Natural resources: concept, classification, protection. Rational use and protection of subsoil resources
Today you can find many scientific articles, abstracts and other literature on the topic of natural resources and their use. It is worth trying to describe this topic as simply and specifically as possible. What is meant by this concept? Why are we needed, how are natural resources, ecology and people connected? Let's try to understand these issues.
basic information
Part of natural resources is used by man directly - air, drinking water. The other part serves as a raw material for industry or is included in the cycle of agriculture or animal husbandry. For example, oil is not only an energy carrier and a source of fuel and lubricants, but also a valuable raw material for the chemical industry. Plastic, varnishes, rubber are made from the components of this resource. Oil refining products are widely used not only in industry, but also in medicine, and even in cosmetology.
Natural resources are chemicals, as well as their combinations, such as gas, oil, coal, ores. It is also fresh and sea water, atmospheric air, flora and fauna (forests, animals, fish, cultivated and suitable for cultivation of land (soil)). And also this concept means physical phenomena - wind energy, solar radiation, geothermal energy, tides, ebbs. Everything that is somehow used by mankind for life and progress.
The assessment and analysis of the state of the elements described above is carried out on the basis of geography and geology data by economic calculation. Control over the rationality and safety of the use of federal natural resources is exercised by the Ministry of Natural Resources.
Origin Classification
Biological resources are living organisms of the oceans and land, animals, plants, microorganisms (including the microflora of the seas and oceans). Closed ecosystems of individual regions, nature reserves, recreational areas.
. Resources of mineral origin - rock ore, granites, quartz deposits, clays. Everything that the lithosphere contains and that is available for human use as a raw material or energy source.
. Energy natural resources are physical processes such as tidal energy, sunlight, wind energy, thermal energy of the earth's interior, as well as nuclear and mineral energy sources.
Classification by way of human use
Land fund - cultivated or suitable for cultivation in the future land. Non-agricultural lands, namely the territories of cities, transport links, industrial purposes (quarries, etc.).
. Forestry Fund - forests or areas planned for planting forests. Forestry is both a source of wood for human needs and a way to maintain the ecological balance of the biosphere. It is under the control of such a service as the Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources.
. Water resources - water in surface reservoirs and groundwater. This includes both fresh water suitable for human biological needs, and the water of the seas and oceans. World water resources are inextricably linked with federal ones.
. The resources of the animal world are fish and land dwellers, the rational fishing of which should not violate the ecological balance of the biosphere.
. Minerals - this includes ore and other resources of the earth's crust available for raw materials or energy use. The Department of Natural Resources oversees the rational use of this class of natural resources.
Renewability classification
Inexhaustible - the energy of solar radiation, geothermal energy, tidal energy and the energy of rivers as the driving force of hydroelectric power plants. This also includes wind power.
. Exhaustible, but renewable and conditionally renewable. These natural resources are flora and fauna, soil fertility, fresh water and clean air.
. Exhaustible and non-renewable resources. All minerals - oil, gas, mineral ores, etc. Most important for the survival of mankind, the shortage or disappearance of certain resources can threaten the existence of civilization as we know it, and lead to the death of most of humanity. Therefore, the protection of natural resources and environmental safety is controlled at such a high level as the Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources.
Do human activities affect the state of natural resources?
The use of natural resources by man leads to the depletion of not only mineral resources, but also the Earth's biosphere, and the loss of biological diversity. Biospheric natural resources are renewable and can be restored both naturally and with the participation of man (planting forests, restoring the fertile soil layer, cleaning water and air). Is it possible to avoid irreparable damage to nature? To do this, one should take into account the features that natural resources possess and the conditions for maintaining ecological balance. Create and preserve national parks, nature reserves, sanctuaries, maintain the biological diversity of species and preserve the gene pool in research centers, botanical gardens, etc.
Why is security needed?
The change of geological epochs and evolutionary processes have always influenced the species diversity of both flora and fauna on the planet (for example, the extinction of dinosaurs). But due to active human activity over the past 400 years, more than 300 species of animals and plants have disappeared from the face of the earth. Today, more than a thousand species are endangered. Obviously, the protection of natural resources is not just the protection of rare species of animals and plants, but also the most important task for the life of mankind itself. After all, as a result of an ecological catastrophe, not only the number of species of living beings can change, but the climate will also suffer. Therefore, it is necessary to preserve the habitat of wild species as much as possible during the construction of cities and the development of farmland, to limit commercial fishing and hunting until the restoration of populations. The protection of the environment and its inherent elements is one of the most important tasks that the Ministry of Natural Resources performs.
State of the land and forest fund, world and federal
Over 85% of food people receive as a result of agriculture. Land used as meadows and pastures provides another 10% of food. The rest is accounted for by the oceans. In our country, about 90% of food is obtained from cultivated land, and this is taking into account that cultivated land (fields, orchards, plantations) accounts for a little more than 11% of the land fund.
Forests play an important role in the cycles of evaporation and precipitation, the carbon dioxide cycle, keep soil from erosion, regulate groundwater levels, and much more. Therefore, the wasteful use of natural resources, namely forests, will lead to a reduction in the forestry fund. Despite this, forest areas are being lost at a faster rate than they are being restored by planting young trees. The forest is cut down for the development of agricultural land, for construction, for obtaining wood as a raw material and as a fuel. In addition, fires cause significant losses to forestry.
It is obvious that modern methods of soil cultivation lead to almost constant degradation and impoverishment of the fertile layer. Not to mention the pollution of soils and groundwater with pesticides and pesticides. Although fertile soil layers are considered as “renewable” natural resources, this is still a long process. In fact, it takes 200 to 800 years to naturally regenerate one inch of soil (2.54 cm) in warm and temperate climates. Protection of fertile lands from degradation and restoration of the fertile layer are the most important directions in the development of modern agricultural technologies.
The state of the water component of the planet
Rivers are the basis of the country's water resources. They are used as a source of drinking and agricultural water. They are also actively used for the construction of hydroelectric power plants and for shipping. Despite the huge reserves of water in rivers, lakes, reservoirs and in the form of groundwater, there is a gradual deterioration in its quality, the destruction of the banks of reservoirs and hydraulic structures. This issue, among other organizations, is supervised by the Department of Natural Resources.
Exhaustible Resource Status
Modern minerals available to us, such as oil, gas, ore, accumulated in the planet's lithosphere over millions of years. Given the continuous and accelerating growth in the consumption of fossil resources over the past 200 years, the issue of protecting the subsoil and reusing products made on the basis of raw materials from fossil resources is quite acute.
In addition, the development of subsoil itself has an extremely negative impact on the ecology of the region. This is a change in the relief (subsidence of soil, dips), and pollution of soils, groundwater, drainage of swamps and small rivers.
Ways to solve the problems of destruction of the natural environment and prospects for the introduction of innovations
The natural environment and natural resources must be used prudently to preserve life. Therefore, it is necessary to highlight what is necessary so as not to complicate the situation with the environment.
1. Protection of the fertile layer from wind and water erosion. These are forest plantations, correct crop rotations, etc.
2. Protection of soils and groundwater from pollution by chemicals. This is the application of ecological technologies for plant protection: breeding of beneficial insects (ladybugs, certain types of ants).
3. Use of water from the oceans as sources of raw materials. One of the methods is the extraction of dissolved elements, the second is the extraction of minerals on the sea shelf (no pollution and incapacitation of land suitable for farmland). Today, methods for intensive use of ocean resources are being developed, while the number of components that are commercially viable to extract from water is very limited.
4. An integrated approach to the extraction of fossil natural resources with an emphasis on environmental safety. Starting with a full study of the bowels and ending with the maximum possible use of associated substances and components.
5. Development of low-waste technologies and recycling of natural resources. These are the continuity of technological processes, which will maximize energy efficiency, and the maximum automation of technological processes, and the optimal use of by-products of production (for example, heat generated).
Conclusion
Other innovative technologies can also be identified, such as the transition to the maximum use of inexhaustible energy sources. It is they who will save the life and ecology of our planet. This article described how important it is to take care of the environment and its gifts. Otherwise, serious problems may arise.
FEDERAL AGENCY FOR EDUCATION State educational institution of higher professional education Pacific State University Department of "Economics and management of the chemical-forest complex" CONTROL WORK Discipline "Economics of environmental management" Topic: "Natural resources: reproduction and protection. Energetic resources." Completed by a 3rd year student gr. FKv - 81 Record book number 080442878 Surname: First name: Middle name: Checked by: Glukhov A.I. Khabarovsk 2009
Content 1. Natural resources: reproduction and protection 1.1 Natural resources, rational use and reproduction 1.2 Environmental activities and its results 1.3 Economic regulation in the field of environmental protection 2. Energy resources 2.1 Fuel energy resources
2.2 Alternative energy sources
2.3 Energy efficiency
Conclusion List of used literature
1. Natural resources: reproduction and protection
1.1 Natural resources, sustainable use and reproduction
Natural resources include:
Water resources - water spaces used or suitable for use as a source of water supply, hydropower, as well as
transport waterways;
Land resources used or intended for use in agriculture, under buildings in villages and cities; lands occupied by minerals, under railways, highways and other structures, parks, squares, etc.;
Mineral resources (minerals) - mineral substances used in the economy with sufficient efficiency in their natural form or after processing (iron, manganese, chromium, lead, rare and precious metals, etc.);
Energy resources - energy in nature in the form of mineral resources (coal, oil), hydropower, wind power, etc.
Natural resources, their potential and opportunities for its implementation are classified and grouped according to different criteria: renewable and non-renewable; not produced (gifts of nature) and produced (created by man); by components (types) - water, forest, mineral, etc.; by purpose (primary use) - economic, health-improving (social-hygienic), etc.; by region; explored and potential; according to the degree of exploration; forms of ownership, etc.
Rational use of resources involves not only their reasonable development, protection, but also the reproduction (recovery) of renewable resources. The system of measures for rational use is different for different types of resources. The rational use of water and air consists primarily in preventing their pollution, i.e., qualitative depletion. Water resources are characterized by uneven distribution over the territory and in time. Their rational use also includes measures to redistribute runoff in time and space, if this redistribution does not damage the natural environment and increases the efficiency of the use of water and other natural resources (land, mineral, fodder, etc.) Redistribution of runoff in time is achieved by creating reservoirs and regulation of the descent of water from them, and redistribution in space - the construction of canals. For the rational use of exhaustible mineral resources, it is necessary to ensure their more complete extraction from the bowels. There is an acute problem of the integrated use of mineral resources, which saves raw materials, increases the economic efficiency of enterprises and prevents pollution of the natural environment by production waste. The resources of the organic world and soil (renewable resources) under favorable conditions are restored themselves, compensate for the damage caused to them by man. The main task in organizing the rational use and protection of these resources is to regulate their exploitation. Permissible norms of use loads for each type of resource are established taking into account the geographical conditions of individual natural regions.
Planning for the use of renewable natural resources should take into account the interests of their reproduction. The application of special measures (forest planting, fish farming, land reclamation, and many others) can ensure not only the restoration of the former resources, but also their increase. The types of work on the production of natural resources include: mineral exploration, land reclamation and reclamation, afforestation, treatment of industrial effluents and atmospheric emissions, acclimatization and restoration of animal numbers. The problems of rational use of natural resources are closely related to the problems of protecting and transforming nature.
1.2 Environmental activities and results
Protection of natural resources - a set of international, national and regional administrative, economic, political and public measures to preserve the physical, chemical and biological parameters of the functioning of natural systems within the limits necessary from a human point of view, as well as for rational use, prevention of pollution and other types of degradation components of the environment, reproduction and restoration of natural resources. The crisis of the Russian economy hinders the development of non-waste technologies, the creation of an environmental industry (construction of treatment and other facilities).
The ecological crisis is characterized by the fact that the industrial consumption of various types of natural resources is in conflict with the ability of nature to self-repair.
Environmental activity is the process of conservation, restoration and reproduction of natural resource potential, which should be the most important component of economic activity in general. The development of environmental protection activities is a necessary prerequisite for overcoming the crisis situation in ecology. In modern conditions, the content and direction of activities for the protection of nature and the conservation of natural resource potential have expanded significantly. In order to preserve this part of the national wealth in the process of nature management, it is necessary to determine: the correspondence of the natural resources available on the planet (in the country, region), their geological position and condition to the goals and desired rates of economic development; the possibility of developing a particular production, depending on the state of the environment; change in the rate of economic growth due to the limitation of certain resources; limiting the consumption of certain natural resources in the interests of future generations; the impact of environmental pollution on the further development of the economy; main strategic ways of solving economic and environmental problems; opportunities for exploration of natural resources and the impact of scientific and technical progress on this process; the possibility of replacing traditional types of fuel, energy and other natural resources with non-traditional ones, etc.
In developed countries, a significant part of these problems is already being solved with the help of non-waste technologies. In other cases, it is possible to limit or refuse the production and consumption of certain goods. Environmental activities include a whole range of areas and activities: ensuring the safety of natural resources and preventing pollution of their components; elimination of negative impacts of human activities on the environment; reproduction of components of natural resources; restoration of natural resources; rationalization of the use of raw materials and other natural resources, ensuring their minimum consumption in production; minimization of production and consumption wastes, their complete utilization and optimal, environmentally acceptable placement of production in the natural environment; protection of unique natural complexes from destruction, pollution and other types of degradation.
The main areas of environmental protection, providing a fundamental solution to many problems, are the prevention of clean production, as well as meeting the needs for natural resources based on the production of substitutes for natural materials, the use of non-traditional and inexhaustible types of energy.
There is a system of environmental control in Russia. Environmental control - verification of compliance by enterprises and citizens with environmental requirements for the protection of the environment and ensuring environmental safety. Control is carried out by legislative and executive bodies, as well as specially authorized bodies. The purpose of environmental control is to protect the natural environment by preventing and eliminating environmental offenses to ensure sustainable development. The following forms of environmental control are distinguished: informational (collection and generalization of environmental information), preventive (prevention of harmful consequences) and punitive (application of state coercion measures against environmental violators). Its objects are the state of the natural environment, the implementation of mandatory protection measures and compliance with environmental legislation by legal entities and individuals. Officials of state environmental control bodies (state inspectors) have broad powers.
There are international organizations for the protection of nature. They operate in almost every country in the world. The governing bodies are concentrated primarily in the UN. Russia is actively cooperating with UNEP, the most important international organization established by the UN in 1972, and with other organizations in the field of environmental protection in developing a strategy for protecting against pollution, creating a global monitoring system, combating desertification, etc. Great activity in solving global environmental problems Problems are shown by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), renamed in 1990 into the World Union for Conservation of Nature, of which Russia is a member. Russia pays a lot of attention to work in specialized UN organizations that have a comprehensive environmental nature, in particular: UNESCO, WHO, FAO (the UN body for food and agriculture). Russia's scientific ties with the IAEA, established under the auspices of the UN in 1957, are being strengthened. Russia actively promotes the implementation of the main programs of the UN World Meteorological Organization (WMO), in particular the World Climate Program.
Russia continues to develop and deepen environmental cooperation through international conventions (treaties) and agreements on a multilateral basis. Over 70 international documents signed by the Russian Federation, as well as the former USSR and accepted by it for execution, now regulate Russian environmental cooperation with other states. Speaking of international treaties concluded by Russia on a multilateral basis, one cannot say about international cooperation with the CIS countries. The main document here is the intergovernmental agreement on cooperation in the field of ecology and environmental protection, signed in Moscow in February 1992 by representatives of ten countries.
PROTECTION OF NATURAL RESOURCES - a system of measures that provides the ability to preserve nature's resource-reproducing and environment-reproducing functions, as well as the preservation of non-renewable natural resources.[ ...]
In the field of environmental protection and rational nature management, there is a formally not defined by law, but a very significant mechanism for accounting for the use and protection of natural resources, as well as various impacts on the components of the natural environment and their sources - state statistical reporting on the state (quality) of the environment and the impact on her.[ ...]
MINISTRY OF NATURAL RESOURCES OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION - the federal executive body that conducts the state. policy and management in the field of study, reproduction, use and protection of natural resources. M. p. r. RF is the state governing body of the state subsoil fund, a specially authorized body for managing the use and protection of the water fund and, within its competence, a specially authorized state. body in the field of environmental protection.[ ...]
The need to protect natural resources is reflected in the Constitution of the USSR. Article 18 reads: “In the interests of present and future generations, the USSR is taking the necessary measures for the protection and scientifically based, rational use of the land and its subsoil, water resources, flora and fauna, to maintain clean air and water, to ensure the reproduction of natural resources and improvement of the human environment”.[ ...]
The basic principle of protecting natural resources is their rational, economical use and reproduction (if possible). Recreational resources are resources that provide rest and restoration of human health and ability to work, and aesthetic resources are a combination of natural factors that positively affect the spiritual wealth of people.[ ...]
At present, nature protection is entrusted to a body that exploits natural resources, inevitably destroying the natural environment. At the same time, the question of the complexity of management and protection of natural resources remains relevant.[ ...]
Forms of payments for natural resources, depending on their type and purpose, may be different. For example, for the use of forest resources, payment is collected in the form of forest taxes (tax) and rent, for the use of water bodies - in the form of regular payments during the period of water use, for the use of land - in the form of land tax, rent. Incoming payments are transferred to the local budget (city or district), to the funds for the reproduction and protection of natural resources.[ ...]
The International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) promotes cooperation between governments, national and international organizations, and individuals on the protection of nature and the conservation of natural resources. The IUCN has prepared the International Red Data Book (10 volumes).[ ...]
The organization of resource management in the subjects of the Federation and the role of the Ministry of Natural Resources in shaping relations between the Center and regional bodies are imperfect. Here duplication and fragmentation persist not so much in efforts and activities as in means, responsibilities and rights to control natural resources. The disadvantage of the current administrative and regulatory framework of the environmental management system is that it gives priority to the issues of exploitation, rather than the protection of natural resources, the methods of calculation and the procedure for collecting environmental payments seem insufficiently substantiated.[ ...]
State cadastres of natural resources and objects are sets of economic, environmental, organizational and technical indicators that characterize the quality and quantity of natural resources, compositions and categories of users. Inventories are a collection of quantitative data on natural resources, their types and subspecies; visual tables, diagrams and diagrams; light boards and maps; electronic data. According to the cadastres, the economic assessment and appraisal of soils and other natural resources, the size and types of rent, payments, the system of measures to restore the disturbed state of nature and other indicators necessary for the rational use and protection of natural resources and the natural environment are determined.[ ...]
Given that the Ministry of Natural Resources of the Russian Federation is entrusted with the function of conducting state policy in the field of the use and protection of natural resources, and also that it is a specially authorized state body in the field of environmental protection within its competence, it seems appropriate in the future, when changing the system environmental management as a whole, to integrate the system of budgetary eco-funds and funds for the reproduction of natural resources into a single fund for environmental protection and reproduction of natural resources. However, at present, until appropriate organizational decisions are made on the structure of natural resource management and environmental protection, it is advisable not to change the existing structure of eco-funds, but to use it to the fullest extent to realize the interests of various areas of the natural resource complex, by amending the existing legal documents on the functioning of eco-funds, as well as including representatives of the natural resource block in the boards of funds.[ ...]
Objectives: protection of the environment, protection of natural resources, observance of human and animal rights. Main activities: implementation of projects for the introduction of new technologies in the rural life of developing countries, the implementation of programs for the conservation of endangered species of animals, the development of cooperation in this area; holding public discussions on various problems of science and society.[ ...]
The need to address the issues of protection of natural resources arises already at the very first stage of the creation of storage tanks for liquid and solid wastes of surface and underground types.[ ...]
The Department (Main Department) of Natural Resources and Environmental Protection for the Subject (Subjects) of the Russian Federation The Ministry of Natural Resources of Russia is a territorial body of the Ministry that manages the study, use, reproduction, protection of natural resources and environment and ensuring environmental safety.[ ...]
Payment for the irrational use of natural resources is a form of economic liability of an enterprise for damage caused to the owners of natural resources as a result of non-compliance with the rules and regulations for the protection of natural resources and their rational use. Payments for natural resources are taxes. Consider the main components of the payment for natural resources.[ ...]
Comprehensive rational use and protection of natural resources, as well as concern for the creation of environmental conditions normal for human life, are the main principles in organizing a system of nature protection in Russia. All the activities of state bodies, public organizations and scientific institutions for nature protection are aimed at solving these problems. They proceed from the same tasks in international cooperation.[ ...]
The announcement of a special regime for the use and protection of natural resources in certain territories has received in Russia the name of conservation (“reserved” - inviolable, forbidden). Declaring a territory or natural objects protected meant the establishment of a restriction or a complete ban on their use. The commandment as a way of protecting nature and solving other state problems has been developing in Russia for a long time. The need for this appeared several centuries ago. The legislation of that time strictly prohibited the felling of trees in the notch line. Such forests were guarded by special watchmen.[ ...]
A similar ratio is also typical for natural resources, although the essence of the protection of natural resources, taking into account the specifics of their commercial value, is somewhat different than the protection of nature.[ ...]
From the point of view of the rational use and protection of natural resources, the Fundamentals of Land Legislation (1968), Fundamentals of Water Legislation (1970), Fundamentals of Health Legislation (1969) are of great importance. They formulate the principles of the priority of human welfare and health, environmental protection, taking into account many anthropogenic impacts on the natural environment.[ ...]
Avakyan A.B., Shirokov V.M. Integrated use and protection of natural resources. Minsk: Universitetskoe, 1990. 240 p.[ ...]
The prospect of developing work on the economic assessment of natural resources will be largely related to the practical implementation of the above article of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, as well as the adoption of state policy in the field of use, protection and reproduction of natural resources. In the draft concept of the state policy in the field of reproduction, use and protection of natural resources prepared by the Ministry of Natural Resources of Russia with the participation of other departments (considered and approved at a meeting of the Presidium of the Government of the Russian Federation, protocol No. registered at a level that allows you to start practical steps in this area.[ ...]
Normative volumes of the maximum use (withdrawal) of natural resources are established for specific enterprises-nature users by specially authorized state authorities in the field of use and protection of natural resources in accordance with their competence. Within their competence, the bodies of the State Committee for Ecology of the Russian Federation coordinate such standards.[ ...]
To consider scientific and technical problems of the use and protection of natural resources and to make informed decisions, a scientific and technical council is formed, the organizational support of which is entrusted to the central office of the M. p. r. RF. The personal composition of this council and the regulation on it are approved by the minister.[ ...]
Housing Association, Chisinau; CSM of Moldova, Chisinau; Department of Natural Resources Protection, Tiraspol.[ ...]
In the 30s of the XX century. the danger of depleting most of the natural resources necessary for industrial activity has become obvious. The concept of “protection of natural resources” appeared.[ ...]
According to the Constitution of the Russian Federation (Article 76, item 2), on the issues of environmental protection and nature management, the constituent entities of the Russian Federation adopt laws and other normative acts that allow regulating environmental activities within their territories. The practice of concluding contracts and agreements between the constituent entities of the Russian Federation on the use and protection of natural resources is becoming increasingly important.[ ...]
The Ministry of Natural Resources of the Russian Federation supervises the conduct of state monitoring, which is also the federal executive body pursuing state policy in the field of study, use and protection of natural resources.[ ...]
Regulating the same relations to establish the right to use natural resources, a license and an agreement serve as a means of expressing and protecting public and state, federal and regional environmental interests. This is manifested in the fact that licenses for nature use are issued by federal specially authorized bodies in the field of use and protection of natural resources (for example, the Ministry of Natural Resources of the Russian Federation, the Ministry of Agriculture and Food of the Russian Federation), and contracts for the use of the same resources are concluded with executive bodies. authorities of the subjects of the Russian Federation.[ ...]
The general features of the legal regulation of ownership, use and protection of natural resources are considered taking into account the principle of universal interconnection and interdependence in nature, within the framework of an integrated approach to the regulation of relations, the object of which is the environment as a whole. Natural resource acts of legislation, regulating the relations of use and protection of "their" natural resources, provide that the requirements for the protection of other natural resources and the environment as a whole must be observed. This rule stems from Art. 36 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation on limiting the freedom to exercise the powers of the owner of natural resources. Thus, the achievement of the goals of rational use and protection of natural resources can be ensured through the simultaneous and comprehensive regulation of the relevant relations by many both natural resource acts and acts of other branches of legislation.[ ...]
Dormidontov A.S., Sofronov M.P. Biology of the lower Lena sturgeon, its fishing and protection // Natural resources of Yakutia, their use and protection: Proceedings of the VII Rep. meeting for the protection of nature of Yakutia.[ ...]
Control and management of the exchange of matter and energy between the natural environment and industrial production, which are inconceivable without the exchange of information, are the basis for increasing the efficiency of using and protecting natural resources, protecting the environment during the construction and operation of industrial enterprises and other facilities that are in the "society" system. -nature".[ ...]
Actual indicators reflect the current level of efficiency in the use and protection of natural resources and serve as initial data in the analysis of the state of the natural environment and the forecast of its change, as well as in the calculation of quantitative characteristics.[ ...]
National level. The Constitution of the Russian Federation in part 1 of Art. 9 proclaims: "The land and other natural resources are used and protected in the Russian Federation as the basis of life and activity of the peoples living in the respective territory." This norm contains an assessment of natural resources as the basis for the life and activities of peoples and indicates two types of attitudes towards natural resources - their use and protection. The constitutional assessment has an absolute character, legally declaring land, water, air, as well as forests, wildlife, subsoil, as something without which human life is impossible, that is, a necessary, indispensable condition for maintaining life, an object of human activity and a means of ensuring it needs. The addressee of this norm is the peoples living on the territory of the Russian Federation - a sovereign state. Therefore, the use and protection of natural resources is an inalienable right and duty of the Russian Federation. It is this norm that most directly substantiates the ecological function of the state.[ ...]
Political problems today cannot be solved without connection with the rational use of natural resources, without the protection of natural resources.[ ...]
The strategic goal of the state policy in the field of reproduction, use and protection of natural resources is the creation of legal, economic, social and other relations necessary to provide current and future generations with resources, the quality of life of people and the sustainable development of the country.[ ...]
In April 2001, the start of a project under the Tacis program called "Protection of Natural Resources of the Timan-Pechora Region" was announced. This project is designed to reduce the damage caused by the oil and gas industry to the ecology of the North. The project is designed for 2 years. The budget for this program is 2 million euros. From the Russian side, the Ministry of Energy of the Russian Federation and the administration of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug and the Komi Republic take part in the project.[ ...]
The formation and implementation of state policy in the field of reproduction, use and protection of natural resources on the basis of the presented draft Concept are important conditions for Russia's exit from the economic crisis, ensuring national security and transition to sustainable development. When implementing the Concept, the observance of the principle of social justice and public consent should be ensured, which implies the optimal solution to the problems of ownership, separation of powers and management functions at all levels of financial flows, various payments, the taxation system, ensuring the harmonious socio-economic development of the Russian Federation and its constituent entities .[ ...]
The reduction in recent years of work in compliance with the necessary norms and rules in the field of reproduction and protection of natural resources has become more and more expressed in the growth of accidents and catastrophes, natural disasters. At the same time, the cost of eliminating the consequences is one and a half to two orders of magnitude higher than the necessary funds for preventive, protective and reproductive actions.[ ...]
Nasyirov R. A. Some hematological parameters of perch from the lake. B. Miassovo of the Ilmensky Reserve // Problems of protection of natural resources of the Southern Urals.[ ...]
The Ministry of Natural Resources of Russia, with the participation of other departments, developed a draft Concept of State Policy in the field of reproduction, use and protection of natural resources (considered and basically approved at a meeting of the Government of the Russian Federation in June 1997). One of the tasks of state policy is to create an effective system for monitoring the state of natural systems in order to predict natural and man-made disasters, and one of the ways to implement the Concept in terms of economic methods is to create a mechanism for insurance and audit in the field of nature management.[ ...]
Regulatory indicators as characteristic and typical features are established in order to ensure scientifically based use for the protection of natural resources and include standards, norms and norms.[ ...]
The new term "environmental protection" was introduced due to the fact that "humanity's interest in maintaining a favorable state of nature as a living environment for people in the conditions of rapid scientific and technological progress, population growth, urbanization, etc. came to the fore. »2. Simultaneously with this new direction of activity in the public practice of foreign states, the directions "nature protection" (in the narrow sense, as protection of wildlife, protection of sights) and "protection of natural resources" are preserved. Thus, the environment is or should have been understood to be something different from nature.[ ...]
The objects of the EIA are: concepts, programs and plans for sectoral and territorial socio-economic development; schemes for the integrated use and protection of natural resources; urban planning documentation; documentation on the creation of new equipment, technology, materials and substances; pre-project studies of investments in construction, feasibility studies of new construction projects, reconstruction, expansion and technical re-equipment of existing economic facilities and complexes.[ ...]
A water protection zone is a territory adjacent to the water area of a water body, where a special regime for a water body, a special regime for the use and protection of natural resources and the implementation of other economic activities is established.[ ...]
The comprehensive nature of environmental legislation implies an integrated approach to its formation: the common object of legal regulation in the field of the use and protection of natural resources is nature as a whole, not divided by resources (land, subsoil, water, forests, etc.). The main task of such an industry (environmental law) is the formation of a uniform legal framework for regulating environmental protection and nature management throughout the Russian Federation. Such uniformity should mean that, with any division of powers in the field of nature protection, the right of citizens to a favorable environment is fully ensured.[ ...]
In this regard, the development and implementation of the state natural resource policy becomes the most important priority in the complex of problems of reforming the country's economy. The draft Concept of the State Policy in the field of reproduction, use and protection of natural resources was developed by the Ministry of Natural Resources of Russia with the participation of the Ministry of Economy of Russia, the Ministry of Fuel and Energy of Russia, the Federal Forestry Agency, the State Committee for Land Resources of Russia, the State Committee for Ecology of Russia, the Ministry of Agriculture and Food of Russia, the Ministry of Science of Russia, the Russian Academy of Sciences, and other interested ministries and departments in a very short time (March-June 1997), and already in July 1997 the project was submitted for consideration by the Government of the Russian Federation and, in general, approved.[ ...]
Biogeochemical cycles are easily broken by humans. So, extracting mineral fertilizers, it pollutes water and air. Phosphorus enters the water, causing eutrophication, nitrogenous highly toxic compounds, etc. In other words, the cycle becomes not cyclic, but acyclic. The protection of natural resources should, in particular, be aimed at turning acyclic biogeochemical processes into cyclic ones.[ ...]
General requirements for planning environmental protection measures are provided for by the Federal Law of July 20, 1995 “On State Forecasting and Programs for the Socio-Economic Development of the Russian Federation” and a number of by-laws that approve state programs in the field of environmental protection. The maintenance of territorial integrated schemes for nature protection, which served as a pre-planning document, was regulated by a joint resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR of December 1, 1978 "On additional measures to strengthen nature protection and improve the use of natural resources." Measures for planning the protection of natural resources (water, atmospheric air, wildlife) are regulated by relevant laws. As for lands and forests, the planning of their use and protection is carried out to a certain extent in the order of land and forest management.[ ...]
The American public was stunned by the numerous predictions of a looming environmental crisis. There was a direction in science - environmentalism, which was distinguished by the breadth of scientific approaches. In particular, and in this form, American society reacted relatively quickly to ecocide in its own country. A wide publication of books about the current situation, addressed to the public, began. Some of them have been translated into Russian. These are: J. Dorset (1968) “Before nature dies”, R. Parson (1968) “Nature presents the bill”, G. White (1973) “US water resources: problems of use”, O. Owen (1977) “ Conservation of Natural Resources”, B.Commoner (1974) “A Closed Circle. Nature, man, technology”.
1. Natural-territorial aspects of environmental problems.
2. Natural resources and ways of their protection.
3. Protection of forest resources in Russia.
1. Natural-territorial aspects of environmental problems
The most significant factor that determines the specifics of Russia and its ecological originality is a large territory. It is equal to 17.1 million km 2, which is 11.5% of the total land surface. About 147 million people live in this territory, which determines the average density of 8.5 people / km 2. For comparison, we point out that the average population density in Europe is 64 people / km 2, and in Asia - 55 people / km 2. The second feature of Russia is the uneven dispersal of the population throughout the country. In the Siberian-Far Eastern region, it does not exceed 3 people/km2. Approximately to the same extent, the development of the territory and the load on the natural environment are uneven.
The European-Ural region, which covers an area of 31.2% of the country's territory, accounts for about 70% of the industrial potential. In the Siberian-Far Eastern region, the ratio is opposite - 30% of the industrial potential and 70% of the territory.
The third ecologically important feature of Russia is its great natural diversity. It is represented by various relief, natural zones, landscapes, climatic, hydrological and other conditions. Thus, the presence of vast plains sharply reduces the likelihood of stagnant atmospheric phenomena and contributes to the dispersion of pollutants, the self-purifying ability of the air environment.
The ecological specificity of Russia is also associated with the presence of large areas occupied by swamps and wetlands. They occupy 200-220 million hectares, which is about 65% of the planet's swamp fund. On the one hand, these are objects of a colossal concentration of valuable organic matter - fuel, raw materials for chemical processing, fertilizers, etc., and on the other hand, they are the most important factor in the binding, accumulation and removal of carbon from the atmosphere (its "sink" or "leaving into geology" , according to V. I. Vernadsky), as well as various pollutants.
The development of marsh formations is impossible without a high technological and ecological culture. In addition to the loss of these unique ecosystems, their use is inevitably accompanied by a violation of the water regime, the intensification of the circulation of substances, the transformation of accumulative-type ecosystems into destructive or transit ones, and the removal of carbon into the atmosphere. Violation of the swamp ecosystems of the Far North is fraught with the possibility of soil freezing and the release of colossal reserves of methane, hydrogen sulfide and other compounds that are not indifferent to global atmospheric processes from these natural "traps".
In general, the natural and territorial features of Russia can be assessed positively both in terms of the formation of the ecological environment and in relation to the possibilities of neutralizing the negative consequences of human activity. Russia is one of those few states in the world that have significant undeveloped or poorly developed territories. As noted above, they account for more than 60% of the country's surface.
However, it should be borne in mind that the presence of such territories has little to do with any purposeful measures for their conservation. These are mainly remote areas, difficult or economically unprofitable for development. A significant proportion of them is represented by easily vulnerable (tundra, forest-tundra, marsh, etc.) ecosystems that require extremely careful handling during further development.
2. Natural resources and ways to protect them
Natural resources are the objects and forces of nature used by man to maintain his existence. These include sunlight, water, soil, air, minerals, tidal energy, wind power, flora and fauna, internal heat, etc.
Natural resources are classified according to a number of criteria:
According to their use - for production (agricultural and industrial), health (recreational), aesthetic, scientific, etc.;
By belonging to one or another component of nature - land, water, mineral, as well as flora and fauna, etc.;
In terms of substitutability - into replaceable (for example, fuel and mineral energy resources can be replaced by wind, solar energy) and irreplaceable (there is nothing to replace air oxygen for breathing or fresh water for drinking);
By exhaustibility - into exhaustible and inexhaustible.
Inexhaustible natural resources mainly include processes and phenomena that are external to our planet and inherent in it as a cosmic body. First of all, these are resources of cosmic origin, for example, the energy of solar radiation and its derivatives - the energy of moving air, falling water, sea waves, tides, sea currents, and intraterrestrial heat.
Exhaustible resources include all natural bodies located within the globe as a physical body having a specific mass and volume. The composition of exhaustible resources includes flora and fauna, mineral and organic compounds contained in the bowels of the Earth (minerals).
According to the ability to self-renewal, all exhaustible resources can be conditionally classified into renewable, relatively renewable and non-renewable (Figure 5).
Figure 5. Classification of natural resources according to their exhaustibility and renewability
Renewable resources are resources that can be restored through various natural processes in a time commensurate with the timing of their consumption. These include vegetation, wildlife and some mineral resources that are deposited on the bottom of modern lakes and sea lagoons.
Non-renewable resources are resources that are not renewable at all or the rate of their recovery is so low that their practical use by a person becomes impossible.
These include, first of all, ores of metals and non-metals, groundwater, solid building materials (granite, sand, marble, etc.), as well as energy carriers (oil, gas, coal).
Land resources constitute a special group. The soil is a bio-inert body that has arisen as a result of various forms of weathering (physical, chemical, biological) of rocks in an environment of different climates, topography and under the conditions of earth's gravity.
The soil-forming process is long and complex. It is known that a layer of the chernozem horizon 1 cm thick is formed in about a century. Thus, being in principle a renewable resource, the soil is restored over a very long period of time (many decades and even centuries), which gives grounds to evaluate it as a relatively renewable resource.
Two most important natural bodies, which are not only natural resources, but also the main components of the habitat of living organisms (natural conditions), have a special position: atmospheric air and water. Being inexhaustible quantitatively, they are exhaustible qualitatively (at least in certain regions). There is enough water on Earth, however, fresh water reserves suitable for use are 0.3% of the total.
3. Protection of forest resources in Russia
Russian forests are of global importance due to their timber resources, biodiversity, role in the global cycle, and potential impact on international trade in forest products.
The forests of Russia contain 82 billion m 3 of wood with an annual increase of 994 million m 3 . Russia's timber resources provide an opportunity not only to meet the country's current and future needs for timber and its products, but also to significantly expand their exports in the face of a predicted increase in demand for timber in the world market.
However, it would be wrong to consider Russia's forest fund as inexhaustible: almost 95% of Russia's forests grow in the boreal zone, and about 50% have low natural productivity. In areas available for exploitation, the forest fund has been depleted as a result of concentrated cuttings in the 1950-1960s and has not yet fully recovered.
The forest fund of the Russian Federation, which is in federal ownership, occupies 1,172.3 million hectares.
However, this huge potential is being used extremely irrationally. Over the past years, the production of many socially important goods from wood has sharply decreased: sawn timber - by more than 4 times, wood-based panels, cellulose, paper - by 2.5 - 3 times. Russia's share in the global forestry sector is also insignificant: for the export of timber - 3.2%, for the production of sawn timber - 4.4%, wood-based panels - 2.4%, paper and cardboard - 1.4%.
A characteristic feature of the distribution of timber resources in Russia is a sharp imbalance in their availability and actual use. The stock of timber from mature forests in the European-Ural part of Russia is 18% of the total stock of mature forests in the country, and more than 60% of the total volume of harvesting is harvested in this part.
Forest areas on the territory of Russia have been constantly declining for 500 years, but, of course, most sharply - in the 20th century. But still, this process affected Russia to a lesser extent than the main world.
There are several problems that cause the degradation of forest resources:
1. The current practice of forest management and deviations from the basic forestry principles. As early as the beginning of the 20th century. Many countries have developed a forest management system that provided, on the one hand, the possibility of large-scale logging, and on the other hand, restoration, protection of forests, taking into account their value for the conservation of land and water resources, ensuring favorable living conditions for the population, regulating environmental processes.
2. Forest fires. In total, since the beginning of the fire season, 13,486 fires have occurred in the forest fund of the Russian Federation, 323,542 hectares have been covered by fire.
The main causes of forest fires are anthropogenic factors, which cause more than 80 percent of forest fires.
3. In many regions, forest restoration is taking place, associated with a deep crisis in agriculture and the economy as a whole. But at the same time, timber reserves decreased by 1.2 billion m 3, which indicates that the forests of Russia are “getting younger”, that is, the most valuable ones are cut down - mature and productive forests, and restoration is carried out at the expense of low-value small-leaved young forests. At the same time, an increase in the volume of fellings for the main use has not been achieved. The volume of illegal logging remains at a high level.
4. In recent years, radioactive contamination has become a significant factor in forest degradation. According to scientists, the total area of forests affected by the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, in the Chelyabinsk region and in the zone of influence of nuclear tests at the Semipalatinsk test site, amounted to more than 3.5 million hectares.
General requirements for ensuring the protection and protection of forests. All forests in our country are subject to protection from fires, illegal logging (cutting), violations of the forest management procedure and other actions that cause harm to the forest fund and forests not included in the forest fund, as well as protection from forest pests and diseases (Article 92 of the Forest Code). The protection and protection of forests is carried out taking into account their biological and other characteristics and includes a set of organizational, legal and other measures for the rational use of the forest fund and forests not included in the forest fund, conservation of forests from destruction, damage, weakening, pollution and other negative impacts .
The protection and protection of forests is carried out by ground and air methods by organizations of the Ministry of Natural Resources: forestry enterprises, aviation forest protection bases and other organizations. The main tasks of protecting forests from fires are the prevention of forest fires, their detection, limiting the spread and extinguishing. The most important measures for the protection and rational use of forest resources in resort and recreational areas are as follows:
a) strengthening and further improvement of measures for the protection of forests from fires, increasing the fire resistance of forests;
b) streamlining and regulation of the developing process of mass recreational use of forests;
c) protection of the forest from the harmful effects of solid, gaseous, dust and other emissions from industrial and other enterprises into the atmosphere;
d) identification and strengthening of measures for the protection of valuable forest tracts - monuments of nature, history and culture, relict formations, forest tracts of exceptionally great sanitary, health-improving and protective significance;
e) all-round improvement of the sanitary condition of forests, their protection from pests and diseases;
f) conservation and enrichment of useful wild animals, birds and microorganisms, streamlining the use of pesticides;
g) regulation of the hydrological regime of forest lands;
h) regulation of the transfer of forest areas to other categories of land as a result of urbanization, the growth of urban agglomerations, the construction of reservoirs, transport systems and other communications.
4. Possibilities of managing ecological systems (on the example of forest biogeocenoses)
Sustainable forest management refers to the maintenance and use of forests in such a way and to the extent that their productivity, regenerative capacity, biodiversity and the potential for present and future environmental, economic and social functions at the local, national and world levels. Therefore, the goal of sustainable management of forest ecosystems is to obtain as many benefits as possible, including social and ecological functions of forests.
The guidance document of the Federal Forestry Service of Russia (FSL) Criteria and indicators (1996) defines the main criteria and indicators for sustainable forest management in the Russian Federation. They meet European criteria. 6 criteria have been identified:
Maintenance and preservation of the productive capacity of forests;
Maintaining an acceptable sanitary condition and viability of forests;
Preservation and maintenance of the protective functions of forests;
Conservation and maintenance of biological diversity;
Maintaining the socio-economic functions of forests;
Forest Policy Instruments for Maintaining Sustainable Forest Management
System management is understood as such an impact on it, which ensures its stable functioning in the conditions of the external and internal environment in order to achieve a certain goal. The control system includes a control object and an active regulator or control system. The object of management is forest ecosystems of different ranks and economic units based on them (economic section, economic part, parts of different categories of protection or groups of forests, etc.). The master influence (forest management project, directive documents) forces the object of management to behave in the required way.
Sustainable management of forest ecosystems has two features.
(1) To achieve the goal of management, it is necessary to solve several heterogeneous tasks: obtaining products, preserving forest ecosystems, preserving their role in the performance of their ecological functions; fulfillment of social functions of forests.
(2) Forest ecosystems are very complex probabilistic systems, and the task of sustainable management of them is much more complicated. It is necessary to take into account not only disturbing external influences on the object, but also the laws of behavior of the object itself, primarily the mechanisms of its stability.
