Veterinarian at home at any time of the day. Acute diffuse nephritis

(Nephritis, from the Greek. nephros - kidney), inflammation of the kidneys resulting from the harmful effects of various agents on them, preim. through the blood. All kinds of animals get sick. The process is localized simultaneously in both nights, either in the glomeruli or in the interstitial tissue. Animals get inflamed. phenomena begin in the interstitial tissue of the kidneys and proceed as a diffuse or focal process.

Etiology. N. develops with toxic infections, as well as with extensive burns, feeding animals with coniferous branches and young birch leaves [birch], alder, reeds, as a result of the improper use of certain medicines (turpentine, tar [tar], creolin, phosphorus, arsenic). The predisposing factor is the cooling of the body. N. is also possible as a secondary disease (with infectious anemia of horses, swine fever, calf paratyphoid, leptospirosis). N. begins with a change in the reactivity of the body and is manifested by a violation of the nervous and endocrine systems, damage to the vascular apparatus, as well as metabolic disorders. certain [certain] the humoral factors of the affected kidney also play a role in P.'s development.

Course and symptoms. The course of the disease is acute and chronic. In acute N., oppression of the animal, an increase in body temperature, pain in the kidney area, and swelling are noted. [edema] in the abdomen, dewlap, thighs [hips]. Pigs are characterized by anemia of the skin, vomiting. The blood pressure rises. There is hypertrophy of the heart muscle, especially of the left ventricle, which [how] testify solid [solid], tense [tense] pulse and emphasis of the second tone on the aorta. Characteristic signs are uremia and hematuria. Turbid urine, from light red to brown, contains a large number of erythrocytes, cylinders, leukocytes, renal epithelium. The number of red blood cells and hemoglobin in the blood decreases. The leukocyte formula with a normal total number of leukocytes deviates towards lymphocytosis. Acute N., depending on the degree of damage to the nights, can last 1-2 weeks and ends in recovery or death. Sometimes an acute course turns into a chronic one, with which an animal’s rapid fatigue, a decrease in fatness, and edema are observed. [edema], gastroenteritis, muffled heart sounds with an emphasis on the second tone. Body temp is normal.

pathological changes. Detect puffiness [swelling] subcutaneous tissue in the dewlap, head and limbs. The kidneys are slightly enlarged; the capsule is easy to remove. Microscopically, acute inflammation of the glomeruli, their increase, hyperemia, accumulation of neutrophilic leukocytes along the walls of the capillaries, sometimes proteinaceous, granular and insignificant, are noted. fatty degeneration of convoluted tubules.

The diagnosis is based on the symptoms of the disease and laboratory tests of urine and blood.

Treatment. Improve maintenance and feeding, carefully care for the skin (cleaning and rubbing). In the case of N. infectious. origin, antibiotics are prescribed, intravenously - a solution of calcium chloride, intravenously or intramuscularly - magnesium sulfate (2% solution based on [calculation] 3 ml per 1 kg of animal weight). The introduction of strophanthin, caffeine, diuretin is shown.

Lit .: Internal non-communicable diseases of page - x. animals, ed. I. G. Sharabrina, 5th ed., M., 1976.

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Nephritis (nephritis) is a diffuse inflammation of the kidneys with a primary lesion of the vascular glomeruli and a violation of the excretion of nitrogenous slags from the body. Depending on the course, acute and chronic are distinguished, and on localization - focal and diffuse nephritis. Etiology. Nephritis can occur when animals are ill with infectious diseases (plague, leptospirosis), poisoning with phosphorus, mercury, arsenic preparations, intoxication, and exhaustion. Hypothermia is essential in the occurrence of nephritis.

Pathogenesis. Under the influence of etiological factors, a spasm of the vessels of the kidneys occurs, and ischemia of the organ occurs. The production of the hormonal substance rennin by the kidneys is enhanced, from which hypertensin is formed, which has a pronounced vasoconstrictive effect. General hypertension develops, the permeability of the capillaries of the renal glomeruli is disturbed, their filtration capacity decreases, as well as diuresis, which can lead to the development of azotemic uremia
.Symptoms. At the onset of the disease, appetite decreases, depression, and an increase in body temperature are observed. Dogs often adopt an unnatural posture. Pressure on the kidneys and their palpation in the lumbar region cause anxiety in animals. Edema of the abdomen, intermaxillary space, thighs, eyelids, dyspeptic phenomena, and vomiting are noted. Visible mucous membranes are pale. Thirst often increases. There is cyanosis of the mucous membranes. On the part of the respiratory organs, shortness of breath, congestive moist rales, and sometimes a slight cough are recorded. In connection with the presence of fever and overflow with blood, the systems of the small circle reveal bronchitis and bronchopneumonia.

At the first signs of the disease, there is a frequent urge to urinate. Oliguria or anuria develops rapidly. Urine is cloudy, from light red to brown, usually of high density, contains many erythrocytes, leukocytes, tubular epithelium, cylinders and salts. Urine pH changes.

Acute nephritis is characterized by a short-term excretion of a large amount of protein in the urine, then during the entire period of the disease, the protein is excreted in a small amount. The blood is diluted (contains a lot of water), the density of whole blood and especially serum is reduced.
Diagnosis. It is put on the basis of anamnesis, clinical picture, laboratory tests. In differential terms, nephrosis, pyelonephritis should be excluded. With nephrosis, there is no soreness of the kidneys, hematuria, blood pressure is not elevated. With pyelonephritis, there are many cells of the renal pelvis and microbes in the urine.
Home veterinarian Minsk, for the diagnosis and treatment of nephritis.
Treating Jade in Dogs and Cats
The diet consists mainly of dairy products (milk, cottage cheese, milk porridge). Limit the amount of salt in feed.

Diuretics are used: dichlothiazide orally for dogs 3-4 mg/kg 1-2 times a day, furasemide orally for dogs 8-10 mg/kg, cats - 5-6 mg/kg 1 time per day, clopamide orally for dogs 8-10 mg /kg 1 time per day, spirolactone for dogs 9-11 mg/kg 2 times a day, diacarb inside dogs at 25-30 mg/kg 1 time per day, potassium acetate inside dogs at 0.09-0.1 g/kg , ammonium chloride inside at 50-60 mg / kg.

As antimicrobial therapy, antibiotics and sulfa drugs are used. Of the antibiotics, phenoxymethylpenicillin is used at a dose of 10,000 IU / kg of body weight orally 2-3 times a day; oxacillin at a dose of 30-50 mg/kg 3-4 times a day, ampicillin intramuscularly inside 25-30 mg/kg 3-4 times a day, ampiox intramuscularly 3-5 mg/kg 2-3 times a day, lincomycin hydrochlorite intramuscularly 10 mg / kg, and inside 25 mg / kg 2 times a day, linco-spectin intramuscularly 1 ml per 5 kg 1 time per day, gentomycin sulfate in a 4% solution intramuscularly at a dose of 1.1 ml per 10 kg of body weight 1 time per day, amoxicillin (clamaxil, vetrimoxin, etc.) intramuscularly 15 mg/kg once a day, cephalosporins (cefozalin, cefotaxime, kefzol, cobactan, etc.) at a dose of 15-20 mg/kg, tylosin intramuscularly at a dose of 2 -10 mg / kg once a day, rifompicin intramuscularly at a dose of 8-12 mg / kg twice a day, quinilone derivatives (nortril, baytril, enroxil, enroflox and others) at a dose of 5 mg / kg.

In case of heart failure, a 20% solution of caffeine-sodium benzoate is injected subcutaneously twice a day for dogs at 0.5-1.5 ml, for cats at 0.1-0.2 ml, camphor oil for dogs 1-2 ml, for cats 0.25-1 ml, cordiamine 0.1-0.12 ml / kg or intravenously administered corglicon, strophanthin K.
Veterinarian Minsk.

NEPHRITIS

Nephritis is a lesion to the same extent of the glomeruli, tubules and interstitial formations of the kidneys. Subdivided into glomerulonephritis and interstitial nephritis. There are primary and secondary. Secondary nephritis often accompanies diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, liver, and lungs.

Etiology. Glomerulonephritis occurs as a result of infections, allergic sensitization, due to hypothermia, poisoning, etc. The main etiological factor of glomerulonephritis is an infection, mainly streptococcal (especially hemolytic streptococcus), to a lesser extent - staphylococci and pneumococci. Nephritis is also considered as an allergic post-infectious disease. Also important is the specific renal allergy, which is based on the processes of autosensitization.

Rice. 162

Nephritic edema

Interstitial nephritis occurs with an overdose of antibiotics and other drugs of a similar effect. Perhaps its occurrence in connection with the transferred infection, as well as the reaction to the introduction of vaccines and sera. It can also be in animals with chronic glomerulo- and pyelonephritis.

The pathogenesis of glomerulonephritis is complex. It is believed that a foreign substance that enters the blood (a bacterial toxin, a chemical agent, a drug or its metabolite, pathological proteins formed as a result of fever, the administration of sera, vaccines, etc.), being eliminated by the kidneys, enters the primary urine, then reabsorbed by the tubules, damages the tubercular basement membrane and combines with its proteins, thus turning into a renal antigen and causing an immunological reaction.

In the initial period of the course of glomerulonephritis, there is a decrease in the concentration function of the kidneys, and subsequently in the filtering function, which primarily affects the excretion of nitrogenous products and other factors of interstitial metabolism.

With the development of nephritis in animals, azotemic uremia occurs. The mechanism of its development is not entirely clear, there is no doubt that uremia itself is a manifestation of pronounced renal failure. With her diuresis is reduced. All this leads to a delay in the body of animals of nitrogenous metabolic products.

The content of residual nitrogen and especially urea in the blood serum increases by 5-10 times. Along with this, hypochloremic uremia also develops. The loss of chlorine and sodium from the body is accompanied by tissue dehydration (exicosis). Under such conditions, the processes of protein breakdown are sharply enhanced. This is accompanied by an increase in the content of not only amino acids and ammonia in the blood, but also the products of incomplete hydrolysis in the form of polypeptides, which are very toxic. They have a toxic effect on the vascular system, cause an increase in capillary permeability, a reflex drop in blood pressure and vasotropic bradycardia. A rapid decrease in the concentration of chlorine in the blood and extracellular exicosis lead to hypovolemia, a further reduction in glomerular filtration volume and an increase in the level of residual nitrogen, as well as the development of acidosis.

There is a violation of the acid-base balance in the direction of a sharp acidotic shift, due to the delay in the body of predominantly volatile acids and ketone bodies.

It should also be noted that the stomach and intestines are involved in compensating for impaired renal function in nephritis. Prolonged intoxication contributes to protein-granular degeneration of liver cells and the occurrence of liver failure. This leads to changes in protein metabolism. In particular, the cause of hypoalbuminemia in glomerulonephritis is the accelerated breakdown of albumin, the violation of its synthesis by the liver and the increased permeability of the kidney capillaries due to congestion. The release of protein from the vascular bed is noted, it is excreted in the urine, and proteinuria develops.

With the emerging partial compensatory function of the gastrointestinal tract with azotonemia, uremic gastroenteritis develops, the release of nitrogenous substances by the skin and oral mucosa.

Prolonged uremic intoxication of the bone marrow leads to inhibition of hematopoiesis and the development of hypochromic anemia.

The defeat of the cardiovascular system is manifested by hypertension, accompanied by a rise in diastolic pressure. Circulatory disorders and cardiac hypertrophy are directly dependent on hypertension.

The strongest change in blood circulation develops with a combination of hypervolemia (increase in blood mass) with spasm of arterioles. Due to the development of hypervolemia, hypertension and spasms of cerebral vessels, animals often develop eclampsia.

Numerous and prolonged exposures that cause disturbances in the activity of the kidneys cause the development of uremic polyneuropathy. At the same time, the animals show adynamia, apathy, drowsiness, immobility, impaired coordination of movements, reduced reflexes, sweating is pronounced, and subsequently a coma develops. The duration of coma with nephritis in animals can last from several minutes to 2-3 days.

Nephritis is one of the most severe forms of renal pathology in animals, in which a number of organs and systems are involved in the process, primarily the humoral, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal tract, liver, blood systems, nervous system, and almost all types of metabolism.

Symptoms. Jade is characterized by a hematuric form, accompanied by hypertension, hematuria and edematous syndrome, and necrotic, manifested by edema, proteinuria, as well as the formation and excretion of mineral elements in the urine.

Initially, the disease is almost asymptomatic and is recognized only by urine tests. With vibration percussion in the region of the kidneys, pain may be noted. The subcutaneous tissue in the lower abdomen is usually loose. Urination is rare. Tests for sugar, blood and bile pigments, as well as for urobilin are positive.

In the future, there may be a gradual decrease in the fatness of animals, a decrease in overall body temperature, a slowdown in the pulse rate and respiration, and swelling in the abdomen (Fig. 162). There is oliguria, and then anuria. Turbid urine, with the presence of protein, sugar, bile pigments, urobilin, erythrocytes, leukocytes and renal epithelium. Renal failure may occur, which is usually accompanied by signs of brain dysfunction, in particular weakness, drowsiness, and inactivity. Hearing and vision are reduced. Sensitivity disorder is accompanied by attenuation of reflexes - ear, eye, corolla.

Interstitial nephritis is accompanied by symptoms of the underlying disease that caused it, in particular gastroenteritis, bronchopneumonia, etc. In sick animals, there is a decrease in appetite, leukocytosis, a decrease in the number of erythrocytes and the amount of hemoglobin.

Violation of kidney function is accompanied by an increase in the content of residual nitrogen and urea in the blood by 1.5-2 times. Disorders of water and electrolyte metabolism are manifested by hypochloremia, hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia. There is polyuria, accompanied by a decrease in the relative density of urine.

Rice. 163

Focal acute interstitial nephritis. The tubules are strongly separated by a round cell infiltrate:

Rice. 164

Glomerular atrophy due to stagnation of urine in chronic interstitial nephritis:

Rice. 165

Chronic interstitial (fibrous) nephritis: uneven surface of the kidneys

Flow. Glomerulonephritis and interstitial nephritis are usually chronic, lasting for months or years.

pathological changes. Animal corpses are often emaciated. The subcutaneous tissue is edematous, in the serous cavities there is often a transudate.

The kidneys are usually enlarged, plethoric. The cortical layer is expanded, and there are many scattered red dots and dark red spots on it (Fig. 163-166).

Histologically, the expansion and filling of large and small vessels with blood, swelling and partial desquamation of the vascular endothelium, an increase in the size of most glomeruli, degeneration of the epithelium of the tubules are established. In the capsule of Shumlyansky-Bowman there are epithelial cells subjected to granular degeneration.

Superficial lymph nodes (submandibular, knee folds) are slightly enlarged, flabby, gray-yellow in color, the pattern is smoothed, the surrounding tissue is edematous. Mucous membranes are edematous. The heart is slightly enlarged due to the left side. The epicardium is flabby, edematous, there are petechial hemorrhages. Pinpoint hemorrhages on the endocardium and valves. The liver is slightly enlarged, flabby, has a dark brown color, dryish, the pattern is weakly expressed. The spleen is wrinkled, the capsule is folded, under it there are multiple petechial hemorrhages, it is rather dry on the section. The stomach (abomasum) contains liquid chyme with an admixture of mucus, the mucous membrane is gray-red, slightly swollen, eroded in places. The intestinal mucosa is hyperemic.

The diagnosis is based on the nature of the symptoms, in particular the presence of edema, hematuria, and hypertension. In addition, the presence of azotemia, hypochloremia and anemia is established in the blood. The acute form of nephritis is characterized by oliguria, the presence of protein in the urine up to 1%, erythrocytes, leukocytes, renal epithelium.

Diagnosis of the interstitial form of nephritis is difficult. In this case, renal failure is taken into account, which has arisen as a result of giving drugs in the treatment of the underlying disease, as well as prolonged polyuria with a low relative density of urine.

In the differential diagnostic relation, nephrosis is excluded, which usually occurs without hematuria, increased arterial blood pressure, and hypotrophy of the heart. In addition, with protein nephrosis, urine contains up to 2% or more, there are no erythrocytes, leukocytes, and there are renal epithelium and cylinders.

The prognosis is favorable to doubtful, in cases of nephritis developing against the background of another disease.

Treatment is aimed at eliminating the causes of the disease, combating inflammatory processes, intoxication of the body, correcting the water and electrolyte balance and restoring diuresis. Sodium chloride is excluded from the diet. In the medical treatment of patients, antibiotics of the penicillin and cephalosporin series are included, as well as uroantiseptics: metronidazole, paly, nitroxoline, nolicin, quinolines, nitrofurans in therapeutic doses. They will be more effective in combination with novocaine blockade according to Mosin or pararenal. At the same time, desensitizing drugs are prescribed - diphenhydramine, suprastin, tavegil, etc.

Rice. 166

Chronic nephritis:

In severe cases of the disease, substitution and symptomatic therapy is used. To neutralize and remove toxins from the body of patients, they should be injected intravenously with hemodez at a dose of 0.3 ml / kg of animal weight, 5% (physiological) glucose solution up to 500 ml. Diuretics are used - diuretin, caffeine, aminophylline, and from plants - a decoction of black elderberry, bearberry leaves, corn stigmas, St.

Prevention follows from the etiology. Particular attention should be paid to the prevention of primary gastrointestinal and respiratory disorders in animals.

Treatment regimens for acute diffuse nephritis: as anti-inflammatory, desensitizing and anti-allergic, it is imperative to include glucocorticoids cortisone acetate intramuscularly ...

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Introduction…………………………………………………………………………...3

Chapter 1. Acute diffuse nephritisin calves……………………………………5

Definition of disease. Etiology. Clinical signsacute diffuse nephritisin calves……………………………………………………..5
1. Pathogenesis acute diffuse nephritis in calves. …………………………….............. 8

Chapter 2. Diagnostics. Treatment. Preventionacute diffuse nephritisin calves……………………………………………………………………. ................................................. ..10

Chapter 3acute diffuse nephritis…………………………………………………………………………... 13

Conclusion………………………………………………………………………. 29

References…………………………………………………………………3 1

INTRODUCTION

The relevance of the work.In farm animals, kidney pathology occurs within 5.3% in commercial farms and 8.2% in specialized complexes. Causes that cause nephritis can be poisoning with nephrotoxins or toxic substances such as turpentine, tar, herbicides, feeding coniferous branches, birch leaves, alder, reeds, application e the use of certain drugs (arsenic preparations, FOS, creolin), insect bites. According to I.M. Belyakov, the sensitizing role is usually played by hypothermia, e good quality food and poor living conditions.

Acute diffuse nephritis can occur with leptospirosis, foot and mouth disease, babesiosis, theileriosis of cattle; parenchymal mastitis, endometritis, vaginitis, traumatic reticulo-peritonitis and pericarditis, phlegmon, surgical sepsis, burns, intestinal blockages, etc. And than direct dependence and constancy in the development of nephritis on the intensity of the infectious process are not typical. [ 10 ]

The pathogenesis of the disease is not well understood. Acute nephritis is characterized by metabolic disorders, endocrine functions, nerve V noah and vascular systems. As a rule, first of all, there is a violation of blood circulation in the vascular apparatus of the kidneys.Morphological changes in the kidneys in nephritis are represented by the proliferation of mesangial, endothelial and epithelioid cells. at barrel, thickening and splitting of the basement membrane of the glomerular capillaries, sclerosis of vascular loops, degeneration of the epithelium to and Naltsev. Clinical signs are very diverse, so they are taken together. And syndromes: acute glomerular inflammation syndrome, cardiovascular syndrome, edematous syndrome, cerebral syndrome.Complications of nephritis include: acute heart h novascular insufficiency (left ventricular, cardiac pulmonary edema); uh To lampsia (loss of consciousness, clonic and tonic convulsions); hemorrhage I injection into the brain; acute visual impairment (sometimes blindness due to spasm and swelling of the retina).

Goal of the work: to study the features of acute diffuse nephritis in calves, to make a medical history of a calf diagnosed with acute diffuse nephritis.

Subject of work: acute diffuse nephritis.

Work object: calf diagnosed with acute diffuse nephritis.

Work tasks:

Give the concept of acute diffuse nephritis.
To study the etiology of acute diffuse nephritis in calves.

2. Consider the pathogenesis and clinical signs of acute diffuse nephritis in calves.

3. To study the methods of diagnosis, treatment and prevention of acute diffuse nephritis in calves.

4. Make a medical history of a supervised calf diagnosed with acute diffuse nephritis.

Research methods:analysis of literature on the topic, synthesis, abstraction, generalization, observation, medical research.

Scope and structure of work.Coursework is presented on 33 pages of printed text. The coursework consists of an introduction, three chapters, including paragraphs, conclusions and a list of references. The list of references includes 40 sources.

CHAPTER 1. ACUTE DIFFUSE NEPHRITIS CALVES

1.1. Definition of disease. Etiology. Clinical signsacute diffuse nephritis in calves

Acute diffuse jade (Nephritis acuta) [8]

Rice. 1. Animal kidneys in acute diffuse nephritis.

Acute diffuse nephritis

A large group of nephrotoxins is known that easily penetrate and damage the glomeruli of the kidneys - heavy metals, zoocoumarins, ratindan, zinc phosphide, turpentine, mineral fertilizers and chemically active substances of some poisonous plants.Sensitizing causes can be - the nature of feeding, conditions of detention (drafts, high humidity, cold floors), as well as operations, injuries, physical overload, swimming in cold water, etc.Contributes to the development of acute diffuse nephritis and improper administration of vaccines, sera, antibiotics, immunoglobulins, etc. to calves.The nephrotoxins also include metabolic products, birch leaves, alder leaves, tar, spoiled feed, alcohol, insecticides, etc.

Acute diffuse nephritis is characterized by pain in the back and lower back on both sides of the animal's abdomen; an increase in body temperature; oliguria (a small amount of urine when urinating); reddish color of urine or the color of "meat slops", sometimes with streaks of blood; proteinuria (protein in the urine), microhematuria (less often macrohematuria); the appearance in the urine of cylinders (hyaline, granular, erythrocytic) epithelial cells; decrease in glomerular filtration; leukocytosis, increased ESR; an increase in the content of alpha and gamma globulins in the blood).

In acute diffuse nephritis, the cardiovascular syndrome manifests itself in the form of shortness of breath; arterial hypertension (sometimes ephemeral), it is possible to develop acute left ventricular failure and the appearance of a picture of cardiac asthma and pulmonary edema; signs of bradycardia; change in the fundus - narrowing of the arterioles, sometimes swelling of the nipple of the optic nerve, pinpoint hemorrhages. In acute diffuse nephritis, an edematous syndrome may occur, characterized by edema, mainly in the muzzle, intermaxillary space, edema appears more often in the morning, in severe cases, hydrothorax, hydropericardium, ascites are possible.In acute diffuse nephritis, cerebral syndrome also occurs. It is accompanied by soreness of the head, vomiting, weakness, decreased vision, increased muscular and nervous excitability of animals, motor restlessness; sometimes hearing loss, loss of sleep. The extreme manifestation of the cerebral syndrome in acute diffuse nephritis is eclampsia, the main features of which are: after a noisy deep breath, first tonic, then clonic convulsions of the respiratory muscles and diaphragm appear; complete loss of consciousness, severe depression; cyanosis of visible mucous membranes; overflow of the jugular vein; pupil dilation; foamy saliva flowing from the mouth, sometimes stained with blood; breathing is noisy, hard; pulse rare tense, high blood pressure; increased muscle rigidity.Complications arising from acute diffuse nephritis in animals include: acute cardiovascular failure (left ventricular, cardiac pulmonary edema); eclampsia (loss of consciousness, clonic to tonic convulsions); hemorrhage in the brain; acute visual impairment (sometimes blindness due to spasm and swelling of the retina). [ 8 ]

1.2. Pathogenesis acute diffuse nephritis in calves. Pathological changes in the kidneys

Pathogenesis IM (anti-renal antibodies). [ 19 ]

Pathological and anatomical changes in the kidneys of animals with acute diffuse nephritis:on the sectional table, the initial stages of glomerular lesions are difficult to establish, since the size, pattern and color of the kidneys are normal. Only a careful examination of the organ, especially with side illumination, allows one to establish changes in the glomeruli protruding on the cut surface of the organ in the form of gray grains of sand. The kidneys are enlarged in volume, flabby to the touch, the cortical layer is wide, moist, pale gray or gray-yellow in color, with a pronounced border, with a medulla of the organ, which is colored darker (usually dark red).The outcome of acute diffuse nephritis is twofold: either the organ is restored, or the process takes on a chronic course and ends with sclerosis and wrinkling of the kidneys (shrunken kidney). Coagulated protein, erythrocytes, fibrin fibers and proliferation of epithelial cells are found in the capsule. [ 32 ]

Rice. 2. Changes in the kidneys in acute diffuse nephrotoxic nephritis:A - discomplexation of epithelial cells of the cortical substance of the animal's kidney; B - pycnosis of nuclei; the formation of cylinders due to cellular detritus in the kidney of a sick animal.

A macroscopically shriveled kidney has a smaller volume, a light color, a dense texture and a bumpy appearance. Its fibrous capsule is removed with difficulty along with the parenchyma of the organ. The cortical layer is strongly narrowed and is sometimes represented only by a thin border. In the kidney parenchyma itself (especially in the medulla), a large number of small cystic cavities can be observed. [ 16 ]

CHAPTER 2. DIAGNOSIS. TREATMENT. PREVENTIONACUTE DIFFUSIVE NEPHRITE CALVES

Acute diffuse nephritis in calves is detected on the basis of such clinical data as the appearance of edema along the entire body of the animal, especially after a sore throat or acute respiratory disease, and increased blood pressure. Establishing the diagnosis is helped by the identification of protein, erythrocytes and cylinders in the urine of a sick animal, an increase in titersantistrentolizina- 0 (ASL-0) , antistreptohyaluronidase(ACT). [ 7 ]

Most often, recovery occurs within a month to a year. A transition to a chronic form and vice versa is possible, which depends on the individual characteristics of the animal, the timeliness of diagnosis, therapy, exposure to infections, hypothermia and physical overstrain. Signs of transition to a chronic form: the preservation of any extrarenal symptom and protennuria during the year.

The causes of death of an animal from acute diffuse nephritis can be: circulatory failure, renal eclampsia, cerebral hemorrhage, acute renal failure. [ 1 5]

For treatment acute diffuse nephritis, first of all, it is necessary to normalize the maintenance and feeding of sick calves. They must be placed in a warm, dry, draft-free room, and patients are often prohibited from walking. Provide thorough skin care - cleaning with rubbing and massage. [ 4 ]

During the first two days of illness, hunger is recommended, then a limited amount of easily digestible, poor in salt feed is prescribed - lactic acid, cereals from various cereals, boiled and raw vegetables and fruits. Feed should contain more carbohydrates and an increased amount of potassium and calcium ions, which have a diuretic, hypotensive effect.noe action, stimulating the contractile function of the myocardium. The diet should include ascorbic acid, retinol, tocopherol and B vitamins.

If acute diffuse nephritis has developed against the background of a general or due to an exacerbation of a focal infection, it is necessary to use antibiotics - penicillins, cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, etc. Of penicillins, it is better to prescribe benzyl penicillin sodium or potassium, ampicillin, ampix, isnpen or oxacillin. A gentle therapeutic effect in this pathology is possessed by: klaforan, fortum, kefzol, cefamezin, etc. In parallel prescribe nitrofurans, palin, 5-NOC or sulfonamides. [ 2 ]

With severe intoxication and the development of edema, bloodletting (up to 10-100 ml of blood) is indicated, which not only reduces the amount of salt and water, but also leads to a significant restructuring of the reactivity of the animal's body. After bloodletting, a 5-20% glucose solution is injected subcutaneously or intravenously.In case of cardiovascular insufficiency, in addition to glucose solutions, agents containing cardiac glycosides are used: spring adonis grass, digalen-neo, digitoxin, digoxin, corglicon, cordigit, strophanthin in appropriate doses.

For stimulation of a diuresis and easing of a hypertension widely use; temisal 0.2-2 grams 3-4 times a day; veroshpiron 0.045-0.2 grams in 2-4 doses; furosemide intramuscularly or intravenously, 20-80 mg 1 time per day (preferably in the morning) for 7-10 days, and in severe renal failure, the dose is increased to 200 mg 1-2 times a day for a week, as well as decoctions and infusions of bearberry , half-burnt, juniper fruits, blue cornflower flowers, lingonberry leaves, etc. [ 27 ]

Magnesium sulphate solutions should be used with caution. It is a salt-reducing, blood pressure lowering, vasodilator and diuretic. It is administered intramuscularly in the form of 10-25% solutions with an equal amount of 0.5% novocaine solution 2-3 times a day for one or three weeks.

Treatment regimens for acute diffuse nephritis: as anti-inflammatory, desensitizing and anti-allergic, it is imperative to include glucocorticoids - cortisone acetate intramuscularly or 0.02-0.05 grams 1-2 times a day; hydrocortisone according to the instructions; prednisolone inside at 0.02-0.05 grams 1-2 times a day; hydrocortisone according to the instructions; prednisolone inside at 0.02-0.05 g / day (in 2-3 doses), then the dose is reduced to 0.001-0.025 grams; intravenously or intramuscularly, 2 ml 2-3 times a day, then the dose is gradually reduced. Prednisone, salts and depomedrol, etc. are prescribed less frequently.

To relieve attacks of renal colic and the inflammatory process, cystone, indomethacin, baralgin, spazgan, no-shpu and other analgesics and antispasmodics are used according to the instructions.When blood or erythrocytes appear in the urine sediment, it is necessary to use specific hemostatic and blood-clotting drugs: aminocaproic acid at the rate of 0.1 g / kg of animal weight throughevery 4-6 hours intravenously (drip) up to 50-100 ml of a 5% solution per injection; vikasol inside at 0.01-0.3 g / day or intramuscularly (intravenously) at 0.2-1 ml of a 1% solution 2-3 times a day for 3-4 days in a row; dicynone intravenously or intramuscularly, 0.3-2 ml of a 12.5% solution 1-3 times a day until recovery, as well as a 10% solution of gluconate and calcium chloride intravenously 1-2 times a day, 1-10 ml for one introduction. Symptomatic therapy sometimes includes narcotic, anabolic drugs, adrenoblockers, etc.

For prevention acute diffuse nephritis in animals, it is necessary to make a timely and correct diagnosis with a mandatory laboratory examination of urine, to identify and eliminate the cause of the disease. At the time of treatment, hypothermia of animals and the ingress of toxic and irritating substances into their bodies with food, water or medicines are not allowed. [ 21 ]

CHAPTER 3. CASE HISTORY OF A DIAGNOSED CALFACUTE DIFFUSIVE NEPHRITE

Clinical Status

1. Kind: calf

2. Gender: male

3. Breed: Simmental

4. Date of birth of the animal: 06/15/12

4.1. Age: 3 months

5. Nickname: Gosha

6. Color: fawn - motley

7. Animal weight - 115 kg

8. Owner and address of the animal: -

9. Starting date of curation of the animal: 03.09.12

10. End date of curation: 09/18/12

11. Preliminary diagnosis: acute nephritis

12. Final diagnosis: acute diffuse nephritis

Anamnesis

1. Anamnesis vitae. The calf was born in June 2012. He is kept in the yard in a barn, planed boards are used as a floor, the calf hasa permanent and spacious individual place - a stall 2.5x2 m. The stall is located in the opposite corner from the door, with a feeder towards the window.

From an early age, the calf is accustomed to eating concentrated feed. They began to be fed from the third week of a calf's life - wheat bran, ground and sifted oats (oatmeal), linseed cake or meal. On average, a calf consumes about 0.8 kg of feed per day. The calf was accustomed to hay from the age of 15, using good cereal-forb, small-stemmed, green hay for this. In summer, the calf was released to the pasture, where he was accustomed to eating green grass. Starting from 1.5 months of age, the calf was fed chopped root crops (carrots, rutabaga, beets), potatoes were introduced into the diet from 2 months of age. The calf was regularly brushed and bathed once on warm sunny days. All necessary vaccinations anddeworming done.

2. Amamnesis morbi. According to the owner, for the past week the calf has had a poor appetite, for the last two days he has refused to eat at all, the calf is lethargic and depressed. All the time

Clinical examination

1. General Status - Status Praesens. At the time of the study, the general condition was depressed. The position of the body of the calf in space - the animal lies on its stomach in a natural position, the physique is average, strong constitution, fatness is satisfactory. The gait is unsteady, the position of the hooves when walking is correct. The temperature is balanced. The body weight of the animal is 115 kg, the height at the withers is 105 cm, the body length is 140 cm. The body temperature of the calf at the time of examination is 39.5ºС.

3. Examination of the lymph nodes.Submandibular, slightly enlarged, mobile, dense consistency, painless. Inguinal - mobile, painless, oval-round shape, not enlarged.

4. Examination of mucous membranes. The mucous membrane of the conjunctiva is pink, shiny. Without damage. The mucous membrane of the mouth is pale pink, pigmented. The body temperature of the animal in the rectum at the time of administration is high 39.5 ºС.

5. The cardiovascular system. On palpation, the cardiac region is painless. Percussion determined the following borders of the heart: anterior - along the anterior edge of the 3rd rib; upper - along the line of the scapular-shoulder joint; back - up to the 7th rib. Absolute dullness of the heart in the 5th - 6th intercostal space. On auscultation, heart sounds are loud, clear, and clear. The arterial pulse on the inner side of the thigh is rhythmic, accelerated, the frequency is 140 beats/min. The arteries are well filled, the gradual rise of the pulse wave and the same decrease in it, the wall of the artery is harsh. Arterial pressure 110/70 mm. rt. Art. The cardiac impulse is moderately pronounced, limited, rhythmic, moderately strong, distributed locally. In the left half of the chest there is an apical impulse of moderate strength, slight fluctuations of the chest wall are felt. Lateral cardiac impulse is rhythmic, well palpable.

6. Respiratory system. The examination of the nasal cavity did not reveal serous outflows. Breathing is superficial, rhythmic, chest-abdominal, deep, symmetrical, rapid. There is no cough. The shape of the chest is symmetrical; when breathing, both sides of the chest rise and fall evenly. Respiration rate: 27 breaths. dv./min. Palpation of the larynx and trachea is painless. Palpation of the lung fields along the intercostal space from top to bottom is painless. On percussion, a clear lung sound is heard. Auscultation revealed increased vesicular breathing.

7. Digestive system. There is no appetite, no thirst, food and water intake is free. The mucous membrane of the oral cavity is pale pink, without damage. Tongue wet, pink with white coating. The position of the teeth corresponds to the age of the animal. Palpation of the pharynx is painless. Salivary glands are not enlarged, painless. The shape of the abdomen is symmetrical. The abdominal wall is painless, moderately tense. Deep palpation reveals the stomach. On palpation of the intestinal area, there is no pain; on percussion, the sound is tympanic.

Intestinal motility is moderate, peristaltic noises are heard. The intestines are painless, moderately full. Part of the liver is palpated on the right side under the diaphragm, not enlarged, painless, the surface is smooth, the consistency is dense, elastic, the sound is dull on percussion. The spleen is not palpable. The anus is toned, pale in color, clean. The act of defecation occurs every day once. The smell of feces is specific for this type of animal, brown.

8. Urogenital system.The external genital organs of the calf are without pathological changes, correspond to the age and sex of the animal. Expiration from the genitals uncharacteristic for the animal is not observed. The posture during urination is natural, the calf sits up, pushes to excrete urine, urination is frequent 10-12 times, painful, in small portions or drop by drop with an admixture of blood. Urine concentrated with a pungent odor. The walls of the bladder are enlarged, tense. The bladder is full, painful. The kidneys are enlarged, smooth, painful, mobile.

9 . Research of the skull and spinal column. The skull is of the correct form, symmetrical, corresponds to the breed. Vertebral column without curvature. Palpation of the costal and vertebral processes revealed no signs of osteomalacia or displacements. The last ribs are whole, dense, without rickets; intercostal spaces are even.

10. Nervous system . The general condition of the animal is depressed. The coordination of movements is correct. Tactile and pain sensitivity is preserved. The animal is phlegmatic, inactive, the head is lowered. There was a trembling of the pelvic limbs, reduced muscle tone. The position of the lips, ears, head, neck, limbs without visible disturbances. The study also revealed good tactile and thermal integrity. Surface reflections preserved, but the response to them is slow. Joints are dense, not thickened, painless.

11. Sense organs. The eye position is correct, without deviations. The cornea of the eyes is transparent, shiny, moist. The sclera is gray-pink in color, moderately filled with blood vessels, moist, shiny. The pupillary reflex is preserved, the eyeballs are correctly located in the eye orbits, the reaction to light is alive; vision is preserved. The animal holds its head and neck naturally and correctly. Palpation of the base of the auricles on the left and right is painless. The patency of the ear canals is not broken. The reaction to environmental stimuli is well expressed. Smell: the mucous membrane of the nasal cavity without pathologies, pale pink. The sense of smell is preserved in full, there is a reaction to irritation. Hearing is not weakened, the external auricles are intact, of the correct form, without redness. There are no unnatural outflows from the auditory openings.

12. Study of organs of movement. Coordination is not broken. Paralysis and paresis were not observed. The bones, without growths, are painless, not twisted, there are no growths and rosaries. The joints are painless, without deformation, without violations of the integrity, the range of motion in the joints is full.

Laboratory research

Complete blood count, general urinalysis.

General urine analysis from 3.09.12. The color of the urine of meat slops. Cloudy transparency, specific smell. The consistency of urine is liquid. Relative density 1.034 g/l. The reaction is alkaline. Protein 1, 885 g/l Glucose negative. Billyrubin is negative. Urobillin is negative. Erythrocytes 4-5 in p / s. Leukocytes 15-20 in p / s. The reaction is acidic.

General blood analysis from 3.09.12.

Erythrocytes 5.5*10 12 /l

H b 134 g/l

CPU 0.93

Leukocytes 17.0*10 9

Neutrophils 7

Band 0

Segmented 61

Lymphocytes 29

Monocytes 3

ESR 5 mm/h

Conclusion: the number of leukocytes is increased.

2.Biochemical blood test.

Biochemical blood test dated 8.07.12.

Tot. Protein 56 g/l

Bilirubin total 4.4 µmol/l

Creatinine 0.08 µmol

Thymol test 2.0 Unit.

AST 14.8 units / l

ALT 21.6 units / l

Conclusion: within the normal range.

3. Analysis for pathogens of invasive diseases. a) A study on larvae by the method of Berman was not found. b) A study on helminth eggs by the Fülleborn method was not found. c) Examination for helminths, their fragments were not detected by helminthoscopy. d) Darling test for pathogens of protozoal diseases was not detected.

Diagnosis and its rationale

Based on the history and clinical examination of the animal, the diagnosis was made: acute diffuse nephritis. It is detected on the basis of such clinical data as the color of urine - meat slops, pain in the kidney area on both sides, oliguria. Establishing the diagnosis is helped by the identification of protein, erythrocytes and casts in the urine.

Treatment plan

First of all, it is necessary to normalize the maintenance and feeding of a sick calf. It must be placed in a warm, dry, draft-free room, walking is prohibited. Provide thorough skin care - cleaning with rubbing and massage. During the first two days of illness, hunger, then a limited amount of easily digestible, salt-poor food. For treatment used: antibiotic - Enrofloks 5% subcutaneously 1 time per day, 5.5 ml for 7 days; hemostatic drug - vikasol 1% intramuscularly 2 times a day for 6 days; restoring blood and immunity - gamavit subcutaneously 1 time per day for 15 days, 6 ml; desensitizing, anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic drug - prednisone intramuscularly 1 time per day in the morning, 2 ml for 3 days; drug stimulating diuresis - furosemide intramuscularly 2 times a day, 2 ml for 3 days; a drug weakening attacks of renal colic - no-shpa intramuscularly 2 times a day, 2 ml for 5 days; for prophylaxis, Phytoelita-healthy kidneys were prescribed for one month, 1 tablet 2 times a day.

Rp.: Sol. Enrofloxi 5% - 100.0 ml

D.t.d. 1 in flaconi

S. Subcutaneously 1 time per day, 5.5 ml for 7 days

Rp.: Sol. Gamaviti 10 ml

D.S. Subcutaneously 1 time perday 15 days, 6.0 ml.

Rp: Sol. Prednisoloni 1.0ml

D.t.d. 1 in ampul.

S . according to the scheme. Intramuscularly 1 time per day in the morning, 2.0 ml for 3 days

Rp.: Sol. Vicasoli 1%-1.0 ml

D. S . intramuscularly 2 times a day. According to indications.

Rp.: Sol. No-shpa 2.0 ml

D.t.d. 1 in ampul.

S. Intramuscularly 2 times a day, 2.0 ml for 3-5 days

Rp.: Sol. Furosemidi 2 .0ml

D.t.d. 1 in ampul.

S. Intramuscularly 2 times a day, 2.0 ml for 3 days.

Course of the disease

date	t °C	Pulse	BH	Symptoms	Treatment
3.09.12	39, 5			Poor appetite, for the last two days generally refusal to feed, the calf is lethargic, depressed. All the timehides in dark places, lies for a long time. Urine is the color of meat slops, frequent urination 9-11 times a day, sometimes more up to 15 times, in small portions. Respiration and pulse are quickened, body temperature is increased 39.5ºС. The area of the kidneys is painful on palpation.	calf place in a warm, dry, draft-free room, provide thorough skin care - cleaning with rubbing and massage. During the first 2 days of illness, hunger is recommended, then a limited amount of easily digestible, poor in table salt feed.
4.09.12	39,0			The general condition of the calf is unchanged, there is no appetite, depression, lethargy. He drinks water willingly. Pain is noted on palpation of the kidney area.	starvation diet. Enroflox 5% subcutaneously 1 time per day, 5.5 ml; gamavit subcutaneously 1 time per day, 6 ml; prednisolone intramuscularly 1 time per day in the morning, 2 ml; vikasol 1% intramuscularly 2 times a day; no-shpa intramuscularly 2 times a day, 2 ml; furosemide intramuscularly 2 times a day, 2 ml.
5.09.12	39,2			The general condition of the calf is unchanged, there is no appetite, depression, lethargy. Pain is noted on palpation of the kidney area.	starvation diet. Enroflox 5% subcutaneously 1 time per day, 5.5 ml; gamavit subcutaneously 1 time per day, 6 ml; prednisolone intramuscularly 1 time per day in the morning, 2 ml; vikasol 1% intramuscularly 2 times a day; no-shpa intramuscularly 2 times a day, 2 ml; furosemide intramuscularly 2 times a day, 2 ml.
6.09.12	38,9			The calf is depressed, refuses to feed. The kidneys are enlarged, painful. Urination - portions are large, the frequency has decreased to 6 times a day.
7.09.12	39,1				Enroflox 5% subcutaneously 1 time per day, 5.5 ml; gamavit subcutaneously 1 time per day, 6 ml; prednisolone intramuscularly 1 time per day in the morning, 1.5 ml; vikasol 1% intramuscularly 2 times a day; no-shpa intramuscularly 2 times a day, 2 ml; furosemide intramuscularly 2 times a day, 2 ml.
8.09.12	38,5			The animal is oppressed, refusal to feed. The kidneys are enlarged, painful. Urination portions are large, the frequency has decreased to 5 times a day.	Enroflox 5% subcutaneously 1 time per day, 5.5 ml; gamavit subcutaneously 1 time per day, 6 ml; prednisolone intramuscularly 1 time per day in the morning, 1.5 ml; vikasol 1% intramuscularly 2 times a day; no-shpa intramuscularly 2 times a day, 2 ml; furosemide intramuscularly 2 times a day, 2 ml.
9.09.12	38,7				1,5 ml; no-shpa intramuscularly 2 times a day, 2 ml.
10.09.12	38,6			The condition of the calf is satisfactory, appetite appeared, the urine is light yellow, without blood impurities, urination is rare up to 5 times a day, painless. The kidney area is less sensitive on palpation.	Enroflox 5% subcutaneously 1 time per day, 5.5 ml; gamavit subcutaneously 1 time per day, 6 ml; prednisolone intramuscularly 1 time per day in the morning 1
11.09.12	38,7			The condition of the calf is satisfactory, appetite appeared, the urine is light yellow, without blood impurities, urination is rare up to 5 times a day, painless. The kidney area is less sensitive on palpation.	Enroflox 5% subcutaneously 1 time per day, 5.5 ml; gamavit subcutaneously 1 time per day, 6 ml; prednisolone intramuscularly 1 time per day in the morning 1 ml; no-shpa intramuscularly 2 times a day, 2 ml.
12.09.12	38,7
13.09.12	38,6			The condition of the calf is satisfactory, appetite is present, urination 4 times a day, straw-yellow urine. The kidney area is painless.	Gamavit subcutaneously 1 time per day, 6 ml; prednisolone intramuscularly 1 time per day in the morning, 0.5 ml.
14.09.12	38,4			The condition of the calf is satisfactory, appetite is present, urination 4 times a day, straw-yellow urine. The kidney area is painless.	Gamavit subcutaneously 1 time per day, 6 ml; prednisolone intramuscularly 1 time per day in the morning, 0.5 ml.
15.09.12	38,5			The condition of the calf is satisfactory, appetite is present, urination 4 times a day, straw-yellow urine.
16.09.12	38,6			The condition of the calf is satisfactory, appetite is present, on palpation the area of the kidneys is painless. Urination 4 times a day, urine light yellow.	Gamavit subcutaneously 1 time per day, 6 ml; prednisolone intramuscularly 1 time per day in the morning, 0.2 ml.
17.09.12	38,5			The animal is actively moving, the appetite has improved. Signs of stress disappeared. Urination stabilized 3 times a day. The color of urine is straw yellow. Transparency is transparent. The kidneys are painless.	Gamavit subcutaneously 1 time per day, 6 ml; prednisolone intramuscularly 1 time per day in the morning, 0.2 ml.
18.09.12	38,2			The animal is actively moving, the appetite has improved. Signs of stress disappeared. Urination stabilized 3 times a day. The color of urine is straw yellow. Transparency is transparent. The kidneys are painless.	Gamavit subcutaneously 1 time per day, 6 ml; prednisolone intramuscularly 1 time per day in the morning, 0.2 ml. For prophylaxis during the 1st month Phytoelita-healthy kidneys 1 tablet 2 times a day.

Rice. 3. Graph of temperature, pulse and respiratory rate of a calf with acute diffuse nephritis on the days of the disease.

Epicrisis

Acute diffuse jade (Nephritis acuta) is a disease of the kidneys, which is based on diffuse inflammatory processes, with damage to the vascular glomeruli.The main causes of nephritis are infectious diseases, poisoning, autointoxication, and an allergic state of the animal organism. The disease is acute. By the nature of the exudate, serous, fibrinous, purulent, hemorrhagic nephritis are distinguished. The disease occurs in all types of domestic animals.This is an acute immune-inflammatory disease with a primary lesion of the glomerular apparatus of both kidneys.Acute diffuse nephritis often occurs during infection of animals with pathogens of infectious diseases. These pathogens are leptospira, vibrios, streptococci, diplococci, pneumococci, staphylococci, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, listeria, adenoviruses, plague viruses, panleukopenia, parainfluenza, rhinotracheitis, hepatitis, enteroviruses, as well as their toxins.

Pathogenesis acute diffuse nephritis is as follows. Toxins of microbes and viruses, especially streptococcus, damaging the structure of the basement membrane of glomerular capillaries, cause the appearance of specific autoantigens in the animal body, in response to which antibodies of classes 10 and I M (anti-renal antibodies).Under the influence of a non-specific resolving factor, most often cooling, a new exacerbation of the disease, a violent allergic reaction occurs when the antigen is combined with the antibody, the formation of immune complexes, followed by the addition of a complement to them. Immune complexes are deposited on the basement membrane of the glomeruli of the kidney and damage them. There is a release of inflammatory mediators, damage to lysosomes and the release of lysosomal enzymes, activation of the coagulation system, disturbances in the microcirculation system, increased platelet aggregation, resulting in the development of immune inflammation of the glomeruli of the kidneys.Of decisive importance in the etiopathogenesis of acute diffuse nephritis is an allergic reaction (sensitization) as a result of the action of an infectious agent and its toxins on the body of an animal.The causative agents of infection can enter the glomerular apparatus of the kidneys in several ways - lymphogenous (through the lymph), hematogenous (through the blood), from neighboring tissues and from the genital organs. Genital tract infections are the most common and important cause of acute diffuse nephritis in animals.

sick calf,Simmental breed, male, 06/15/2012 was on curation from 03.09. to 18.09. 2012 with a diagnosis of acute diffuse nephritis. The owner of the calf complained that the calf had had a poor appetite for a week, had refused to eat at all for the last two days, the calf was lethargic and depressed. All the timehides in dark places, lies for a long time. Twodays ago, the urine became reddish, urination is frequent, in small portions. Which was the reason why the owners sought veterinary care. No drugs were used. Also, there were no diseases of infectious, invasive or non-contagious pathology.

Examination was carried out: physical, analysis for pathogens of invasive diseases, KLA, TAM, blood HD.

Treatment was carried out: enroflox 5% subcutaneously 1 time per day, 5.5 ml for 7 days; gamavit subcutaneously 1 time per day for 15 days, 6 ml; prednisolone intramuscularly 1 time per day in the morning, 2 ml for 3 days; vikasol 1% intramuscularly 2 times a day for 6 days; no-shpa intramuscularly 2 times a day, 2 ml for 5 days; furosemide intramuscularly 2 times a day, 2 ml for 3 days. For prophylactic purposes, we prescribe the drug phytoelite healthy kidneys for a month, 1 tablet 2 times a day.

The disease in the calf proceeded with typical clinical signs. The prescribed treatment had the desired effect, because. the animal's condition improved significantly, urination and urine color returned to normal, kidney pain disappeared.

CONCLUSION

A sick calf named Gosha was diagnosed with acute diffuse kidney nephritis. When making a diagnosis, the results of a clinical examination of the animal, anamnesis data and a laboratory study of urine were taken into account.

When collecting an anamnesis, the initial clinical symptoms of the manifestation of the disease noticed by the owner were taken into account, its duration, the nature of the urination disorder were determined, the conditions of keeping, the structure of the diet and the frequency of feeding the animal were clarified, and it was found out whether urination disorders were observed earlier.

The final diagnosis of acute diffuse nephritis of the kidneys was based on the totality of the results of the clinical examination of the animal, anamnesis data, clinical morphological and biochemical studies of urine.

According to the diagnosis, appropriate treatment was prescribed: antibiotic - Enroflox 5% subcutaneously 1 time per day, 5.5 ml for 7 days; hemostatic drug - vikasol 1% intramuscularly 2 times a day for 6 days; restoring blood and immunity - gamavit subcutaneously 1 time per day for 15 days, 6 ml; desensitizing, anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic drug - prednisone intramuscularly 1 time per day in the morning, 2 ml for 3 days; drug stimulating diuresis - furosemide intramuscularly 2 times a day, 2 ml for 3 days; a drug weakening attacks of renal colic - no-shpa intramuscularly 2 times a day, 2 ml for 5 days; for prophylactic purposes, Phytoelita-healthy kidneys were prescribed for one month, 1 tablet 2 times a day.

During the treatment, the calf's general condition improved. According to repeated urine tests, the protein decreased to a minimum, there were 1-2 erythrocytes in the field of view, the density decreased to 1.03.

For prevention, it was prescribed to drink a course of the drug phytoelite - healthy kidneys. And also once a month to take urine tests for 3 months.

PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT 3

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Kidney disease in farm and domestic animals:

Nephritis

Clinically acute nephritis manifests itself very differently (depending on the severity of the process).

The main signs of acute glomerulonephritis are hematuria, edema, increased ABP, proteinuria and oliguria. Uremic phenomena are observed in severe forms of acute nephritis, in some cases there is a complete development of uremia in its eclamptic form (convulsions, coma). Acute nephritis often becomes chronic. The degree of proteinuria depends on the severity of the disease and, in combination with other data, characterizes the direction of development of the pathology (prognosis).

chronic nephritis is a continuation of the acute and leads to nephrosclerosis (shrunken kidney).

The disease sometimes lasts for years, retains the features of nephritis or gives way in clinical manifestations to nephrosclerosis. Hence the diversity of the picture of chronic nephritis. In mild forms, proteinuria and mild cylindruria remain, in others edema appears. With an unfavorable prognosis, blood pressure rises (secondary wrinkled kidney). The excretory function (of water and NaCl) is sharply disturbed, residual nitrogen is increased in the blood, and cardiovascular activity is disturbed. The relative density of urine falls, a small amount of hyaline cylinders is found in it, even less - granular erythrocytes and renal epithelial cells.

Nephrosclerosis

Nephrosclerosis (shrunken kidney) leads to the decline of kidney function. There is a lot of residual nitrogen, urea, uric acid, indican, aromatic compounds in the blood. Uremia is on the rise. In the initial stages of self-poisoning does not happen due to polyuria. However, in the future, a change in periods of uremia and periods free from it always indicates the proximity of the final decline in kidney function. Asthenia and cachexia progressively increase. The function of excretion of water and NaCl in nephrosclerosis suffers less. Urine clear, straw-colored. There is very little protein in it. With exacerbation of nephrosclerosis, the content of protein and formed elements increases. AKD increased, noted hypertrophy of the left heart, gallop rhythm. Heart failure leads to a decrease in the excretion of water, which is necessary to compensate for the insufficient concentrating ability of the kidneys. The relative density of urine falls, but its quantity decreases, uremia develops.

Nephrosis

With nephrosis, a tendency to edema is characteristic. The ability to concentrate urine is usually preserved, but not as a result of the retention of NaCl, but due to nitrogenous products, which are excreted satisfactorily.

Despite the retention of NaCl, the relative density of urine either remains at the same level or increases as a result of oliguria. Delays of nitrogenous slags are not observed. Of particular importance for the diagnosis is the content in the urine of the renal epithelium, as well as granular cylinders.

Pyelonephritis

Pyelonephritis is ascending (underlying parts of the urinary tract) and descending (hematogenous). Fever is noted, there are a lot of leukocytes, kidney epithelial cells, cylinders in the urine, proteinuria appears.

Kidney stones (nephrolithiasis)

Nephrolithiasis (nephrolithiasis) is detected by the onset of renal colic, which is very difficult to differentiate. The epithelium of the kidneys and pelvis, leukocytes, crystals or small stones appear in the urine. With the disappearance of colic, no signs of the disease are noted. X-ray examination in small animals can detect renal colic. Their nature is established by microscopy of urine centrifugate, spectrographic and chemical studies.

Uremia

Uremia is a consequence of a decrease in the excretion of nitrogenous slags from the blood (azotemia). The content of urea in the blood increases to 130-180 mg% (at a rate of 20-40 mg%), and in some cases - up to 800-900 mg% (uremic coma). The skin of animals smells like urine, they observe a sharp depression, lethargy, vomiting, diarrhea, convulsions. Body temperature and blood pressure drop. Eclamptic uremia occurs with edema, which suggests the presence of cerebral edema (it is also confirmed pathologically).

Retention azotemic uremia is observed at the end of chronic nephritis, with a wrinkled kidney.

The development of uremia is slow (chronic, cachectic uremia). In contrast, eclamptic uremia occurs acutely. With the treatment of retention azotemia, a temporary improvement may occur, but a complete recovery cannot be hoped for. Convulsions are typical for eclamptic uremia.