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Do-it-yourself cotton-gauze bandage: recommendations for use. Rules for applying bandages to wounds of various types How to apply bandages for injured limbs

Basic principles of bandaging:

Make sure the person is in a comfortable position and understands what you are doing.
Apply the dressing from the side of the wound so you don't have to reach across your body to get to it.
Maintain the injured part of the body in the same position as it will be after applying the dressing.
Apply the right size bandage - different body parts require different widths of bandages.
If possible, when bandaging an arm or leg, do not cover your fingers so that you can easily check the circulation.
Apply the bandage tightly, but not too tight, at the end secure the bandage by tucking it in and tying the ends in a knot. You can also use a safety pin, sticky tape, or a special retainer.
Once the bandage has been applied, ask the person if it is too tight and test the circulation by pressing on the nail or skin until the area turns pale. If the color does not return immediately, the bandage is probably too tight and needs to be loosened. The limbs may swell after an injury, so check circulation every 10 minutes after bandaging.

There are three main types of dressings: circular, longuet and kerchief

Circular bandages

There are three types of bandages for a circular bandage:

rare weave fabric (gauze bandage)- provides ventilation of the wound, but does not put pressure on the wound and does not support the joints;
elastic bandage conforms to the shape of the body and is used to fix dressings and support soft tissue injuries, such as sprains;
rubber bandage used for reliable support of damaged joints.

How to apply a circular bandage:

hold the folded part of the bandage over the damaged area, unfolded - below it;
wrap the damaged area twice to keep the end of the bandage in place;
continue wrapping the limb, applying a bandage in a spiral, so that each new layer covers the previous layer by one to two thirds;
at the end, apply another layer of bandage and secure the ends.

When applying a bandage to the elbows and knees (for fixing the bandage or for sprains), bend the joint slightly, apply a figure-eight bandage and wrap most of the limb on both sides of the joint.

When applying a bandage to the hand (for fixing a bandage or for sprains), start at the back of the wrist and apply the bandage diagonally across the back of the hand to the end of the little finger, without covering the thumb.

Longuets

Splints are used to fix bandages on fingers and toes or to support injured joints. They are made in the form of a fabric tube without seams. They are also elastic for use on joints such as the ankle. Longuets, made of gauze in the form of a tube, are applied to the fingers and toes, but they do not apply pressure and do not stop the bleeding.

Before applying the splint, you may need to cut it to size. Some splints come with a special device (applicator), which is installed on the damaged area and helps to apply a bandage.

kerchief bandages

Bandages can be used to bandage large areas of the body, to support limbs, or to secure a bandage.

If you are using a kerchief to support your arm, keep it wide.

have the person hold their arms to their chest and support the injured arm while you apply the bandage;
stretch the bandage under the arm and behind the neck;
stretch the other half of the bandage over the arm so that both ends meet at the shoulder, and tie them in a knot;
tuck the tails of the knot under the elbow or pin them with a pin.

If you are using a kerchief to support a leg or to bandage a large area of your body, fold it in half lengthwise so that the end of the triangle reaches the middle of the long corner. Then fold it in half again in the same direction to make a wide strip.

A bandage is a medical device that is used to protect a damaged surface from infection entering the body. It is important to follow the rules for applying bandages to wounds to provide first aid to the victim.

Treatment of injuries begins with disinfection and primary surgical treatment. Depending on the type of damage, further treatment tactics are determined. Initial debridement and dressing is the most appropriate treatment for minor injuries. In case of complications, surgery may be required with suturing to tighten the edges of the damage.

Depending on the material, there are: soft bandage types of bandages, pressure hemostatic, adhesive and waterproof.

Bandage sterile

Apply to stop bleeding, to fix the limb after injury. A range of different materials is presented in the pharmacy: elastic, sterile and non-sterile bandages.

A sterile wound dressing ensures the regeneration process. Compliance with the rules of asepsis and antisepsis during application protects the surface from infection from the external environment.

Depending on the nature of the roll of the bandage, they are classified:

single-headed - presented in the form of a round roller, the second side is free, not fixed;
double-ended - rolled up with two ends to the center for the convenience of circular dressing.

There are wound dressings made of gauze bandage: cap, circular, sling-shaped, ascending, descending, figure eight, spike-shaped, Deso, T-shaped.

pressing

It is worth applying pressure bandages to the wound for minor injuries in emergency situations in order to temporarily stop bleeding before hospitalization. An individual dressing bag can be found in the driver's first aid kit or made from improvised material. The basis includes:

sterile sponge;
cotton-gauze pad or a piece of fabric folded into a tight roller;
bandage for fixing on the skin.

The rules for applying pressure material state that with venous bleeding it can be used on a wound of any localization, while with arterial bleeding it can only be used on the limbs.

Self-adhesive

Self-adhesive wound dressing - a material that adheres to the skin for the purpose of fixation. There are several overlay methods:

With the help of a glue-like liquid: Kleol, Collodion, BF-6. A sterile cut along the edge is glued, applied to the skin. The bandage is easily separated from the wound with ether or alcohol. Among the disadvantages is a high risk of an allergic reaction to the components of the substance. It is necessary to treat the skin with an antiseptic after removing the glue.
Adhesive plaster. Before applying, it is necessary to thoroughly dry the wound area and the surrounding skin, since the edges may not adhere tightly, peel off when the adhesive part comes into contact with moisture.

Band-Aid Advantage:

lack of air penetration into the wound;
reliable fixation;
a wide range of application of this bandage on various parts of the body;
does not require the imposition of additional material or fastening;
can be applied to the delicate skin of the face, neck, groin, fingers and toes.

Among the shortcomings can be noted an allergy to the components of the adhesive substance. Do not apply the patch on the scalp due to poor adhesion and painful removal.

Waterproof

A waterproof material is applied for minor injuries, when the surface is already starting to dry out, there is no deep extensive damage to the soft tissues. Dressings protect the wound from infection, mechanical irritation when bathing in a bath, swimming in a pool or open water. The materials have good protective properties, absorb exudate, do not let moisture in from the outside.

Features of applying bandages for various injuries

Manipulation should be performed by a specially trained person. It is advisable to bandage the damaged area at the doctor's appointment. Preliminarily, the wound is treated with aseptic solutions, cleaned of third-party objects: splinters, pieces of clothing, dirt, shotgun shells.

The bandage should completely cover the wound surface from external action. Material is selected: viscose, gauze, elastic oilcloth.

The victim is placed in a comfortable position. When applied, the rules of compression are observed - the bandaging area should not turn pale or turn blue, lose sensitivity.

The algorithm for effective bandaging of a limb is to apply the material in the direction from the periphery to the center: from the foot to the thigh, from the hand to the shoulder. Each turn half overlaps the previous one.

The basic rule when bandaging burns is that the bandage should never come into contact with damaged areas. Fibrous, loose materials are not applied, which, when the wound dries, are easily soldered.

Preference should be given to the aseptic, antiseptic option, but in the absence of such, in emergency cases, it is permissible to use any improvised means. Then the victim must be taken to the hospital.

When should pressure bandages be applied to a wound?

Indications for the use of pressure dressings are as follows:

bleeding of severe or moderate severity - capillary, venous, arterial;
in case of serious massive bleeding from large vessels of the groin, forearm, axillary region, pressure bandages are temporarily used;
in the postoperative period;
with a combination of injury with open damage to the pleural cavity, with chest decompression.

Contraindications and rationality of long-term use of pressure compresses can be determined by a specialist doctor. After stopping the bleeding, you should immediately go to the hospital on your own.

Overview of specific pharmacy dressings

The pharmacological industry offers a wide range of products for various types of wounds:

product name	Material characteristic
TenderWet, hydroclean hartmann	Multi-layer hypoallergenic bandage from the class of superabsorbers. The structure allows continuous release of the disinfectant liquid with the absorption of wound exudate. There is moistening of necrotic areas, their softening and rejection.
Perma Foam	The spongy appearance of the material stimulates the growth of granulation tissue due to low adhesion, and when applied, protects the wound from secondary pathogenic microflora.
It acts on trauma by converting calcium alginate into gel masses that bind the exudative component, which helps to cleanse the damaged surface and accelerate regeneration.
Hydrocoll Thin hartmann, Comfeel Plus	The hydrocolloid material for applying to the injury is represented by a polyurethane membrane, which is able to pass air, but does not allow fluid and infectious particles to penetrate inside.
Hydrosorb, Сosmopor	Contains a sorption gel inside to absorb exudate from wounds, decontaminate, moisturize its surface.
Tegaderm, Medacom, Pharmaplast, Voskosorb	Made from non-woven fabric. After application, it effectively absorbs discharge from the wound surface of any nature. It has hypoallergenic properties and is widely used in surgery.

The choice of a certain type of bandage is based on the severity and characteristics of the damage, the speed of healing, the presence of an exudative component.

How often should you change

In cases of active discharge of exudate from the wound, dressing should be done daily. With shallow injuries of the chest, abdomen, head, a bandage is applied every 7-10 days. The frequency of imposition of fixing material depends on the presence of complications. After operations, the dressing is changed the next day. Then repeat the procedure every two days until the stitches are removed.

The process of treating wounds is determined individually by the attending physician. Do not apply on your own in case of serious injuries in order to avoid negative reactions.

What is the bandage for?
The dressing protects the wound from secondary infection, possible through contact with clothing or other objects. Do not touch the wound with your hands, even after disinfecting your hands. Blood clots should not be removed from the wound, which can close the lumen of the vessels and prevent bleeding.

How to put on a bandage?
Before applying a bandage, the edges of the wound (but not the wound surface!) Must be treated with iodine, alcohol, brilliant green or any other disinfectant liquid. Washing the wound does not matter for bruised, lacerated and gunshot wounds. The fight against primary infection is carried out during the primary surgical treatment of the wound. Bite wounds should be washed with warm water and soap several times at intervals of 5-10 minutes. The washed wound is covered with a sterile bandage of several layers, a thin layer of cotton wool is placed on top and everything is fixed with a bandage.

In the absence of sterile material, a clean piece of cotton fabric ironed with a hot iron can be used. Cotton wool is placed only on top of a sterile dressing, and not on the wound. Cotton wool does not let microbes in from the outside and absorbs discharge from the wound. A well-applied dressing covers the wound and the area around the wound quite widely, and with its pressure brings the edges of the wound together. If the bandage gets wet, you should not remove it, but put additional cotton wool on top and bandage it. After applying the bandage, the wounded should be taken to the hospital as soon as possible for medical or specialized medical care.

How to bandage a wound at home?
If the circumstances of the injury require dressing at home, instruments and dressings should be prepared. For the correct application of the bandage, you need: sterile wipes or a sterile bandage, a plaster, means for fixing the bandage (for example, pins) and disinfectant solutions: alcohol or iodine, you can even use vodka or brilliant green (which is at hand at this moment), as well as scissors and tweezers. You should carefully wash your hands in warm water with soap (if there is no running water from the tap, you need to pour clean water on your hands), and then wipe it with alcohol, iodine or vodka.

When dressing a wound, you should always be aware of the possibility of infection. After washing the edges of the wound with a disinfectant, a sterile napkin is applied to it, taken out with sterile tweezers directly from the package when dressing. It is best to use ready-made sterile wipes that are available in pharmacies. Scissors must also be sterile (they can be processed by boiling well for 10-15 minutes). Sometimes purulent wounds, as prescribed by a doctor, are washed with sterile solutions, for example, rivanol or other disinfectants.

How to prepare sterile material at home?
Preparing sterile material at home is a rather difficult and troublesome task. Pharmacies have ready-made packages of sterile wipes of any size. They should be stored in a dry and clean place, preferably in a closed sterile jar, and opened immediately before use. In the absence of sterile material, if an emergency is needed, pieces of clean, washed cotton or gauze wipes can be ironed with a hot iron.

Metal objects (scissors, tweezers) are boiled in water for 10-15 minutes in a special sterilizer. If it is not available, you can boil in an aluminum pan, putting a gauze napkin in 2-3 layers on the bottom.

Head bruises are easy for some, and serious damage occurs to someone when a bandage is necessary. They are different depending on the location, severity of the lesion, and the purpose of the imposition. Therefore, desmurgy considers various types of dressings. Particular attention is paid to situations where the head is bandaged with a bandage on bleeding wounds so that an infection does not get into an open wound.

Dressings are classified according to the purpose of their imposition:

medicinal, impregnated with ointments, creams for rapid wound healing;
protective, protecting the impact site from possible external infection;
pressure to stop bleeding.

Headbands are traditionally applied with the most common material - medical bandages. They are always available, have the proper level of sterility. If wide gauze bandages are not at hand, a soft cloth can be used for the bandage. But it is better if the head is in a bandage - this is the most correct way to protect against infection. The gauze or cloth used should promote blood clotting and protect broken skin from infection. For this, impregnation of gauze or fabric with Baneocin or Levomekol ointments will be effective. After that, make a bandage, avoiding squeezing the head.

Types of head bandages

The most common types and techniques of dressing:

cruciform on the back of the head;
eye patch;
technique "cap";
bandaging of the ears;
bridle technique;
circular cap;
Hippocratic hat.

All of them are used each for its own purpose, and the bandage on the head must be applied in compliance with sanitary and hygienic rules.

How to put on a Hippocratic cap and a cap using the cap technique, shows a video from lectures on Desmurgy:

Indications for applying a cruciform bandage are injuries to the back of the head, or the postoperative period after damage to the cervical vertebrae. To apply such a bandage, you need a long bandage, 10 cm wide.

Bandaging the head is easy if the person is conscious:

Have the patient sit on a chair facing you.
Hold the edge of the bandage with your left hand, and the coil with your right hand.
Attach the bandage to the back of the head and make two turns clockwise.
Make several turns, each time applying a bandage to the previous turn by 2/3.
Tie a bandage around your forehead.

Head injuries are accompanied by damage to the eyes. If the left eye is damaged, the bandage is applied from right to left, if the other eye is damaged, vice versa. If the bandage is applied to one eye, it is called monocular.

When applying a bandage, a simple technique is used: bandaging the head begins directly from the site of injury towards the back of the head, is carried out under the ear through the cheek and returns to the sore eye. This creates a circular bandage. According to this algorithm, you need to make several circles and fix the ends of the bandage.

If both eyes are damaged, you need to make a fixing circle. After that, it is gradually recommended to wrap the left eye with a bandage, then slowly close the right eye with gauze from top to bottom.

Performing a bandage "cap"

Bandaging using the cap technique

The imposition of a bandage "cap" is similar to the method of circular dressing. This bandage is used for damage to the frontal and occipital parts.

The turns of the bandage are held under the tape near the ear and return to the same tape on the other side. The algorithm of movements is designed to gradually cover the entire scalp with a bandage.

The ends of the bandage are fixed on the chin, which creates the appearance of a "cap".

Ear bandage

If the ear is damaged, a bandage is applied in several circles around the head, then the bandage is transferred to the affected ear. This is a classic ear bandage.

There is also a technique called Neapolitan. She is the one shown in the photo. First, tight pads are made on the wounded ears. Then the pads are fixed with several turns of the bandage. A wrap around the forehead is needed to secure the dressing so that it is held tightly during patient transport.

The photo shows that modern polyurethane bandages were used. However, in their absence, using the same method, you can make a bandage with ordinary bandages.

Bandaging technique "bridle"

Applying a bandage with the “bridle” technique is quite simple:

the bandage is circled around the occipital and frontal parts;
the next movement is to the chin, around the temples, in the direction from left to right;
for the subsequent fixing of the bandage, it must be passed through the neck and wrapped around the head, with fastening on the chin;
according to this algorithm, several turns of the bandage are carried out;
a bandage is fixed at the temple from the non-injured side.

This technique is used when injuring different parts of the head - face, jaw, forehead.

Simple round ligation

Bandaging the head with a circular bandage is used for injuries in the occipital, frontal or temporal lobes. It is the most common type of dressing, which is quite easy to apply.

Simple dressing technique:

a strip of bandage is freely placed in the middle of the head, with the initial end on the forehead;
dressing is performed in circles around the entire head. If necessary, turns of the bandage are made;
the ends of the bandage are fixed on the forehead.

Such dressing is done for various injuries. Its purpose is to close the injured part of the head, to protect it from possible infection from the surrounding atmosphere.

The peculiarity of such a bandage, and at the same time, its complexity, lies in the fact that it is necessary to bandage simultaneously with two rolls of tape. The video shows how the guys in 4 hands make a cunning interlacing of the ends of two rolls, and bandaging begins with this formed knot.

There is another way: the first bandage spends several circles, and the second is passed through the cranial vault, after a few turns, two bandages intersect in the forehead area. Here they overlap, after which the second bandage is passed through the first and goes to the back of the head. The same overlap is made at the back, and the second bandage is passed under the first. Circular movements are performed in the same amount, as practice shows, 3-4 circles are enough. This method of bandaging is used for trauma to the parietal part of the head.

A head wound requires quick first aid to the victim, often this is to stop the bleeding, on which the preservation of a person's life depends. A fixing bandage should be quickly applied to the damaged part of the head, an ambulance brigade should be called and the victim should be sent to the nearest medical facility.

A bandage is considered to be medical or improvised means, the purpose of which is to fix the material for dressing on the wound, increase pressure on the vessels during bleeding, fix the arms, legs and other parts to ensure their immobility; prevention of secondary infection of the wound surface, protecting it from the adverse effects of the environment; swelling warnings.

They are classified according to different parameters:

By duration of use(temporary, permanent).
By appointment:
- strengthening (adhesive, adhesive, bandage);
- pressing;
- immobilizing (tire, plaster).
According to the method of fixing the dressing material:
- stickers;
- patch;
- bandage (gauze, mesh, tubular-mesh, fabric bandage);
- kerchief (gauze or fabric in the form of a scarf);
- sling-like;
- T-shaped.
According to the properties of the materials used(soft or hard).
Overlay method:
- circular;
- spiral;
- crossing;
- spiky, etc.

In any first aid kit, in addition to a large variety of drugs (painkillers, antipyretics, anti-inflammatory, sedatives, etc.), there should be dressings. Their mandatory list:

dressing package;
bandages: sterile, elastic mesh-tubular;
sterile cotton;
bactericidal plaster;
rubber tourniquet for temporary squeezing of large blood vessels in order to reduce blood loss;
a splint placed on the arm or leg in case of a fracture or dislocation.

The kit can be supplemented with ordinary adhesive plaster, non-sterile gauze and medical bandages made of tubular knitwear, brilliant green, iodine, hydrogen peroxide.
All these accessories may be needed for dressings in cases of injuries that are accompanied by bleeding, dislocations, fractures and swelling or immobilization of the site.

Basic rules for bandaging

Everyone should have the skills to apply the simplest dressings. They require certain skills, otherwise the bandage will not hold, weaken, slip, or, conversely, squeezing, disrupt blood circulation and even cause pain. To avoid this, you should learn these simple rules:

Wash your hands well with soap and water (if not possible, wipe thoroughly with a damp cloth with antibacterial properties).
Treat the skin around the wound or the site of the disease with a disinfectant (alcohol, vodka). If the wound is fresh, then iodine.
Position yourself so that you can see the victim's face and the area to be bandaged. The bandaged surface, if possible in this situation, should be at the level of the chest of the one who bandages.
The end of the bandage is held in the left hand, and the rolled end in the right. First, the free part is superimposed, fixed with two turns clockwise, and then, moving the right hand and helping it with the left, partially overlapping the previous round, they move forward. The last two turns, like the first, overlap each other. The rest of the bandage must be cut (do not tear!) Lengthwise and fix the bandage.
The legs should be in a straightened position during the application of the bandage, and the arms should be half-bent.
A properly made dressing completely fixes the dressing material, does not move and does not squeeze damaged tissues, has an aesthetic appearance, if it is applied for a long time - marking with the time and date of application.

The rules for applying more complex bandage dressings are not known to everyone, and they can only be mastered well after long-term special training.

Some types of dressings and application rules

A soft bandage (sticker) is used to close clean wounds that have been treated: stitches after surgery, open boils, etc. A pad of cotton and gauze is covered with a 2-layer bandage and glued with a special composition.

Adhesives are used in similar situations. Adhesive tapes are attached to dry skin. Most often, such dressings are used for fractures of the ribs and incised wounds of the abdomen.

A gauze or fabric piece in the shape of a triangle is the main element of kerchief bandages. With their help, they hold the dressing material, the injured arm, foot. The hand (or foot) is placed on the unfolded scarf. One of the ends of the scarf is wrapped on the back side, the other two are tied. If the arm is injured, the bandage is attached to the neck, if the foot is injured, it is just above the ankle.
A contour dressing is a good, painless way to protect the surface of a large area burn injury. It is made in the form of panties or a corset for fixing the dressing along the contour of the injury.

T-shaped - superimposed on the lower body with injuries or after operations on the rectum, genitals or perineum. One piece of the bandage is fixed on the belt, the other one fixes the dressing in the crotch area, and is fastened to the “belt” in front.

The most common types of dressings are bandages. For them, bandages of different widths are used. The overlay rules are as follows: they start bandaging from a narrower part, gradually moving to a surface with a larger circumference for applying a bandage. Each next turn must lie on the previous one. Such a bandage is firmly fixed at the very beginning and at the end of the procedure.

To treat the crown, nape, nose or chin, a sling-like bandage is used, constructed from a bandage or strip of fabric with longitudinally cut ends.

The most reliable are circular bandages. Their strength is due to the fact that the turns of the bandage lie one on top of the other. Suitable for dressing any part of the body.

Spirals are similar to circular ones. But after several turns, the bandage is deflected slightly to the side, blocking the one in front of it by half. Most often they are applied to the limbs.

For bandaging the hands, ankles, neck, chest area, a cruciform or spike-shaped bandage is used.

Turtle bandage can be seen on a bandaged elbow or knee.

Bandages are made rigid by fast-hardening substances (starch, gypsum) or hard materials (metal, plastic, etc.). They are applied during transportation or to immobilize a part of the body for a long period.

Each person should know and be able to do the simplest dressings, since an injury can be obtained anywhere, even at home.