows the normal temperature of the human body. It averages 36.6 degrees, and can fluctuate between 36.2-37 degrees. A temperature of 37 degrees is already considered high. Body temperature depends on environmental conditions, health status and time of day. In the evening, it is usually higher than in the morning (sometimes it can even reach 37 ° C).

When a person is sick, the temperature should be measured at least 2 times a day: in the morning and in the evening. It is desirable to record the results, even if the numbers correspond to the norm. It is very convenient to enter them in a special temperature sheet, which is easy to do on your own. To do this, draw two perpendicular axes. On the horizontal, set aside the time (date, morning and evening), and on the vertical - the thermometer readings (with an accuracy of 0.1 degrees). Each time you measure the temperature, put a point in accordance with the results obtained. Then connect the dots with straight lines. So you get a temperature graph (temperature curve), which is much easier to navigate than just a sheet with recorded results. Different diseases give different temperature curves, since these measurements are always different. This can be a good help for diagnosis.

Oddly enough, perhaps the worst thing a person feels is at a slightly elevated body temperature (37.2 - 37.5 degrees).

Persistent fever

With this type of fever, the temperature is always elevated (even in the morning it exceeds 37 degrees), but in the morning it is still lower than in the evening. During the day, the temperature difference is no more than 1 degree. At the same time, the morning temperature can be relatively low (37.2-38 degrees). This is how body temperature fluctuates in croupous inflammation of the lungs, as well as in typhoid fever.

Laxative fever

The morning temperature is above 37 degrees, during the day it rises slightly. The evening temperature is always higher than the morning temperature. This type of fever can occur with milder forms of pneumonia, purulent diseases, and tuberculosis.

Wasting (hectic) fever

With this form of fever, the morning temperature, as a rule, turns out to be normal or slightly elevated (no more than 37 - 37.1 degrees), and the evening temperature is much higher (by 2 -4 degrees). As the temperature rises sharply, at this moment the person feels severe chills, headache and muscle pain. At night, the temperature can also drop sharply, while the person sweats a lot, his blood pressure decreases, which can even lead to loss of consciousness.

This type of fever occurs in severe diseases: advanced pulmonary tuberculosis, severe purulent diseases, and sepsis.

intermittent fever

In order to determine this rather rare form of fever, you need to collect data on changes in temperature over several days. The morning temperature is always normal, for several days in the evening it can rise slightly (no more than 1 degree), and then fall again. Once every 2-3, less than 4 days a day, the temperature rises sharply by 2-4 degrees, and then drops just as sharply, after which “calm” days again come. If you draw a chart, then high teeth - candles - will periodically appear on it. Such a fever occurs with malaria.

wrong fever

With abnormal fever, there is no regularity in temperature changes. She then rises to high numbers, then remains normal. The only "rule" that is observed here is that the morning temperature is always lower than the evening one. This type of fever can be a sign of rheumatism, tuberculosis, sepsis and other serious illnesses.

According to legend, Fever is one of the twelve sisters of Herod, along with Jaundice, Mayalnitsa, Znobuha, Shaking and other diseases. Why exactly King Herod “got” such relatives is clear to anyone who is familiar with the gospel stories.

reverse fever

There is also no system in the change of temperature in this type of fever, but it is characterized by the fact that the morning temperature is higher than the evening one. Such a fever occurs with tuberculosis, brucellosis.

Some illnesses last for weeks or months. With regular measurement and recording of temperature, two more forms of fever are distinguished, which can be combined with the above.

undulating fever

Morning temperature gradually rises day by day, and then also slowly decreases. The data of evening measurements change according to the same principle, and the differences in values ​​may be different. Small waves are clearly visible on the graph - differences between morning and evening temperature and larger waves - gradual changes in the "reference point" - morning temperature.

Such a fever occurs with brucellosis and lymphogranulomatosis (systemic lesion of the lychphatic system).

relapsing fever

For several days both morning and evening temperatures remain normal (or evening temperatures may be slightly elevated), then the temperature rises sharply, and for several days both morning and evening figures remain high, after which the temperature rises again. Small fluctuations during the day (small waves) remain.

Such a fever occurs with relapsing fever.

Why does the temperature rise to 37 degrees in the evening? Causes and diagnosis

And sometimes the body temperature remains normal throughout the day, but in the evening it invariably rises. Such a phenomenon does not always indicate the development of the disease, but it still speaks of certain changes in the human body. For some people, such changes generally become a normal state, because this is how their thermoregulation system functions. And yet, one should very carefully consider the reasons for the appearance of such numbers on the thermometer.

Every evening the temperature rises to 37 degrees in adults and children for a variety of reasons. The indicators will be influenced by different factors: physiological and pathological. Of course, if you complain about your own well-being, you should consult a doctor. But sometimes a temperature of 37.1 (in the evening) does not mean something terrible, but is a variant of the norm.

But if these symptoms persist for a long time, you need to see a doctor. Most likely, this condition indicates an immune response to a certain threat or trouble.

What can affect the change in temperature in the evening?

A person rarely resorts to the use of a thermometer if there are no additional health complaints and signs of illness. But, after taking periodic measurements, you may be surprised that there is a temperature of 37 in the evening, but not in the morning. The thermometer readings are influenced by many factors:

• time of day (it is known that in the morning the thermometer readings are lower than in the evening, and during deep sleep the lowest values ​​are noted);
• the rhythm of life (for people who have an active lifestyle, the thermometer is always higher);
• type of measuring device (it is generally accepted that electronic thermometers have an error, unlike mercury devices);
• season and weather conditions (in winter, the temperature naturally rises, and in summer it becomes lower);
• physiological and pathological conditions.

Physiological conditions that raise the temperature

Hyperthermia does not always occur due to a specific threat. Very often it is the result of overload or hormonal changes in the body.

This can happen due to the intake of hot or spicy food, nervous strain, and the appointment of certain medications.

Sometimes such figures are not considered a pathology at all, but only a borderline state of the norm. Only in the case of a strong increase or an unacceptably long period of hyperthermia, a comprehensive examination of the patient's body is prescribed.

Among women

For many women, body temperature rises periodically. Here's why it's happening. During the menstrual cycle, hormones are constantly produced.

On certain days, the release of some substances becomes more, while others - less. Immediately after ovulation (the release of an egg from the ovary), progesterone enters the work.

This hormone is very important for maintaining the second phase of the cycle and the development of pregnancy. Thanks to him, there is a relaxation of smooth muscles. Also, progesterone affects thermoregulation, reduces the rate of heat transfer.

Before menstruation, a woman may notice that her body temperature has increased by a fraction of a degree.

As soon as bleeding begins, the level of progesterone will decrease, and the thermometer will return to normal. If pregnancy has occurred, then elevated values ​​\u200b\u200bmay persist for several months until the placenta is formed. For expectant mothers, it is considered normal if the thermometer shows 37-37.2 degrees.

The rise in temperature in the evenings is usually due to a sharp hormonal change in the body, toxicosis during pregnancy, an increase in the intensity of metabolism, reflex effects when drinking alcohol, or the usual processes of thermoregulation.

The reasons why the temperature rises in the evening 37:

• during premenstrual syndrome
• during childbearing
• when feeding a baby
• at ovulation
• shortly after the birth of children
• with menopause
• after too dense and plentiful food
• with excessive use of strong alcoholic beverages
• with significant overheating in the sun, etc.

In some women, such a temperature is generally normal, accompanying them all their lives. For other ladies in the evening, the numbers often change due to increased fatigue or severe nervous strain.

In men

Representatives of the stronger sex also often complain that in the evening the temperature rises to 37 without symptoms. This may be the result of hypothermia or overheating, injury, nervous strain. Hyperthermia can occur due to excessively abundant consumption of spicy foods or passion for alcoholic beverages.

The temperature can jump in the evening due to significant muscle strain after hard physical work or increased sports training.

The most common reason can be a long bath or shower that is too hot, a long sleep in a chair near the radiator, a very warm dressing gown or suit.

In the elderly, temperature fluctuations may have their own characteristics. During the day, for example, some hypothermia will be noted, and by the evening the numbers will crawl to around 37 degrees.

In addition, in men, as in women, such indicators can be quite normal and correspond to their physiological norm.

In children

The child often causes great anxiety to his parents because of the temperature that has jumped towards evening.

However, it is worth noting that in children under five years old, due to their imperfect thermoregulation, 37.2 - 37.3 degrees can be considered normal temperature.

Most often, nighttime fever occurs shortly after an infection or other childhood illness. The baby's immunity is not yet fully strengthened, so his circulatory system reacts with an increased release of lymphocytes, accompanied by hyperthermia.

This is a normal reaction, indicating that the defenses of the child's body are on guard of his health.

The rise in temperature in the evening to 37 in a child can also be explained by the most common reasons:

• Too active games
• too warm clothes
• reaction to vaccination
• teething
• hot drink at night
• too warm blanket
• change of biorhythms
• hearty dinner
• not well-established metabolism, etc.

In newborns and premature babies, a temperature of thirty-seven degrees in the evening is not uncommon and is associated with the formation of normal thermoregulation processes in the baby's body.

Such reasons are the most common and all parents face them.

In an overly sensitive child, the temperature can rise even with strong crying or watching an interesting movie.

The baby's digestive system can also react with an abundant release of enzymes and active bowel movements, due to which the temperature rises to 37 in the evening.

Therefore, children's temperature is measured only after special training. The thermometer should be set at the same time under the same conditions.

Enough time should pass after the cessation of all activity, the child should be calm and relaxed. The armpit of the baby should be allowed to dry completely, and he himself should not be allowed to sweat. It is desirable to measure the temperature before dinner and water procedures.

meal

Another physiological reason for an increase in the thermometer is a meal. It is recommended to measure the temperature no earlier than half an hour after eating. The fact is that while eating, the body expends heat, so it constantly compensates for it.

A noticeable increase in temperature occurs in individuals with a good metabolism. Most people don't feel these changes, but if you take your temperature right after eating, you'll be surprised.

Since a more voluminous meal occurs in the evening (dinner), the temperature increase at this time of day becomes more pronounced.

Overwork

It is known that at night the thermometer readings become much lower. This is facilitated by a decrease in activity and low energy consumption. However, in the evening, the indicators, on the contrary, become higher. This happens due to overwork, overexertion, stress.

There is such a thing as chronic fatigue syndrome. In people with this diagnosis, the temperature may rise for no reason throughout the day.

Most often in the evening there is a temperature of 37-37.2 and weakness, headache. If during rest and deep sleep the indicators do not decrease, then you should think about the presence of a pathological cause of this condition.

Reasons for the rise in temperature

Not always, when the thermometer fixes thirty-seven, this only speaks of harmless functional reasons. Often such figures indicate the development of a disease.

Such jumps may be the first symptom:

• Helminthiasis
• inflammatory process in the body
• introduction of infection
• development of a malignant neoplasm
• cardiovascular pathology
• allergies
• neurological diseases
• rheumatism
• arthritis
• endocrine diseases
• development of mental pathologies

When an increase in body temperature is recorded in the evening, the reasons can be very different. They can be associated with intoxication by cell decay products, the fight against pathogenic microorganisms, or a violation of neuromuscular conduction.

Infection with infectious diseases is also possible, so contacting a doctor in this case is mandatory.

Pathological conditions

If a person's temperature rises to 37 in the evening, then this can be an alarming bell. There are many pathological causes of this condition, but they all usually have additional signs. Busy people with an active lifestyle may not even notice them.

Colds

The most common symptom of a cold is an increase in temperature. In this way, the human body tries to cope with the causative agent of the infection. It is known that viruses die when the thermometer reaches 38 degrees. Therefore, you should not bring down the temperature of 37. Let your body eliminate the infection on its own and form immunity.

Consequences of infection

Many infectious diseases occur with fever. But what if you're already healthy and it's still going up? Such an outcome is also possible. It is in the evening that an increase in the thermometer values ​​is noticeable.

Especially often, such symptoms are due to chickenpox, acute intestinal infection, bacterial pathologies. Do not worry, in the near future the body will restore its strength. Such temperature indicators do not require the use of antipyretics. After a night's rest, they return to normal on their own.

Arterial pressure

Hypertensive patients often complain that they have an elevated body temperature. Such a natural consequence of high pressure cannot be called natural, but it is not entirely correct to consider it pathological either. It is worth the patient to bring blood pressure back to normal, as well as a thermometer shows smaller numbers.

Hypotonics, on the contrary, have a low body temperature. For some people, it drops below 36 degrees. It is very important not to miss the moment here. But if such a condition does not cause discomfort, then you can not try to fix it.

This abbreviation stands for vegetovascular dystonia. Until now, this disease remains not fully understood. Many doctors refute it, saying that a person is dealing with chronic fatigue syndrome. One way or another, with vegetovascular dystonia, an increase in the thermometer readings occurs. A person can note that in the morning the temperature is 36, in the evening - 37.

Oncological pathologies

It is the evening increase in the values ​​of the thermometer that often makes a person turn to specialists. During the examination, tumor processes can be detected.

Benign neoplasms often do not make themselves felt like a symptom. But the reproduction of cancer cells affects the lymphatic system, so a slight increase in the mercury meter is the first wake-up call.

immune diseases

Any deviations in the work of the immune system and the protective functions of the body affect the temperature values. They become higher with the following pathologies:

1. allergy;
2. rheumatic diseases;
3. blood pathology;
4. system deviations.

Many diseases develop due to the increased immune work of the body, which provokes inflammation of a different nature.

What is subfebrile condition, and how to deal with it?

Subfebrile condition is an unreasonable increase in the temperature values ​​\u200b\u200bof the human body. In such cases, the indicators do not exceed 37.5 degrees.

The temperature persists for months or even years. This distinguishes it from the course of acute pathological diseases or physiological causes of the increase.

The main sign of subfebrile condition is that a person has an elevated body temperature. Accompanying this disease:

• increased fatigue;
• drowsiness and weakness;
• decrease in appetite;
• redness of the skin;
• disorders of the digestive system;
• increased sweating;
• frequent pulse;
• neuroses and insomnia.

Both a specialist and the sick person can pre-diagnose the problem. But with subfebrile condition, additional research is needed. To do this, consult a doctor and find out why the temperature rises to 37 in the evening.

Diagnosis with subfebrile condition

The specialist must examine the patient before making a diagnosis. The condition of the mucous membranes, the work of the respiratory system is studied, the organs of the abdominal cavity are palpated.

Defects of joints, lymph nodes are revealed. In women, a gynecological examination and palpation of the mammary glands are performed, the menstrual cycle is studied. The collection of anamnesis is carried out in several stages.

The doctor determines the following:

1. whether there have been surgical interventions or injuries in the recent past (for women, childbirth and abortion);
2. what infectious diseases have been transferred during life and whether there are chronic pathologies (special attention is paid to diabetes, HIV, liver and blood diseases);
3. the possibility of hepatitis and bacterial endocarditis.

Usually, already at the examination stage, a specialist is struck by a rash on the body, a change in the color of the skin, uncharacteristic discharge or formation.

Therefore, to confirm his hypothesis, he prescribes a series of tests showing the state of the blood picture, the possible presence of severe infectious chronic diseases or helminthic invasion.

To do this, the specialist will send the patient to laboratory tests.

To clarify the reason why he always has a temperature of 37 in the evening, you need to go through:

• clinical and biochemical blood test
• four mandatory tests (HIV, syphilis, hepatitis B and C)
• allergen panel
• general urine analysis
• analysis of feces for worm eggs and protozoan cysts
• sputum microscopy
• discharge from the urethra and genitals
• biopsy
• spinal puncture.

The results obtained help to identify helminthiasis, inflammatory processes or allergic reactions.

For the purposes of differential diagnosis, it is also necessary to make fluorography, radiography, ultrasound scanning, ECG, EEG, CT, MRI, as well as conduct special targeted studies. All this quickly allows you to identify tuberculosis, diseases of the heart, blood vessels, liver and kidneys, malignant neoplasms, which often cause an increase in temperature in the evening.

The specialist receives the final confirmation of the diagnosis by conducting instrumental studies. For this, mammography, FGDS, angiography, ultrasonography, etc. are used.

They quite accurately allow you to identify the disease, due to which there is a regular rise in temperature, as they show the state of the internal organs of the patient. In addition, they allow you to correlate the overall picture of the disease with the changed thermal regime.

Let's summarize

An increase in body temperature in the evening can be caused by many reasons. If you have an increase in the thermometer for a long time, then this is a serious reason for the examination. Don't ignore your own complaints. Be sure to consult a doctor and find out why you have a fever in the evening.

What is the normal body temperature in a person: the norm in an adult

Thermoregulation is considered to be one of the most important features of the human body.

Body temperature is maintained by the forces of the body at the required level, and is responsible for its ability to produce heat and exchange with the environment.

During the day, body temperature can vary, but not much.

This process is associated with the metabolic rate, for example, in the morning it is lower, and in the evening it rises by about a degree.

It is worth finding out what is the normal body temperature in an adult, and what types are there? How is body temperature measured in the armpit, in the mouth?

What does norm mean?

So what is the normal temperature anyway? It is generally accepted that the temperature of the human body is exactly 36.6 degrees. A slight deviation to one side or the other is allowed.

Based on the state of the person, the surrounding climatic conditions and time of day, as well as other parameters, body temperature can be from 35.5 to 37.4 degrees. It should be noted that the average temperature regime of women is higher, unlike men - by 0.5 degrees.

In the armpit, the body temperature should be 36.3-36.9, in the mouth - 36.8-37.3, in the rectum 37.3-37.7, and this is a normal temperature.

An interesting point is that the average body temperature may differ depending on nationality. For example, the Japanese have an average of 36 degrees, while the Australians have all 37.

During the day, a person's body temperature can fluctuate about one degree. The lowest body temperature occurs in the morning, and the highest in the late afternoon.

In females, body temperature can fluctuate depending on the menstrual cycle. There are people for whom a temperature of 38 is normal, and is not a symptom of the development of the disease.

Each organ in the human body also has its own temperature. And what is the normal temperature?

The norm is for everyone. The internal organ of the liver is 39 degrees, the kidneys and stomach should be 1 less.

How to measure temperature correctly?

To correctly measure the temperature in the armpit, you need to follow these recommendations:

1. Make sure that the armpit is dry.
2. Take a thermometer, wipe it with a dry cloth, you can bring it down to 35.
3. In the armpit, place it so that the tip filled with mercury is in close contact with the body.
4. Hold for at least 10 minutes.
5. You can evaluate the result.

How to measure the temperature in the mouth correctly:

• Before measuring the temperature in the mouth, you need to spend five minutes at rest.
• If you have dentures in your mouth, remove them.
• If the thermometer is normal, wipe it dry and put it under the tongue on either side.
• Close your mouth, wait 4 minutes.

The normal temperature in a healthy person in the mouth should be 37.3 degrees. It is worth noting that it is necessary to measure the temperature in the mouth with an ordinary thermometer with special care.

What temperature happens?

Human temperature is divided into the following types:

Subfebrile temperature - 5 degrees. Such a temperature in a person may be the norm and not cause danger, but it may also indicate pathological processes occurring in the body. Therefore, it is very important to find out why a person's temperature has risen:

1. Overheating in the sun, strong physical exertion.
2. Hot water procedures - sauna, bath.
3. Viral or colds.
4. Hot and spicy food.
5. Chronic ailments.

Serious illnesses that threaten life also lead to a prolonged temperature of 37. Oncological diseases (a tumor can affect an organ such as the stomach) and tuberculosis in the early stages of development are characterized by a slight increase in temperature.

In some situations, this body temperature is the norm for a healthy person, and there is no need to bring it down. But, to make sure where the norm is, and where the deviations from it are, you need to consult a doctor.

Febrile temperature - 37.6, always signals that an inflammatory process is taking place in the body. The normal temperature rises to such a point as to fight pathogenic microorganisms, creating unfavorable conditions for them. Therefore, it should not be knocked down with medications.

You can simply drink more warm liquids to reduce the concentration of toxins and prevent dehydration.

Pyretic temperature - more than 39, indicates an acute course of the inflammatory process. If the mercury column shows this value, doctors advise you to start taking antipyretic drugs.

If a person's temperature is 39 degrees, convulsions are possible, so you need to be more careful for people who have concomitant diseases.

Most often, the instigators of this temperature are microorganisms and viruses that penetrate the body. Also, such a body temperature is possible with severe burns, injuries.

Hyperthermia - temperature (40.3), makes you sound the alarm and immediately call an ambulance, it is important to know what to do if the temperature is 40 before the ambulance arrives. At 42 degrees, an organ such as the brain can be irreversibly damaged, the central nervous system is depressed, and blood pressure drops.

If nothing is done, every internal organ is damaged, resulting in a coma, and the risk of death.

Low temperature

What temperature is considered low and what is low? It's simple, there are situations when the mercury column shows less than 35 degrees, here you need to start worrying.

Indeed, at a temperature of 32, the patient will feel stunned, at 29.5 there is a loss of consciousness, and 26.5 and even death.

The reasons for the low temperature are:

• With hypothyroidism; due to alcoholic beverages (an organ such as the brain ceases to function, the center of thermoregulation is affected)
• Failure of the functioning of the central nervous system, brain damage (trauma, tumor).
• Paralysis resulting in weight loss and heat loss.
• Strict diets, constant hunger - all this leads to the fact that the body has little energy to produce heat, and every organ in the body “suffers”.
• Hypothermia. Prolonged stay of a person at a low temperature, as a result of which the body's own forces can no longer cope with the function of thermoregulation.
• Dehydration, as a result of which the body has little fluid, which leads to a decrease in metabolism.

A moderate decrease in the temperature regime (35.3) happens:

1. Normal overwork, or serious physical exertion, chronic lack of sleep.
2. Wrong diet, or diet.
3. Hormonal failure (pregnancy, thyroid disease, menopause).
4. Impaired carbohydrate metabolism on the background of liver disease.

There are a number of methods by which body temperature can be raised. As a rule, they do not involve any medication, except if the decrease is caused by serious illnesses.

To increase the temperature at home, you can put a heating pad with hot water under your feet, change into warmer clothes. Hot tea with honey, or decoctions with medicinal herbs (St. John's wort, ginseng) will help to increase.

In conclusion, it is worth saying that everyone has their own norm for body temperature. If one person feels great with a temperature of 37, and there are no inflammatory processes in the body, this does not mean that the situation with another person will be exactly the same.

It all depends on the individual characteristics of the organism, therefore, with the slightest doubt, it is necessary to visit a doctor. Elena Malysheva will popularly tell you what to do with the temperature in the video in that article.

Temperature

Temperature

Temperature changes are a frequent companion of diseases. Why in most cases it is not necessary to bring down the temperature and how to remove the heat, if necessary?

Human body temperature: norm, changes and symptom of diseases

What to do with elevated body temperature is one of the most common questions for therapists and pediatricians. Indeed, the heat often frightens patients. However, are elevated values ​​always a cause for panic? Under what conditions does the temperature stay, and under what diseases does it, on the contrary, fall? And when are antipyretics really needed? What temperature should be normal in children and the elderly? MedAboutMe dealt with these and many other issues.

body temperature in adults

Thermoregulation is responsible for human temperature - the ability of warm-blooded organisms to maintain a constant temperature, reduce or increase it if necessary. The hypothalamus is primarily responsible for these processes. However, today scientists are inclined to believe that it is wrong to determine a single center of thermoregulation, because many factors affect the temperature of the human body.

In childhood, the temperature changes under the slightest influence, while in adults (starting the rally) it is quite stable. Although it also rarely stays on one indicator all day. Physiological changes are known that reflect circadian rhythms. For example, the difference between normal temperature in the morning and in the evening in a healthy person will be 0.5-1.0°C. With these rhythms, a characteristic increase in fever in the evening hours in a sick person is also associated.

The temperature can change under the influence of the external environment, increase with physical exertion, eating certain foods (especially often after spicy meals and overeating), with stress, fear, and even intense mental work.

What temperature should be normal

Everyone is well aware of the value of 36.6 ° C. However, what temperature should be normal in reality?

The figure of 36.6 ° C appeared as a result of research conducted by the German physician Karl Reinhold Wunderlich back in the middle of the 19th century. Then he made about 1 million temperature measurements in the armpit in 25 thousand patients. And the value of 36.6°C was just the average body temperature of a healthy person.

According to modern standards, the norm is not a specific figure, but a range from 36 ° C to 37.4 ° C. Moreover, doctors recommend periodically measuring the temperature in a healthy state in order to accurately know the individual values ​​​​of the norm. It should be borne in mind that with age, body temperature changes - in childhood it can be quite high, and in old age it drops. Therefore, an indicator of 36 ° C for an elderly person will be the norm, but for a child it can indicate hypothermia and a symptom of the disease.

It is also important to consider how the temperature is measured - the values ​​​​in the armpit, rectum or under the tongue can differ by 1-1.5 ° C.

Temperature during pregnancy

The temperature is very dependent on hormonal activity and therefore it is not surprising that pregnant women often experience fever. Hot flashes during menopause and temperature fluctuations during menstruation are associated with hormonal changes.

It is very important for expectant mothers to carefully monitor their condition, while understanding that a slightly elevated or low temperature during pregnancy is the norm for most women. For example, if the values ​​​​do not exceed 37 ° C in the first weeks, and there are no other symptoms of malaise, then the condition can be explained by the activity of female sex hormones. Particularly progesterone.

And yet, if the temperature during pregnancy lasts for a long time, then even subfebrile indicators (37-38 ° C) should be a reason for consulting a doctor. With such a symptom, it is important to undergo examinations and take tests to exclude the presence of such infections - cytomegalovirus, tuberculosis, pyelonephritis, herpes, hepatitis and others.

Temperature during pregnancy can also be a sign of common seasonal SARS. In this case, it is very important not to self-medicate, but to consult a doctor. If the common cold is unlikely to pose a danger to the fetus, then the flu can lead to serious consequences, up to an early miscarriage. With influenza, the temperature rises to 39 ° C.

The child's temperature

The system of thermoregulation in children under 1 year of age has not yet been established, therefore the temperature in a child can change significantly under the slightest influence. This is especially true for babies in the first three months of life. Most often, parents are concerned about elevated values, however, the causes of a temperature of 37-38 ° C can be:

• Too warm clothes.
• Cry.
• Laughter.
• Eating, including breastfeeding.
• Bathing in water above 34-36°C.

After sleep, the values ​​\u200b\u200bare usually lower, but with active games, the child's temperature rises quickly. Therefore, when taking measurements, it is necessary to take into account all external factors that could affect them.

At the same time, too high a temperature (38 ° C and above) can be dangerous for small children. To compensate for the heat, the body uses a lot of water and therefore dehydration is often observed. Moreover, in a child, this condition occurs faster than in an adult. Dehydration can pose a danger to health (often against its background there is a deterioration in the condition, subsequently ARVI is complicated by pneumonia) and life (with severe dehydration, there may be loss of consciousness and even death).

In addition, some children under 5 years of age experience febrile convulsions - when the child's temperature rises to 38-39 ° C, involuntary muscle contractions begin, short-term fainting is possible. If at least once such a condition was observed, in the future, even with a slight heat, the baby needs to bring down the temperature.

Human temperature

Normally, a person's temperature is controlled by the endocrine system, in particular, the hypothalamus and thyroid hormones (T3 and T4, as well as the hormone TSH, which regulates their production). Thermoregulation is influenced by sex hormones. And yet, infections remain the main cause of fever, and too low a temperature in most cases is caused by overwork or a lack of vitamins, micro- and macroelements.

Temperature degrees

Man is a warm-blooded creature, which means that the body can maintain a stable temperature regardless of environmental factors. At the same time, in severe frost, the overall temperature drops, and in hot weather it can rise so much that a person will get heat stroke. This is due to the fact that our body is quite sensitive to thermal changes - changes of only 2-3 degrees of temperature significantly affect metabolic processes, hemodynamics and the transmission of impulses through nerve cells. As a result, pressure may increase, convulsions and confusion may occur. Frequent symptoms of low temperature are lethargy, at a value of 30-32 ° C there may be loss of consciousness; and high - delusional states.

Types of fever

For the vast majority of diseases that occur with an increase in temperature, certain ranges of values ​​are characteristic. Therefore, it is often enough for a doctor to make a diagnosis to know not the exact value, but the type of fever. In medicine, there are several types of them:

• Subfebrile - from 37 ° C to 38 ° C.
• Febrile - from 38°C to 39°C.
• High - more than 39°C.
• Dangerous for life - the line is 40.5-41 ° C.

Temperature values ​​are evaluated in combination with other symptoms, since the degree of fever does not always correspond to the severity of the disease. For example, subfebrile temperature is observed in such dangerous diseases as tuberculosis, viral hepatitis, pyelonephritis and others. A particularly alarming symptom is a condition in which the temperature is kept at 37-37.5 ° C for a long time. This may indicate disruption of the endocrine system and even malignant tumors.

fluctuations in normal body temperature

As already mentioned, the normal temperature in a healthy person can change throughout the day, as well as under the influence of certain factors (food, physical activity, and more). In this case, you need to remember what temperature should be at different ages:

• Children under one year old - a temperature of 37-38 ° C can be considered the norm.
• Up to 5 years - 36.6-37.5 ° C.
• Adolescence - there may be strong fluctuations in temperature associated with the activity of sex hormones. The values ​​are stabilizing in girls on the rise, in boys, differences can be observed up to 18 years.
• Adults - 36-37.4 ° C.
• Elderly people over 65 years old - up to 36.3 ° C. A temperature of 37°C can be considered a serious febrile condition.

In men, the average body temperature is lower on average by 0.5 ° C than in women.

How temperature is measured

There are several ways to measure body temperature. And in each case there will be their own norms of values. Among the most popular methods are:

In order to get accurate values, the skin must be dry, and the thermometer itself must be pressed tightly enough to the body. This method will require the most time (with a mercury thermometer - 7-10 minutes), since the skin itself must warm up. The norm of temperature degrees in the armpit is 36.2-36.9 ° C.

The method is most popular for young children, as one of the safest. For this method, it is better to use electronic thermometers with a soft tip, the measurement time is 1-1.5 minutes. The norm of values ​​​​is 36.8-37.6 ° C (on average, it differs by 1 ° C from axillary values).

• Orally, sublingually (in the mouth, under the tongue).

In our country, the method is not widely used, although in Europe this is how the temperature in adults is most often measured. It takes from 1 to 5 minutes to measure, depending on the type of device. The temperature values ​​​​are normal - 36.6-37.2 ° C.

The method is used to measure the temperature of a child and requires a special type of thermometer (non-contact measurement), therefore it is not very common. In addition to determining the overall temperature, the method will also help in the diagnosis of otitis media. If there is inflammation, then in different ears the temperature will be very different.

It is most often used to determine basal temperature (the lowest body temperature that is recorded during rest). Measured after sleep, an increase of 0.5 ° C indicates the onset of ovulation.

Types of thermometers

Today in pharmacies you can find different types of thermometers for measuring a person's temperature. Each of them has its own advantages and disadvantages:

It is considered one of the most accurate types and at the same time affordable. In addition, it is used in hospitals and clinics, as it is easily disinfected and can be used for a large number of people. Disadvantages include slow temperature measurement and brittleness. A broken thermometer is dangerous with poisonous mercury vapor. Therefore, for children today it is used quite rarely, they are not used for oral measurement.

The most popular type for home use. Quickly measures the temperature (from 30 seconds to 1.5 minutes), informs about the end with a sound signal. Electronic thermometers can be with soft tips (for rectal temperature measurement in a child) and hard (universal devices). If the thermometer is used rectally or orally, it must be individual - for one person only. The disadvantage of such a thermometer is often inaccurate values. Therefore, after purchase, you need to measure the temperature in a healthy state in order to know the possible error range.

Relatively new and expensive type of thermometers. Used to measure temperature in a non-contact way, for example, in the ear, forehead or temple. The speed of obtaining the result is 2-5 seconds. A slight error of 0.2-0.5°C is allowed. A significant drawback of the thermometer is its limited use - it is not used for measurements in the usual ways (axillary, rectal, oral). In addition, each model is designed for its own method (forehead, temple, ear) and cannot be used in other areas.

Relatively recently, thermal strips were popular - flexible films with crystals that change color at different temperatures. In order to get the result, it is enough to apply the strip to the forehead and wait for about 1 minute. This method of measurement does not determine the exact degrees of temperature, but only shows the values ​​\u200b\u200bof "low", "normal", "high". Therefore, it cannot replace full-fledged thermometers.

Fever symptoms

An increase in body temperature is well felt by a person. This condition is accompanied by the following symptoms:

• Fatigue, general weakness.
• Chills (the more fever, the more chills).
• Headache.
• Aches in the body, especially in the joints, muscles and fingers.
• Feeling cold.
• Sensation of heat in the region of the eyeballs.
• Dry mouth.
• Decreased or complete loss of appetite.
• Rapid heartbeat, arrhythmias.
• Sweating (if the body can regulate heat), dry skin (when the temperature rises).

Rose and white fever

High fever can manifest differently in children and adults. It is customary to distinguish two types of fever:

It is named so for its characteristic features - red skin, especially pronounced blush on the cheeks and face as a whole. The most common type of fever, in which the body is able to provide optimal heat transfer - the superficial vessels expand (this is how the blood cools), sweating is activated (decrease in skin temperature). The patient's condition, as a rule, is stable, there are no significant violations of the general condition and well-being.

A rather dangerous form of fever, in which failures of thermoregulatory processes occur in the body. The skin in this case is white, and sometimes even cool (especially cold hands and feet), while the measurement of rectal or oral temperature shows fever. A person is tormented by chills, the condition worsens significantly, fainting and confusion can be observed. White fever develops if there is a spasm of blood vessels under the skin, as a result of which the body cannot start the cooling mechanisms. The condition is dangerous in that the temperature rises significantly in vital organs (brain, heart, liver, kidneys, etc.) and can affect their functions.

Reasons for the rise in temperature

Thermoregulation is provided by the endocrine system, which triggers various mechanisms to increase or decrease a person's temperature. And of course, violations in the production of hormones or the functioning of the glands lead to violations of thermoregulation. Such manifestations, as a rule, are stable, and the values ​​remain within the subfebrile range.

The main cause of elevated temperature are pyrogens, which can affect thermoregulation. Moreover, some of them are not introduced from the outside by pathogens, but are secreted by cells of the immune system. Such pyrogens are designed to increase the effectiveness of the fight against various health-threatening conditions. The temperature rises in such cases:

• Infections - viruses, bacteria, protozoa and others.
• Burns, injuries. As a rule, there is a local increase in temperature, but with a large area of ​​​​the lesion there may be a general fever.
• Allergic reactions. In these cases, the immune system produces pyrogens to fight harmless substances.
• shock states.

ARI and high fever

Seasonal respiratory diseases are the most common cause of fever. In this case, depending on the type of infection, its values ​​​​will be different.

• With a standard cold or a mild form of ARVI, subfebrile temperature is observed, in addition, it rises gradually, on average over 6-12 hours. With proper treatment, the fever lasts no more than 4 days, after which it begins to subside or disappear altogether.
• If the temperature rises sharply and exceeds 38 ° C, this may be a symptom of the flu. Unlike other acute respiratory viral infections, this disease requires mandatory monitoring by a local therapist or pediatrician.
• If the fever resumed after the condition improved or did not go away on the 5th day from the onset of the disease, this most often indicates complications. A bacterial infection has joined the initial viral infection, the temperature is usually above 38°C. The condition requires an urgent call to the doctor, as the patient may need antibiotic therapy.

Diseases with a temperature of 37-38 ° C

A temperature of 37-38 ° C is typical for such diseases:

• SARS.
• Exacerbations of chronic respiratory diseases. For example, bronchitis or bronchial asthma, tonsillitis.
• Tuberculosis.
• Chronic diseases of internal organs during an exacerbation: myocarditis, endocarditis (inflammation of the heart membranes), pyelonephritis and glomerulonephritis (inflammation of the kidneys).
• Ulcer, colitis.
• Viral hepatitis (usually hepatitis B and C).
• Herpes in the acute stage.
• Exacerbation of psoriasis.
• Infection with toxoplasmosis.

This temperature is typical for the initial stage of thyroid dysfunction, with increased production of hormones (thyrotoxicosis). Hormonal disturbances during menopause can also cause mild fever. Subfebrile values ​​can be observed in people with helminthic invasion.

Diseases with a temperature of 39 ° C and above

High temperature accompanies diseases that cause severe intoxication of the body. Most often, values ​​​​within 39 ° C degrees indicate the development of an acute bacterial infection:

• Angina.
• Pneumonia.
• Acute pyelonephritis.
• Gastrointestinal diseases: salmonellosis, dysentery, cholera.
• Sepsis.

At the same time, intense fever is also characteristic of other infections:

• Flu.
• Hemorrhagic fever, in which the kidneys are severely affected.
• Chicken pox.
• Measles.
• Meningitis, encephalitis.
• Viral hepatitis A.

Other causes of high fever

Violations of thermoregulation can be observed without visible diseases. Another dangerous reason that the temperature has risen is the inability of the body to provide adequate heat transfer. This happens, as a rule, with prolonged exposure to the sun in the hot season or in a too stuffy room. The temperature of the child may rise if he is dressed too warmly. The condition is dangerous with heatstroke, which can be fatal for people with heart and lung disease. With severe overheating, even in healthy people, organs, primarily the brain, suffer significantly. Also, fever for no apparent reason can manifest itself in emotional people during periods of stress and great excitement.

Low temperature symptoms

A low temperature is less common than a fever, but it can also indicate serious health problems. Indicators below 35.5 ° C for an adult are considered a sign of diseases and disorders of the body, and below 35 ° C in the elderly.

The following degrees of body temperature are considered life-threatening:

• 32.2 ° C - a person will fall into a stupor, there is a strong lethargy.
• 30-29°C - loss of consciousness.
• Below 26.5 ° C - a fatal outcome is possible.

Low temperature is characterized by the following symptoms:

• General weakness, malaise.
• Drowsiness.
• There may be irritability.
• The extremities become cold, numbness of the fingers develops.
• Attention disturbances and problems with thought processes are noticeable, the speed of reactions decreases.
• General feeling of coldness, trembling in the body.

Causes of low temperature

Among the main reasons for low temperatures are the following:

• General weakness of the body caused by external factors and living conditions.

Insufficient nutrition, lack of sleep, stress and emotional distress can affect thermoregulation.

Associated, as a rule, with insufficient synthesis of hormones.

The most common cause of low temperature in humans. The condition is dangerous by a violation of metabolic processes and frostbite of the extremities only in the case of a strong drop in temperature. With a slight hypothermia, a person's local immunity decreases, so this or that infection often develops subsequently.

It is observed during the recovery period, after operations, it can manifest itself against the background of chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Also low temperature is typical for people with AIDS.

Diseases of the endocrine system

Hormones play an important role in the processes of thermoregulation. In particular, the thyroid hormones of the thyroid gland are thyroxine and triiodothyronine. With their increased synthesis, fever is often observed, but hypothyroidism, on the contrary, leads to a decrease in the overall temperature. In the initial stages, this is often the only symptom by which the development of the disease can be suspected.

A stable decrease in body temperature is also observed with adrenal insufficiency (Addison's disease). Pathology develops slowly, may not show other signs for months or even several years.

Low hemoglobin in the blood

One of the most common causes of low temperature is iron deficiency anemia. It is characterized by a decrease in hemoglobin in the blood, and this in turn affects the functioning of the whole organism. Hemoglobin is responsible for the transport of oxygen to the cells, and if it is not enough, different degrees of hypoxia appear.

The person becomes lethargic, there is a general weakness, against which metabolic processes slow down. The low temperature is the result of these changes.

In addition, the level of hemoglobin can fall with various blood loss. In particular, anemia can develop in people with internal bleeding. If a significant blood loss occurs in a short period of time, the volume of circulating blood decreases, and this already affects heat transfer.

Other causes of low temperature

Among the dangerous conditions that require mandatory medical advice and treatment, one can single out such diseases with a low temperature:

• Radiation sickness.
• Severe intoxication.
• AIDS.
• Brain diseases, including tumors.
• Shock of any etiology (with massive blood loss, allergic reactions, traumatic and toxic shock).

However, the most common causes of temperatures below 35.5 ° C are an unhealthy lifestyle and a lack of vitamins. So, nutrition remains an important factor, if it is not enough, then the processes in the body will slow down, and as a result, thermoregulation will be disturbed. Therefore, with various strict diets, especially with a poor diet (deficiency of iodine, vitamin C, iron), low temperature without other symptoms is very common. If a person consumes less than 1200 calories per day, this will definitely affect thermoregulation.

Another common cause of such a temperature is overwork, stress, lack of sleep. It is especially characteristic of chronic fatigue syndrome. The body goes into a sparing mode of functioning, metabolic processes slow down in the body and, of course, this affects heat transfer.

Temperature and other symptoms

Since temperature is only a symptom of various disorders in the body, it is best to consider it in combination with other signs of illness. It is the general picture of a person’s condition that can tell what kind of disease develops and how dangerous it is.

An increase in temperature is often observed with various ailments. However, there are characteristic combinations of symptoms that appear in patients with specific diagnoses.

Temperature and pain

In the event that, with pain in the abdomen, the temperature is above 37.5 ° C, this may indicate serious violations of the gastrointestinal tract. In particular, this is observed with intestinal obstruction. In addition, a combination of symptoms is characteristic of the development of appendicitis. Therefore, if the pain is localized in the region of the right hypochondrium, it is difficult for a person to pull his legs to his chest, there is a loss of appetite and cold sweat, an ambulance should be called immediately. A complication of appendicitis, peritonitis, is also accompanied by persistent fever.

Other causes of a combination of abdominal pain and temperature:

• Pyelonephritis.
• Acute pancreatitis.
• Bacterial bowel disease.

If the temperature rises against the background of pain in the head, this most often indicates a general intoxication of the body and is observed in such diseases:

Pain in the joints and muscles, discomfort in the eyeballs are symptoms of a temperature above 39 ° C. In such conditions, it is recommended to take an antipyretic.

Temperature and diarrhea

An elevated temperature against the background of diarrhea is a clear sign of a bacterial infection of the gastrointestinal tract. Among intestinal infections with such symptoms:

The cause of the temperature against the background of diarrhea can also be severe food poisoning. The combination of such symptoms is very dangerous for health, so self-medication in such cases is unacceptable. It is urgent to call an ambulance and, if necessary, agree to hospitalization. This is especially true if the child is sick.

Temperature and diarrhea are factors that contribute to dehydration. And with their combination, fluid loss by the body can become critical in a fairly short period. Therefore, in the event that it is not possible to adequately compensate for the lack of fluid by drinking (for example, a person has vomiting or the diarrhea itself is pronounced), the patient is injected with solutions intravenously in a hospital. Without it, dehydration can lead to serious consequences, damage to organs and even death.

Temperature and nausea

In some cases, nausea may be due to fever. Due to intense heat, weakness develops, pressure decreases, dizziness occurs, and this is what causes slight nausea as a result. In this state, if the temperature is above 39 ° C, it must be brought down. The combination of symptoms may appear in the first days of the flu and be caused by severe intoxication of the body.

One of the causes of nausea and fever during pregnancy is toxicosis. But in this case, values ​​​​higher than subfebrile (up to 38 ° C) are rarely observed.

In the event that nausea is accompanied by other disorders of the gastrointestinal tract (for example, pain, diarrhea or, conversely, constipation), simply bringing down the temperature is not enough. This combination of symptoms can indicate serious diseases of the internal organs. Among them:

• Viral hepatitis and other liver damage.
• Acute appendicitis.
• Peritonitis.
• Inflammation of the kidneys.
• Acute pancreatitis.
• Intestinal obstruction (accompanied by constipation).

In addition, fever and nausea are often observed against the background of intoxication with stale food, alcohol or drugs. And one of the most dangerous diagnoses with these symptoms is meningitis. All of the listed diseases and conditions require a mandatory consultation with a doctor.

In the event that vomiting occurs against the background of temperature, it is very important to compensate for the loss of fluid. Children with this combination of symptoms are most often referred for inpatient treatment.

pressure and temperature

An increase in blood pressure is a common symptom of fever. Heat affects hemodynamics - patients have an increased heart rate, and blood begins to move faster through the vessels, they expand, and this can affect blood pressure. However, such changes cannot cause severe hypertension, more often the rates do not exceed 140/90 mm Hg. Art., observed in patients with a fever of 38.5 ° C and above, disappear as soon as the temperature stabilizes.

In some cases, a high temperature, on the contrary, is characterized by a decrease in pressure. There is no need to treat this condition, as the indicators return to normal after the fever subsides.

At the same time, for hypertensive patients, any, even a slight fever, can threaten with serious consequences. Therefore, they should consult with their doctor and, if necessary, take antipyretics already at rates of 37.5 ° C (especially when it comes to older people).

Pressure and temperature is a dangerous combination for patients with such diseases:

• Cardiac ischemia. Cardiologists note that this combination of symptoms sometimes accompanies myocardial infarction. Moreover, in this case, the temperature rises slightly, may be within the framework of subfebrile indicators.
• Heart failure.
• Arrhythmias.
• Atherosclerosis.
• Diabetes.

In the event that low pressure and temperature in the subfebrile range last for a long time, this may be a sign of oncopathology. However, not all oncologists agree with this statement, and the symptoms themselves should simply become the reason for a full-fledged examination of a person.

Low pressure and low temperature are a common combination. Such symptoms are especially characteristic with low hemoglobin, chronic fatigue, blood loss, and nervous disorders.

Temperature without other symptoms

An increased or decreased temperature without symptoms characteristic of acute infections should be the reason for a mandatory medical examination. Violations can talk about such diseases:

• Chronic pyelonephritis.
• Tuberculosis.
• Malignant and benign tumors.
• Organ infarcts (tissue necrosis).
• Blood diseases.
• Thyrotoxicosis, hypothyroidism.
• Allergic reactions.
• Rheumatoid arthritis at an early stage.
• Violations of the brain, in particular, the hypothalamus.
• Mental disorders.

Temperature without other symptoms also occurs against the background of overwork, stress, after prolonged physical activity, overheating or hypothermia. But in these cases, the indicators stabilize. If we are talking about serious diseases, the temperature without symptoms will be quite stable, after normalization it will rise or fall again over time. Sometimes hypothermia or hyperemia is observed in a patient for several months.

How to lower the temperature

An elevated temperature can cause significant discomfort, and in some cases even be life-threatening. Therefore, any person needs to know what to do with a fever and how to bring down the temperature correctly.

When to bring down the temperature

Not always, if the temperature has risen, it needs to be brought back to normal. The fact is that with infections and other lesions of the body, he himself begins to produce pyrogens, which cause fever. High temperature helps the immune system fight antigens, in particular:

• The synthesis of interferon, a protein that protects cells from viruses, is activated.
• The production of antibodies that destroy antigens is activated.
• The process of phagocytosis is accelerated - the absorption of foreign bodies by phagocyte cells.
• Reduced physical activity and appetite, which means that the body can spend more energy to fight infection.
• Most bacteria and viruses thrive best at normal human temperatures. With its increase, some microorganisms die.

Therefore, before deciding to “bring down the temperature”, you need to remember that a fever helps the body recover. However, there are still situations in which the heat must be removed. Among them:

• Temperature above 39°C.
• Any temperature at which there is a serious deterioration in the condition - nausea, dizziness, and so on.
• Febrile convulsions in children (any fever above 37 ° C is knocked down).
• In the presence of concomitant neurological diagnoses.
• People with diseases of the heart and blood vessels, with diabetes.

Air, humidity and other parameters in the room

There are many ways to lower the temperature. But the first task should always be to normalize the air parameters in the room where the patient is located. This is especially important for children of the first years of life, and critical for infants. The fact is that the child's sweating system is still poorly developed and therefore thermoregulation is carried out to a greater extent through breathing. The baby inhales cool air, which cools his lungs and the blood in them, and exhales warm air. In the event that the room is too warm, this process is inefficient.

The humidity in the room is also important. The fact is that the humidity of the exhaled air normally approaches 100%. At a temperature, breathing quickens and if the room is too dry, a person additionally loses water through breathing. In addition, the mucous membranes dry up, congestion develops in the bronchi and lungs.

Therefore, the ideal parameters in the room where the patient with fever is located are:

Antipyretic drugs

In the event that you need to quickly bring down the temperature, you can use antipyretics. They are taken symptomatically, which means that as soon as the symptom passes or becomes less pronounced, the medication is stopped. Drinking antipyretics throughout the disease for prevention is unacceptable.

One of the main conditions for the successful action of drugs in this group is drinking plenty of water.

It is actively prescribed for adults and children, it is considered a first-line drug. However, recent studies, in particular those conducted by the American organization FDA, have shown that if the drug is taken uncontrolled, paracetamol can cause serious liver damage. Paracetamol helps well if the temperature does not exceed 38 ° C, but in extreme heat it may not work.

One of the key non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) used for fever. Designed for adults and children.

For a long time it was the main drug of the NSAID category, but over the past decades, its association with severe kidney and liver damage (with overdose) has been proven. Also, researchers believe that taking aspirin in children can cause the development of Reye's syndrome (pathogenic encephalopathy), so at the moment the drug is not used in pediatrics.

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent of the latest generation. Contraindicated in children.

Today it is practically not used as an antipyretic, but it can still relieve fever.

Folk remedies

The temperature can also be brought down with the help of folk remedies. Among the most common and simple ways are decoctions of herbs and berries. Drinking plenty of fluids is always recommended when the temperature is high, as it helps to improve perspiration and reduces the risk of dehydration.

Among the most popular herbs and berries that are used for fever are:

To normalize the temperature, a hypertonic solution will also help. It is prepared from ordinary boiled water and salt - two teaspoons of salt are taken for 1 glass of liquid. Such a drink helps cells retain water and is great if the temperature manifests itself against the background of vomiting and diarrhea.

• Newborns - no more than 30 ml.
• From 6 months to 1 year - 100 ml.
• Up to 3 years - 200 ml.
• Up to 5 years - 300 ml.
• Over 6 years old - 0.5 l.

Ice can also be used for fever symptoms. But it must be used very carefully, since a sharp cooling of the skin can lead to vasospasm and the development of white fever. Ice is placed in a bag or placed on a piece of cloth and only in this form is applied to the body. Wiping with a towel dipped in cold water can be a good alternative. In the event that it is not possible to bring down the temperature, antipyretics do not work, and folk remedies do not help, you need to urgently call an ambulance.

How to raise the temperature

If the body temperature drops below 35.5 ° C, a person feels weak and unwell, you can increase it in the following ways:

• Warm plentiful drink. Well helps tea with honey, rosehip broth.
• Liquid warm soups and broths.
• Warm clothes.
• Covering with several blankets, for greater effect, you can use a heating pad.
• Hot bath. Can be supplemented with essential oils of coniferous trees (fir, spruce, pine).
• Exercise stress. A few intense exercises will help improve circulation and increase body temperature.

If the temperature stays below 36°C for a long time, you should consult a doctor. And after finding out the cause of such a symptom, the specialist will prescribe the appropriate treatment.

When you need urgent medical attention

In some cases, a high temperature can pose a serious threat to health, and then you simply cannot do without the help of doctors. An ambulance must be called in such cases:

• Temperature 39.5°C or higher.
• A sharp increase in temperature and the inability to bring it down with antipyretic and other methods.
• Against the background of temperature, diarrhea or vomiting is observed.
• Fever is accompanied by difficulty breathing.
• There are severe pains in any part of the body.
• There are signs of dehydration: dry mucous membranes, pallor, severe weakness, dark urine or no urination.
• High blood pressure and temperature above 38°C.
• The fever is accompanied by a rash. Especially dangerous is a red rash that does not disappear with pressure - a sign of a meningococcal infection.

Fever or a decrease in temperature is an important signal of the body about diseases. This symptom should always be given due attention and try to fully understand its causes, and not just eliminate it with the help of drugs and other methods. But at the same time, one should not forget that normal temperature is an individual concept and not everyone corresponds to the well-known indicator of 36.6 ° C.

Normally, body temperature fluctuates around 37 ° C, but we must not forget that in some people this figure may be slightly higher or lower than normal. When body temperature drops below 36 degrees, this indicates a breakdown. If the body temperature is in the range of 37.2-37.5 degrees, this means that an inflammatory process is emerging in the body. Temperatures above 38.5 degrees are recommended to be brought down, as it is dangerous. And what should be the body temperature of an absolutely healthy person? Let's talk further.

Body temperature of a healthy and sick person

The body temperature of a healthy person ranges from 36.4–36.8 °C. The lethal maximum body temperature at which a person dies is 43 °C. During the day, the temperature fluctuates from a few tenths to 1 °C. When measured in the rectum, temperatures up to 37.5 ° C can be considered normal.

A medical thermometer is used to measure body temperature. The thermometry of the human body is most often performed in the armpit, less often in the inguinal fold. In malnourished patients and infants, temperature can be measured in the mouth or in the rectum.

How to measure body temperature correctly

Where is the body temperature measured? In places used to measure temperature, there should not be an inflammatory process, since the latter gives a local increase in temperature. For infants, the temperature is measured in the inguinal fold or in the rectum. To measure the temperature in the rectum, the child is placed on its side, the thermometer reservoir is lubricated with petroleum jelly and inserted into the anus by 2–3 cm. For thermometry of the human body in the oral cavity, the thermometer reservoir is placed between the lower surface of the tongue and the bottom of the oral cavity, holding it with closed lips. The duration of temperature measurement in the axillary region and in the groin is 10 minutes, in the cavities - 5 minutes. In the hospital, the temperature is measured for all patients between 7 and 9 and between 17 and 19 hours. Sometimes more frequent temperature measurements are required - 3-4 times a day or after 2 hours, since not all patients have a period of temperature increase that coincides with the time of its normal measurement.

The temperature can be measured orally (that is, under the tongue) or in the armpit. The temperature in the armpit is 1-2° lower than under the tongue. It is believed that the first method gives more reliable results. However, if the patient feels too unwell to understand what is required of him, or his consciousness is clouded, it is necessary to measure the temperature in the armpit. Be sure to check the thermometer for cracks before use. The patient must be warned not to clench his teeth, not to hold the thermometer in his mouth too hard, otherwise it may crack.

The temperature should not be measured immediately after muscular activity, eating or drinking, as this may affect the result, you must wait at least 15 minutes. With temperature measurement, you need to wait a little in the following cases:

After drinking hot or cold drinks.

After hot or cold food.

After exercise,

After steam inhalation, shower, bath.

After cigarettes, cigars, pipes.

Oral body temperature measurement

Shake off the thermometer so that the mercury column drops to 35°C

Insert the thermometer base into the patient's mouth under the tongue.

Ask the patient to gently close their mouth, but do not squeeze or bite the thermometer with their teeth. The patient must not speak.

The thermometer should remain in this position for at least two minutes.

Take out the thermometer and check the measurement result. The heat emanating from the patient's body will cause the mercury column to move along the central tube. The point at which the mercury stops indicates the patient's body temperature. What should be the normal temperature? About 36.6 degrees.

Rinse the thermometer, wipe it dry with a clean cloth, shake off the mercury and put it in the case.

Measurement of body temperature in the armpit

Dry but do not wash your armpit (sweating may affect measurement accuracy).

Shake the thermometer so that the mercury falls below 35°C.

Insert it into the armpit and press your hand firmly against your torso so that the flask directly touches the track.

In this position, you need to hold the thermometer for four minutes.

Take out the thermometer and check the result. Body temperature should not be higher than 38.5 degrees, otherwise it must be brought down.

Rinse the thermometer, wipe it dry, shake off the mercury and put it in the case.

Body temperature is a complex indicator of the thermal state of the human body, reflecting the complex relationship between heat production (heat generation) of various organs and tissues and heat exchange between them and the external environment. The average temperature of the human body typically fluctuates between ... 36.5 and 37.2 degrees Celsius, due to internal exothermic reactions and the presence of "safety valves" that allow excess heat to be removed by sweating.

Our "thermostat" (hypothalamus) is located in the brain and is constantly engaged in thermoregulation. During the day, a person's body temperature fluctuates, which is a reflection of daily rhythms: the difference between body temperature early in the morning and in the evening reaches 0.5-1.0 ° C.

Temperature differences between the internal organs (several tenths of a degree) were revealed; the difference between the temperature of internal organs, muscles and skin can be up to 5-10°C. The temperature of various areas of the body of a conditional person at an ambient temperature of 20°C: internal organs - 37°C; armpit - 36°C; deep muscle part of the thigh - 35°C; deep layers of the gastrocnemius muscle - 33°C; elbow area - 32°C; hand - 28°C center of the foot - 27-28°C. It is believed that the measurement of temperature in the rectum is more accurate, since the temperature here is less affected by the environment.

The rectal temperature is always higher than the temperature in any part of the body. Higher than in the oral cavity by 0.5 ° C; than in the axillary region by almost a degree ° C and 0.2 ° C higher than the blood temperature in the right ventricle of the heart.

Critical body temperature

The maximum is considered to be 42 ° C, when it occurs a metabolic disorder in the brain tissues. The human body is better adapted to the cold. For example, a decrease in body temperature to 32 ° C causes chills, but does not pose a very serious danger.

The minimum critical temperature is 25°C. Already at 27°C, a coma sets in, there is a violation of cardiac activity and respiration. One man, covered with a seven-meter snowdrift and dug out after five hours, was in a state of inevitable death, and the rectal temperature was 19°C. He managed to save his life. There are still cases when patients, supercooled to 16 ° C, survived.

Interesting Facts(from the Guinness Book of Records):

The highest temperature was recorded on July 10, 1980 at Grady Memorial Hospital in Atlanta, pc. Georgia, USA. The clinic was admitted 52-year-old Willie Jones, who received heat stroke. Its temperature was 46.5°C. The patient was discharged from the hospital only after 24 days.

The lowest documented human body temperature was recorded on February 23, 1994 in Canada, at 2-year-old Carly Kozolofsky. After the door of her house was accidentally locked and the girl remained in the cold at -22°C for 6 hours, her rectal temperature was 14.2°C.

For humans, the most dangerous is elevated temperature - hyperthermia.

Hyperthermia is an abnormal increase in body temperature above 37°C as a result of a disease. This is a very common symptom that can occur when there is a malfunction in any part or system of the body. A high temperature that does not subside for a long time indicates a dangerous condition of a person. The following types of hyperthermia are distinguished: subfebrile - from 37 to 38 ° C, moderate - from 38 to 39 ° C, high - from 39 to 41 ° C and excessive, or hyperpyretic - over 41 ° C.

Body temperature above 42.2°C leads to loss of consciousness. If it does not subside, then brain damage occurs.

Possible Causes of Hyperthermia

If the temperature rises above normal, be sure to consult a doctor to find out the possible cause of hyperthermia. An increase in temperature above 41°C is a reason for immediate hospitalization.

Causes:

1. Disorder of the immune complex.

2. Infectious and inflammatory diseases.

3. Tumors.

4 . Thermoregulation disorder. Sudden and abrupt temperature rise is usually observed in life-threatening diseases such as stroke, thyroid storm, malignant hyperthermia, and damage to the central nervous system. Low and medium hyperthermia is accompanied by increased sweating.

5. Medications. Hyperthermia and rash usually occur due to hypersensitivity to antifungal drugs, sulfonamides, antibiotics of the penicillin group, etc. Hyperthermia can occur during chemotherapy. It can be caused by drugs that cause sweating. Hyperthermia can also occur with toxic doses of certain drugs.

6. Procedures. Temporary hyperthermia may occur after surgery.

7. Blood transfusion also commonly causes sudden fever and chills.

8. Diagnostics Sudden or progressive hyperthermia sometimes accompanies radiological studies that use a contrast medium.

And trust, the easiest way, a thermometer!

Today, the whole variety of thermometers can be divided according to the principle of operation into 2 groups:

mercury thermometer

He is familiar to everyone. It has a traditional scale, is light enough, gives accurate readings. However, measuring their temperature, for example, in a child, has a number of disadvantages. The baby needs to be undressed, and for this it is difficult to disturb if he is sleeping, to keep the mobile and capricious baby in place for 10 minutes. And it is extremely easy to break such a thermometer, and there is MERCURY in it !! Mercury is a chemical element of group II of the additional subgroup of the periodic system of elements of Mendeleev. A simple substance at room temperature is a heavy, silvery-white, noticeably volatile liquid, the vapors of which are extremely toxic.

With prolonged inhalation of fumes, even a tiny amount of this liquid, chronic poisoning can be obtained. It proceeds for a long time without clear symptoms of the disease: general malaise, irritability, nausea, weight loss. As a result, mercury poisoning leads to neurosis and kidney damage. So this silvery substance must be removed carefully and quickly.

Interesting Facts:

Mercury is used for the manufacture of measuring instruments, vacuum pumps, light sources and in other areas of science and technology. The European Parliament has decided to ban the sale of thermometers, blood pressure monitors and barometers containing mercury. This became part of a strategy aimed at seriously reducing the use of mercury and, consequently, environmental pollution by this toxic substance. Now EU citizens can measure the temperature at home (air or body - it doesn't matter) only with the help of new devices that do not contain mercury, for example, electronic thermometers or, suitable for some areas, alcohol. Rather, this ban will work in full force by the end of 2009: within the next year, the relevant laws must be adopted by the parliaments of the EU countries, and another year is given to manufacturers of measuring instruments for restructuring. Experts say that the new rules will reduce mercury emissions into nature by 33 tons per year.

Digital thermometers.

This group also includes infrared ear and forehead thermometers.

Advantages:

• measurement time: 1-3 minutes for electronic, and 1 second for infrared;
• absolutely safe - does not contain mercury;
• similar in weight and dimensions to mercury ones;
• readings from a temperature sensor or an infrared sensor are transmitted to the LCD display with an accuracy of a tenth of a degree;
• sound alarm;
• memory function;
• automatic power off;
• the service life of a conventional battery is two to three years;
• the plastic case is resistant to shock and even to water procedures;

Digital thermometer measurement methods:

• standard, axillary (in the armpit);
• oral (in the mouth);
• rectal (in the anus);
• the principle of measuring the amount of reflected infrared energy from the eardrum and nearby tissues (in the auditory canal).