Hyperplasia of the lymphoid tissue of the pharyngeal tonsil. What is hypertrophy of the lymphoid tissue of the pharynx

The palatine tonsils and the nasopharyngeal tonsil are an accumulation of lymphoid tissue that has a protective function in children. After the end of puberty in healthy people, they disappear. But in some cases, the tonsils grow, and then they do not protect, but become foci of chronic infection. Hyperplasia of the tonsils in rare cases in children cause respiratory failure, oxygen starvation, from which the work of the brain is disrupted. Such patients often suffer from respiratory infections, and sometimes they even have developmental retardation.

Symptoms of the development of hyperplasia of the tonsils

Hyperplasia of the tonsils is one of the most common abnormalities in childhood. The tonsils, they are also tonsils in children, are an important human organ that helps our body to overcome the infection that has entered it. They are located between the palatine arches in the throat, just in the place where the nasal and oral cavities connect on both sides of the tongue.

With the growth of lymphatic tissue, symptoms of the disease occur, which can interfere with the normal respiratory process. A complication of this is increasing hypoxia, which primarily affects the brain, as well as causing a violation in the development of the baby and frequent viral and bacterial infections.

It is necessary to distinguish between true hyperplasia of the tonsil and the growth of its size due to inflammatory edema caused by allergic diseases and infections.

Features of the treatment of hyperplasia of the tonsils

The disease is treated by various methods, but the most common method is surgery (adenotomy). Adenatomy is often used not for indications that determine true tonsil hyperplasia, but for relapse of otitis, sinusitis, upper respiratory tract infections, assuming that this operation will eliminate the focus of chronic infection. Unfortunately, these actions do not always eliminate the problems of diseases of the nose and ear, and in some cases even increase them, because the decanation of the pharyngeal tonsils leads to disruption of the mucous membrane of the upper respiratory tract.

Given these nuances, the approach to the treatment of the disease is that surgical intervention occurs only in the case of true hyperplasia of 2-3 degrees, the second way is the conservative treatment of adenoiditis. In the case of conservative treatment, the basis is a local effect on the nasal mucosa, nasopharynx and tonsils; drugs with a wide range of effects on the bacterial flora are used, because in chronic adenoiditis, rhinosinusitis, different associations of pathogenic and conditionally pathogenic flora dominate.

Stages of therapy for hyperplasia of the tonsils

Treatment should begin with conservative therapy with antibacterial and anti-inflammatory drugs.

The use of the local steroid drug Nasonex is effective during the treatment of tonsil hyperplasia and allows not resorting to adenotomy, in the absence of true tonsil hyperplasia.

After adenotomy, it is appropriate to carry out prophylaxis with a local immunomodulatory drug IRS-19.

Operating tonsils is very simple for both the patient and the doctor. A prepared patient comes to the doctor on the appointed day, takes premedication and goes to the operating room 30 minutes later. The anesthetist puts on a breathing mask and after about 6 breaths the patient falls asleep. The operation for the patient is completed on this. The next thing he will feel and see will be complete calm and a chamber.

In many hospitals, patients after surgical treatment are in the hospital after surgery for another 6 days. But the radiosurgical methods used during the operation make it possible to be discharged within the first day and recover in a comfortable home environment. Most often, a doctor's observation in the postoperative period after the removal of diseased tonsils is not required, but if necessary, the patient can promptly receive a consultation from the attending physician.

Finally, it should be noted that it is impossible to operate for the treatment of tonsil hyperplasia without strong indications. Such a conclusion can only be reached after a comprehensive examination by a qualified doctor.

Causes of hyperplastic growth of the tonsils

The causes of the disease are:

chronic viral infections;

acute viral infections;

physiological hyperplasia (at the age of 3-6 years);

intracellular infections of the respiratory tract: chlamydia, mycoplasmas.

Depending on the age and development of the organism, some tonsils practically atrophy. And some can cause diseases such as lingual tonsil hyperplasia or pharyngeal tonsil hyperplasia.

Causes of the disease

In the case of the influence of negative factors, the tonsils lose their protective function and infectious processes begin in them. An activated infection provokes an increase in the size of the tissues of the tonsils, which leads to a deterioration in the patency of the larynx, and this, in turn, makes breathing difficult. Further development of the process can cause hypoxia, which affects the brain. It can also cause frequent respiratory and lung diseases. Hyperplasia of the tonsils can be caused by a viral pathogen, allergic exposure, as well as chlamydial or mycoplasmal infection.

Treatment of hyperplasia in the early stages is carried out using medications. Puffiness and inflammatory processes are recommended to be removed with anti-inflammatory drugs. The infection itself is treated with antibiotics. In case of insufficient effect of the treatment or its absence, surgical intervention is recommended. To increase efficiency, local immunostimulating drugs are prescribed for prevention. Why does tonsil hyperplasia occur?

Hyperplasia is characteristic mainly of children, but sometimes the disease occurs at an older age and for various reasons:

The cause of the disease may be mechanical damage to the throat. In this case, in addition to the tonsils themselves, the larynx or mouth is damaged.
Thermal damage can be caused by exposure to boiling water or aggressive substances. Acid or alkali leads to a chemical burn of the pharynx. In this case, you must immediately contact a medical institution.
Another provocative cause sometimes becomes a foreign body, which during a meal damages the lymphatic tissue (fish bone, sharp bone fragments).
It is worth remembering the general condition of the body, its immune resistance to various infections, since it is she who responds to the aggression of environmental factors.
The disease can be provoked by prolonged exposure to low temperatures on the throat when breathing through the mouth, frequent inflammatory diseases of the respiratory system, including echoes of past childhood diseases.

Indirect causes for the occurrence of hyperplasia of the pharyngeal tonsil are considered to be malnutrition, poor ecology, the influence of bad habits that reduce the body's defenses. Also an important role in the enlargement of the tonsils is played by the disturbed balance of the hormonal background, the lack of vitamins and the increased background radiation. The beginning of the development of tonsil hyperplasia is the activation of immature lymphatic cells.

Symptoms and Diagnosis

Considering that the activation of the growth of lymphatic tissue is more often observed in babies, the main thing for parents is the detection of a problem, followed by contacting a specialist. Timely diagnosis will allow you to radically stop the subsequent growth of the tonsils and exclude the further development of complications.

Often the disease occurs with inflammation of not one type, but several, for example, pharyngeal and lingual tonsils. Therefore, the symptoms of the disease have a wider range of manifestations, in contrast to the increase in one tonsil. On palpation, tonsils often have an average density or soft, they acquire a yellow or reddish tint.

In the active phase of the development of the disease, enlarged tonsils interfere with the normal process of breathing and the passage of food. As a result, breathing problems occur, especially during periods of sleep or rest. When forming speech, minor problems, voice distortion, unintelligible speech and incorrect pronunciation appear. Impaired breathing prevents the full supply of oxygen to the lobes of the brain, which is fraught with hypoxia. Apnea occurs due to relaxation of the muscles of the pharynx. In addition, there are problems with the ears, otitis media and hearing impairment due to tubal dysfunction may develop.

In addition to the listed manifestations, complications in the form of colds are possible, this is caused by the inhalation of cold air with constant breathing through the oral cavity. Otitis can cause gradual hearing loss and other diseases of the middle ear.

In babies, the lingual tonsil develops systematically until adolescence, it is located in the area of \u200b\u200bthe root of the tongue. After 15 years, it begins the reverse process and is divided into two parts. It happens that this does not happen, and the lymphatic cells continue to grow. Thus, the hyperplasia of the tonsil increases and grows between the root of the tongue and the pharynx, which creates the feeling of having a foreign body.

Such processes can last up to 40 years due to the development of a hereditary anomaly. Symptoms of enlarged lingual tonsils include difficulty swallowing, a sensation of education behind the tongue, distortion of the voice timbre, the appearance of snoring and apnea. Hyperplasia of the tonsil during exercise is manifested by gurgling, unreasonable cough and uncharacteristic noise. Drug treatment does not always help, so the symptoms can bother for years. In certain cases, bleeding occurs due to irritation of the nerve endings of the larynx.

Methods of treatment

Treatment of tonsil hyperplasia should begin with antibiotic therapy and anti-inflammatory drugs.
The use of topical steroid preparations is allowed, which allows not to carry out adenotomy (only in the absence of true hyperplasia).
In difficult cases, adenotomy is performed, after which prophylaxis with immunostimulating drugs is recommended.

The first two methods are effective in the early stages of the disease and the presence of strong immunity in humans. In the case of such treatment, the basis is a local effect on the mucous membrane of the nasopharynx and tonsils using drugs with a wide range of effects on the bacterial flora. The most common way is surgery, or - adenotomy.

Adenatomy is also often used for recurrence of otitis, infectious diseases of the upper respiratory tract, seeking to eliminate foci of chronic infection. Unfortunately, such actions do not always solve the problems of the nose and ear, because the removal of the pharyngeal tonsils violates the mucous membrane of the upper respiratory tract. Given this, surgical intervention is only suitable in the presence of true hyperplasia of 2-3 degrees.

Disease prevention methods

Given the causes of the development of tonsil hyperplasia, it is worth determining the main preventive directions that make it possible to avoid the disease or drastically reduce the likelihood of its occurrence. Prevention of hyperplasia is based on providing favorable living conditions. This is cleanliness in the home, optimal humidity and temperature. It is also necessary to adhere to proper nutrition, since the lack of a complex of vitamins and minerals dramatically reduces the protective function of the human body.

Make sure to dress warmly in the cold season, monitor breathing through the nose, so that cold air does not enter the nasopharynx, but passes through the nose well moistened and warmed up. The state of the nasopharynx is excellent for strengthening the body by hardening and physical exertion. It is also advised to periodically visit health facilities, conducting complex procedures, taking vitamins and mineral elements.

Prevention of hyperplasia involves the timely treatment of respiratory diseases, acute respiratory and inflammatory processes. In the presence of the first signs of the disease, it is necessary to consult a specialist in order to start therapy in a timely manner and exclude surgical intervention or chronic pathology. A positive effect, prevention of the disease is given by gargling with cool water with sea salt. Since the occurrence of hyperplasia is characteristic at an early age, it is advisable to harden children.

Nasopharyngeal tonsil: features and hypertrophic process

There are 4 main types of tonsils, which are classified by location and pairing. The paired glands include the palatine or pharyngeal tonsils (located in the depression between the palate and the tongue) and tubular (localized in the region of the opening of the auditory tube).

Anatomical location and structure

The pharyngeal tonsil is located in the upper part of the larynx, where its arch is formed and the transition to the nasal cavity. The tonsils are located behind the palate, framed on the sides by the pharyngeal openings, which are part of the Eustachian tubes. The auditory tube is attached to the middle ear cavity, covering the eardrums, auditory ossicles.

The tympanic membrane stabilizes the intra-ear pressure relative to the external one, providing full hearing. In the case when the tonsils become inflamed, the function of maintaining optimal pressure and hearing is impaired.

The nasopharyngeal tonsils are normally small in size, they look like a slight elevation above the surface of the mucous epithelium. In the inflammatory process, the size of the tonsils increases significantly, and respiratory function is impaired. In young children, symptoms of respiratory failure rapidly increase.

Functional features

Adenoids are a kind of gate when pathogenic microflora enters the body. Given that most infectious diseases are transmitted by airborne droplets, it is the mucous membranes of the throat and larynx that are the first to suffer.

If earlier tonsils were simply removed during inflammation, today clinicians are not so categorical in the issue of radical elimination of the problem. The pharyngeal tonsil, with its pathological growth, is called adenoid vegetation, but this is not an organ that is removed without consequences for the body.

The main function of the pharyngeal tonsil is to stimulate general and local immunity. Thus, after removal, patients become vulnerable to various infectious diseases, and acute processes quickly transform into chronic forms.

In some cases, the tonsils still have to be removed. When infected, they themselves often become a source of infection, and their excessive growth can cause serious harm to the body.

Hypertrophic processes

Normally, the expression of the body's immune forces is significantly limited, therefore, after stopping the infectious process, the lymphocytic division in the pharyngeal tonsil is noticeably reduced. But with constant violations of immune activity, prolonged course of diseases, inadequate treatment of infectious processes, the system of protective functions of organisms gets out of control. All these disorders lead to hypertrophic changes in the lymphoid tissue, the functionality of the glands decreases and they become sources of infection.

I degree, when the adenoids overlap part of the unpaired facial bone that forms the nasal septum (vomer);
II degree, when the tonsils overlap the surface of the vomer by 2/3;
III degree, when the adenoids completely cover the vomer.

The last degrees of hypertrophy can significantly impair the patient's nasal breathing, forcing him to breathe through his mouth. For an accurate diagnosis, it is not enough to determine the degree of vomer overlap, since the clinical picture does not always correspond to the degree of the pathological process.

The hypertrophic process can proceed in two main forms:

vascular-glandular form, when there is an abnormal proliferation of blood vessels and their capillaries, an increased number of glands (found in public people: singers, speakers, lecturers);
lymphoid, occurs when chronic inflammation of the mucous membranes of the nasopharynx is involved or against the background of the removal of the tonsils as a compensatory reaction of the body.

The pharyngeal ring with lymphadenoid tissue completes its formation by the age of 12 months and changes somewhat by adolescence (age). Usually, inflammation of the pharyngeal tonsil is associated with constant colds, SARS, chronic diseases of internal organs and systems. The risk group includes patients with tuberculosis, immunodeficiency states, unfavorable living conditions (poor nutrition, stressful environment, bad habits), aggravated allergic history, dental infectious diseases.

Inflammation of the pharyngeal tonsils is often associated with the patient's hereditary predisposition, as well as with an anomaly in the development of the human lymphatic system as a whole. A timely response to frequent bouts of colds, runny nose, and other infectious diseases eliminates the need for a surgical solution to the problem.

hyperplasia of the tonsils

Hyperplasia of the tonsils is a disease that is considered childhood, and in which pus collects in the folds of the mucous membrane of the tonsils, which causes pathologies of the heart and / or kidneys.

Tonsils are an accumulation of lymphatic tissue, which is designed to protect the body, and has several localization sites. With some process in the body, the tonsils cease to perform the function of immunity and help the infection to spread. As the lymphatic tissue increases in number, the tonsils become larger. Because of this, the child can no longer breathe normally. Hypoxia develops, and with a lack of oxygen in the body, as you know, the brain suffers very much. The development of the child in such cases is disturbed, he very often falls ill.

Tonsils can grow due to swelling caused by inflammation. Allergic agents or infection can be provocateurs. The third reason is true hyperplasia. From 3 to 6 years, an increase in tonsils is a common physiological process. Hyperplasia of the tonsils can be caused by pathogens such as mycoplasmas and chlamydia. For treatment, the correct prescription of drugs is important. Anti-inflammatory drugs are relevant to relieve inflammation and minimize swelling. Antibacterial drugs are needed to destroy the pathogen that caused the disease.

With the ineffectiveness of drug treatment, the doctor prescribes a surgical operation called adenotomy. After it, you need to take immunostimulants for prevention. With the first degree of hyperplasia, surgery is not resorted to.

Causes of tonsil hyperplasia

For the occurrence of the disease, a damaging factor, for example, a burn, is important. In such situations, not only the tonsils are affected, but also the tissues adjacent to them. Not only too hot water can damage the tonsils, but also alkaline and acidic substances. For the treatment of such patients, hospitalization is mandatory.

Among the reasons called the hit of a third-party object. With a high probability, these are small fish bones that violate the integrity of the lymphatic tissue. When swallowing, a person in such cases feels as if something pricks in his throat. The next reason is tumors and anomalies in the development of the tonsils. The organ can also be damaged when:

contact with infected mucus (adenoiditis)
mouth breathing resulting in prolonged inhalation of cold air
diseases that the child was exposed to at a young age
relapses and frequent diseases of the ears, throat and / or nose.

Children at risk for tonsil hyperplasia include:

malnourished
with poor living conditions, without proper care from parents or guardians
imbalance of hormones in the body
plays lymphatic-hypoplastic constitutional anomaly
exposure to radiation for a long time
lack of vitamins

In pathogenesis, the activation of the production of lymphoid cells plays a role.

Symptoms

For effective treatment, parents should notice the pathology in time and come to the doctor with this problem. Timely diagnosis is a guarantee that there will be no complications. Doctors often record hypertrophic processes in several types of tonsils, including the pharyngeal one. The doctor necessarily palpates the tonsils, the texture is soft or densely elastic to the touch. The shade can be either light yellow or saturated red.

The child may complain of difficulty in inhaling and exhaling, as well as discomfort when swallowing. Breathing becomes noisy, the doctor fixes dysphagia (a disorder of the swallowing process) and dysphonia (voice disorder). Parents can characterize the voice of a small patient as nasal, speech as unintelligible, some of the words may not be pronounced correctly by the patient.

As already noted, hyperplasia of the tonsils leads to hypoxia - the body receives less oxygen. As a result, coughing may occur, and during sleep, snoring. If the pathological process captures the child's ears, then the doctor notes otitis media.

Complications can be constant colds, because a child with hyperplasia cannot breathe normally, keeps his mouth open. Otitis media (the complication mentioned above) causes permanent hearing loss.

Hyperplasia of the palatine tonsils

The absence of inflammation, but the growth of lymphatic tissue is recorded mainly in young children. Hyperplasia of the palatine tonsils in such cases acts as a compensation mechanism when the body is attacked by infections. When the tonsils become so large that they become an obstruction to the inhalation of air and its passage through the respiratory tract, an operation is performed to remove some of the tissue.

The pathogenesis involves an immunoreactive process. Breathing through the mouth also matters if the child has such a problem as adenoids. They contribute to the fact that a large amount of infected mucus is produced, which negatively affects the palatine tonsils. In pathogenesis, the pathology of the adrenal glands or the thyroid gland play a role. Sleep apnea is likely to occur at night.

Hyperplasia of the lingual tonsil

This tonsil is localized at the root of the tongue. From the age of fourteen, it develops back, therefore it is divided into two. When this process is disturbed, lymphatic tissue grows. With hyperplasia of the lingual tonsil, a teenager has complaints about a foreign body in the throat. Such a process can accompany the patient until he is 40 years old. The reason is most often congenital. The patient's swallowing worsens, the timbre of the voice changes, relatives may notice periods of time when the patient does not breathe at night, which is called apnea.

With the diagnosis of hyperplasia of the palatine tonsil in a child during exercise, breathing becomes bubbling and noisy. A symptom such as cough with some probability causes laryngospasm. Taking pills will not work, the cough will continue for years. In some cases, the cough can be prolonged and severe, leading to bleeding.

Researchers put forward the point of view that the nasopharyngeal tonsils play a role in immunity until the baby is 3 years old. Due to frequent childhood illnesses, pathological growth of lymphatic tissue may begin. The disease is typical for children living in cold or excessively damp rooms. Inflammation appears in the respiratory organs.

Tonsils can be of three degrees of growth. The first degree is characterized by the closure of the top of the plate by the adenoids, which forms the nasal septum. If this plate is closed by 65%, the doctor fixes the II degree, the closure by 90% and more indicates the II degree of the pathology in question.

Symptoms: nasal congestion, significant "snot", which is why the nasal passage is very poor. The circulation of blood in the nasal cavity due to these factors is impaired, which exacerbates inflammation in the nasopharynx. If the adenoids are of the second or third degree, then the voice is disturbed, it is characterized as deaf. The auditory tubes can be closed, in such cases, which is logical, hearing is reduced to a greater or lesser extent. The child's mouth may be slightly open, sometimes the sagging of the lower jaw, smoothing of the nasolabial folds, which changes facial features.

Hyperplasia of the pharyngeal tonsil

This amygdala develops before the age of 14, especially in infants. Hyperplasia of the pharyngeal tonsil is one of the manifestations of lymphatic diathesis. Also, hereditary factors, regular hypothermia, lack of nutrients or calories in the diet, attack of viral pathogens can also play a role.

In some cases, chronic inflammatory processes in the tonsils cause excessive growth of their tissue. It is difficult for the patient to breathe through the nose, so he opens his mouth to inhale and exhale air. The upper lip is above the normal level, there is swelling of the face, some elongation. Therefore, the doctor may mistakenly suspect mental retardation.

The brain is not getting enough air. In the morning, the child looks as if he did not get enough sleep. During the day, he can be unreasonably moody. Dryness of the oral mucosa is typical, the voice is hoarse when the child tries to breathe through the mouth. Long-lasting rhinitis with sinusitis is also fixed, tubotympanitis and otitis media are likely. The temperature may be slightly elevated, appetite worsens, memory and attention also become worse.

Hyperplasia of the tonsils in children

The children's body is often exposed to infections, such as whooping cough or scarlet fever. Hypertrophic processes are launched as compensatory ones. The diagnosis in question is made mainly to children under the age of ten years. Hyperplasia does not manifest itself as an inflammatory process. The tonsils are pale yellow, not red.

At the 1st degree of growth, there are no symptoms. If growth is intense, then parents note the nasality of the child's voice, breathing complications and other symptoms that were listed above. A large number of follicles, which are more fragile than normal, close the gaps without plugs.

Diagnostics

An experienced doctor pays attention to the facial expression of a small patient. It is important to interview parents, and if possible, the child himself, to identify the main complaints. In the anamnesis, such moments as low immune defense of the body, respiratory diseases (several per year), and a stuffy nose for a long time can be indicated. To determine the diagnosis, it is important to conduct laboratory tests. It is necessary to identify the pathogen and check its response to commonly used drugs. The patient is prescribed bakposev from the pharynx.

The patient needs to take blood for analysis, including acid-base balance, and also take urine for analysis to detect inflammation. Instrumental diagnostic methods are also relevant in the diagnosis of tonsil hyperplasia. Ultrasound diagnostics of the pharynx, pharyngoscopy, fibroendoscopy and rigid endoscopy are carried out.

Hyperplasia of the tonsils can be provoked (should be taken into account in the diagnosis):

cancer in the tonsils
tuberculosis
granulomas of the pharynx of an infectious nature
leukemia
Hodgkin's disease

Treatment

Treatment requires an integrated approach, including the use of drugs, physiotherapy and, if necessary, surgery. At the I degree (the classification is described above), special medicines and rinses are prescribed. Cauterizing and astringent agents are suitable for the latter procedure, including tannin solution; antiseptics are also prescribed.

Hypertrophic areas are lubricated with a 2.5% solution of silver nitrate. The following medications are suitable for treatment:

Current physiotherapy methods include:

In some cases, endopharyngeal therapy with a laser is needed. Mud phonophoresis, electrophoresis, inhalations with decoctions of medicinal herbs, vacuum hydrotherapy are often prescribed. In cases of II and III degrees of hyperplasia resort to surgical operations. Most often, part of the overgrown tonsil is removed. This method is relevant for patients under seven years of age, if there is no poliomyelitis, diphtheria, infectious diseases, blood diseases.

Cryosurgery is a method of treating tonsil hyperplasia, in which low temperatures affect the organ, which allows you to get rid of pathological growths. In this case, the patient does not feel pain, and there is no blood either. This operation is indicated for patients with heart failure, atherosclerosis and heart disease.

The next method of treating the pathology in question is diathermocoagulation, in other words, cauterization. When agreeing to treatment with this method, consult your doctor about the high likelihood of various complications.

Prevention

It is important to live in favorable conditions, keeping the room clean, maintaining a normal level of air humidity and a temperature comfortable for the human body. Nutrition must be correct in order for the immune system to be active. In autumn and winter, you need to dress according to the weather, do not breathe through your mouth, so that the icy air does not affect the tonsils.

To maintain immunity, hardening, spa treatment, additional courses of minerals and vitamins may be relevant. Respiratory and any other diseases must be treated on time so that they do not become chronic.

Forecast

Doctors almost always give a favorable prognosis. Thanks to tonsillotomy, a person can breathe through his nose, his immunity returns to normal. The brain functions without hypoxia, which normalizes sleep and the general well-being of the patient. The nasality of the voice also disappears after proper treatment. At an early age, moderate hyperplasia of the tonsils can be detected, but after the child reaches the age of ten, it disappears. If, after 10 years, hyperplasia still exists, you need to see a doctor.

If symptoms appear, contact your doctor for early diagnosis and treatment.

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The nasopharyngeal tonsil is a peripheral organ of the human immune system. It is represented by lymphoid tissue, where mature lymphocytes multiply, protecting the body from infections. Pathological processes inside it can cause frequent tonsillitis, snoring, tonsil hyperplasia and chronic tonsillitis. To check the condition and monitor the pharyngeal tonsil, they turn to the ENT, as well as to the immunologist.

Location

This gland is unpaired and is located in the mucous membrane of the pharynx and sinuses. It is on the periphery of the digestive and respiratory systems that the greatest accumulation of harmful microorganisms that enter with air or food is noted. Therefore, such a compact arrangement, together with the palatine tonsils, helps the body to cope with microbes and viruses quite effectively. It happens that the amygdala increases somewhat in size due to various reasons, which leads to difficult airway patency and rhinolalia.

Structure

The pharyngeal tonsil has a porous surface and consists of several fragments of the mucosa, transversely located and enveloped in a stratified epithelium. It has peculiar cavities (lacunae) in the amount of 10-20 pieces, which are designed to filter microorganisms that get inside. The deepest lacuna is called "pharyngeal bag" (Lyushka).

But under the action of certain factors, pathogenic microorganisms can begin to multiply in the area of lacunae, which leads to chronic tonsillitis. On the entire surface of the gland are follicles that produce lymphocytes. They enter the circulatory system through a dense network of capillaries passing at the base of the gaps.

Hyperplasia of the nasopharyngeal tonsil

Hyperplasia (increase in size) of the gland is called adenoiditis. This is one of the most common deviations in children. The proliferation of adenoids occurs at a younger preschool age and up to 15 years, but there are cases of the disease in both adults and one-year-old children.

Adenoids can be both single and represented by a branched conglomerate. They are located at the base of the mucous membrane of the nasopharynx and nasal sinuses. They are an oval of irregular shape and pink color, soft on palpation, with longitudinal slits dividing each fragment into 2-3 parts.

With adenoiditis, the symptoms are pronounced and presented in the form of snoring, difficult nasal breathing, constant discharge from the nasal cavity, hearing loss and frequent inflammatory processes in the nasopharynx. Another symptom is chronic rhinitis.

Congestive hyperemia in the mucous gland and in the surrounding soft tissues leads to chronic hypoxia and oxygen starvation of the brain, in which even a lag in the development of the child can be noted. Patients suffering from this kind of illness often suffer from viral and bacterial infections, since the overgrown gland can no longer cope with its function normally and, instead of protecting itself, becomes a permanent infectious focus.

Inflammation of the nasopharyngeal tonsil

Inflammation of the tonsil (nasopharyngeal tonsillitis or acute adenoiditis) is provoked by a viral or microbial infection and begins with a rise in temperature, which can range from 37.5-39.5 °, and a feeling of dryness and sore throat.

Symptoms are similar to purulent and catarrhal tonsillitis, in which a whitish coating is noted on the tonsils on the surface of the tonsils, only pain and inflammation are localized behind the soft palate. In such cases, the patient will feel the accumulation of secretion behind the walls of the sky, which is difficult to cough up. In acute adenoiditis, inflamed lymphoid tissue can block the passages of the pharyngeal-tympanic tube, which can lead to inflammation of the middle ear. There is a sharp deterioration in nasal breathing in a vertical position and its practical absence in a horizontal position of the body.

At the onset of the disease, a runny nose, paroxysmal cough, mainly at night, and a feeling of congestion in the ears are noted. Quite often, such inflammation becomes the cause of stenosing laryngitis. The disease with proper treatment lasts about 5 days. In young children, there are often violations of the digestive system in the form of vomiting and loose stools.

The gland has many nerve endings, so its inflammation is often painful for the patient. It is supplied with arterial blood from branches of the carotid artery and transmits lymphocytes to the body. With the pathology of the nasopharyngeal tonsil in the form of purulent tonsillitis, the danger is the breakthrough of abscesses with the possible development of sepsis or meningitis provoked by streptococcus.

Surgery to remove the third tonsil

The decision to perform this kind of operation is made by the doctor, having weighed all the pros and cons when conservative methods of treatment do not bring the desired results. Direct indications for surgical intervention are:

frequent sore throats;
critically difficult nasal breathing;
complications from the internal organs.

The nasopharyngeal tonsil is removed under general anesthesia through the oral cavity. It is usually recommended to be observed in the hospital for another 6 days after the operation, but the use of radiosurgical methods minimizes the occurrence of side effects, and the patient can be discharged home within a few hours after recovery from anesthesia under home observation.

After the operation, the patient needs to stay at home for at least three days. On the first day, cold drinks and warm, soft foods are a must. Side effects requiring readmission to the hospital include:

nose bleed;
bleeding from the mouth;
temperature rise over 38°.

The third (or pharyngeal) tonsil, which is part of a conglomerate of nasopharyngeal tonsils (palatine and lingual), is designed to protect a person from pathogenic microorganisms penetrating from the external environment. However, under the influence of a number of factors, it can grow and become inflamed, undermining protection and reducing immunity. In the absence of the desired result from conservative treatment, surgical intervention is recommended. Thanks to modern technologies and qualified doctors, both children and adults can get rid of such problems as snoring, chronic runny nose, constantly difficult breathing, rhinolalia and frequent inflammatory processes in the larynx in one day.

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What is tonsil hyperplasia and how is it treated?

Good afternoon, dear readers! Does your child have constantly enlarged tonsils or adenoids, is he often sick, speaks through his nose, snores, sniffles, does not breathe normally and complains of fatigue? Most likely, it was she who became the cause - hyperplasia.

Pathology is very dangerous, diagnosed mainly in children, often provokes severe complications in the heart, kidneys, brain. What to do with it, how to notice it in time, why does it develop? Find the answers in the article!

An insidious childhood illness can be very dangerous...

What is it, what is the aforementioned hyperplasia of the tonsils in humans?

This is an abnormal process in which, due to an increase in the number of cells in the lymphoid tissue, the diameter of the tonsils (any, for example, palatine, lingual, nasopharyngeal, pharyngeal) increases.

Pathology begins to develop mainly in childhood (10-14 years and so), can give complications to vital organs and disrupt the process of human physical development.

Due to hyperplasia, the lymph nodes (tonsils) begin to grow, block the airways, become a focus of constant inflammation, cease to perform their main protective functions, begin to fester and disturb.

Why is this happening?

Why do lymph nodes in children begin to grow abnormally? There may be several or just one reason, but often the disease is provoked by a combination of factors.

The cause may be swelling due to an inflammatory reaction to an allergen or infection, as well as physiology (in children aged 3-6 years, lymphatic tissues actively grow), or trauma, such as a burn or a fish bone injection.

Do not forget about the anomalies of physical development and tumor-like neoplasms (this is cancer), but, fortunately, these causes are much less common than the previous ones.

Regardless of the cause, the disease must be diagnosed and treated in time, otherwise the complications described above may well develop. And to diagnose it, you need to know the symptoms.

Main symptoms

Lymph nodes become dense, increase;

Their color can vary from pale yellow to bright red;

To the touch they are loose, elastic;

The child cannot breathe normally, swallow, snores, often gets sick;

There is dysphonia and noisy breathing;

Nasalness appears, it is difficult for the child to form speech;

Hypoxia begins due to insufficient oxygen supply to the brain;

Otitis media and persistent hearing loss develop.

You can determine which lymph nodes have increased by the following signs:

1. If hyperplasia of the tonsils has affected the palatine ones, then they will be visible, they will increase, they can periodically fester and become covered with plaque.

Often the disease develops due to improper breathing through the oral cavity, which occurs in the presence of enlarged adenoids. The inflamed palatine lymph nodes will be pink, smooth, and gaps will be visible on them due to the loose consistency.

2. If the lingual tonsil is affected, which most often occurs in adolescents at the age of years, when its most active development is noted (it is divided into two halves), then it can grow to such a size that it completely blocks the space between the root of the tongue and the pharynx.

Because of this, there will be a constant sensation of a foreign object in the mouth, as well as a voice change, snoring and apnea will appear.

These pathological processes can continue even in adults up to 40 years of age, and all this time the symptoms will be noticeable.

3. When the nasopharyngeal lymph nodes (adenoids) are affected, permanent nasal congestion develops with strong secretions that block the nasal passages.

This often happens in children under the age of 3 years. Enlarged adenoids spoil the voice, interfere with normal breathing, deform the face, lead to snoring and sleep apnea, and reduce hearing function.

Therefore, it is better to remove such lymphoid tissues immediately, according to pediatricians, including Komarovsky.

4. An increase in the pharyngeal tonsil is diagnosed most often and precisely at the age of 14 years, since it develops faster than all the lymph nodes of the pharynx.

It is possible to distinguish a sick person from a healthy person even in appearance - his mouth is constantly open, his upper lip is raised, his face is elongated and very swollen, as in the photo. The remaining symptoms are not much different from those described above (breathing problems, snoring, frequent colds, etc.).

What to do, how to treat?

Some will tell you that nothing needs to be done, that the child will supposedly outgrow and then everything will be fine. And I'll tell you, the above problem does not go away by itself!

It needs to be treated and the sooner the better! How is tonsil hyperplasia treated? It all depends on the severity of the disease, the presence of complications and other features.

Treatment requires a holistic approach that includes:

Sometimes even an operation to remove it.

Treatment always (except for advanced cases) begins with drug therapy. If the disease is mild (grade 1), then rinse solutions are prescribed, for example, cauterizing and astringent, namely a tannin solution, as well as antiseptics and antibiotics, if necessary.

In addition, you need to undergo a course of physiotherapeutic procedures, namely the following: ultrasound, ozone, microwave, UHF. In cases of grade 2 and especially grade 3 hyperplasia, they resort to various types of surgical operations.

Now more and more often operations are prescribed for the partial removal of affected tissues - cauterization of the lymph nodes with a laser, silver, nitrogen.

You can read more about such procedures in separate articles on this site.

If all else fails, the lymphoid tissue continues to grow, then it is advisable to carry out a complete removal of the affected tissues.

Well, that's all, dear readers. I hope you have found answers to all your questions. Read share with friends on social networks, and subscribe to our updates. Take care of your health and get treated on time, but not by yourself, but with the help of doctors.

Always go to the hospital if something is bothering you, as self-medication often does not lead to anything good. Good luck to you! See you soon!

Hypertrophy of the palatine tonsils- an increase in the size of lymphoid formations located between the anterior and posterior arches of the soft palate, without signs of inflammatory changes. Clinical manifestations - discomfort when swallowing, deterioration of nasal and oral breathing, snoring, nasal, speech distortion, dysphagia. The main diagnostic criteria include anamnestic information, complaints, results of pharyngoscopy and laboratory tests. Therapeutic tactics depends on the severity of hypertrophy and consists of medication, physiotherapy or tonsillectomy.

General information

Hypertrophy of the palatine tonsils is a common disease that occurs in 5-35% of the general population. About 87% of all patients are children and adolescents aged 3 to 15 years. Among middle-aged and older people, such changes are extremely rare. Often this condition is combined with an increase in the nasopharyngeal tonsil - adenoids, which indicates a general hyperplasia of the lymphoid tissue. The prevalence of pathology in the child population is associated with a high incidence of acute respiratory viral infections. Hyperplasia of the lymphoid tissue of the pharynx with the same frequency is detected among males and females.

Causes

In modern otolaryngology, hypertrophy of the palatine tonsils is considered as a compensatory reaction. The growth of lymphoid tissue may be preceded by conditions accompanied by immunodeficiency. As a rule, an increase in the tonsils is due to:

Inflammatory and infectious diseases. The palatine tonsils are the organ in which the primary contact with the antigen, its identification, and the formation of the local and systemic immune response take place. Most often, hypertrophy is caused by ARVI, a recurrent course of inflammatory pathologies of the mouth and pharynx (adenoiditis, stomatitis, caries, pharyngitis, etc.), infectious diseases of childhood (measles, whooping cough, scarlet fever, and others).
Decreased immunity. This includes all diseases and factors that can reduce local immunity and general body defenses - hypovitaminosis, poor nutrition, poor environmental conditions, hypothermia of the tonsils during mouth breathing and endocrine diseases. Among the latter group, the greatest role is played by insufficiency of the adrenal cortex and the thymus gland.
Lymphatic-hypoplastic diathesis. This variant of the anomaly of the constitution is manifested by a tendency to diffuse hyperplasia of the lymphoid tissue. Also, this group of patients is characterized by immunodeficiency, impaired reactivity and adaptation of the body to the effects of environmental factors.

Pathogenesis

For children under the age of 3-4 years, a deficiency of cellular immunity in the form of a deficiency of T-helpers is characteristic. This, in turn, prevents the transformation of B-lymphocytes into plasma cells and the production of antibodies. Constant contact with bacterial and viral antigens leads to excessive production of functionally immature T-lymphocytes by tonsil lymphoid follicles and their hyperplasia. Infectious and inflammatory diseases of the nasopharynx are accompanied by increased mucus production. She, flowing down the back wall of the pharynx, has an irritating effect on the palatine tonsils, causing their hypertrophy. With lymphatic-hypoplastic diathesis, in addition to persistent hyperplasia of the entire lymphoid tissue of the body, its functional deficiency is observed, which causes an increased tendency to allergies and infectious diseases. An important role in the pathogenesis of the disease is played by allergic reactions that cause degranulation of mast cells, the accumulation of a large number of eosinophils in the parenchyma of the palatine tonsils.

Classification

According to the diagnostic criteria of Preobrazhensky B.S., there are 3 degrees of enlargement of the palatine tonsils:

I st. - tonsil tissues occupy less than 1/3 of the distance from the edge of the anterior palatine arch to the uvula or the midline of the pharynx.
II Art. - hypertrophied parenchyma fills 2/3 of the aforementioned distance.
III Art. - tonsils reach the uvula of the soft palate, touch each other or go behind each other.

According to the mechanism of development, the following forms of the disease are distinguished:

hypertrophic form. Due to age-related physiological changes or constitutional anomalies.
inflammatory form. Accompanies infectious and bacterial diseases of the oral cavity and nasopharynx.
Hypertrophic-allergic form. Occurs against the background of allergic reactions.

Symptoms

The first manifestations of the disease are a feeling of discomfort when swallowing and a sensation of a foreign body in the throat. Since the increase in palatine tonsils is often combined with adenoids, there is difficulty in nasal breathing, especially during sleep. Further growth of lymphoid tissue is manifested by whistling noise during inhalation and exhalation through the nose, night cough and snoring, worsening of oral breathing.

With hypertrophy II-III Art. there is a violation of the resonating properties of the extension tube (cavities of the pharynx, nose and mouth) and a decrease in the mobility of the soft palate. As a result, dysphonia occurs, which is characterized by closed nasality, unintelligibility of speech and distortion of the pronunciation of sounds. Nasal breathing becomes impossible, the patient is forced to switch to breathing with an open mouth. Due to insufficient oxygen supply to the lungs, hypoxia develops, which is manifested by a deterioration in sleep and memory, attacks of sleep apnea. A pronounced increase in the tonsils leads to the closure of the lumen of the pharyngeal opening of the auditory tube and hearing loss.

Complications

The development of complications of hypertrophy of the palatine tonsils is associated with impaired patency of the nasopharynx and oropharynx. This leads to blockage of the outflow of secretion produced by the goblet cells of the nasal cavity and disruption of the drainage function of the auditory tube, which causes the development of chronic rhinitis and purulent otitis media. Dysphagia is accompanied by weight loss, beriberi, and pathologies of the gastrointestinal tract. Against the background of chronic hypoxia, nervous disorders develop, since brain cells are most sensitive to a lack of oxygen.

Diagnostics

To make a diagnosis of tonsil hypertrophy, an otolaryngologist conducts a comprehensive analysis, comparison of anamnestic data, patient complaints, the results of an objective examination, laboratory tests and differentiation with other pathologies. Thus, the diagnostic program includes:

Collection of anamnesis and complaints. Hyperplasia of the tonsils is characterized by respiratory failure, discomfort during the act of swallowing without concomitant intoxication syndrome and the development of angina in the past.
Pharyngoscopy. With its help, symmetrically enlarged palatine tonsils of a bright pink color with a smooth surface and free lacunae are determined. Their consistency is densely elastic, less often soft. There are no signs of inflammation.
General blood analysis. Determined changes in peripheral blood depend on the etiopathogenetic variant of tonsil enlargement and may be characterized by leukocytosis, lymphocytosis, eosinophilia, and increased ESR. Often, the data obtained are used for differential diagnosis.
X-ray of the nasopharynx. It is used in the presence of clinical signs of concomitant hypertrophy of the pharyngeal tonsils and low information content of the posterior rhinoscopy. Allows you to determine the degree of obstruction of the lumen of the nasopharynx with lymphoid tissue and develop tactics for further treatment.

Differential diagnosis is carried out with chronic hypertrophic tonsillitis, lymphosarcoma, tonsillitis with leukemia and cold intratonsilic abscess. Chronic tonsillitis is characterized by episodes of inflammation of the tonsils in history, hyperemia and purulent raids during pharyngoscopy, intoxication syndrome. With lymphosarcoma, in most cases, only one palatine tonsil is affected. Angina in leukemia is characterized by the development of ulcerative-necrotic changes on all mucous membranes of the oral cavity, the presence of a large number of blast cells in the general blood test. With a cold abscess, one of the tonsils acquires a rounded shape, and when pressed, a symptom of fluctuation is determined.

Treatment of palatine tonsil hypertrophy

Therapeutic tactics directly depends on the degree of proliferation of lymphoid tissue, as well as the severity of the disease. With minimal severity of clinical manifestations, treatment may not be carried out - with age, involution of the lymphoid tissue occurs, and the tonsils independently decrease in volume. For the correction of hypertrophy I-II Art. physiotherapeutic measures and pharmacological agents are used. An increase in II-III degree, combined with severe respiratory failure and dysphagia, is an indication for surgical removal of the palatine tonsils.

Medical treatment. As a rule, it involves the treatment of palatine tonsils with silver-based antiseptic astringent preparations and plant-based immunomodulators. The latter can also be used to wash the nose. For systemic exposure, lymphotropic drugs are used.
Physiotherapeutic agents. The most common methods are ozone therapy, short-wave ultraviolet irradiation, inhalation with carbonic mineral waters and mud solutions, electrophoresis, mud applications on the submandibular region.
Tonsillectomy. Its essence lies in the mechanical removal of the overgrown parenchyma of the palatine tonsils with the help of Mathieu's tosillotome. The operation is performed under local application anesthesia. In modern medicine, diathermocoagulation and cryosurgery are gaining popularity, which are based on the coagulation of tonsil tissues under the influence of high-frequency current and low temperatures.

Forecast and prevention

The prognosis for hypertrophy of the tonsils is favorable. Tonsillectomy leads to the complete elimination of dysphagia, the restoration of physiological respiration, and the normalization of speech. Moderate hyperplasia of the lymphoid tissue undergoes independent age-related involution, starting from 10-15 years of age. There are no specific preventive measures. Non-specific prevention is based on the timely treatment of inflammatory and infectious diseases, correction of endocrine disorders, minimization of contact with allergens, health resort rehabilitation and rational vitamin therapy.

The tonsils are an anatomical and physiological formation, consisting of lymphatic-epithelial tissues located in the oropharynx and nasopharynx. In total, in the human body there are two paired and two unpaired tonsils that perform immunological, hematopoietic and (at an early age) enzyme function. However, in some pathological processes of the tonsils, they not only do not prevent the penetration of infection into the body, but also contribute to this. In this case, the lymphatic tissue increases significantly in size and hyperplasia of the tonsils develops.

Causes of the development of hypertrophy of the tonsils

For the occurrence of this disease, the impact on the tonsils of various traumatic factors is crucial. Quite often, burns of the oropharynx play this role. A similar situation is also due to the fact that in addition to the tonsils, soft tissues adjacent to them are affected. The burn often has not only a thermal, but also a chemical nature, that is, it can be caused by the influence of acids or alkalis. In this case, the patient must be hospitalized.

The second most common cause that causes hyperplasia of the tonsils is the local effect on the mucous membrane of the pharynx of various third-party objects - most often we are talking about fish bones. In addition, tonsils can be damaged:

Upon contact with its mucous exudate containing various pathological microorganisms.
Tendency to breath through the mouth and, as a result, the constant entry of too cold or dry air into the upper respiratory tract.
Diseases suffered by a child at a young age.
Frequent occurrence of diseases of the otolaryngological profile.

The third reason experts call congenital anomalies in the structure of the tonsils or the occurrence of their tumors.

Also, in addition to this, the risk group for the development of glandular hyperplasia includes:

adherence to an irrational diet;
living in unsatisfactory living conditions;
existing hormonal disorders;
hypo- or beriberi;
prolonged exposure to radiation;
anomalies of the lymphatic-hypoplastic constitution.

Symptomatic picture

The first step to effective and qualified treatment of the pathology that has arisen is to determine the patient's characteristic symptoms. At their first manifestation, you should immediately consult a doctor. With further clinical studies, an otolaryngologist can often diagnose an increase in several types of tonsils at once.

Often, a child who is faced with a violation of the trophism of the tonsils may complain of difficulty in breathing and pain when swallowing. It is also possible the appearance of hoarseness and nasal voice, unintelligible speech and incorrect pronunciation.

Also, the child may develop symptoms indicating the development of hypoxia. For this reason, he may cough while awake and snore while sleeping. In some situations, even short-term respiratory arrest is possible. If the pathology affects the ears, the child may suffer due to frequent inflammation of the middle ear.

Hyperplasia of the palatine tonsils

In most situations, an increase in the palatine glands is associated with the occurrence of an immunoreactive process in the body. The course of the pathology is also affected by constant breathing through the mouth, hypersecretion of exudate with purulent content, and a significant change in the normal level of hormones.

Hyperplasia of the palatine tonsils can act as a compensatory mechanism that exists as a defense of the body against the penetration of pathological bacteria in case of inflammation. However, in children, the proliferation of lymphoid tissues is possible without an inflammatory process. In the event that the tonsils that have increased in size prevent the child from eating or breathing normally, a technique should be used aimed at partial excision of hypertrophied tissues.

Hyperplasia of the lingual tonsil

This formation, consisting of lymphatic-epithelial tissue, is located at the base of the tongue. After a person reaches the age of fourteen, it is divided into two equal halves. If this process is disturbed, there is a significant increase in it.

The main symptom that occurs in the case of hyperplasia of the lingual tonsil is the feeling by a person of a foreign body stuck in the throat. In this case, the patient has dysphagia (problem swallowing), voice changes and short-term cases of sleep apnea (complete lack of breathing).

In addition, the pathological process may be accompanied by the occurrence of laryngospasm. The patient's breathing becomes hoarse, accompanied by a pronounced bubbling sound. Also characteristic is a strong cough, which can be observed for a long time. At the same time, it is quite difficult to influence it by taking drugs. In some situations, the force of coughing with hyperplasia of the lingual tonsil can cause severe bleeding.

Hyperplasia of the nasopharyngeal tonsil

Hyperplasia of the nasopharyngeal tonsil in children has three stages. At the first stage of the disease, blockage of the nasal passages occurs up to 30-35%. If the adenoids close the passages by 65%, we can talk about the second stage of the pathology. With 90% closure, a specialist can put the third stage of adenoiditis.

The most common symptoms of inflammation are:

persistent nasal congestion;
a large amount of mucous exudate with the possible content of dead bacteria and exfoliated epithelium;
violation of local blood circulation in the nasal cavity.

Due to the lack of air, the child breathes mainly through the mouth. In the later stages of the process of adenoid hyperplasia, the patient's voice becomes deaf and some degree of nasality. Hearing loss may be significant. There is a change in the shape of the face and bite.

Hyperplasia of the pharyngeal tonsil

Hyperplasia of the pharyngeal tonsil is one of the pathologies associated with diathesis of the lymphatic type. In addition, the development of an uncharacteristic process can be influenced by a genetic predisposition factor, constant exposure to low temperatures, unbalanced nutrition, and frequent incidence of respiratory infections. Normally, the development of the pharyngeal tonsil is observed before the child reaches the age of 14-15 years, while the most active phase of growth is the period of infancy.

Often, inflammation of the pharyngeal glands is expressed through their increase. At the same time, the child has respiratory failure and significant changes in the contours of the face: an increase in the level of the upper lip, an increased elongation of the face becomes noticeable, and swelling is also often observed.

In addition, some symptoms of oxygen starvation are determined: one gets the feeling that during the night the child did not get enough sleep, in the daytime his behavior can be quite restless and capricious.

As for the mucous membranes of the oral cavity, they are characterized by severe dryness, the child has a hoarse and muffled voice. Perhaps the manifestation of other chronic pathologies (including tonsillitis), increased secretion of mucous exudate, general dyspeptic disorders, as well as a decrease in attentiveness and the ability to memorize various types of information.

Growing tonsils in children

Hyperplasia of the tonsils in children is often found due to a number of features of an unformed organism, including a tendency to many colds. Under the influence of various pathological microorganisms, the tonsils try to adapt to the adverse effects and begin to increase in size. However, hypertrophy cannot be attributed to inflammatory processes, since it has a different nature.

At the initial stage of the process, symptoms are often absent or have a slight force of manifestations. However, in the future, one or, often, two or more of the above symptom-markers may occur, indicating that the child has a pathology of the tonsils.

Diagnostic methods

The most important step in the process of diagnosing hyperplasia of the lymphoid tissue of the pharynx is a medical examination. In addition, careful collection of anamnestic data is of great importance. In the future, a number of laboratory studies should be carried out:

bacteriological culture to determine the causative agent of pathology (taken from the surface of the pharynx);
general analysis of blood and urine;
ultrasound examination of the pharynx;
pharyngoscopy;
fibro-as well as rigid endoscopy.

Therapeutic methods

Treatment of tonsil hyperplasia requires an integrated qualified approach. If the development of the pathology is at the initial stage, the doctor may prescribe anti-inflammatory and antihistamines, as well as special rinse solutions (often antiseptics). In addition, areas of overgrown tissue can be lubricated with a 2.5% solution of silver nitrate. It is also possible to use physiotherapeutic procedures, namely, or with ozone.

At the second or third stage of tonsil hypertrophy, in most cases, an operation is prescribed. The most optimal option in this situation is cryosurgery either.

Prevention and prognosis

Through clinical studies, it has been proven that the prevention of tonsil hyperplasia (chronic pathology) has a positive effect and does not require such complications as subsequent treatment. In order to prevent the development of this disease, the following recommendations must be followed:

Maintain an optimal microclimate in the room where the child is located.
Create the best diet for your child.
Choose clothes according to weather conditions.
Strengthen the immune system of a small family member.
Timely treat respiratory diseases.

As for the prognosis regarding the treatment of hyperplasia, most experts consider this disease to be well affected.

Tonsil cancer is considered an oncological formation of lymphoid tissue, which protects the body from the penetration of viruses and bacteria. Malignant lesions of the tonsils refers to cancerous formations of the oral cavity and oropharynx.

The throat has three types of tonsils:

Adenoids located in the pharynx.
Palatine lymph nodes. When people talk about cancer of the tonsils, they usually mean it.
Lingual.

Oncological tumor of the tonsils, as a rule, is represented by squamous cell carcinoma, although cases of lymphoma are also observed.

The following factors adversely affect the occurrence of a malignant process of the oral cavity:

Tobacco smoking and alcohol dependence.
The presence of 16 strains of human papillomavirus, which can be transmitted by contact.
Male gender and age over 50 years.

This swelling in the throat may present with one or more of the following symptoms:

pain in the distal part of the nasopharynx and oropharynx, which periodically disappear and return;
unilateral growth of the tonsils over a long period of time;
bloody masses in nasal secretions;
violations of chewing, swallowing and speech functions;
intolerance to the use of spicy foods and citrus fruits;
severe unilateral pain in the neck and ear;
putrid odor from the mouth.

Tonsil cancer - photo:

Important to know: Signs of throat cancer in women

To determine the disease, doctors use the following tests:

Examination and blood test for cancer, in which the oncologist determines the signs and symptoms.
Aspiration biopsy, which involves the removal of a tissue sample under atmospheric pressure.
Imaging studies include:

orthopantomogram - a panoramic image of the jaw tissues, which diagnoses the presence of a tumor in the skeletal system;
computed tomography, which allows you to take detailed pictures of the area inside the mouth and neck;
magnetic resonance imaging;
image of the oral cavity using positron emission diagnostics.

The therapy of oncoformation of the tonsils depends on the specific situation identified after the diagnosis. Subsequent treatment is based on such data:

how deeply the oncological process has spread in the tissues of the tonsils;
whether the tumor is detected in nearby lymph nodes;
whether cancer cells are present in any lymph nodes and organs.

In connection with the setting of the stage of the course of the malignant process, the following methods of treatment are possible:

Surgery

Foresees excision of the pathological throat area, which contains an oncological neoplasm. Depending on the area of damage, the following types of operations can be used:

With a small tumor, laser therapy surgery is possible.
For significantly advanced cancer, excision of not only the tonsils, but also nearby areas may be required.
In the most common cancer of the tonsils, a segment of the soft palate or back of the tongue is removed. The surgeon restores organs with the help of plastic surgery.

All treatments have side effects to consider. The operation may cause:

swelling in the neck and make breathing difficult. In this case, the surgeon can make a hole in the trachea and alleviate the condition until the wound has healed;
some operations on the throat can affect speech function.

Radiotherapy

Used like:

self-treatment for small tumors;
before or after surgery for large tumors.

Chemotherapy

It involves the use of anticancer drugs. They can be used as an additional treatment before the main one to reduce the size of the tumor. In this case, oncologists mainly recommend Cisplatin and Fluorouracil.

Photodynamic therapy

Currently, experimental procedures are also being researched, such as photodynamic therapy, for example. In this type of treatment, a drug is taken that is concentrated in the cancer cells. When using a special light, it is activated and destroys the tumor tissue.

It is important to know: Gland cancer: causes, treatment, prognosis, photo

If a malignant formation of the tonsils is detected, the doctor will suggest the following therapeutic measures:

At an early stage (stages I, II), surgical excision or radiation treatment is recommended. This stage means that the tumor is small and has not spread beyond the tonsils. In some cases, both methods are combined in order to avoid relapse.
If there is an advanced stage of cancer (III, IV) that has spread beyond the tonsils, shrinkage may be required before they are removed. Therefore, chemical or radiation therapy is applied first.

Survival and prognosis for tonsil cancer directly depends on the stage of cancer:

If the cancer is concentrated only in the tonsils (stages I, II), the survival rate becomes 75%;
In the presence of metastases in regional lymph nodes (stage III), the prognosis already indicates 48% of patients who will live for at least 5 years;
If the malignant process is detected in distant sites (stage IV), the overall survival rate is 20%.

However, it should be borne in mind that most tonsil cancers are detected at a more advanced stage (III or IV). This is about 75%.

The oropharynx is a very sensitive area in which any changes are quickly recognized by a person. Cancer of the tonsils, like any other malignant process, does not occur suddenly, but takes time to develop. Therefore, you need to be very careful and consult a doctor if you have any suspicions, so as not to miss the early stage of the disease.

Tonsils are a collection of seals of lymphatic tissues, these tissues perform the functions of the immune defense of our body. There are several types of tonsils in the human body, they are distinguished by location. Depending on the age and development of the organism, some tonsils practically atrophy. And some can cause diseases such as lingual tonsil hyperplasia or pharyngeal tonsil hyperplasia.

Hyperplasia is characteristic mainly of children, but sometimes the disease occurs at an older age and for various reasons:

The cause of the disease may be mechanical damage to the throat. In this case, in addition to the tonsils themselves, the larynx or mouth is damaged.
Thermal damage can be caused by exposure to boiling water or aggressive substances. Acid or alkali leads to a chemical burn of the pharynx. In this case, you must immediately contact a medical institution.
Another provocative cause sometimes becomes a foreign body, which during a meal damages the lymphatic tissue (fish bone, sharp bone fragments).
It is worth remembering the general condition of the body, its immune resistance to various infections, since it is she who responds to the aggression of environmental factors.
The disease can be provoked by prolonged exposure to low temperatures on the throat when breathing through the mouth, frequent inflammatory diseases of the respiratory system, including echoes of past childhood diseases.

What is it, what is the aforementioned hyperplasia of the tonsils in humans?

Pathology begins to develop mainly in childhood (10-14 years and so), can give complications to vital organs and disrupt the process of human physical development.

If explained in simple terms, then due to hyperplasia, the lymph nodes (tonsils) begin to increase, block the airways, become a focus of constant inflammation, cease to perform their main protective functions, begin to fester and disturb.

Why do lymph nodes in children begin to grow abnormally? There may be several or just one reason, but often the disease is provoked by a combination of factors.

The cause may be swelling due to an inflammatory reaction to an allergen or infection, as well as physiology (in children aged 3-6 years, lymphatic tissues actively grow), or trauma, such as a burn or a fish bone injection.

Do not forget about the anomalies of physical development and tumor-like neoplasms (this is cancer), but, fortunately, these causes are much less common than the previous ones.

Regardless of the cause, the disease must be diagnosed and treated in time, otherwise the complications described above may well develop. And to diagnose it, you need to know the symptoms.

Lymph nodes become dense, increase;

Their color may not change, but may vary from pale yellow to bright red;

To the touch they are loose, elastic;

The child cannot breathe normally, swallow, snores, often gets sick;

There is dysphonia and noisy breathing;

Nasalness appears, it is difficult for the child to form speech;

Hypoxia begins due to insufficient oxygen supply to the brain;

Otitis media and persistent hearing loss develop.

You can determine which lymph nodes have increased by the following signs:

1. If hyperplasia of the tonsils has affected the palatine ones, then they will be visible, they will increase, they can periodically fester and become covered with plaque.

Often the disease develops due to improper breathing through the oral cavity, which occurs in the presence of enlarged adenoids. The inflamed palatine lymph nodes will be pink, smooth, and gaps will be visible on them due to the loose consistency.

2. If the lingual tonsil is affected, which most often occurs in adolescents aged 14-16 years, when its most active development is noted (it is divided into two halves), then it can grow to such a size that it completely covers the space between the root tongue and throat.

Because of this, there will be a constant sensation of a foreign object in the mouth, as well as a voice change, snoring and apnea will appear.

These pathological processes can continue even in adults up to 40 years of age, and all this time the symptoms will be noticeable.

3. When the nasopharyngeal lymph nodes (adenoids) are affected, permanent nasal congestion develops with strong secretions that block the nasal passages.

This often happens in children under the age of 3 years. Enlarged adenoids spoil the voice, interfere with normal breathing, deform the face, lead to snoring and sleep apnea, and reduce hearing function.

Therefore, it is better to remove such lymphoid tissues immediately, according to pediatricians, including Komarovsky.

4. An increase in the pharyngeal tonsil is diagnosed most often and precisely at the age of 14 years, since it develops faster than all the lymph nodes of the pharynx.

Hyperplasia of the lymphoid tissue of the pharyngeal tonsil. What is hypertrophy of the lymphoid tissue of the pharynx

Symptoms of the development of hyperplasia of the tonsils

Features of the treatment of hyperplasia of the tonsils

Causes of hyperplastic growth of the tonsils

Causes of the disease

Symptoms and Diagnosis

Methods of treatment

Disease prevention methods

Nasopharyngeal tonsil: features and hypertrophic process

Anatomical location and structure

Functional features

Hypertrophic processes

hyperplasia of the tonsils

Causes of tonsil hyperplasia

Symptoms

Hyperplasia of the tonsils in children

Diagnostics

Treatment

Prevention

Forecast

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Location

Structure

Hyperplasia of the nasopharyngeal tonsil

Inflammation of the nasopharyngeal tonsil

Surgery to remove the third tonsil

What is tonsil hyperplasia and how is it treated?

An insidious childhood illness can be very dangerous...

Why is this happening?

Main symptoms

What to do, how to treat?

General information

Causes

Pathogenesis

Classification

Symptoms

Complications

Diagnostics

Treatment of palatine tonsil hypertrophy

Forecast and prevention

Causes of the development of hypertrophy of the tonsils

Symptomatic picture

Hyperplasia of the palatine tonsils

Hyperplasia of the lingual tonsil

Hyperplasia of the nasopharyngeal tonsil

Hyperplasia of the pharyngeal tonsil

Growing tonsils in children

Diagnostic methods

Therapeutic methods

Prevention and prognosis