PN-regional lymph nodes. Lymph nodes and vessels of the head

Regional lymph nodes of the thyroid gland are parts of the lymphatic system located in close proximity to the endocrine organ. As you know, this system consists of an extensive network of special capillaries and lymph nodes. The capillaries are filled with lymph - a special liquid - the task of which is to remove the remains of metabolic processes, toxins and pathogens from the tissues.

Lymph nodes are collections of immune cells. If pathological processes do not occur in the body, the size of the lymph nodes is normal, otherwise they increase (due to inflammation) and pain may appear. That is, they, in fact, are a kind of signaling agent about the presence of a disease in the body, the lymph nodes located next to the thyroid gland are no exception.

As mentioned above, an increase in lymph nodes in size is a sign of pathological changes in the body.

And in the case of regional thyroid nodules, that is, located in the cervical region, the causes of inflammatory processes can be:

infectious diseases;
neoplasms (both malignant and benign);
allergic reactions.

With the development of infectious diseases in the nasopharynx or oral cavity, the pathogens that caused them can enter the cervical lymph nodes through the lymph. The reaction of the lymphocytes contained in them, of course, will be the fight against these foreign elements. The consequence of this process will be an increase in one or more lymph nodes. There is no pain on palpation, and the lymph nodes move freely. Soreness appears with acute respiratory viral infections (ARVI), this is due to an excessive immune response of the body to the actions of the virus.

The main infectious diseases that cause an increase in cervical lymph nodes in size are:

cat scratch disease
Infectious mononucleosis;
tuberculosis or "scrofula";
brucellosis and tularemia;
HIV infection.

Two types of damage to regional thyroid nodules can be distinguished: primary and, accordingly, secondary. In the first case, the neoplasm appears directly in the tissues of the lymph node. The second type, also called metastatic, is characterized by the entry of neoplasm cells into the lymph node through lymph from the location of the tumor, for example, in the thyroid gland.

The primary type includes lymphogranulomatosis and lymphocytic leukemia. With lymphogranulomatosis, an increase in the cervical lymph nodes can be up to 500% of the normal volume. In the initial stages of the disease, the lymph nodes are mobile, but as the disease progresses, they become inactive and very dense to the touch.

If we talk about the secondary type of damage to the regional lymph nodes of the thyroid gland, we are talking about thyroid cancer and its effect on the cervical lymph nodes (metastatic). With the development of a malignant neoplasm in the tissues of the endocrine organ, metastases most often appear in the neck and lymph nodes located in the immediate vicinity of the site of the tumor. Through the lymph, cancer cells from these lymph nodes can be transferred to others, which leads to metastatic damage to other organs. If a complete resection (removal) of the thyroid gland is prescribed as a treatment for a malignant neoplasm, the lymph nodes affected by the disease may also be removed.

All of the above applies to malignant and aggressive forms of neoplasms in the tissues of the thyroid gland. This category includes some types of follicular cancer, as well as lymphoma and anaplastic cancer, which are considered the most dangerous diseases of this type.

The risk group mainly includes people aged 50 to 60 years. Follicular forms of pathology are characterized by rather slow growth and are often accompanied by metastases to the regional lymph nodes of the thyroid gland.

If we talk about lymphoma, then it is worth noting that this is a diffuse tumor that is characterized by rapid growth. This pathology can act as an independent pathology, or be the result of a long course of Hashimoto's thyroiditis, which is a difficulty in making a differential diagnosis. One of the signs of the disease is a rapid increase in the size of the thyroid gland of a diffuse nature. Very often accompanied by pain. Inflammatory processes in the regional lymph nodes are also developing rapidly. In addition, the patient feels a feeling of compression of nearby organs.

Anaplastic cancer

This neoplasm combines cells of two types of malignant tumors: carcinosarcoma and epidermal cancer. In the vast majority of cases, it develops from the nodular form of goiter, which has been present in the patient for at least 10 years. The neoplasm tends to grow very quickly and affect neighboring organs. And among the first, of course, regional lymph nodes.

Lymph nodes and the lymphatic system as a whole are a very important part of the human body. The functions performed by it can be characterized by the words “cleaning and protection”, since through its organs and components both the body is cleaned of waste products of metabolic processes and the development of immune bodies.

In addition, the lymph nodes act as a signaling device for the development of pathological processes in the human body. The cervical nodes of the lymphatic system (regional nodes of the thyroid gland) are located next to many important organs and inflammation in their tissues can be the result of very dangerous processes. Therefore, at the first sign of an increase in these parts of the lymphatic system, you should urgently consult a doctor.

You should always remember: timely diagnosis and, therefore, timely treatment is the key to the best prognosis.

rice. 210, 216), which enrich the lymph with lymphocytes and is a barrier to

pathogenic factors. Lymph from the internal organs, with a few exceptions (the thyroid gland), passes through one or more lymph nodes before reaching the main lymph nodes. The lymphatic vessels of the dermis do not have their own nodes and flow into the lymph nodes of the subcutaneous tissue or nodes along the deep lymphatic vessels outside the organs.

The lymph node is covered from the outside with a capsule, from which the parenchyma (lymphoid tissue) leaves the relays. Between the lining and the lymphoid tissue is lined with endothelium slit-like spaces - lymphatic sinuses. The afferent lymphatic vessels (vasa lymphatica afferentia) carry lymph to the lymphatic sinuses, then it enters the external lymphatic vessels (vasa lymphatica efferentia).

There are about 300 lymph nodes in the human body. In many predators and monkeys there are fewer of them, in equids they are quite numerous (up to 8 thousand in a horse).

Head, neck. Superficial and deep lymphocapillary meshes are located in the scalp and face. The superficial mesh lies under the papillary layer, the deep mesh lies between the dermis and subcutaneous tissue. The superficial lymphocapillary mesh flows into the deep one, from which the drainage lymphatic vessels with lymphatic valves begin. These vessels carry lymph to the nearest lymph nodes located along the main saphenous veins of the face: facial, branches of the superficial temporal, transverse veins of the face, etc. The lymphatic vessels of the frontal and temporal areas, the auricle flow into the superficial ear nodes. A significant part of the lymph from the muscles of the forehead, eyelids, parotid gland enters the lymph nodes thicker than the parotid salivary gland. From the superficial and deep parotid nodes, lymph flows to the system of the lateral lymph nodes of the neck, grouped along the internal and external jugular veins. Lymph from the occipital and mastoid areas also enters here.

The superficial and deep lymphatic vessels of the anterior part of the face carry lymph to the regional submandibular and pituitary lymph nodes, from which the lymph flows to the deep anterior lymph nodes of the neck, the largest number of which is concentrated along the internal jugular vein. They may develop an inflammatory reaction in diseases such as tonsillitis, pulpitis, gingivitis, glossitis, etc. In cases of malignant disease in the upper or lower jaw, all the lymph nodes of the neck should be removed in one block with fiber and fascia.

The submandibular nodes (nodi submandibulares) are located in the submandibular triangle of the neck, receiving lymph from the submandibular and sublingual salivary glands, oral mucosa, partly from the eyeball and nasal cavity.

Among the lateral cervical nodes (nodi segvicales laterales), deep nodes (Fig. 220) located along the neurovascular bundle of the neck are of the greatest importance. Until these nodes, lymph comes from the walls of the nasal cavity, tongue, palatine tonsils, pharynx and larynx.

Supraclavicular nodes (nodi supraclaviculares) are contained in the supraclavicular fossa and receive lymph from the posterior sections of the mammary gland and organs of the chest cavity. In addition, small (often single) lymph nodes are located: in front of the auricle (superficial and deep parotid), collecting lymph from the parotid salivary and mucous glands behind the auricle (occipital, mastoid, etc.), receiving lymph from the skin and muscles of the occipital areas of the head, near the mental triangle of the neck (pidpidboridni), collecting lymph from the roots and alveoli of the anterior lower teeth and lower parts of the face; in the region of the buccal muscle (buccal, nasolabial, mandibular nodes), which collect lymph from the cheeks, eye sockets, lips, etc .; anterior deep cervical (preglottis, pre-and bilatracheal, thyroid), which receives lymph from the organs of the anterior region of the neck; pharyngeal (nodi retropharyngeales), collecting lymph from the pharynx, palatine tonsils and the posterior parts of the walls of the nasal cavity.

Thorax, organs of the chest cavity. The parietal regional nodes of the chest include: chest (nodi ragatattagii), contained on the outer edge of the pectoralis major muscle and receive lymph from the mammary gland; pribrudninni (nodi parasternals), located along a. thoracica interna, collect lymph from the medial sections of the mammary gland and the anterior chest wall (lymph also flows from these sections to the supraclavicular and axillary lymph nodes) intercostal (nodi intercostales), lying along the intercostal vessels and receive lymph from the side walls of the chest and parietal pleura; prevertebral (nodi prevertebrales), which collect lymph from the thoracic spine and are tightly connected with the posterior mediastinum by the upper diaphragmatic lymph nodes (nodi phrenici superiores), located at the legs of the diaphragm and receive lymph from the posterior sections of the diaphragm. From the anterior sections of the diaphragm, lymph flows into the anterior, bronchopulmonary (see below) and pectoral nodes.

In the chest cavity, the lymphatic vessels are located along the trachea, bronchi, pulmonary vessels contained in the tissue of the anterior and posterior mediastinum. Here, the following main regional lymph nodes are determined: tracheal (nodi paratracheales) located at the bifurcation of the trachea, upper and lower tracheoesophageal bronchial (nodi tracheobronchiales), which collect lymph from the trachea, bronchi, esophagus, lung; bronchopulmonary (nodi bronchopulmonales), which are localized within the root of the lung and receive lymph from the superficial lymphatic networks of the lungs and bronchi and anterior sections of the diaphragm; anterior mediastinum (nodi mediastinales anteriores), to which lymph flows from the heart, core (through the vessels of the atrial and lateral median nodes), the anterior chest wall (through the vessels of the sternum nodes) and the anterior sections of the diaphragm and liver, posterior mediastinum (nodi mediastinales posteriores), which collect lymph from the esophagus, the thoracic spine (through the vessels of the pre-spinal nodes), the posterior diaphragm (through the vessels of the upper diaphragmatic nodes) and partially the liver. From the organs of the chest cavity, lymph is collected in the right and left large broncho-mediastinal trunks, which flow into: the right one - into the ductus lymphaticus dexter, the left one - into the ductus thoracicus.

Abdomen, abdominal organs, pelvis. Lymph nodes of the abdominal cavity (Fig. 221) are divided into parietal and internal. Parietal lymph nodes include left, right and intermediate lumbar (nodi lumbalcs dextri, sinistri et intermedix) nodes located at the abdominal part of the aorta and inferior vena cava, receiving lymph from the walls and organs of the abdominal cavity, common, external and internal iliac (nodi Chassis communes, externi / interni), located along the corresponding vessels and collect lymph from the organs and walls of the small pelvis lower diaphragmatic (nodi phrenici inferior es) and lower epigastric (nodi epigastrici inferior es), contained along the same vessels and receive lymph from the diaphragm and section of the anterior abdominal wall. In addition, lymph flows from the skin of the upper abdomen in the chest and partially to the lymph nodes, and from the lower abdomen - in the superficial inguinal.

The internal (visceral) lymph nodes of the abdominal cavity are very numerous, and the lymph flowing from the organs (especially the stomach, liver, intestines) usually passes several regional nodes connected to each other by many anastomoses on the way to the thoracic duct. These nodes usually lie very close to certain organs of the abdominal cavity (various parts of the stomach, pancreas, spleen, liver, intestines) or along their vessels, located in the latter case between the sheets of the parietal peritoneum (in caps, ripples, connections ). The main regional lymphatic vessels, in which lymph comes from other internal lymph nodes or, less often, directly from the lymphatic networks of organs, are the abdominal, as well as the superior and inferior mesenteric nodes.

The abdominal nodes (nodi coeliaci) are located along the abdominal trunk and its branches. Collect lymph from the liver, stomach, pancreas, duodenum, spleen.

Superior mesenteric nodes (nodi mesenterici superior es) are located along the superior mesenteric artery and its branches. They take lymph from all parts of the small intestine, as well as from the blind (from the appendix) and most of the colon. At the same time, a large intestinal trunk is formed in the root of the mesentery due to the vessels of the upper mesenteric nodes, which flows into the left lumbar trunk or directly to the lymph cistern.

The inferior mesenteric nodes (nodi mesenterici inferior es) are contained along the inferior mesenteric artery and its branches. Collect lymph from the descending, sigmoid colon and the upper sections of the rectum. From the kidneys, lymph flows mainly to the lumbar nodes.

From most of the pelvic organs, the lymph, having passed through the corresponding regional nodes (adjacentinal, primate, primihu-ru, etc.), flows into the common and internal iliac lymph nodes.

In addition, from the uterus through the round ligament, the lymphatic vessels are also partially directed to the superficial inguinal nodes.

Upper limb. Lymphatic vessels of the upper limb can be divided into superficial and deep.

Superficial lymphatic vessels begin in the skin of the hand, following with the lateral and medial saphenous veins of the upper limb, often interrupted in the ulnar nodes (nodi cubitales). Then they flow into nodi lumphoidei axil lares.

Deep lymphatic vessels are sent along with the radial, ulnar and brachial arteries (some vessels end in the ulnar nodes) and end in the axillary lymph nodes. These same nodes also receive lymph from the lactiferous-glandular (ragatattagia) nodes. The external vessels of the axillary lymph nodes, merging with each other, form the right and left subclavian trunk, which, connecting with the jugular trunk, forms the right lymphatic duct (ductus lymphaticus dexter), and flows into the thoracic duct (ductus thoracicus) on the left (at its confluence with venous angle).

lower limb. Lymphatic vessels of the lower limb, as well as in the upper, are divided into superficial and deep.

Superficial lymphatic vessels that collect lymph from the superficial tissues of the limb, then mainly together with the subcutaneous (large and small) veins of the lower limb and flow into the popliteal nodes (nodi poplitei), which lie deep in the popliteal fossa (they also receive lymph from the deep lymphatic vessels feet and lower legs), and superficial inguinal nodes (nodi inguinales superficiales), located under the skin, inguinal fold and within the hiatus saphenus (see Fig. 216). Lymph also flows into these lymph nodes from the skin of the anterior wall of the abdomen, buttocks, perineum (together with the anus) and external genitalia.

Deep lymphatic vessels of the lower limb collect lymph from tissues located deeper than the broad fascia, fascia of the lower leg and foot, and on their way pass sequentially through the anterior and posterior tibial, popliteal and deep inguinal (nodi inguinales profundi) lymph nodes.

External vessels of the deep inguinal nodes, accompanying the club with blood vessels heading to the multi-storey iliac nodes (nodi Chassis externi et unterni), which also collect lymph from the walls and organs of the pelvic cavity.

Regional lymph nodes

Lymphatic vessels collect fluid for purification - each group of them collects lymph from certain organs and parts of the body associated with the corresponding regional group.

The lymph node has a channel through which fluid flows. The walls of the canal (sinus) consist of littorial cells. Some of these cells have a star-shaped structure, the processes of the cells connect the walls of the sinus like bridges. A group of such cells is a biological filter for the lymph. If the regional lymph node is enlarged, this may indicate diseases of the organs associated with this group of nodes of the lymphatic system. The reasons for the enlargement of the lymph node can be acute inflammatory processes, syphilis, tuberculosis, systemic diseases, metastases of a cancerous tumor. Each group of regional lymph nodes serves to protect a certain part of the human body.

The difference between inflammatory processes in the lymph nodes and the development of the tumor process is in pain. Inflammatory processes cause pain and discomfort, and when metastasized, the node is painless and dense. Single, enlarged and painless lymph nodes are a symptom of cancer, syphilis or tuberculosis. Fixed, hard lymph nodes may indicate tuberculosis. An acute purulent infection in an organ manifests itself in the form of a strong inflammatory process in the lymph nodes soldered together, through which the lymph is cleared from this organ. Prolonged, difficult to treat swollen lymph nodes indicate more serious causes - Hodgkin's disease, HIV and many other dangerous diseases.

Ways of spread of malignant neoplasms

The spread of malignant tumor cells occurs in several ways: through the lymphatic vessels with entry into regional lymph nodes, nearby and distant lymph nodes (lymphogenic pathway), through blood vessels from a diseased organ to healthy tissues and organs (hematogenous pathway), a mixed path. Epithelial cancer cells most often spread through the lymphogenous route.

Lymph nodes located in the neck serve as a protective barrier against infections and tumors for the organs of the head and neck, regional lymph nodes in the armpit are a protection for the mammary glands, upper limb, scapula, upper lateral part of the chest. Tumor metastases in the lymph nodes in the armpit, above the collarbone (outside the sternocleidomastoid muscle) indicate the development of a breast or lung tumor. Inflammation of the lymph nodes in the groin area may indicate syphilis, inflammation of the ovaries, chronic colpitis, wound infections of the legs, boils, appendicitis, rheumatoid arthritis, chronic colitis. A malignant lesion of the inguinal lymph nodes means that the tumor has developed in the vulva, sacrum, buttocks, or lower extremities. A malignant neoplasm in the abdominal region gives metastases to regional lymph nodes inside the sternocleidomastoid muscle. An increase in the submandibular lymph nodes occurs with inflammatory processes in the oral cavity, the development of a cancerous tumor of the lower lip, upper jaw, oral cavity, and anterior part of the tongue.

Regional lymph nodes of the breast

The regional nodes into which lymph enters from the mammary gland include: axillary, subclavian (apical axillary) and parasternal lymph nodes. The lymphatic system of the mammary gland consists of departments inside the organ and outside the organ. The internal lymphatic system consists of adipose tissue, capillaries and vessels of the mammary gland parenchyma. Through the axillary lymphatic system passes most of the lymphatic fluid from the breast, upper limb, abdominal wall, front, side and back of the chest surface.

An increase in the size of regional lymph nodes in the armpit often occurs with seals or the appearance of nodes in the mammary gland. In this case, you should urgently undergo an examination to determine the cause of the disease. An increase in the size of the axillary lymph nodes may indicate the development of an oncological disease, an inflammatory process in the mammary glands, or an infection. Inflammatory processes, infectious infection begin with an increase in the node, swelling and pain when you press the node. If the regional nodes are enlarged, but there is no swelling, no pain, but only discomfort from the increase in the size of the node, this is an alarming sign. The development of breast cancer can go unnoticed, a painless increase in regional lymph nodes in the presence of a cancerous breast tumor indicates the onset of tumor metastasis. Through the lymphatic system, metastases of breast tumors enter the organs and tissues of the body.

Regional thyroid nodules

Metastasis in thyroid cancer affects regional lymph nodes in the neck, behind the sternum, metastases can spread to the brain, liver, spleen, and affect the musculoskeletal system.

To determine the state of the organ, ultrasound of the regional lymph nodes of the thyroid gland and the thyroid gland itself should be performed. The study will show the appearance of nodes, cysts, abnormalities, blood clots, tumors.

Lymphosarcoma

Lymphosarcoma is a malignant tumor that affects the lymph nodes, organs, and tissues of the body. Lymphosarcoma is characterized by hematogenous and lymphogenous metastasis. There are several histological forms of lymphosarcoma: nodular lymphosarcoma, lymphocytic, lymphoblastic, lymphoplasmacytic, prolymphocytic, immunoblastic sarcomas. Diagnosis of lymphosarcoma is difficult, since there are no characteristic specific symptoms of the tumor. The disease begins with an increase in a group of lymph nodes or a peripheral lymph node, a feature of sarcoma is chaotic metastasis, involving the bone marrow, organs and tissues in the process next to the primary formation of the tumor. Very often, the tumor is localized in the small intestine. With lymphosarcoma of the small intestine, regional lymph nodes are affected, lymph circulation in the wall of the small intestine is disturbed.

Lymphogranulomatosis

The disease is characterized by a variety of symptoms. Lymph nodes are compacted, enlarged, in the advanced form of the disease, the lymph nodes merge, non-regional and regional groups of lymph nodes are affected sequentially or simultaneously. Lymphogranulomatosis of the mediastinal form affects the lymph nodes of the mediastinum, the abdominal form of the disease develops in the internal organs. Peripheral lymph node involvement is the most common form of the disease. Less commonly, the first symptom of lymphogranulomatosis is the defeat of the axillary, inguinal, submandibular, retroperitoneal, lymph nodes of the mediastinum. The disease is manifested by severe sweating at night, fever, weakness, fatigue and itching of the skin.

Ultrasound of regional lymph nodes

Ultrasound (ultrasound scanning of tissues) of regional lymph nodes and breast tissues is performed to detect a breast tumor, allows you to diagnose the condition of the lymph nodes, the promotion of metastases in the lymph nodes. It is recommended to do an ultrasound of the mammary glands after a mammary gland injury, as a preventive measure, so as not to miss the onset of a dangerous disease. Ultrasound on modern devices allows you to determine neoplasms with a size of 3 mm, whether it is a malignant tumor or a benign formation. With the help of ultrasound, the detected nodes are punctured, the tissue of the neoplasm is taken for a biopsy.

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What are regional thyroid lymph nodes?

Causes of enlarged lymph nodes in the neck

And in the case of regional thyroid nodules, that is, located in the cervical region, the causes of inflammatory processes can be:

infectious diseases;
neoplasms (both malignant and benign);
allergic reactions.

Infectious diseases

The main infectious diseases that cause an increase in cervical lymph nodes in size are:

cat scratch disease
Infectious mononucleosis;
tuberculosis or "scrofula";
brucellosis and tularemia;
HIV infection.

Neoplasms

All of the above applies to malignant and aggressive forms of neoplasms in the tissues of the thyroid gland. This category includes some types of follicular cancer, as well as lymphoma and anaplastic cancer, which are considered the most dangerous diseases of this type.

Lymphoma

Anaplastic cancer

You should always remember: timely diagnosis and, therefore, timely treatment is the key to the best prognosis.

Regional lymph nodes

Regional lymph nodes, nodi tymphatici regionales.
Head and neck, caput et collum.
Occipital lymph nodes, nodi tymphatici occipitales. They lie on the edge of the trapezius muscle. They collect lymph from the occipital region, and their efferent vessels end in the deep cervical lymph nodes. Rice. BUT.
Mastoid lymph nodes, nodi tymphatici mastoidei []. They lie on the mastoid process. Lymph flows into them from the posterior surface of the auricle, the scalp adjacent to it, and the posterior wall of the external auditory canal. The efferent vessels terminate in tubular cervical lymph nodes. Rice. BUT.
Superficial parotid lymph nodes, nodi tymphatici parotidei superficiales. Located in front of the tragus above the parotid fascia. Their afferent vessels begin in the skin of the temporal region and the anterior surface of the auricle. The efferent vessels terminate in tubular cervical lymph nodes. Rice. BUT.
Deep parotid lymph nodes, nodi tymphatici parotidei profundi. They are located under the parotid fascia. Collect lymph from the tympanic cavity, external auditory canal, frontotemporal region, upper and lower eyelids, root of the nose, as well as from the mucous membrane of the posterior part of the lower wall of the nasal cavity and nasopharynx. The efferent vessels terminate in tubular cervical lymph nodes. Rice. BUT.
Anterior lymph nodes, nodi tymphatici praeuriculares. Located in front of the auricle. Rice. BUT.
Inferior lymph nodes, nodi tymphatici infraauriculares. They are located under the ear. Rice. BUT.
Intraglandular lymph nodes, nodi tymphatici intraglandulares. They lie in the thickness of the parotid gland. Rice. BUT.
Facial lymph nodes, nodi tymphatici faciales. Their location is variable. They collect lymph from the upper and lower eyelids, the external nose and the skin of other areas of the face, as well as the buccal mucosa. Their efferent vessels accompany the a facialis and end in the submandibular lymph nodes.
[Buccal knot, nodus buccinatorius]. Located on the surface of the buccal muscle. Rice. BUT.
[Nasolabial node, nodus nasolabial]. Lies under the nasolabial furrow. Rice. BUT.
[Malar node, nodus malaris]. Lies in the subcutaneous tissue of the cheek.
[Mandibular node, nodus mandibularis]. Located in the subcutaneous tissue at the level of the lower jaw. Rice. A. 14a Lingual lymph nodes, nodi tymphatici Unguales. Lies on mJiyoglossus. Collect lymph from the lower surface, the lateral edge and the medial part of the anterior 2/3 of the back of the tongue.
Submental lymph nodes, nodi tymphatici submentals. Localized between the anterior bellies of the digastric muscles. Collect lymph from the middle part of the lower lip, the bottom of the mouth, the top of the tongue. The efferent vessels terminate in the deep cervical and submandibular lymph nodes. Rice. B.
Submandibular lymph nodes, nodi tymphatici submandibulares. Located between the lower jaw and the submandibular gland. They collect lymph from the inner pelvis, cheeks, lateral surface of the nose, the entire upper lip and the lateral parts of the lower lip, gums, the lateral part of the anterior 2/3 of the back of the tongue, and the efferent vessels of the submental and facial lymph nodes approach them. The efferent vessels of the submandibular nodes terminate in the tubular cervical nodes. Rice. B.
Anterior cervical lymph nodes, nodi tymphatici cervicales anteriores.
Superficial (anterior jugular) lymph nodes, nodi tymfarici superficiales (jugulares anteriores). Located along the anterior jugular vein. Collect lymph from the skin of the anterior region of the neck. The efferent vessels end in the tubular cervical nodes on both sides. Rice. BUT.
Deep lymph nodes, nodi tymphatici profundi. Located in the anterior region of the neck.

19a. - sublingual lymph nodes, nodi tymfarici infrahyoidei. Located below the hyoid bone in the midline. Collect lymph from the vestibule of the larynx, pear-shaped pockets and nearby parts of the pharynx. The efferent vessels terminate in tubular cervical lymph nodes. Rice. B.

Preglottic lymph nodes, nodi tymphatici praelaryngeales. Located on the cricothyroid ligament and collect lymph from the lower half of the larynx. The efferent vessels end in tubular cervical lymph nodes. Rice. B.

Thyroid lymph nodes, nodi tymfarici thyroidei. They are located in the thyroid gland. The efferent vessels end in the deep cervical lymph nodes. Rice. B.

Pretracheal lymph nodes, nodi tymfarici pretracheales. Located in front of the trachea. Collect lymph from the trachea and larynx. The efferent vessels end in the deep cervical lymph nodes. Rice. B. Paratracheal lymph nodes, nodi tymfarici paratracheales. They are located next to the trachea. Rice. B. nodes of the head and neck 23a Located in front of the arch of the atlas.

Reference books, encyclopedias, scientific papers, public books.

Characteristics and diseases of regional lymph nodes

The lymphatic system in the human body is made up of lymph nodes, united in many groups. After assessing the condition of a particular lymph node, a specialist can determine which disease is developing in this area. Very often, an increase in regional lymph nodes of the mammary or thyroid gland is diagnosed. This symptom indicates the development of lymphadenitis, which requires urgent treatment.

General characteristics of regional lymph nodes

Lymph nodes are a kind of barrier that cleanses the lymph in the body from various kinds of pathogenic microorganisms and harmful substances. The system of regional lymph nodes looks like this:

Axillary nodes. They are divided into 3 groups: lower axillary, middle and apical group. The lower axillary group includes lymph nodes, which are localized along the lateral edge of the pectoralis minor muscle. The middle axillary group includes lymph nodes that are located between the medial and lateral border of the pectoralis minor muscle, as well as a complex of interpectoral lymph nodes. The apical group consists of nodes that are localized centrally from the medial edge of the pectoralis minor muscle.
Knots are internal. This group of lymph nodes includes others that may contain metastatic malignant cells from primary tumors: lymph nodes of the breast and neck, subclavian, thyroid.

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What does an increase in regional lymph nodes mean?

An increase in one or more lymph nodes from the above system, for example, chest and thyroid, is called regional lymphadenopathy. In most cases, this is a preliminary diagnosis, the confirmation of which requires a more detailed diagnosis. An increase in regional lymph nodes signals the development of a specific disease. It is for this reason that it is recommended to consult a specialist at the first characteristic symptoms.

If the regional lymph nodes of the thyroid gland or the regional lymph nodes of the mammary gland increase, this is a sign of the development of the disease not in organs such as the thyroid gland and the mammary gland, but in nearby ones. The symptom signals a running pathological process and a metastasis in an enlarged lymph node.

Factors that may contribute to the development of such a pathological process:

radiation therapy of such pathologies in the past as hemangioma or herpes zoster;
exposure of the body to radioactive iodine in the performance of production or other tasks;
concomitant development of a malignant tumor in another organ or system;
insufficient content of iodine in the body;
concomitant development in the body of such a pathology as thyroiditis;
burdened heredity, namely, a predisposition to the development of thyroid diseases.

Those persons who fall into this risk group should periodically visit an endocrinologist to undergo a preventive examination: passing the appropriate tests, conducting an ultrasound examination. Based on the results of these diagnostic methods, it is possible to identify the disease that occurs at the initial stage, as well as to select the appropriate effective treatment.

Symptoms of regional lymphadenopathy

If the lymph node is enlarged, whether it is the mammary or thyroid gland, the characteristic symptoms will be:

seal or "bump" in the area of the affected lymph node;
pain syndrome that occurs during palpation of the neoplasm;
hyperemia of the skin in the area of the affected lymph node;
increased general temperature;
weight loss
organs such as the liver and spleen may increase;
increased sweating;
there may be no symptoms at all if there is a chronic form of lymphadenopathy.

Maybe my questions will seem stupid, but I'm exhausted, two small children.

Also do not forget to thank the doctors.

hematologist6 21:51

I agree with the oncologist. Dynamic observation, when a clinical picture appears, a biopsy of the most problematic lymph node with the preparation of prints and preparations. You don’t need to compare yourself with anyone, and most importantly, wind yourself up. Landmark - the state of the lymph nodes.

Lymphadenopathy and lymphadenitis - enlargement and inflammation of the lymph nodes: causes, diagnosis, treatment

What does enlarged and inflamed lymph nodes mean?

Signs of enlargement and inflammation of the lymph nodes. How to determine the increase in lymph nodes yourself?

1. Absolutely painless on palpation.

2. They have a densely elastic consistency.

3. Mobile (easy to move when probing).

The reasons

2. Systemic autoimmune diseases (systemic lupus erythematosus, autoimmune thyroiditis, etc.).

3. Oncological pathology of lymphoid tissue (lymphogranulomatosis, lymphomas).

4. Oncological diseases of other organs and tissues (metastatic lesions of the lymph nodes).

Causes of enlargement and inflammation of the lymph nodes - video

How to determine the inflammation of the lymph nodes? Pain, temperature and increase in size, as symptoms of acute inflammation of the lymph nodes

However, in the case of subacute or chronic inflammation of the lymph nodes, pain and the general reaction of the body may be absent. Moreover, recurrent inflammatory reactions (for example, chronic tonsillitis, accompanied by an increase in regional submandibular lymph nodes) lead to their irreversible degeneration. Such nodes are often palpated as absolutely painless formations of various sizes (sometimes the size of a hazelnut).

Nonspecific infections as the cause of enlargement and inflammation of the submandibular, cervical, axillary, elbow, inguinal, femoral, or popliteal lymph nodes: symptoms and treatment

Nonspecific infection as one of the most common causes of pathology

A nonspecific infection in uncomplicated cases calls for a regional rather than a general process - that is, there is an increase and inflammation of one or a group of nearby lymph nodes:

According to the nature of the course, acute and chronic inflammation of the lymph nodes caused by nonspecific flora are distinguished.

1. Acute catarrhal lymphadenitis.

2. Acute purulent lymphadenitis.

What does acute purulent inflammation of the lymph nodes look like?

Effects

How to treat?

Prolonged painless enlargement of lymph nodes in chronic inflammation caused by nonspecific microflora

chronic tonsillitis;
pharyngitis;
trophic ulcer of the lower leg;
chronic inflammatory diseases of the external genital organs, etc.

If you find an increase in lymph nodes on your own, and suspect its connection with a focus of chronic infection, you should consult a doctor. Since the clinical data for chronic inflammation of the lymph nodes are rather scarce, an examination is prescribed to exclude other diseases that occur with an increase in the lymph nodes.

How to cure?

Is chronic enlargement and inflammation of the lymph nodes caused by nonspecific microflora dangerous?

Specific infections as a cause of enlargement and inflammation

Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis of the intrathoracic lymph nodes is a form of primary tuberculosis (a disease that develops immediately after infection), in which there is an increase and inflammation of the intrathoracic lymph nodes, and the lung tissue remains intact.

When infected with tuberculosis in the lung tissue, the so-called primary tuberculosis complex is often formed - inflammation of the lung tissue, combined with lymphangitis (inflammation of the lymphatic vessel) and lymphadenitis.

An infectious-inflammatory lesion of the superficial lymph nodes in tuberculosis develops when the infection spreads throughout the body some time after the initial infection.

Abdominal tuberculosis is a rare form of tuberculosis that affects the abdominal organs. As a rule, abdominal tuberculosis occurs with mesadenitis - an increase and inflammation of the lymph nodes of the abdominal cavity.

Enlargement and inflammation of the inguinal, mandibular and submental lymph nodes in primary syphilis

Enlargement and inflammation of the occipital, cervical, parotid, popliteal and axillary lymph nodes as an important diagnostic sign of rubella

Chickenpox

What is the danger of enlargement and inflammation of the lymph nodes in specific infections?

Causes of enlargement and inflammation of the lymph nodes in children

Answers to the most popular questions

What are the causes of enlargement and inflammation of the lymph nodes in the groin in men and women?

When does an increase and inflammation of the lymph nodes under the armpits develop in women?

What could be the causes of enlargement and inflammation of the lymph nodes in the neck?

Which doctor should I contact?

I am expecting a baby (fourth month of pregnancy). I recently caught a cold, there was a severe sore throat, the temperature rose. Today I noticed an increase and inflammation of the lymph nodes under the jaw. How dangerous is it during pregnancy?

What tests are prescribed?

type of course (acute or chronic inflammation);
prevalence (generalized or regional enlargement of lymph nodes);
the presence of other symptoms of the pathology of the lymph nodes (pain on palpation, violation of consistency, cohesion with surrounding tissues, etc.);
the presence of specific signs that make it possible to suspect a specific pathology (a characteristic intoxication syndrome in tuberculosis, a hard chancre in syphilis, a rash in measles, a focus of infection in acute inflammation of the lymph node, etc.).

There is a general examination program that includes standard tests (general and biochemical blood tests, general urinalysis). If necessary, it can be supplemented by other studies (chest x-ray for suspected tuberculosis or lymphogranulomatosis, serological tests for syphilis or HIV, lymph node puncture for suspected metastatic lesions or lymphoma, etc.).

What antibiotic is prescribed for enlarged and inflamed lymph nodes?

Is it possible to put compresses?

Do ichthyol ointment and Vishnevsky ointment use for enlargement and inflammation

The child has symptoms of enlargement and inflammation of the lymph nodes behind the ear. Which doctor should I contact? Is there any traditional treatment?

Reviews

I have this situation: I'm 23 years old, guy.

I am worried about the lymph nodes, namely the pain in them. Had blood and urine tests: normal. Did an ultrasound of the thyroid gland: two nodes 7 and 5 mm were found (diffuse-nodular goiter), thyroid-stimulating hormone = 1.042, antibodies to thyroperoxidase = less than 10 (negative), thyroglobulin = 17.7 - they just said to drink iodomarin or iodine-active 200 mg / day ; Ultrasound of the abdominal organs - no pathologies, computed tomography of the chest organs - lungs, trachea is normal, mediastinal lymph nodes - 6.3-7.7 mm, axillary lumen - up to 11.8 mm, gynecomastia was found (30 and 28 mm in the area nipples)

I also recently donated blood for chitomegalovirus and epstein-barr viruses: avidity for cytomegalovirus antibodies = 81%, eb cossid virus igg = 14.3 coi, web cossid igm = 0.07 coi, web nuclear igg = 10.99 coi, cytomegalovirus antibodies igg = 296.0 IU \ml (!), cytomegalovirus antibodies igm = 0.677 cov.

After that, the infectious disease doctor prescribed me to take 2 tablets per day of valavir (course 10 days) + intramuscular injections of neovir 250 ml a day / every other day (course 10 injections) in order to kill viruses.

Oak did yesterday: hemoglobin - 138, s - 4.3 * 10, l - 5.6 * 10, soe - 5mm, e-2%, i-2%, s-61%, l-30%, m- 5% (maybe I wrote the name wrong in some way, because it's not very legible).

Still, a month and a half ago, exactly when the lymph nodes began to bother me, I noticed a small spot on my forehead with a diameter of about 10 mm, which is flaky, but does not hurt, does not itch. Was at the dermatologist - he said that allergic dermatitis and smeared with zinc ointment - smeared, does not go away. There is also a similar area in the groin, but it sometimes itches and flakes. There don't seem to be any more details.

Question: What is my situation? Dangerous or not? Should I be afraid of oncology, such as Hodgkin's disease? What should I do next, what tests should I do next? I really appreciate your help and answer to my question. I spent a lot of nerves, time and money on tests and medicines.

With uv. To you, Alexander.

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What are regional thyroid lymph nodes?

Causes of enlarged lymph nodes in the neck

And in the case of regional thyroid nodules, that is, located in the cervical region, the causes of inflammatory processes can be:

infectious diseases;
neoplasms (both malignant and benign);
allergic reactions.

Infectious diseases

The main infectious diseases that cause an increase in cervical lymph nodes in size are:

cat scratch disease
Infectious mononucleosis;
tuberculosis or "scrofula";
brucellosis and tularemia;
HIV infection.

Neoplasms

Lymphoma

Anaplastic cancer

You should always remember: timely diagnosis and, therefore, timely treatment is the key to the best prognosis.

Enlarged lymph nodes: causes and treatment

Such a seemingly simple symptom as swollen lymph nodes (LNs) may be a sign of completely non-banal diseases. Some of them are simply unpleasant, while others can lead to serious complications and even a tragic outcome. There are not very many diseases leading to the appearance of this symptom, but they all require thoughtful diagnosis and careful, sometimes very long treatment.

What are lymph nodes for?

Lymph nodes are small collections of lymphatic tissue scattered throughout the body. Their main function is to filter the lymph and a kind of "storage" of elements of the immune system that attack foreign substances, microorganisms and cancer cells that enter the lymph. The nodes can be compared to military bases, where in peacetime troops are stationed, ready to immediately act to fight the "enemy" - the causative agent of any disease.

Where are the lymph nodes located

Lymph nodes are a kind of collectors that collect lymph from certain areas of the body. This fluid flows to them through a network of vessels. There are superficial lymph nodes and visceral, located in the cavities of the human body. Without the use of instrumental visualization methods, it is impossible to detect an increase in the latter.

Among the superficial lymph nodes, depending on the location, the following localizations are distinguished:

popliteal, located on the back of the knee joints;
superficial and deep inguinal, localized in the inguinal folds;
occipital - in the area of the transition of the neck into the skull;
behind the ear and parotid, located in front and behind the auricle;
submandibular, lying approximately in the middle of the branches of the lower jaw;
chin, located a few centimeters behind the chin;
a network of cervical LUs densely scattered along the anterior and lateral surfaces of the neck;
elbow - on the front surface of the joint of the same name;
axillary, one group of which is adjacent to the inner surface of the pectoral muscles, and the other is located in the thickness of the fiber of the axillary region.

Thus, there are quite a lot of places where an increase in lymph nodes can be detected and an attentive doctor will definitely feel them in order to obtain additional information about a possible disease.

Causes of swollen lymph nodes

There are no natural reasons for the increase in LU. If they become larger, then there must be some kind of pathology in the body. The appearance of this symptom indicates the occurrence of:

With different diseases, the lymph nodes increase in different ways. In addition to size, indicators such as:

surface structure, which may remain smooth or become bumpy;
mobility - in some diseases, the lymph nodes become soldered to each other or to surrounding tissues;
consistency - dense, soft;
the condition of the skin above them - with inflammation of the LU, the skin can become swollen, redden.

And now it makes sense to consider an increase in lymph nodes in relation to the diseases that most often cause this symptom.

Lymphadenitis

This disease is characterized by the most striking symptoms from the LU, which at the same time significantly increase in size, become sharply painful, immobile. The skin over them turns red, there is local swelling. As the disease progresses, the temperature rises more and more, chills appear, intoxication phenomena increase.

Most often, the occurrence of lymphadenitis is preceded by any purulent disease of the corresponding area:

Microbes from the focus of infection through the lymphatic vessels enter the lymph node, provoking an inflammatory reaction in it, first catarrhal (without pus), and then purulent. The extreme degree of development of lymphadenitis is adenophlegmon - in fact, a complication of this disease. In this case, pus impregnates the surrounding LU fatty tissue.

Other complications of purulent lymphadenitis are purulent thrombophlebitis, pulmonary embolism, sepsis.

A pediatrician tells about lymphadenitis in children:

Treatment of lymphadenitis

With catarrhal lymphadenitis, the underlying purulent disease is primarily treated. With timely intervention, there is a high chance of subsiding an acute process in the lymph node.

With the development of purulent lymphadenitis or adenophlegmon, surgical intervention is required - opening the abscess, cleaning it using antiseptics and antimicrobial agents, draining the abscess cavity.

Respiratory diseases

This group of diseases is the most common cause of enlarged lymph nodes. Most clearly, this symptom is manifested in various forms of tonsillitis (tonsillitis). Along with an increase in LU, high fever, sore throat during swallowing, severe weakness and malaise are noted.

Somewhat less often, lymph nodes increase in size with inflammation of the pharynx - pharyngitis. The symptomatology of this disease is similar to the clinical picture of tonsillitis, although it is inferior to it in the brightness of manifestations.

With respiratory infections, the lymph nodes become dense to the touch, moderately painful, their mobility during palpation is preserved.

Treatment of respiratory infections

Treatment tactics depend on the type of pathogen that caused the disease. So, with a bacterial nature of the pathology, broad-spectrum antibiotics are used, with a viral one - symptomatic therapy, with a fungal one - specific antimicrobial agents. In parallel, general strengthening measures are carried out with the simultaneous use of immunomodulators.

Specific infections

Most often, an increase in lymph nodes is accompanied by such specific infections as tuberculosis and syphilis.

Tuberculous lesion

In pulmonary tuberculosis, the intrathoracic lymph nodes are first affected. It is impossible to detect their increase without special research methods. If untreated, the tuberculous process can spread throughout the body, affecting superficial LUs:

At the initial stage, they increase and moderate soreness. As the inflammatory process flares up, the lymph nodes become soldered to each other and to the tissues surrounding them, turning into a dense conglomerate, which then suppurates, forming a long-term non-healing fistula.

Treatment

Since the increase in LU here is caused by the main disease - tuberculosis, then it is she who is being treated. Special anti-tuberculosis drugs are used according to special regimens.

Syphilis

In the case of syphilis, the nodes do not grow in size until a few days after the onset of primary syphilis, known as chancre. Due to the fact that the primary place of occurrence of the chancre is the genitals, the inguinal nodes most often increase.

However, with chancramygdalitis (syphilitic tonsillitis), for example, a symptom may appear from the submandibular or submental nodes.

Important: With syphilis, the lymph nodes can reach the size of a nut, while maintaining their consistency, remaining painless and not soldered to the tissues. Often, at the same time, lymphangitis occurs - inflammation of the lymphatic vessels, which are palpable in the form of a cord, sometimes with thickenings along its length.

Treatment

Syphilis at any stage responds well to antibiotic therapy. Mostly penicillin preparations are used. With the development of complications, the treatment of infection can be significantly delayed.

Rubella

With rubella, this symptom appears one of the first, several hours ahead of the onset of a rash. Most often, the occipital, cervical, parotid nodes increase, becoming painful, however, without soldering with the surrounding tissues.

A rash in uncomplicated rubella may remain the only striking symptom, although along with it there are sometimes fever (moderate) and a runny nose.

Treatment

The patient with rubella is isolated and symptomatic treatment is prescribed if necessary. Serious measures are carried out only with the development of complications. For example, for joint damage, anti-inflammatory drugs are prescribed, and for encephalitis, corticosteroids, diuretics, anticonvulsants, etc. It should be noted that rubella is a relatively benign infection and in most cases goes away without treatment at all.

HIV infection

With this most dangerous disease, lymph nodes of all localizations can increase. Often, it is this symptom that makes the doctor suspect an HIV infection, which for a long time may not manifest itself in anything else.

With the transition of the disease to the stage of AIDS, the increase in the LU becomes constant, their inflammation joins.

Treatment

It is well known that there are no methods that can finally cure an HIV-infected person. Doctors direct all their efforts to suppress the activity of the virus, for which special antiretroviral drugs are used. In parallel with this, concomitant infections are treated, the development of which most often causes the death of people with AIDS.

Lymph nodes in autoimmune diseases

The autoimmune process is a group of diseases in which the immune system ceases to consider cells of various organs as “its own”. Taking them for a foreign substance, the body activates defense mechanisms in order to destroy the "aggressor". One of the manifestations of this activity is the increase in regional LU.

The autoimmune process can affect almost any organ, from the joints to the endocrine glands and even the nervous system. Such diseases are characterized by a long, chronic course and are quite difficult to treat, leading the patient to disability, and sometimes to death.

Treatment

In the treatment of autoimmune diseases, drugs are used that suppress the excessive activity of the immune system - immunosuppressants and agents that block certain chemical reactions in the cells of the lymphocytic system.

Enlargement of lymph nodes in oncological pathologies

Oncologists use this symptom as one of the diagnostic criteria for the tumor process. LU increase only in malignant tumors in the case when cancer cells are separated from the site of the primary focus and enter the node with the lymph flow. Here they are "attacked" by the body's defenses, seeking to prevent the process from "breaking out into the expanses" of the body. The appearance of this symptom is an unfavorable sign, indicating the spread of the tumor process.

However, there are also malignant oncological diseases that directly affect the lymphatic system itself:

Hodgkin's lymphoma, otherwise called lymphogranulomatosis;
non-Hodgkin's lymphomas - a group of over 80 types of tumors originating from the lymphatic tissue and having great differences both in the course of the disease, and in its causes and mechanisms of development.

Treatment

In the fight against oncological pathology, several methods are used at once:

cytostatic chemotherapy with drugs that stop tumor growth;
irradiation of lymph nodes with a stream of ionizing radiation:
- X-rays;
- gamma and beta radiation;
- neutron beams;
- flow of elementary particles;
immunosuppressive therapy with powerful hormonal agents.

Special schemes for the use of complexes of various types of treatment have been developed to suppress the tumor process and prolong the life of the patient.

Note: it must be remembered that swollen lymph nodes are only a symptom of various diseases. Therefore, self-medication, and even more so using folk methods, instead of going to the doctor, is unacceptable. Delay in the diagnosis and treatment of certain diseases can cost the patient's life.

You can get more information about the possible causes of swollen lymph nodes by reviewing this review:

Volkov Gennady Gennadievich, medical observer, emergency doctor.

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Herbal treatment for colds

Good afternoon, I did an MRI of the pelvic organs, I was diagnosed with adenomyosis and small fibroids. And there are enlarged several iliac lymph nodes, one up to 1.5 cm, others less. Feeling pain in the back. Why did they become inflamed and is it dangerous? All analyzes were normal.

Hello. We cannot answer this question in absentia - you need to contact the surgeon and undergo additional examinations.

I described that the lymph nodes are inflamed. In one message I could not send two files, I send here. Sorry for the importunity.

Thank you very much for answering. Due to low hemoglobin, can there be problems with the lymph nodes and hurt bones and muscles? And what you wrote: “You need to take a general blood test with a leukocyte formula, a biochemical blood test and contact a hematologist with the results of these studies.” Do these tests need to be passed?

an 11-year-old child (boy) has enlarged lymph nodes all over his body. Found this before testicular descent. Biochemical analysis of blood is normal. The only hemoglobin is slightly lowered. The child lost his appetite.

Please tell me what it could be?

Hello. In this case, you need to consult a hematologist and additional types of examinations - it is impossible to determine the cause of the enlarged lymph nodes in absentia.

What could it be? he was recently treated for worms.

What do you think, is there a suspicion of cancer?

With helminthic invasion, this is possible (if not cured), as for onco - yes, and with oncological diseases, the lymph nodes can increase (while the changes are noticeable in the blood test). But you must understand that an increase in lymph nodes is a symptom characteristic of a number of diseases. Such a reaction can be observed in inflammatory processes, infectious diseases, helminthiasis, etc. That is why you need to contact a hematologist and examine the child.

Biochemistry must be passed, as for low hemoglobin: its decrease is a consequence of pathology (unless, of course, you eat normally). With low hemoglobin, the lymph nodes themselves do not increase and the bones do not hurt. After examinations, the doctor will be able to identify the cause of pain, and enlargement of the lymph nodes, and a decrease in hemoglobin.

You have a critically low hemoglobin, you need to contact a hematologist as soon as possible and start treatment (you will be prescribed iron supplements).

Hello. For several years, my lymph nodes have been inflamed from time to time. Recently, they have become inflamed again, it can be said throughout the body, and especially in the region of the ilium on the right side and on the pubic bone. And my muscles and bones began to ache. The muscles seem to go numb and the bones ache, especially the legs and arms (acute pain). What could it be? Advise please what analyzes it is necessary to hand over and how else to be checked up? Last year, in the spring, I had a general blood test and in the fall, blood for infections. I am attaching the files. And I also wanted to ask. A few years ago, in order to fill a tooth, a pin was inserted into it, during the procedure the tooth cracked, but they did not remove it. It seems to me that after that I started having problems with the lymph nodes. Is this possible? Thank you very much in advance.

Hello. You need to pass a general blood test with a leukocyte formula, a biochemical blood test and contact a hematologist with the results of these studies. Regarding the tooth - this could be associated with a possible infection, but your test results are normal.

I didn't even expect you to reply so quickly. Thank you very much. I sent you another file with the test results. Thank you in advance.

You need to see a doctor: a critical problem is a decrease in hemoglobin, but there are other deviations. The doctor will write out the examination scheme and prescribe iron-containing drugs.

I got it. God bless you!

Hello. At night I felt a aching pain in my chest, on the left, so I could not sleep. I called an ambulance, the cardiogram was normal, but in the morning a huge lymph node formed in the front of the armpit. During the day, it began to turn into edema, the left breast increased significantly, the next day it all began to spread along the neck, and the next day it moved to the bottom of the face . The doctors say they don't see any swelling. Although my aunt is a dentist, already retired, she understands something about the lymph nodes, she says that everything is clearly visible to the naked eye and the lymph nodes are enlarged. And therapists do not even turn their heads, not to mention palpation. The next day, an ache began in the other shoulder and the lymph node also swelled, but not so much. What's going on I don't understand?

Hello. Address to the surgeon - he will examine you and will give the preliminary conclusion.

Good afternoon. For several days there was an attack of the type of ischalgia - the lower back ached, it gave off in the leg. However, neither MRI of the spine nor MRI of the sacroiliac joint revealed any problems. They found that the lymph node was greatly enlarged (it was about 5 by 5 cm in size) on the lower back (right next to the spine on the left). I took antibiotics and antiprotozoal drugs for 10 days. It became easier, but the lymph node did not return to normal. Could pains like ischalgia be provoked by an enlarged lymph node (its pressure on the nerve) and what should we do about it now?

Hello. Rather, both an increase in the lymph node and back pain are the consequences of the same disease. You need to consult a neurologist.

Hello, I'm 18, the submandibular lymph node on the left side hurts for three days. Pain when eating and pressing on it. Could it be from a cold/cough? First time I meet this. And because I am in another country during the holidays, I can not visit a doctor.

Hello. Yes, of course, the submandibular node can increase during inflammatory processes in the upper respiratory tract, caries, pulpitis, etc.

Hello .... Please tell me, my mother has enlarged lymph nodes all over her body (this is my assumption, I'm not an expert). Could it be from nodular goiter? She has been drinking pills for goiter for 5 years, the operation is not done because sugar is increased. The enlargements do not hurt, only when pressed it feels pain. He does not want to go to the doctor. What should I do first? Thank you in advance ...

Hello. Nodular goiter cannot provoke an increase in lymph nodes throughout the body. You need to start by visiting a therapist and taking a general blood test with a leukocyte formula.

Hello, my lymph node in my neck has been enlarged for 5 months already, I had ARVI in September, and then they went to the doctor and said: “Your lymph node is enlarged, take (medicine)”, I have been taking it for 5 months, and no change, the lymph node does not hurt + He is still solid motionless. Didn't give blood or urine.

Hello. The situation is not normal because the doctor prescribed the medicine without even looking at the blood test. Apparently, you have not been diagnosed either. Contact a competent doctor (therapist or hematologist), take a blood test with a formula and, if necessary, perform an ultrasound scan (as prescribed by the doctor).

Hello! I am 18 years old. 3-4 weeks ago I felt that something was constantly pulling either under my armpits or on my neck. I thought that maybe something with the lymph nodes - I went to the doctor. He said that yes, they are slightly increased, you need to pass an analysis. When I feel it myself, I feel only hard small peas, and sometimes with difficulty, there are no swelling. Then sipping began in the groin area, under the knees, in the elbows. The blood test is good, there are no deviations (only platelets are slightly lower). The doctor prescribed drops. BUT, the question is why they can get sick, because this is not normal. help me please

Hello. A blood test must be taken in dynamics, in addition, diseases of the joints must be excluded, you may have incorrectly identified the source of pain.

Sister is 23 years old. In recent years, lymph nodes have often increased and there is a herpes virus.

> A month ago, they put braces, there were wounds, before that they treated them and filled their teeth. Today, the salivary, parotid and submandibular glands are enlarged, for two months now. The analyzes passed showed herpes viruses, cytomegalovirus and Instein Bara. Were at the therapist, infectiologist. We underwent a course of treatment with antibiotics, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, immunostimulating injections, but unfortunately there was no result (They did a snapshot of the jaw, MRI, it shows inflammation, pus and no formations were found. We hope to get an answer as soon as possible. Thank you very much in advance.

Inflammation of the lymph nodes indicates the development of an infectious process. What about the repeat test results after treatment?

Hello, my age is 24 years old, 4 months (August) I had lymph nodes on my neck (chin, under the jaws on both sides, after 2 months (October) I went through an ultrasound, it turned out that there is a small lymph node near the chest, in the armpits, in inguinal area, not large, and on the neck, respectively, passed a general blood test, urine, was tested for HIV in the spring, everything is normal everywhere, the therapist said to come in January, because he does not know what is wrong with me, now it seems to me that on the neck they also increased, when probing, a lot of nodules are felt, they don’t hurt, they “walk” freely. .Which studies to pass?Thanks

Hello. You should pass a clinical blood test with a formula and blood biochemistry, with the results of these tests and the results of an ultrasound scan, you need to contact a hematologist (not a general practitioner). With an increase in lymph nodes in the blood test, deviations will necessarily appear that will help to make the correct diagnosis.

Hello Doctor. When the doctor did an ultrasound of the abdominal cavity and kidneys, he discovered that between the head of the pancreas and the left lobe of the liver, an oval-shaped formation measuring 24 * 9 mm, homogeneous in structure, isoechoic compared to the liver, with CDI, the blood flow in it is not recorded. He gave the conclusion that: "Echoscopically more data for an enlarged l / node in the gates of the liver. Cyst of the parenchyma of the left kidney." UAC tests are all normal, biochemistry is all normal, except for DIRECT BILIRUBIN 5.2. Tests for hepatitis are negative and have never been sick. Basically went to check the cyst in the kidney. Additional examination is recommended. But what did not say can you tell me what to do next.

1. Retake a blood test for liver tests.

2. Contact a gastroenterologist to establish an accurate diagnosis.

Thank you. I already gave the results for biochemistry tests twice, I wrote to you earlier. I had a gastroenterologist, didn’t really say anything *WE WILL WAIT AFTER 3 MONTHS AGAIN FOR US* but the diagnosis is silent. What do you think if I make an MRI diagnosis I will find out or I can donate blood on markers * cancer cells * but I don’t know which ones? I can’t find a place for myself. Thank you in advance.

I agree with your doctor: you need to observe in dynamics - that is why I advise you to repeat biochemistry after a while and preferably ultrasound. Analysis for tumor markers is uninformative.

Hello! As a child, I had an increase in submandibular nodes, my neck was swollen, pain when swallowing, fever. My parents didn’t take me to the doctor, they just warmed up the knots and bed rest. Since then, 40 years have passed, but the nodes have remained in an enlarged state, dense when probing. Could this affect the body? Recently, in the places where the lymph nodes are located in the body (did a massage), there were painful sensations when probing. I took tests, the doctor said that some kind of inflammatory process in the body + acidification is the risk of oncology. They dripped soda - alkalization did not come - acidification continues. I even tried to drink soda, but I get swelling from it (maybe I didn’t drink it correctly - tsp per glass of boiling water 1r / day in the morning). There is a thickening of the blood. What to do?

Hello. You describe some kind of horror: warming up of enlarged lymph nodes, "acidification", "alkalinization". Did the doctor prescribe for you to “alkalize”? If so, get away from such a "doctor" as soon as possible.

As a matter of fact of a question: consultation of the competent hematologist is necessary and as soon as possible. Before visiting the doctor, take a general and biochemical blood test.

Hello, behind my right ear, a tubercle, well, or is it a bone, a little more than behind the left. Tell me what to do.

Hello. Consult a therapist - the doctor will be able to distinguish the norm from the pathology.

Hello, from the beginning, I had a bump in my groin, it was about a year ago. After some time, it disappeared. Now the same lump has formed between my breasts. When I press, it hurts and burns !!

Tell the doctor which doctor to turn to? Thanks in advance for the answer.

Hello. To get started, contact a therapist, and he, in turn, can give a referral to a hematologist and a blood test.

During the year, the lymph nodes in my body react to any disease and even a slight disruption. With an exacerbation of chronic tonsillitis, the nodes on the neck and under the jaw immediately increase and ache. From cystitis increased nodes in the groin. Question: is this a normal reaction of the body or should I consult a doctor? Can a fungus on the foot also provoke an increase in the lymph node in the groin?

Hello. Absolutely normal reaction. But the fungus on the foot cannot provoke an increase in the lymph nodes in the groin, so it is better to consult a doctor (therapist) and take tests (start with the usual clinical with a leukocyte formula).

Hello. My daughter is 17 years old and her lymph nodes are the largest under the jaw near the ear, no one can make a diagnosis, they passed a bunch of tests, an analysis for mononucleosis showed that the infection was transferred. There is no temperature, tomorrow they will do a biopsy to rule out oncology. The lymph node is quite large and hard, it hurts when pressed, and also in the mornings and evenings. What to do? Can you advise?

Hello. Unfortunately, when the diagnosis cannot be made by doctors who have the opportunity to see the child and the results of all his tests, we, alas, cannot say something in absentia. All test data and a thorough history are needed. It is unlikely that online consultants can be useful to you, unless, of course, you send us scanned copies of all examination results.

Hello, the lymph nodes under the jaw have increased. The face is straight square. Already 5 days, no temperature or much pain. Only sometimes when swallowing. They took the temperature in the hospital and let God go. But it doesn’t get better (where to look for the cause?

Hello. You need to contact a competent therapist and ENT doctor. If they cannot determine the cause, they will have to go to a hematologist (pre-take a blood test with a leukocyte formula).

Hello! Please tell me, is it normal that in the inguinal region on one side the lymph node is dense and feels good with your fingers? On the other hand, almost nothing is felt. The enlarged lymph node itself does not hurt, does not cause discomfort (except perhaps psychological). Feeling good as usual. Could this be due to poor immunity? Who should be contacted?

Hello. Start with a visit to the gynecologist, there may be inflammation, which is sometimes asymptomatic and most often just one-sided.

Hello. For about a week now, my lymph nodes in my neck have been enlarged, without redness, but with a concomitant temperature of 37.2. Tell me who to contact and is it dangerous ??

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Lymph from the head and neck is collected in the right and left jugular lymphatic trunks, trunci jugulares dexter et sinister, which run on each side parallel to the internal jugular vein and flow: the right one into the ductus lymphaticus dexter or directly into the right venous angle and the left one into the ductus thoracicus or directly to the left venous angle.

Before getting into the named duct, the lymph passes through the regional lymph nodes. On the head, the lymph nodes are grouped mainly along its border line with the neck. Among these groups of nodes are the following:

1. Occipital, nodi lymphatici occipitales. Lymphatic vessels flow into them from the posterior outer part of the temporal, parietal and occipital regions of the head.
2. Mastoid, nodi lymphatici mastoidei, collect lymph from the same areas, as well as from the back of the auricle, external auditory canal and tympanic membrane.
3. Parotid (superficial and deep), nodi lymphatici parotidei (superficiales et profundi), collect lymph from the forehead, temple, lateral part of the eyelids, outer surface of the auricle, temporomandibular joint, parotid gland, lacrimal gland, wall of the external auditory canal, tympanic membrane and auditory tube of this side.
4. Submandibular, nodi lymphatici submandibulares, collect lymph from the lateral side of the chin, from the upper and lower lips, cheeks, nose, from the gums and teeth, the medial part of the eyelids, hard and soft palate, from the body of the tongue, submandibular and sublingual salivary glands.
5. Facial, nodi lymphatici faciales (buccal, nasolabial), collect lymph from the eyeball, facial muscles, buccal mucosa, lips and gums, mucous glands of the oral cavity, periosteum of the mouth and nose, submandibular and sublingual glands.
6. Submental, nodi lymphatici submentales, collect lymph from the same areas of the head as the submandibular, as well as from the tip of the tongue. Two groups of lymph nodes are distinguished on the neck: anterior cervical, nodi lymphatici cervicales anteriores, and lateral cervical, nodi lymphatici cervicales laterales.

The anterior cervical lymph nodes are divided into superficial and deep, among the latter there are: preglottal (lie in front of the larynx), thyroid (in front of the thyroid gland), pretracheal and paratracheal (in front and on the sides of the trachea). Lateral nodes also make up the superficial and deep groups. Superficial nodes lie along the external jugular vein.

Deep nodes form chains along the internal jugular vein, transverse artery of the neck (supraclavicular nodes) and behind the pharynx - pharyngeal nodes. Of the deep cervical lymph nodes, nodus lymphaticus jugulo-digastricus and nodus lymphaticus jugulo-omohyoideus deserve special attention.

The first is located on the internal jugular vein at the level of the greater horn of the hyoid bone. The second lies on the internal jugular vein directly above m. omohyoideus. They receive the lymphatic vessels of the tongue either directly or through the submental and submandibular lymph nodes. Cancer cells can get into them when the tumor invades the tongue.

In the pharyngeal nodes, nodi lymphatici nephropharyngeales, lymph flows from the mucous membrane of the nasal cavity and its accessory air cavities, from the hard and soft palate, the root of the tongue, the nasal and oral parts of the pharynx, and also the middle ear. From all these nodes, lymph flows to the cervical nodes. Lymphatic vessels:

1. skin and neck muscles are sent to nodi lymphatici cervicales superficiales;
2. larynx (lymphatic plexus of the mucous membrane above the vocal cords) - through membrana thyrohyoidea to nodi lymphatici cervicales anteriores profundi; the lymphatic vessels of the mucous membrane below the glottis go in two ways: anteriorly - through the membrana thyrohyoidea to nodi lymphatici cervicales anteriores profundi (preglottic) and posteriorly - to the nodules located along n. laryngeus recurrens (paratracheal);
3. thyroid gland - mainly to nodi lymphatici cervicales anteriores profundi (thyroid); from the isthmus - to the anterior superficial cervical nodes;
4. From the pharynx and palatine tonsils, lymph flows to nodi lymphatici retropharyngei et cervicales laterales profundi.

From the organs of the head, the lymphatic vessels deliver lymph to the lymph nodes, which lie in small groups on the border of the head and neck [occipital, mastoid (behind the ear), parotid, pharyngeal, facial, submandibular, submental] (Fig. 93). From these nodes, the lymph through the vessels is directed to the superficial and deep lymph nodes of the neck (anterior, lateral, posterior), into which the lymphatic vessels from the neck organs also flow. The efferent lymphatic vessels of the nodes of the largest cervical chain - the lateral deep cervical (internal jugular) lymph nodes - form the jugular (lymphatic) trunk.

occipital lymph nodes,nodi lymphatici occipitdles (1-6), lie on the superficial sheet of the cervical fascia, behind the attachment of the sternocleidomastoid muscle, and also under this sheet on the splenius muscle of the head and under this muscle near the occipital blood vessels. Lymphatic vessels from the skin of the occipital region and from the deep tissues of the occiput approach the occipital lymph nodes. The efferent lymphatic vessels of the occipital nodes are sent to the lateral deep cervical lymph nodes (the nodes of the accessory nerve chain).

mastoid(behind the ear) The lymph nodes,nodi lymphatici mastoidei (1-4), are localized behind the auricle on the mastoid process at the site of attachment of the sternocleidomastoid muscle. They receive lymphatic vessels from the auricle and the skin of the parietal region. The efferent lymphatic vessels of these nodes are sent to the parotid, superficial cervical (near the external jugular vein) and to the lateral deep cervical (internal jugular) lymph nodes.

parotid lymph nodes,nodi lymphatici parotidei, are located in the region of the salivary gland of the same name. Outside (lateral) of this gland lie superficial parotid lymph nodes,nodi lymphatici parotidei superficiales (1-4), and under the capsule of the gland and in the thickness of the parotid gland between "its lobules are small in size deep parotid (intraglandular) lymph nodes,nodi lym phatici parotidei profundi intraglanduldres (4-10). Lymphatic vessels are sent to the parotid lymph nodes from the skin and other organs of the frontal and parietal regions of the head, from the auricle, external auditory canal, auditory tube, upper lip, parotid gland. The efferent lymphatic vessels of these nodes are directed to the superficial (near the external jugular vein) and lateral deep (along the internal jugular vein) cervical lymph nodes.

pharyngeal lymph nodes,nodi lymphatici retropha- ringeales (1-3), lie on the prevertebral plate of the cervical fascia behind the pharynx and on its lateral walls. Lymphatic vessels are sent to these nodes from the walls of the pharynx, the mucous membrane of the nasal cavity and paranasal (paranasal) sinuses, from the tonsils and palate, the auditory tube and * the tympanic cavity of the middle ear. The efferent lymphatic vessels of the pharyngeal nodes empty into the lateral deep cervical (internal jugular) lymph nodes.

mandibular lymph nodes,nodi lymphaticitap-dibuldres (I-3), inconsistent, lie in a subcutaneous basis on the outer surface of the body of the lower jaw, near the facial artery and vein. In the subcutaneous base (fiber), the cheeks near the facial vessels are also unstable facial (buccal) lymph nodes,nodi lymphatici facidtes (buccina- torii). Vessels are sent to the lymph nodes of these groups from the skin of the face, soft tissues of the eyelid, nose, lips, cheeks. Their efferent vessels empty into submandibular lymph nodes,nodi lymphatici submandibulares (6-8), which are located in the submandibular triangle, anterior and posterior to the salivary gland of the same name. Lymphatic vessels of the submandibular nodes go down along the facial vein and flow into the lateral deep cervical (internal jugular) lymph nodes. submental lymph nodes,nodi lym phatici submentdles (1-8), are located on the lower surface of the geniohyoid muscle, between the anterior bellies of the right and left digastric muscles, extending from the chin to the body of the hyoid bone.

The division of the lymph nodes of the neck is based on their relationship to the superficial plate of the cervical fascia, as well as to the large vessels of the neck. In this regard, superficial cervical lymph nodes are isolated, lying on the surface plate, and deep, located under it. Separate regional groups of lymph nodes lie near large vessels - the veins of the neck (Fig. 94).

superficial cervical lymph nodes,nodi lymphatici cervicles superficials (1-5), occurring in 3/4 of cases, located near the external jugular vein (1-3 nodes), on the trapezius muscle (1-2 nodes), in the back of the neck and rarely near the anterior jugular vein (1 node) . Their efferent lymphatic vessels go to the lateral deep cervical lymph nodes lying near the internal jugular vein and the external branch of the accessory nerve.

Deep cervical lymph nodesnodi lymphatici cer vicdles profundi, concentrated in the anterior and lateral regions of the neck. To anterior deep cervical lymph nodes

relate preglottic lymph nodes,nodi lymphatici prelaryngedles (1-2), thyroid,nodi lymphatici thyroidei (1-2), pretracheal,nodi lymphatici pretracheales (1 - 8), paratracheal,nodi lymphatici paratracheales (1-7) lying next to the trachea. In the lateral region of the neck there are numerous lymph nodes (11-68), which form several regional groups. it lateral cervical deep(internal jugular)The lymph nodes,nodi lympha tici cervicles laterales profundi (7-60). They are localized near the internal jugular vein; 1-8 lymph nodes in the form of a chain are adjacent to the external branch of the accessory nerve. Near the superficial branch of the transverse artery of the neck there are from 1 to 8 lymph nodes. In the lateral region of the neck there are also non-permanent lymph nodes (1-2) lying on the splenius muscle of the head. Through the efferent lymphatic vessels of these nodes, lymph flows to the lateral cervical deep lymph nodes, which are adjacent to the internal jugular vein on all sides from the base of the skull to the confluence with the subclavian vein. In the group of lateral cervical deep lymph nodes, jugular-bigastric node,node jugulodigdstricus, and jugular-scapular-hyoid node,node juguloomohyoideus, to which the lymphatic vessels of the tongue are directed mainly. The first of these nodes is located at the level of the intersection of the posterior belly of the digastric muscle with the internal jugular vein, and the second is at the place where the belly of the scapular-hyoid muscle is adjacent to the anterior surface of the internal jugular vein.

The efferent lymphatic vessels of the lateral cervical deep lymph nodes form on each side of the neck jugular trunk,tr(incus juguldris (dexter et sinister). This trunk flows into the venous angle or into one of the veins that form it on the corresponding side, or into the right lymphatic duct and the final section of the thoracic duct (left).

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