Prevention measures: disease unhealthy lifestyle. Big Risk Factors

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1. The indicator of the number of newborns who survived to 1 year is characterized by ...
number of years ahead of life
number of years of work experience
infant mortality rate

2. The type of ethnic processes, which is the interaction of two ethnic groups, as a result of which one of them is absorbed by the other and loses ethnic identity, is called ...
integration
assimilation
mixing
racial relativism
adaptation

3. Correspondence of health indicators and their parameters
Average life expectancy - number of years ahead of life
Length of working period number of years of work experience
Number of newborns surviving to 1 year infant mortality rate
The level of physical development - data on height, weight, age of maturity
The incidence rate of the population - by types, frequency and severity of diseases, by age and sex groups

4. Compliance with the calendar age and the demographic period of a person's life (up to 12 years)
17 days - newborns
7 days - 1 year - babies
1 – 3 years — Early childhood
4 – 7 years — First childhood
8 – 11 (12) years — Second childhood

5. For the first time the term "labor resources" was used by S.G. Strumilin in the article "Our workforce and prospects" in ... year
1918
1920
1922
1925
1928

6. Depending on the presence of a married couple in the family, families are ...
simple and complex
big and small
one-child and multi-child
primary and secondary
complete and incomplete

7. The indicator of the incidence of the population is characterized by ...
number of years ahead of life
number of years of work experience

data on height, weight, age of maturity
types, frequency and severity of diseases in different age and sex groups

8. The process of a person entering a culture, mastering ethnocultural experience - ...
assimilation
enculturation
naturalization
segregation
ethnic identification

9. The process of assimilation by an individual of the cultural values of the ethnic group to which he belongs
assimilation
naturalization
segregation
ethnic identification
ethnicization

10. Correspondence of the spheres of family activity and family functions
Biological reproduction of society - reproductive
Socialization of the younger generation Educational
Economic support for minors and disabled members of society - Economic
Personal development of family members - Spiritual
Emotional stabilization of individuals - emotional

11. Correspondence of forms of oppression of people in their rights, depending on race, nation, gender, etc. measures of harassment
— Apartheid
—Genocide
restriction or deprivation of the rights of a certain category of citizens on the basis of race or nationality, on the basis of gender, on religious and political beliefs, etc. — Discrimination
— Nationalism
– Racism

12. Racism is defined as...
deprivation of certain groups of the population, depending on their race, of political, socio-economic and civil rights, up to territorial isolation
extermination of certain groups of the population for racial, national or religious reasons

ideology, social psychology, politics and social practice, the essence of which are the ideas of national exclusivity, isolation, neglect and distrust of other nations and nationalities
ideology and social psychology, the essence of which are ideas about the biological superiority or, conversely, the inferiority of certain racial groups

13. Genocide is defined as…
deprivation of certain groups of the population, depending on their race, of political, socio-economic and civil rights, up to territorial isolation
extermination of certain groups of the population for racial, national or religious reasons
restriction or deprivation of the rights of a certain category of citizens on the basis of race or nationality, on the basis of gender, on religious and political beliefs, etc.
ideology, social psychology, politics and social practice, the essence of which are the ideas of national exclusivity, isolation, neglect and distrust of other nations and nationalities
ideology and social psychology, the essence of which are ideas about the biological superiority or, conversely, the inferiority of certain racial groups

14. The age of people on the demographic pyramid is postponed ...
from 0 to 110 years
from 0 to 100 years
from 0 to 80 years
from 0 to 60 years
from 16 to 60 years old

15. Discrimination is defined as…
deprivation of certain groups of the population, depending on their race, of political, socio-economic and civil rights, up to territorial isolation
extermination of certain groups of the population for racial, national or religious reasons
restriction or deprivation of the rights of a certain category of citizens on the basis of race or nationality, on the basis of gender, on religious and political beliefs, etc.
ideology, social psychology, politics and social practice, the essence of which are the ideas of national exclusivity, isolation, neglect and distrust of other nations and nationalities
ideology and social psychology, the essence of which are ideas about the biological superiority or, conversely, the inferiority of certain racial groups

16. The territory specially allotted for the forced residence of any ethnic groups, peoples, tribes - ...
ghetto
reservation
the colony
enclave
ecumene

17. The sequence of population groups according to the ratio of healthy and sick people in them
1) healthy, practically not sick people
2) practically healthy people who rarely get sick and in a mild form
3) people with slight deviations from the norm in terms of health and with sluggish chronic diseases that allow them to remain able to work while maintaining healthy living standards and little drug support
4) sick people with serious illnesses requiring hospital treatment, constant drug support and a lighter work regime
5) seriously and systematically ill people, limited in working capacity, incl. people with disabilities, and people requiring care and ongoing supportive care

18. The median age of all living on Earth is ...
23 years old
25 years
30 years
33 years
35 years

19. According to UN statistics, the adult working-age population includes persons aged from ... to ... years
15-65
16-55
16-60
17-60
18-65

20. Group marriage by choice of residence was ...
matrilocal
patrilocal
neolocal
dislocal
local

21. Apartheid is defined as…
deprivation of certain groups of the population, depending on their race, of political, socio-economic and civil rights, up to territorial isolation
extermination of certain groups of the population for racial, national or religious reasons
restriction or deprivation of the rights of a certain category of citizens on the basis of race or nationality, on the basis of gender, on religious and political beliefs, etc.
ideology, social psychology, politics and social practice, the essence of which are the ideas of national exclusivity, isolation, neglect and distrust of other nations and nationalities
ideology and social psychology, the essence of which are ideas about the biological superiority or, conversely, the inferiority of certain racial groups

22. The ability of the population to reproduce itself in the system of social relations, to actively participate in the life of modern society - ...
quality of life of the population
population quality
working capacity of the population
labor activity of the population
public health

23. The age of fertility is determined by the age of ... years
14-45
15-49
16-50
16-55
18-55

24. The indicator of the level of physical development is characterized by ...
number of years ahead of life
number of years of work experience
infant mortality rate
data on height, weight, age of maturity
types, frequency and severity of diseases in different age and sex groups

25. Developing countries are home to …% of the total population of the Earth
55
60
65
70
80

26. The main thing in the demographic pyramid is ...
height
width
volume
form
axes name

27. Lifestyle determines about ... % of all diseases
42
47
50
63
68

28. According to the structure of the family, there are:
simple and complex
big and small
one-child and multi-child
primary and secondary
complete and incomplete

29. Factors that do not determine the state of health of the population include
lifestyle of people
genetic and biological characteristics of the organism
external environment
the level of development of medicine and the organization of healthcare
level of development of education

30. The concept of "human capital" began to be developed in ... year
late 50s
early 60s
mid 60s
late 60s
early 70s

31. The average age of all living on Earth is ...
23 years old
25 years
30 years
33 years
35 years

32. The patriarchal type of family is considered generally accepted in ...
Russia
USA
Japan
Germany
Canada

33. The indicator of the duration of the working period is characterized by ...
number of years ahead of life
number of years of work experience
infant mortality rate
data on height, weight, age of maturity
types, frequency and severity of diseases in different age and sex groups

34. At the age of 70 and over, there are … men per 100 women
30-40
40-50
50-60
60-70
70-80

35. Correspondence of the concepts characterizing the type of marriage, the conditions of its conclusion
the woman acts as a commodity purchased
marriage is accompanied by the payment of a ransom to parents for the bride - kalymny
a woman acts as a gift to the relatives of a man - gift-exchange
the marriage of girls with the gods - sacred
bride or groom kidnapping predatory

36. Correspondence of the concepts characterizing the parameters of marriage conditions and marital status, their essential characteristics
a family union of a man and a woman, giving rise to their rights and obligations in relation to each other and to children - Marriage
the process of formation of marriage couples in the population, which includes entry into first and second marriages - Marriage
conventional designation of the system of ratios of the sizes of various groups of the marriageable population - "Marriage Market"
set of possible marriage partners marriage circle
choice of a marriage partner within a given marriage circle - Marriage choice

37. Nationalism is defined as...
deprivation of certain groups of the population, depending on their race, of political, socio-economic and civil rights, up to territorial isolation
extermination of certain groups of the population for racial, national or religious reasons
restriction or deprivation of the rights of a certain category of citizens on the basis of race or nationality, on the basis of gender, on religious and political beliefs, etc.
ideology, social psychology, politics and social practice, the essence of which are the ideas of national exclusivity, isolation, neglect and distrust of other nations and nationalities
ideology and social psychology, the essence of which are ideas about the biological superiority or, conversely, the inferiority of certain racial groups

38. Quantitative characteristics of the marriage process are not ...
proportion of persons in each generation ever married or never married
age of first marriage
age of remarriage
proportion of persons remarrying after divorce and after widowhood
interval between divorce (widowhood) and remarriage

39. In Russia, the adult working-age population includes persons aged from ... to ... years
15-65
16-55
16-60
17-60
18-65

40. A feeling of love for Russian culture, language, customs and the best properties of the Russian people - ...
Russophilia
Russophobia
negritude
xenophobia
de-ethnization

41. The distribution of people by sex, age, marital status, marital and reproductive behavior and other characteristics that affect its reproduction characterizes ...
demographic composition of the population
demographic structure of the population
sex and age structure of the population
indicator of labor activity of the population
population working capacity indicator

42. public health is ... a phenomenon
social
biological
socio-biological
natural
physiological

There are many theories of health conditioning.

One of the most common among them is the theory of "diseases of civilization" and social maladaptation.

This theory was introduced back in the 50s. 20th century French doctors E. Guan and A. Dusser in the book "Diseases of Our Society".

This theory is an answer to the question about the causes of drastic changes in public health, especially the reduction of its potential and the emergence of mass pathology. Pathology (from the Greek. Pathos + logia - experience, suffering, illness + teaching, science) - a painful manifestation, not the norm for the body.

B.N. Chumakov illustrates the concept of "disease of civilization" with the following facts. An interesting result of the autopsy of more than 300 dead soldiers of the American army during the Korean events in the fifties, whose age was equal to 22 years, did not have signs of atherosclerosis. During life, they were considered absolutely healthy.

At autopsy, 75% of them had coronary vessels affected by atherosclerotic plaques. Every fourth lumen of the arteries was narrowed by 20%, and every tenth - by 50%. Such a picture can be observed among residents of countries with a high life and economic potential.

And here's what the situation looks like in less civilized countries. The Italian doctor Lipicirella, when examining 203 camel drivers in Somalia in 1962, found no signs of atherosclerosis in any of them.

In the autopsy of 6,500 deceased local residents in Uganda, not a single case of coronary atherosclerosis or myocardial infarction was detected.

When examining 776 blacks in West Africa using an ECG, only 0.7% of cases showed minor abnormalities in the cardiovascular system.

G.L. Apanasenko believes that the development of many somatic diseases is associated with the negative impact of some social and hygienic factors. So, in people aged 35-64 years, the risk of developing ischemic heart disease(CHD) increases with obesity by 3.4 times, with physical inactivity - by 4.4 times, with a high level of blood cholesterol - by 5.5 times, with high blood pressure - by 6 times, and with smoking - by 6.5 times.

When combining several unfavorable socio-hygienic factors, the likelihood of developing the disease increases significantly. Persons who do not have signs of diseases, but the listed risk factors are identified, formally belong to the group of healthy people, but they have the possibility of developing coronary artery disease in the next 5-10 years is very likely.

Risk factors- the general name of the factors of the external and internal environment of the body, behavioral habits that are not the direct cause of a certain disease, but contribute to an increase in the likelihood of its occurrence and development, its progression and unfavorable outcome.

Among the indisputable risk factors, the most significant and common are the following:

hypokinesia and hypodynamia;
overeating and associated overweight;
constant psycho-emotional stress, inability to switch off and rest properly;
alcohol abuse and smoking.

Hypokinesia(from the Greek hypokinesia - lack of movement) - limitation of the number and range of movements, due to lifestyle, characteristics of professional activity, bed rest during the period of the disease and, in some cases, accompanied by physical inactivity.

Hypodynamia(from the Greek hypodynamia - lack of strength) - a decrease in muscle effort expended on holding a posture, moving the body in space, physical work. It occurs during immobilization, stay in closed rooms of small volume, sedentary lifestyle.

These two categories characterize the sedentary lifestyle of a modern person, associated with the entry of water supply and centralized heating, cars, washing machines and electric stoves, etc. into it. All these mechanisms make our life easier, make life pleasant and carefree, on the one hand, and on the other hand, lead our muscles and blood vessels to a decrepit state.

Overeating of modern man is to blame for his excessively large stomach inherited from wild ancestors. Remember how primitive man got his food. First, without an excavator or even a shovel, they had to dig a whole pit. Then, with a wild cry, run, intimidate and drive the mammoth to the buzzard.

And what size did the cobblestone have to be in order to kill this mammoth with it? And how then to remove the skin from him without a knife? And pull out of the pit without a crane? And then the moment of eating food began. And all around the hyenas were already waiting for the vultures of the remnants of the feast of man.

There was nowhere to put food in reserve - there were no refrigerators. This went on for millions of years, and only those who had a larger stomach survived, who could simultaneously stuff a large amount of food into it, because a new opportunity to dine with mammoth meat could only be presented in weeks.

A modern person obtains food with a flick of the wrist, opening the refrigerator door several times a day. His stomach, when taking large amounts of it, does not stretch like a balloon, but simply the folds of which it consists diverge in it. Constant overeating leads to an increase in body weight - obesity, and obesity - to disease of cardio-vascular system (CCC).

In addition, modern man has gone out of harmony with nature, he no longer goes to bed with the sunset and does not wake up when his first rays penetrate the cave, etc. Waking up from an alarm clock is no longer physiological and causes stress, and so the whole day for many years.

What about uncertainty about the future, endless revolutions, wars, perestroika and crises? All this has led to the fact that modern man, according to scientists, is in a state of chronic stress and woe to those who do not know how to deal with this stress.

From all of the above, we can conclude that “diseases of civilization”, which primarily include CCC, oncological and allergic diseases, are formed due to the inability of the human body to adapt to the rapid changes in the environment, rhythm and lifestyle that occur under the influence of technogenic modernization. living conditions, achievements of scientific and technological progress, development of civilization.

To date, there are three main groups of diseases that are uncharacteristic for humans as a biological species:

diseases of civilization;
socially significant diseases;
socially conditioned diseases.

Our ancestors did not suffer from these diseases for 6 billion years, and they appeared mostly only decades ago.

Diseases of civilization- these are diseases common in economically developed countries, the origin of which is associated with the achievements of scientific and technological progress. These include coronary heart disease, atherosclerosis, hypertension, heart attacks, strokes, malignant neoplasms, allergies, spinal osteochondrosis, etc., which will be discussed later.

Socially significant diseases

Socially significant diseases are the main cause of morbidity, disability and mortality, especially among the working-age part of the population of developed countries. These diseases cause serious economic damage due to the withdrawal from the production chain of producers of material goods if they die due to illness, or society takes on the burden paying them social benefits if they become disabled.

Socially significant diseases include diseases of the circulatory system, malignant neoplasms, injuries, poisoning and some other consequences of external causes, diabetes mellitus, tuberculosis.

Socially conditioned diseases are formed under the influence of the immediate environment of a person and are associated with the socio-economic state of the country of residence. This group includes diseases of the narcological profile, sexually transmitted diseases, tuberculosis, viral hepatitis B, etc.

Since socially determined diseases are common in the same populations, they are often associated (combined) with each other, which exacerbates the course and makes it difficult to treat each of them. Thus, according to the WHO, more than 3 million people are simultaneously infected with tuberculosis and HIV pathogens.

More than 90% of HIV-infected people are drug addicts. Among the sick sexually transmitted infections(STI) about 70% abuse alcohol, 14% suffer from chronic alcoholism or drug addiction. If in 1991, out of 531 thousand patients with venereal diseases, 12 were identified as HIV-infected (2.3 per 100 thousand), then in 1999, out of 1739.9 thousand patients with STIs, 822 people were with HIV infection (47 .2 per 100 thousand).

Mortality from the diseases of civilization is not natural for a person, as for a biological species, it can be avoided by leading healthy lifestyle (healthy lifestyle), so it is called avoidable.

Mortality from cardiovascular diseases and cancer can and should be successfully reduced through their early detection and adequate diagnosis during preventive examinations. The prophylactic medical examination of the able-bodied population of Russia, carried out within the framework of the National Health Project, is aimed precisely at solving this problem.

Prevention of mortality from alcoholism and drug addiction should occur through the prevention of behavioral risk factors, through the formation of a healthy lifestyle among the population, and especially among children and adolescents, and the development of anti-alcohol policy measures.

Thus, while maintaining a healthy lifestyle, a modern person has every opportunity to avoid the above diseases and remain healthy and active for many years.

The mutation process in humans and its role in hereditary pathology are characterized by the following indicators. 10% of human diseases are determined by pathological genes or genes that cause predisposition to hereditary diseases. This does not include some forms of malignant tumors that result from somatic mutations. About 1% of newborns fall ill due to gene mutations, some of which are newly emerging.

The mutation process in humans, as in all other organisms, leads to the emergence of alleles that adversely affect health. The vast majority of chromosomal mutations eventually lead to some form of pathology. Currently, more than 2,000 human hereditary diseases have been discovered. This also includes chromosomal disorders. Another group of hereditary diseases is caused by genes, the implementation of which, to one degree or another, depends on the adverse effects of the environment, such as gout. The negative environmental factor in this case is malnutrition. There are diseases with a hereditary predisposition (hypertension, peptic ulcer of the stomach and duodenum, many forms of malignant tumors).

Hereditary diseases are diseases caused by changes (mutations), mainly chromosomal or gene, respectively, which conditionally distinguish chromosomal and proper hereditary (gene) diseases. The latter include, for example, hemophilia, color blindness, “molecular diseases”. Unlike the so-called congenital diseases, which are detected from birth, hereditary diseases can appear many years after birth. About 2 thousand hereditary diseases and syndromes are known, many of which are the cause of high infant mortality. Medical genetic counseling plays an important role in the prevention of hereditary diseases.

2. Hereditary diseases caused by poor environmental conditions:

1) the effect of salts of heavy metals on heredity.

Heavy metals are highly toxic substances that retain their toxic properties for a long time. According to the World Health Organization, they already rank second in terms of danger, yielding to pesticides and well ahead of such well-known pollutants as carbon dioxide and sulfur. In the forecast, they should become the most dangerous, more dangerous than nuclear power plant waste (second place) and solid waste (third place).

Poisoning with salts of heavy metals begins even before the birth of a person. Heavy metal salts pass through the placenta, which, instead of protecting the fetus, poisons it day after day. Often the concentration of harmful substances in the fetus is even higher than in the mother. Babies are born with malformations of the genitourinary system, up to 25 percent of babies - with abnormalities in the formation of the kidneys. The rudiments of the internal organs appear as early as the fifth week of pregnancy and from that moment on they are influenced by salts of heavy metals. Well, since they also affect the mother’s body, incapacitating the kidneys, liver, and nervous system, then why be surprised that now you practically don’t meet normal physiological childbirth, and babies come into this life with a lack of weight, with physical and mental malformations .

And with every year of life, salts of heavy metals dissolved in water add to their diseases or aggravate congenital diseases, primarily of the digestive organs and kidneys. Often, 4-6 systems in the body suffer in one child. Urolithiasis and cholelithiasis are a kind of indicator of trouble, and now they are found even in preschool children. There are other warning signs as well. So, excess lead leads to a decrease in intelligence. A psychological examination showed that we have up to 12 percent of such children.

What measures should ensure today the protection of human health and its environment from the harmful effects of technogenic metals? We can identify two main ways here: sanitary and technical reduction of the metal content in environmental objects to the maximum permissible (safe) levels through the introduction of architectural, planning, technological, technical and other measures; hygienic scientific development of permissible levels of their content in the external environment, requirements and recommendations, combined with constant monitoring of the state and quality of this environment.

Prevention of chronic intoxication with metals and their compounds should be ensured primarily by replacing them, where possible, with harmless or less toxic substances. In cases where it does not seem realistic to exclude their use, it is necessary to develop such technological schemes and structures that would sharply limit the possibility of pollution of the air of industrial premises and the external atmosphere by them. With regard to transport, which, as mentioned above, is one of the significant sources of lead emissions into the atmosphere, environmentally friendly fuel should be introduced everywhere. A very radical means is the creation of waste-free or low-waste technologies.

Along with the above measures, it is necessary to constantly monitor the level of metal content in the body effectively. To this end, during a medical examination, work

I. The mutation process in humans .

2 . hereditary diseases , caused by poor environmental conditions :

1) influence of salts of heavy metals on heredity .

What measures should ensure today the protection of human health and its environment from the harmful effects of technogenic metals? We can identify two main ways here: sanitary-technical - reducing the metal content in environmental objects to the maximum permissible (safe) levels through the introduction of architectural, planning, technological, technical and other measures; hygienic - scientific development of permissible levels of their content in the external environment, requirements and recommendations, combined with constant monitoring of the state and quality of this environment.

Along with the above measures, it is necessary to constantly monitor the level of metal content in the body effectively. For this purpose, during a medical examination of workers and the population in cases of their contact with technogenic metals, their determination in the biological media of the body of blood, urine, and hair should be carried out.

2) the effect of dioxins on heredity .

Dioxins remain one of the main dangers threatening our and future generations. Numerous studies show that extremely poisonous and persistent organochlorine poisons, which include dioxins, are found everywhere - in water, air, soil, food, and the human body. At the same time, so far the federal authorities have not made any real attempt to somehow protect the population from the "dioxin danger."

Dioxins and dioxin-like substances are invisible, but the most dangerous enemies. The strength of their impact on a person is such that the question of preserving life on Earth in general is already on the agenda. Dioxins are universal cellular poisons that affect all living things in the smallest concentrations. In terms of toxicity, dioxins surpass such well-known poisons as curare, strychnine, hydrocyanic acid. These compounds do not decompose in the environment for decades and enter the human body mainly with food, water and air.

Dioxin lesions provoke malignant tumors; transmitted with mother's milk, lead to birth defects such as anencephaly (absence of the brain), cleft lip, and others. Among the more long-term effects of dioxins is the loss of the ability to reproduce offspring. In men, impotence and a decrease in the number of spermatozoa are observed, in women - an increased frequency of miscarriages.

The effect of dioxins on humans is due to their effect on the receptors of cells responsible for the functioning of hormonal systems. In this case, endocrine and hormonal disorders occur, the content of sex hormones, thyroid and pancreatic hormones changes, which increases the risk of developing diabetes, and the processes of puberty and fetal development are disrupted. Children lag behind in development, their education is difficult, young people develop diseases that are characteristic of old age. In general, the likelihood of infertility, spontaneous abortion, congenital malformations and other anomalies increases. The immune response also changes, which means that the body's susceptibility to infections increases, the frequency of allergic reactions and oncological diseases increases.

The main danger of dioxins (which is why they are called superecotoxicants) is their effect on the immune-enzymatic system of humans and all air-breathing creatures. The effect of dioxins is similar to the effect of damaging radiation. According to American scientists, dioxins play the role of a foreign hormone, suppressing the immune system and enhancing the effects of radiation, allergens, toxins, etc. This provokes the development of oncological diseases, diseases of the blood and the hematopoietic system, the endocrine system, and congenital deformities occur. Changes are inherited, the action of dioxins extends over several generations. Women and children are especially susceptible to the damaging effects of dioxins: all reproductive functions are disturbed in women, and immunodeficiency (lowered immunity) appears in children.

3) the effect of pesticides on heredity .

It is known that pesticides have caused considerable harm to the health of people - both those who participated in their use and those who had nothing to do with it. Below is a small section from the book of Fedorov L.A. and Yablokov A.V. "Pesticides - a dead end of civilization (a toxic blow to the biosphere and man)".

Since all pesticides are mutagens and in experiments on animals, including mammals, their high mutagenic activity has been proven, there is no doubt that, in addition to the immediate and quickly detected consequences of their exposure, there must be long-term genetic effects.

The duration of accumulation in humans is much longer than in experimental animals, which show the mutagenic activity of pesticides. It does not take a prophet to predict with certainty a surge in hereditary disorders in all agricultural areas of the world with heavy use of pesticides. As the world phases out the use of pesticides, the consequences of a pesticide attack on the human gene pool will become increasingly important.

For confirmation, we present some of the already known facts in this area. As of 1987, the frequency of chromosome aberrations in peripheral blood lymphocytes of people professionally exposed to pesticides was studied for only 19 of them (this amounted to 4.2% of the total number of pesticides studied for mutagenic activity, and 6.5% of the number of pesticides classified as potential mutagens) and in 12 groups of workers exposed to a complex of several pesticides. Thus, an increase in the level of chromosomal aberrations was found during a cytogenetic examination of a group of women who had been poisoned by toxaphene (in the USSR it was used under the name polychlorcamphene).

Page 18 of 32

RISK FACTORS FOR DISEASE

In medicine, health care, demography, since their inception, thousands of theoretical generalizations have been used and improved - teachings, concepts that study the most diverse aspects of human life that determine human health and illness, risk factors for diseases. Sanology - This is the science of health and its protection. In table. 6 shows the most famous and widespread theories of sanology.

Table 6

General theories of medicine, health care, population

Tab. 6.

Any of these scientific theories are based on research disease risk factors.

Disease risk factors - These are factors that increase the likelihood of a particular disease. The main risk factors are given in table. 7.

Table 7

Grouping risk factors for health

From Table. 7 shows that more than 50% of risk factors are associated with a person's lifestyle. The same trend persists when studying the effects on certain chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular, respiratory diseases, metabolic, allergic, endocrine, oncological, neuropsychic and other disorders (Table 8).

Table 8

Distribution of risk factors in various chronic diseases and injuries

The composition of lifestyle factors (see Table 8) corresponds to such major health risk factors as smoking, alcohol consumption, psycho-emotional stress, poor nutrition, physical inactivity, etc. It is these factors that make up an unhealthy lifestyle, or rather, a lifestyle that is unfavorable for health a person in conditions created by himself, his activity or activity. Lifestyle acts as a collective sociological concept or category.

By their nature, origin, risk factors are primary, secondary, tertiary, etc. The category of primary risk factors includes those that usually act primarily, being the cause of the disease.

There are also various pathological conditions, which in themselves are diseases and have their own primary risk factors. They are secondary factors in relation to various diseases, for example, arterial hypertension is a secondary factor for atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease.

In table. Figure 9 shows WHO data on primary and secondary major health risk factors (taking into account their “rating”).

Table 9

Big Risk Factors

In addition to individual risk factors, there are also risk groups, i.e. groups of the population, to a greater extent than others, predisposed to various diseases. These may include the elderly, children, pregnant women, persons working in hazardous industries, etc. (Table 10).

Table 10

The main risk groups of the population, their classification

Table of contents
Health and lifestyle.
DIDACTIC PLAN
HUMAN HEALTH IN THE SYSTEM OF GLOBAL PROBLEMS
Health as a universal value
Health as an indicator of population development
Factors affecting health
Statistics on health, morbidity, fertility, longevity and mortality
CONCEPT AND INDICATORS OF HEALTH
Definition of “health” and “illness”
Assessment of the state of individual and public health
Physiological health criteria
GENETIC AND SOCIAL CONDITIONING OF HEALTH AND DISEASE
Socio-biological conditionality of health and disease
The concept, basic provisions and categories of eugenics
medical genetics