You can get distemper from a dog to a person. Symptoms of distemper in dogs and home treatment: signs of distemper and danger to humans

Plague of carnivores is considered to be the most serious viral disease. It affects all organs and systems of the animal, as a result of which the disease often ends in death. The virus is transmitted through contact of a healthy dog with a sick one, most often unvaccinated pets are susceptible to distemper. However, no matter how terrible the disease, in the early stages it can be eliminated. The main thing is to identify the symptoms in time and immediately begin treatment. Let's consider the important aspects in order.

Symptoms of distemper in dogs

As mentioned earlier, canine distemper is a serious disease with a floating incubation period. The disease proceeds imperceptibly during the first 5 days and can last up to 3 weeks. The animal looks quite healthy, although it is already a carrier.
Viral infection appears gradually. First, the pet begins to tire quickly, it develops apathy, sadness, appetite and craving for water disappear. These signs characterize the first stage of the disease, it is treatable in 90% of cases, if symptoms are detected in time.
In cases where the owner is so busy that he missed the depressed state of the dog, the plague continues to develop further. The transition to the second stage is caused by an increase in body temperature, conjunctivitis (discharge of pus from the eyes), diarrhea and vomiting. The dog's nose is blocked, a yellowish liquid flows from the sinuses.
The coat looks unkempt, the shine is lost, the hairs fall out and no longer grow. The animal refuses food, but leans on water. He is afraid of the light, so he hides in a dark corner. After a certain time, paralysis of the limbs develops, the airways overlap, the heart cannot cope. The result is death.

Features of the plague of carnivores

Plague can have a different form of dislocation, it affects the skin, nervous, pulmonary and intestinal zones. It is worth noting that each species does not appear separately, all areas are affected together.

The duration of the disease and the stages of its development depend on a number of factors.

If the disease develops imperceptibly, clinical signs may be absent altogether. The dog will die after 1-2 days. The super-acute form is manifested in the complete refusal of food, an increase in body temperature to 39 degrees. A coma sets in and the animal dies within 3 days.
In 20% of cases, acute plague can be cured. All of these symptoms are eliminated, but the dog's body will not be able to function properly. The animal partially loses its hearing and vision, sense of smell, mental disorders and a nervous tic begin.
Plague can develop into a chronic disease that lasts for months. The animal gradually "fades away", the symptoms periodically appear and then disappear. Ultimately, the slow course of the disease ends in death.
The disease does not spare any of the specific systems of the animal's body. The dog strongly jerks its limbs, it often has seizures, the brain, heart, and liver are affected.

Is plague transmitted from dog to dog?

If one or more dogs live in the house, the question becomes relevant: “Does plague spread from one animal to another?”. There is only one answer - yes, it is transmitted.

As mentioned earlier, distemper refers to viral infections that spread through the air. That is, it is enough for one pet to lick or breathe on his fellow, as the latter will be infected (if he is not vaccinated).

Important!
If a healthy pet has close contact with an infected one, it is already infected. By contact is meant feeding from a common bowl, playing, sleeping, examining bowel movements.

The owner himself can bring the plague into the apartment and infect the animal. The virus is on outerwear and shoes, flies through the window with dust particles. As a rule, infection occurs through the ears, nose and mouth. Once in the body, the pathogen affects the tissues, muscles, blood of the dog.

Can plague be transmitted from dog to person?

It is important to remember forever that a dog with distemper needs the help of its owner. You can safely proceed to treatment, the virus is not transmitted to humans.

Since carnivorous plague is resistant to the external environment, it is necessary to carefully monitor the hygiene of the apartment. If there is an unvaccinated pet in the house, treat the floors and shoes with antiseptic disinfectants.

A favorable outcome directly depends on the speed of the host's reaction to the symptoms and their elimination. The sooner you start treatment, the better your dog's chances of recovery. The most dangerous is the defeat of the nervous system. In this case, you can not do without the help of a veterinarian who will develop a therapy taking into account all the complications.
Etiotropic therapy affects the causative agent of plague itself. The serum is made using antibodies from dogs that have previously had plague. Of all the anti-plague drugs available on the market, drugs from Narvak and Biocenter are considered the most effective. The presented products have foreign analogues - "BIOvet" and "Merial".
If we talk about the dose, then dogs up to 5 kg. 2 ml is injected. serum. In the case of larger pets - 5 ml. The drug is given once. If the symptoms do not disappear, the actions are repeated after 24 hours, observing the dosage. The use of drugs will give a good result only at the first stage of the disease.
During the course of distemper, the dog's immune system suffers greatly. In order for the functions of the body to be maintained at the proper level, the animal must be given immunostimulants. They contain interferon, which suppresses the vital activity of the virus.
Also, the pet must be pierced with a solution of calcium and vitamin B. You can purchase the appropriate drugs at a veterinary or human pharmacy. The instruction is attached, but it is better to consult a doctor.
In most cases, from the second stage of the plague, the dog has an increase in body temperature. In this case, it is necessary to regularly monitor the indicators and give the pet antipyretic medications.
As stated earlier, plague infects the respiratory tract of a dog. The animal coughs heavily, has difficulty getting oxygen. In this case, help your pet to remove sputum from the lungs and bronchi with medication. Give him "Bromhexine" or "Mukaltin", the dose is prescribed by the veterinarian.
A dog with distemper has purulent discharge from the eyes. Rinse them regularly with strong tea leaves, leave it for at least half an hour. Purchase special eye drops for animals in a veterinary pharmacy.

Folk remedies for the plague

Many people prefer to treat distemper with folk methods, they are no less effective. The complex is used in combination with antibiotics.

Egg and honey. Combine 1 chicken egg (raw) into a homogeneous mass, pour in 20 gr. liquid honey, beat the composition with a fork. Draw the composition into the syringe, after removing the needle. Open the mouth of the animal, pour the mixture on the root of the tongue so that the animal does not spit it out. The course is 2-3 days, it all depends on the speed of the disappearance of symptoms and the dog's immune system. The infusion of the mixture should be carried out 3 times a day with an equal interval. Make sure your dog always has warm drinking water.
Egg, honey, vodka. The recipe is considered the most "lethal", but it is suitable only in extreme cases. The animal must have strong immunity, otherwise the composition will act in the opposite direction. Combine in one mass 25 ml. vodka, 1 chicken egg, 20 gr. liquid fresh honey. Stir the ingredients with two forks, pour into a syringe, remove the needle. Open the dog's mouth, pour the serum on the root of the tongue. The composition is given once (!) once a day, in no case more. The course is 2 days, the dog must be constantly fed with clean warm water.
Medicinal plants. Reducing the level of intoxication is achieved by soldering the dog with chamomile or St. John's wort. To do this, combine in one mass of 10 gr. each type of herb, pour 100 ml. boiling water, let it brew for 3 hours. Strain, pour in 50 ml. 1 time per day.

If a pet has nervous disorders, give him an infusion of motherwort. Preparing the remedy is quite simple: brew 15 gr. plants in 100 ml. hot water, leave to cool slightly. Filter, pour into the mouth 2 times a day, 50 ml.

Plague vaccination does not guarantee complete protection, but it prevents infection by 99%. The first vaccination is carried out at the age of 1.5-2 months. After that, quarantine is maintained for about 3 weeks, then the manipulations are repeated.
Within a month after vaccination, the puppy should not be in contact with other animals. It is important to observe full quarantine: wash floors 2 times a day, clean shoes and outerwear. Avoid drafts in the apartment, as the animal's body is fighting the vaccine, the dog is weakening.
After the first vaccination, the vaccination is repeated at 6 months, then the drug is injected once a year. In the veterinary passport, the doctor puts the appropriate notes with the name of the vaccine and the date of the procedure. Before the procedure, it is necessary to deworm the pet.

As practice shows, the plague of carnivores can be cured in the early stages. It is important to understand that without the supervision of a veterinarian, proper therapy will not work. The specialist will select the appropriate treatment, taking into account the sex, age and immunity of the animal. Only timely noticed symptoms can save the life of your pet.

Video: how to treat distemper in dogs

Canine distemper is a deadly disease that even pets are at risk of contracting. The disease usually begins acutely. Symptoms of distemper in dogs indicate the development of pathologies of the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, respiratory apparatus and muscles. The final stage of the disease is fatal. Vaccination is used to prevent the development of distemper. The chance of developing the disease in vaccinated dogs is reduced to zero.

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Distemper in dogs

Distemper of carnivores (Carré disease) is an acute contagious viral disease that begins acutely. Symptoms are manifested by fever, catarrh of the mucous membranes, lesions of the skin and nervous system. In the wild, the disease occurs in ferrets, minks, jackals, wolves, foxes, and hyenas. The causative agent of the disease is an RNA-containing virus of the paramyxovirus group. Infection occurs through the respiratory tract or by eating food. The distemper virus enters the body, and then, along with the bloodstream, spreads to the tissues of the organs. Poor living conditions greatly increase the chances of infection. Puppies who get sick with distemper practically do not survive. But an adult dog has a significant chance of recovery after therapy.

Appearance of a sick dog

Reasons for the development of the disease

Plague of carnivores is resistant to various physical and chemical factors. Comfortable conditions for her - a temperature of -25 degrees. The virus falls into suspended animation, in which it can survive for about 5 years. But at high temperatures, the microorganism quickly loses its ability to defeat.

Conditions for the death of the virus:

In the environment at a temperature of 38 degrees. Remains active for 14 days.
Boiling in water from 60 degrees. Dies in 30 minutes.
Exposure to 2% sodium hydroxide solution. Activity disappears after 1 hour.
A 1% formaldehyde solution destroys the virus in 3 hours.

Dogs most often get sick at a young age. The highest percentage of incidence occurs in the age of the animal from 3 to 12 months. This is due to the weakening of the body due to changes during the period of development. Puppies fed milk rarely get sick. With mother's milk, they are given antibodies that prevent the formation of plague. The disease occurs in dogs of any breed. The period of incidence falls on the spring-autumn. The source of the disease is infected street dogs or cats, as well as their excretions.

Ways and sources of distemper infection in dogs:

Contact with a carrier or infected material. A pet becomes infected on the street when interacting with stray animals. Dogs tend to eat feces, which greatly increases the risk of disease. The virus can survive up to 11 days in feces.
Street feeders and drinkers for animals. A domestic dog can drink water from a vessel from which infected animals have drunk. The virus enters the water along with saliva, where it retains its activity.
General pads. The distemper gets on the tissue along with saliva. It retains its vital activity for several days, since saliva does not have nutrients. This way of spreading the disease occurs in places where a pack of dogs lives together. Puppies are in the main risk group.
Human-caused infection. The distemper virus can be carried by a person along with shoes.
Hunting dogs get sick during interaction with prey when it is caught.

The first signs of distemper and symptoms

The incubation period is 2-3 weeks. At this time, the animal will feel normal. The disease has not yet fully developed, but the dog is already a carrier of the virus. After 2 weeks, the condition of the pet will begin to deteriorate rapidly.

The first signs of distemper in dogs:

temperature rise to 37-41 degrees;
weakening of reflexes;
chills;
the dog does not respond to the call, it can be found in a dark and quiet place;
mucus comes out of the nose.

In the coming days, the pet will weaken. Symptoms of distemper in dogs begin to increase, and the picture of the disease expands. A person should not be afraid of getting sick with distemper, since this virus is not transmitted to people. Nevertheless, the pathology in its course is very similar to rabies. When the first symptoms appear, children should be protected from contact with the animal, and adults should only touch it with gloves.

General symptoms of pathology:

Lethargy and depression. The dog will refuse to play and walk outside. In appearance, the animal looks exhausted, its head is lowered. Prefers to lie down, sleeps most of the time.
Decreased appetite and vomiting. The pet refuses any food. Food intake is reduced to 1 time in 1-2 days. Due to intoxication, vomiting is observed after eating. The animal will not eat again, even if vomiting and complete emptying of the stomach have occurred.
Redness of the eyes. The dog will begin to squint, because the rays of light cause discomfort.
Dyspeptic disorders. There is a violation of the digestive tract. Often there are constipation.
Increased mucus from nose and eyes. It acquires a cloudy and pulling character. The eyes also begin to secrete mucus. The dog's eyes will stick together, and the hair around it will get wet.
Fear of the world. Clearly indicates damage to the nervous system. The dog is afraid of any source of light. She hides in the darkest corner of the room and hides her muzzle.

The appearance of convulsions and paralysis indicates serious pathological processes of the nervous system. It is extremely rare to save a dog in this state. Mortality in paralysis is 90% of all cases.

Signs of distemper of the respiratory tract

Distemper forms

The course of the disease can be acute, fulminant or chronic. Pets who have been ill with distemper often suffer from complications. They lose their hearing, smell and vision. Nervous disorders appear, as a result of which the psycho-emotional state of the animal becomes unstable.

Forms of distemper in dogs:

1. Pulmonary. It develops when the virus accumulates in the respiratory tract and lungs. The main sign of the development of pathology is fever and cough. The animal refuses food, but begins to drink a lot. As the disease progresses, gastrointestinal disorders are added. There is diarrhea and vomiting. Purulent mucus is discharged from the eyes and nose.
2. Intestinal. Characteristic signs are the presence of vomiting, diarrhea of a yellowish tint with a specific odor. Sometimes it shows blood clots and undigested food. A white coating appears on the tongue, and dark spots appear on the teeth. The animal is greatly weakened due to the refusal of food. There is a periodic loss of consciousness.
3. Skin. It has the mildest course and a favorable prognosis. On the body, paw pads, ears and nose, a rash appears in the form of bubbles, which gradually transform into ulcers. Various kinds of microorganisms penetrate into them, which leads to inflammatory processes. Usually the body temperature is normal, but in puppies it rises to insignificant levels. The animal is in pain due to the presence of ulcers on the skin, so it must be touched gently.
4. Nervous form. Appears in the absence of proper treatment. Manifested by nervous tics and twitches. The dog becomes irritable and aggressive. She refuses to eat, but drinks water. Subsequently, paralysis of the hind limbs, a seizure and death occurs. The animal dies due to paralysis of the respiratory muscles and heart.

These or other symptoms of distemper in dogs will be present depending on the course of the disease:

1. Sharp. All signs of the disease are present. It develops within 2-3 weeks and lasts until death occurs or the disease becomes chronic.
2. Chronic. Symptoms of distemper in dogs occur in periods of exacerbation and remission. The disease can be in this stage for several months.
3. Lightning. There are no obvious clinical signs. Mortality occurs within 1 day.

Distemper can be distinguished from rabies by the characteristic behavior of the animal. Carnivore plague patients tend to drink plenty of water. While dogs with rabies refuse liquids.

Is the plague dangerous for humans

Unlike rabies, canine distemper is not contagious to humans.. This greatly facilitates the treatment process. A person cannot get infected from a dog, but often the opposite happens. People can be carriers of the virus - it gets to a person after contact with a sick animal. In this case, the virus does not enter the body, but is located on clothes, shoes, skin or under the nails. It is impossible to determine whether a person is a carrier of the distemper virus, which is why hygiene is so important.

Despite the fact that a sick dog is not contagious to humans, it still poses a threat. During the period of illness, the animal becomes aggressive. This is not only due to damage to the nervous system, but also due to the instinct of self-defense.

Treatment

Treatment of distemper in dogs is complex. Currently, there are no drugs against canine distemper virus. Therefore, symptomatic and antibacterial therapy is used:

Means	drug and benefits
Solutions for injections	Assigned 40% urotropin 2 ml, 10% calcium gluconate 2 ml, 40% glucose 4 ml, 1% diphenhydramine 1 ml, 5% ascorbic acid. Solutions help to reduce intoxication of the body, reduce body temperature. The course of admission is at least 10 injections
To prevent seizures and paralysis	Prozerin 0.05% 1 ml subcutaneously for 10 days. In severe cases, 1% strychnine solution
Decreased intracranial pressure	Intramuscularly 25% magnesium sulfate 1-5 ml for 7 days. Furosemide 0.1-1 mg tablets 2 tablets
Decreased skeletal muscle tone	Mydocalm 1-2 ml or 0.5-0.72 g tablets 2-3 times a day
Solutions to alleviate the condition of the nervous system	Enter 2.5% chlorpromazine intramuscularly. Give sodium barbital if possible
Decreased excitability	Phenobarbital powder, benzonal, glutamic or folic acid are used. The course of treatment is 3 weeks. For 10 days, a 1% solution of novocaine is administered, 0.5 ml per each kg of dog weight
Suppression of bacterial infection	Antibiotics of the tetracycline series are prescribed, such as Levomycetin, Norsulfazol, Streptomycin or Kefzol.
With epilepsy	Used Finlepsin, Pagluferal-2. Since drugs have side effects, the dosage is prescribed by the doctor based on the dog's weight and breed.
Serum application	Allows you to create artificial non-long-term immunity against distemper
vitamin therapy	A complex of vitamins is used, which includes elements B, B1, B6 and B12. Their effectiveness is increased when combined with Panthenol and Nicotinamide.

An important component of therapy is diet. It is necessary to feed a dog with distemper with foods rich in protein. It is highly not recommended to give the animal various kinds of cereals. Because dogs are carnivores, they need animal proteins. Even fish in the natural diet is extremely rare.

Diet for sick dogs:

minced beef or pork;
shredded chicken breast;
boiled and raw eggs;
cheese, kefir, cottage cheese;
add a small amount of grated vegetables to the minced meat.

Dairy products and vegetables will facilitate the work of the digestive tract. All food should be crushed so that the dog does not need to chew it. The concentration of vegetables in food should be minimal. They are present there as fiber useful for the intestines, but not the main food. Sometimes the dog is not able to eat on its own, so it will have to be fed. If the animal is not paralyzed, then there will be no problems with the swallowing reflex. Food should be served minced meat with a little added water. Otherwise, the animal may choke.

Treatment with folk remedies

Therapy of distemper in dogs with folk remedies at home should be agreed with the doctor. It is strictly forbidden to engage in self-treatment, since the disease is difficult to recognize and differentiate. Plague of carnivores is a serious viral disease, it is impossible to cure it with the help of folk remedies. Nevertheless, the vodka-based recipe shows good results in the fight against the disease.

Treatment with vodka:

take half a glass of vodka and add 1 raw egg and a teaspoon of honey to it;
mix everything until a homogeneous mass;
the product should be fluid so that it can be easily poured with a douche.

This recipe allows you to treat the symptoms of distemper in dogs, but not the cause of the disease itself. The mixture helps to increase immunity, but it is not recommended to give it to puppies.

Vaccination

To vaccinate dogs against distemper, drugs are used that create stable immunity lasting 1 year. In order to prevent the disease, it is recommended to vaccinate bitches before mating. The following preparations are used for vaccination:

KF-668;
Vakchum;
Hexadog;
Pentodog;
Vanguard;
Kanvak.

Vaccination is carried out in two stages. First, the drug is administered, and then the reaction of the body is monitored. If within 2 weeks of negative effects are not observed, then the vaccine is administered again. After the second injection, immunity is formed, which reliably prevents infection. Puppies under 6 months of age and pregnant bitches are not vaccinated. It is also not recommended to vaccinate older dogs. A vaccinated animal will not become infected with the virus, but the vaccine is not a way to treat already sick pets.

Canine distemper is one of the most dangerous viral pathologies. The disease affects all systems of the animal and often leads to death. Despite the high percentage of deaths, in the early stages the disease is treatable. The pathogenesis of distemper in dogs, symptoms and progressive methods of treatment are discussed in the article.

Plague of carnivores is a virus that infects predators and pets. It occurs against the background of fever, pneumonia, inflammation of the mucous membranes and damage to the central nervous system. Many animals are susceptible to the disease, from wolves and foxes to ferrets and dogs. Young animals that have reached 8 weeks of age are most susceptible to pathology. Peak activity occurs in spring and autumn.

There is an opinion that terriers and mongrel dogs have some resistance to the disease. Shepherd dogs, huskies, poodles and Pekingese are at risk. If a bitch had distemper during childbirth and lactation, the puppies develop immunity to the virus.

Varieties of distemper

In Russia, canine distemper is in the TOP-5 of the most common infectious diseases found among dogs. This is due to the large percentage of homeless animals and the low level of vaccination.

Depending on the characteristics of the manifestation, several types of pathology are distinguished:

acute;
chronic;
typical;
super-sharp;
lightning fast;
atypical.

In addition, carnivorous plague has several varieties due to its location: skin, nervous, pulmonary, intestinal and mixed. Sometimes there is distemper, characterized by hardening of the paw pads. Due to the fact that brain cells die in the nervous form, it is considered the most dangerous.

The causative agent of the disease

The disease occurs after one of the representatives of paramyxoviruses enters the body of an animal. It is genetically similar to the infectious agents of human measles and rinderpest.

The causative agent is resistant to the influence of the external environment: under the influence of direct sunlight, it is active up to 14 hours.

Table 1. Behavior of the virus under different temperature conditions

Ways of infection

Carriers of the virus are considered wild carnivores, less often - pets. Distemper is transmitted mainly in 2 ways: orally and respiratory.

The main ways of transmission of the disease:

From a diseased individual to a healthy one.
By contact with infected things.
During intercourse.
By eating contaminated foods or liquids.

Dogs that have become ill or have had a pathology are considered the main source of infection. The infection penetrates into the external environment along with feces and purulent secretions.

The incubation period is from 3 days to 1 week. Sometimes it takes up to several months.

Since all body systems are affected, distemper belongs to the category of polysystemic diseases.

Table 2. Clarifications to common questions about the ways of infection with distemper

Question	Answer
Can a cat infect a dog?	The disease is not transmitted from cats to dogs. Distemper in cats and dogs are different pathologies with different pathogens. In cats, it is a parvovirus, and in dogs, it is a paramyxovirus.
Can a vaccinated dog get sick?	With timely vaccination, the pet is resistant to the virus. Rather, the infection can enter the body, but the grafted antibodies will neutralize the pathology. If the injection was given to an infected animal that has not yet shown symptoms, the dog will become ill.
Is it transmitted from dog to dog?	Yes, it is transmitted. This is the most common mode of infection among dogs.
Is it dangerous for humans?	A person cannot get distemper from a dog.

Symptoms of the disease

Canine distemper has a variety of clinical manifestations, depending on the pathogenicity of the infection and the physiological characteristics of the dog. At the initial stage, mucous membranes are damaged, which is fraught with acute inflammation and fever.

Table 3. Main symptoms

Index	Manifestations
Body temperature	After infection, the temperature rises to 40 degrees, and then stabilizes. In puppies under the age of 15 days, the pathology often occurs without an increase in temperature.
Emotional condition	Apathy, loss of reflexes and appetite. The dog spends all the time in a dark place and does not respond to the owner's commands.
Chair	The consistency of the feces is liquid, with bloody patches. Painted yellow.
The condition of the hairline	The coat fades and looks ruffled.
Mucous	They swell, in some places there are redness and purulent discharge. After 3 days, the mucus partially clogs the eyelids and nostrils. In the area of the nose, the skin is covered with crusts.
Breath	Squeezed, the animal often sniffles. In large breeds, the respiratory rate is from 40 to 60 breaths per minute, in small breeds - from 60 to 80.
Pulse	The pulse rate in large dogs is from 100 to 130 beats per minute, in small dogs - from 130 to 170.

Pulmonary form

With this variety, the upper and lower respiratory tract are damaged.

Symptoms:

cough;
purulent discharge;
diarrhea;
blockage of the nasal passages;
tonsillitis.

Against the background of distemper, tracheitis, bronchitis and pneumonia develop.

intestinal form

It is characterized by severe damage to the digestive system, resulting in acute gastroenteritis.

Symptoms:

fainting;
white coating on the tongue;
feeling of thirst;
refusal to eat;
diarrhea;
yellow feces with bloody patches;
dehydration.

If the virus attacked the pet during the period of changing teeth, small dents and specks appear on the tooth enamel.

Skin form

In addition to the general manifestations characteristic of the disease, red spots appear on the body of the dog. Redness is observed mainly on the thighs, peritoneum and auricles.

Symptoms:

the formation of purulent vesicles at the site of the spots;
body temperature does not rise;
the physical condition of the animal is satisfactory.

The cutaneous variety is considered the mildest form of canine distemper.

nervous form

The most dangerous kind. The central nervous system is affected, which often leads to irreversible consequences. At the first stage of infection, the animal constantly barks and is in an excited state. With timely treatment, nervous symptoms weaken. If the disease is started, convulsions can last a lifetime.

Symptoms:

increase in body temperature;
aggressive behavior;
lameness;
irritability;
paralysis;
cramps of the limbs;
epileptic seizures.

If it paralyzes the cardiac or respiratory muscles, the animal dies.

mixed form

The most common type of distemper. This variety is characterized by the symptoms of all of the listed forms. A very rare variation of this pathology occurs in which the fingertips harden in animals. One of the features of this form is the clattering sounds as the dog walks. Depending on the intensity of manifestations, several varieties of distemper are distinguished.

Table 4. Varieties of distemper

Type of pathology	Clinical picture
Chronic	Diseases are characterized by alternating phases of deterioration and improvement. Duration - up to 4 years.
Acute	Duration - from 2 to 4 weeks. Body temperature from 39.5 to 41 degrees lasts up to 14 days.
Super sharp	The development of the disease takes only 3 days. High fever and complete loss of appetite lead to a coma, ending in death.
Lightning	No symptoms. The animal dies within 24 hours.
Typical	Pathology manifests itself several weeks after infection. With timely treatment, recovery is possible.
Atypical	For 3-4 weeks, the infection does not manifest itself. When the virus attacks the nervous system, the dog dies.

What you need to know about the plague

Since the disease is one of the 5 most common, owners of four-legged pets should study its features:

The largest percentage of infected animals is observed in autumn and spring.
Since the infection does not die even at -25 ° C, in winter the dog can also get sick.
In summer, pets get sick less often, because. paramyxoviruses weaken at temperatures above 38 o C.
At risk - puppies from 3 months.
In the first 12 weeks of a pet's life, mother's milk protects.
During the period of teething and puberty, dogs are very sensitive to the virus.
If a pet has had canine distemper, it cannot be re-infected.

After a cure for 2 months, the dog is a carrier of the infection.

Video - Distemper in dogs

Diagnosis of the disease

If the differential diagnosis method is used, the veterinarian should exclude diseases similar in clinical manifestations to distemper:

adenovirus pathologies;
leptospirosis;
enteritis;
Aujeszky's disease;
food poisoning.

In addition, great attention is paid to the collection of anamnesis. During the examination, the veterinarian must ask the owner of the animal the following points:

vaccinations done - serum composition and timing;
possible sources of infection;
nuances of maintenance, feeding and care.

Due to the fact that the virus manifests itself in many forms, it is difficult to make a diagnosis without laboratory tests.

Disease prognosis

acute 80%;
hyperacute 90%;
lightning fast 100%.

The chronic type of distemper is cured with timely therapy. However, some body systems are not subject to full recovery.

In order for the dog to be healthy, you need to constantly conduct a preventive examination in a veterinary clinic, and follow the basic rules for keeping and feeding your pet

Canine distemper treatment

Since the pathology affects all vital organs, it belongs to polysystemic diseases. Complex therapy is used with the involvement of a large number of medicines and immunological serum.

Basic principles of treatment:

maintenance of general tone;
relief of symptoms;
fight against dehydration;
prevention of bacterial activity.

"Giskan-5" - an effective serum against canine distemper

Treatment is most effective in the early stages of the disease.

Table 5. Treatment of distemper in dogs

Direction of drug exposure	Prescribed drugs
General therapy	Intravenous administration of the following drugs: Ringer's solution; glucose; saline. Course duration - 10 days.
Supportive care	Subcutaneous injections of vitamin B complex.
Destruction of the pathogen	mono-serum aimed at the destruction of paramyxovirus; polyvalent sera against adenovirus infections and enteritis. The introduction of drugs is possible up to 3 times.
With paresis	Subcutaneous injections of "Prozerin". Duration - 10 days.
To reduce muscle tone	Dragee "Mydocalm" 3 times a day until the symptoms disappear.
To normalize the emotional state	2.5% solution of "Aminazine"; "Folic acid"; "Barbital sodium"; "Benzonal". Course duration - 21 days. Also, a 1% solution of Novocain is prescribed subcutaneously, 0.5 ml per kilogram of the pet's weight for 10 days.
With epilepsy	"Finlepsin"; "Pagluferal-2". The duration of therapy is 6 weeks according to the dosage indicated in the instructions.
Against bacterial infections	"Gentamicin"; "Norsulfazol"; "Levomitsetin"; "Streptomycin". The duration of the course and dosage is determined by the attending veterinarian.
To maintain immunity	"Galavit"; "Polyoxidonium"; "Likopid"; "Vegetan". It is necessary to take drugs until a complete cure.

The formation of crusts on the mucous membranes should not be allowed. In order to prevent the development of inflammatory processes, the following drugs are suitable:

"Tsiprovet";
"Lacrican";
"Tetracycline ointment".

Eyes and nostrils are treated 2 times a day. If the mucous membrane of the oral cavity is damaged, a solution of "Furacilin" is used.

home therapy

Passing a therapeutic course at home is possible only if you have a treatment regimen approved by a veterinarian and skills in setting droppers and injections.

Basic care rules:

The pet is placed in a separate darkened room, without drafts, with moderate humidity.
Walking is prohibited.
The chest is wrapped with a woolen cloth.
Representatives of smooth-haired breeds are given mustard plasters for 5 days.
For dogs with a lot of hair, bandages based on hot sand or salt are suitable.
2 times a day, it is necessary to warm up the limbs in water at a temperature of about 60 ° C. You can add a small amount of mustard to a bowl of liquid. This will enhance the thermal effect.

Infrared lamps are effective for deep heating.

Folk methods

Since distemper is a highly contagious disease, using home remedies is not effective. Folk remedies will help only as maintenance therapy.

Popular recipes:

1. Herbal decoctions. The following plants are used:

motherwort;
flax seed;
St. John's wort;
horse sorrel;
rhizome of the coil;
common bird cherry;
marshmallow root;
cudweed;
blueberry fruits;
succession;
Hypericum perforatum;
sage leaves;
chaga rhizomes;
Oak bark;
oregano;
chamomile;
cinquefoil erect.

These plants have different therapeutic effects - from astringent to anti-inflammatory. Depending on the symptoms present, a remedy is selected from the list and the dog is drunk on 200 ml per day until a complete cure.

2. A mixture of egg and honey. Soften 1 raw chicken egg and combine with 20 g of honey. Give the animal several times a day for 3 days.

3. A mixture of vodka, eggs and honey. 1 tbsp alcoholic drink is mixed with 1 tbsp. honey and 1 yolk. Pour the animal into the oral cavity 3 times a day, a few grams for 4 days.

Most experts agree that distemper should not be treated with alcohol-containing liquids. Alcohol destroys the mucous membranes, reduces the protective functions of the body and leads to disruption of cellular metabolism and dehydration.

Health food

Infected pets are prescribed dietary feeding. For the first 12 hours, it is advisable not to give food to the animal. Food is replaced with water and rehydration solutions.

General rules:

The first 10 days - beef broth.
From day 2, give 1 raw egg every day.
On the 3rd day, rice porridge is added with the addition of 2 tbsp. minced meat.
On day 4, you can diversify the menu with low-fat kefir or cottage cheese.

The duration of therapeutic nutrition is at least 10 days.

Distemper prevention

Prevention of the disease is carried out using a special serum. The vaccine introduces the pet's body to viral agents, as a result of which antibodies are formed in the blood. They quickly recognize the virus and kill it before symptoms appear.

Basic preventive measures:

Before the injection, the puppy is dewormed.
The first vaccine is at 2 months.
The next vaccinations are given at 6 and 12 months.
The drugs used are Hexadog, Vaccidog-combi, EPM, Bivirovax, Hexakanivac, Dipentavak, Kanvak, Vladivak, Vakchum, Multikan-1.
The doctor puts a mark on the vaccination in the dog's passport.
For 4 weeks after the injection, the pet is prohibited from contacting other animals.

If participation in exhibitions is planned, vaccination is done 1 month before the event.

The canine distemper vaccine does not provide complete protection, but it does prevent infection in 99% of cases.

Distemper is one of the most dangerous pathologies among four-legged pets. By analogy with rabies and enteritis, in most cases the disease ends in death. To eliminate such situations, it is necessary to take a responsible attitude to the care, maintenance and feeding of the animal and avoid contact with infected dogs.

One of the most serious diseases in dogs is distemper, scientifically Kare's disease.

The basis of the development of the disease is a virus, it can be infected in several ways. Distemper-affected puppies rarely survive; older dogs are more likely to make a full recovery.

An animal that has been ill with distemper remains immune to the disease for almost the rest of its life.

Main causes of canine distemper

The causative agent of distemper in dogs is a virus belonging to the group of paramyxoviruses.

A dog can become infected with the causative agent of the disease through the digestive system and respiratory organs.. Having penetrated into the body, the virus begins to spread rapidly along with the blood flow throughout the body and settles in almost all organs and tissues.

How is distemper transmitted in dogs?

A sick dog releases a dangerous pathogen with saliva, feces, urine, mucous secretion from the eyes. The virus is also found in epithelial, dead skin cells.

In connection with these, one can distinguish several possible sources of infection:

sick animals. In addition to domestic dogs, it can be ferrets, hyenas, wolves, jackals, minks, foxes.
Feeders, bedding.
Premises for keeping - enclosures, booths.
The virus can be carried into the house and by the person on shoes or clothes.

After direct infection, a latent period continues for several days, during which the virus actively multiplies in the body, but there are no external symptoms of the disease yet. Incubation period is 5-7 days on average., but can increase to three weeks, or be reduced to two days.

Kare's disease does not apply to seasonal diseases, the virus survives well at temperatures down to minus 24 degrees. At the same time, a pattern was revealed in which a larger percentage of dogs with distemper is registered in spring or autumn.

Despite the fact that during the incubation period the dog looks absolutely healthy, it is already a source of infection. The distemper virus can also be excreted from the dog's body for several weeks after its successful recovery.

The risk group includes weakened animals that do not receive proper nutrition, puppies from one month to a year, stray animals. Puppies up to two months old, feeding on the milk of a mother who, when she had the disease, have their own immunity and therefore very rarely become infected from a sick relative.

The first signs of canine distemper

Distemper is often left unattended in the first days of the disease, since the symptoms are not pronounced and The first signs of distemper disease include:

small animal lethargy and oppression.
Decreased Appetite sometimes vomiting.
Redness of the mucous membrane of the eyes.
Mucous discharge from the nose and eyes.
Not pronounced dyspeptic disorders.
Most dogs show ruffled wool.
Photophobia- the dog hides from bright light sources, often hides in a corner.

These signs have different degrees of severity. In the first two days in animals the temperature rises to almost 40 degrees it lasts up to three days. Adult dogs with strong immunity can cope with the disease on their own, and all its signs undergo reverse changes. Weakened animals and puppies continue to get sick, and their condition begins to deteriorate sharply.

How distemper manifests itself, forms of the disease

According to clinical manifestations, several forms of distemper are distinguished, but they occur in isolation from each other only in very rare cases.

Pulmonary form distemper develops when the virus accumulates and develops in the respiratory tract. The main feature of this form is , joining cough. The animal refuses food, but drinks a lot. Later joins diarrhea and vomiting, purulent secretions from the eyes and nose.
intestinal form characterized the appearance of vomiting and a yellowish tint with a specific, unpleasant odor. A whitish coating is noticeable on the tongue, dark spots appear on the enamel of the teeth. The animal is severely weakened, refuses to feed and may occasionally lose consciousness.
Skin form- the easiest and most favorable for the further course of the disease. The dog appears on the body, paw pads, nose, ears small rashes, which then turn into sores. Secondary bacteria can get into the cracks on the body, and then inflammation develops, causing great anxiety to the dog and causing severe pain. If treatment is not started on time, then the animal dies from infection and exhaustion.
nervous form. It is believed that all the others pass into this form at the end of the disease if there is no treatment for the disease. Such a plague appears nervous tics, twitches. The dog becomes extremely irritable and aggressive, drinks a lot. In the last stages there is hind limb paralysis, epileptic seizures. Death occurs with paralysis of the respiratory muscles and heart muscles.

A rare form of the disease is predominantly hardening of the pads on the paws.

Such a disease is almost not accompanied by fever, signs of pulmonary and intestinal disorders may be present. When the dog runs across the floor, characteristic clattering sounds are heard.

The disease continues with the classic version of its course up to one month.

The course of the disease

Distemper of dogs can leak lightning fast, sharply or be chronic disease.

lightning current characterized by the absence of obvious clinical signs of the disease and the death of the animal in one day.
Super sharp shape distemper is manifested by a sharp jump in temperature, refusal to eat. The dog falls into a coma and dies in 2-3 days.
At acute form diseases, all signs of distemper are present - temperature, lethargy, inhibition of reflexes, dyspeptic disorders, photophobia. Conjunctivitis and rhinitis develop.
Chronic form the disease can proceed for several months with periods of exacerbation and remission of the vital activity of the virus.

Damage to the nervous system is considered to be an extremely unfavorable prognosis - with the appearance of epileptic seizures, paresis and paralysis, the sick dog dies in almost 90% of cases.

Dogs that have had distemper often remain inferior. They may suffer from hearing, smell and vision, and nervous disorders appear. Some animals are mentally disturbed.

How to cure a dog of distemper

If you suspect that your pet is developing distemper, then the only correct solution is to vet call on house.

Specific drugs for distemper for dogs aimed at destroying the virus have not yet been developed.

Veterinarian prescribes complex therapy, based on the condition of the dog, the presence of leading signs of the disease. It is important to use drugs aimed at increasing the immunity of the animal.

A sick dog is prescribed the introduction of solutions:

40% urotropin.
40% Glucose.
calcium gluconate.
Isotonic solution.
Dimedrol.
Ascorbic acid solution.

To prevent paresis, Prozerin is prescribed, to reduce muscle tone Mydocalm. With increased excitability, Phenobarbital, glutamic acid are prescribed. In the case of the development of epileptic seizures, Finlipsin is prescribed.

It is highly undesirable to self-medicate. Be sure to check with your veterinarian before giving any medication!

In the cutaneous form, the use of antibiotic therapy is indicated. The dosage of all drugs is selected based on the weight of the dog., treatment should continue throughout the course of the disease. Increase immunity immunostimulators, vitamins in injections.

You can not let any ailment of your pet take its course. and our article will tell you how to feed it correctly.

The owner of the dog needs to create conditions concomitant to recovery:

The room should be warm, dry and without drafts.
Necessary dim light sources because dogs develop photophobia.
Necessary constantly remove discharge from the eyes and nose, skin ulcers treated with disinfectant solutions.
Food should be easily digestible. Mostly the dog needs to be fed with liquid cereals and soups, finely chopped meat must be present in the diet. Twice a week they give raw eggs, cottage cheese, kefir.

Folk methods of treatment

Alternative treatment methods should be used only in combination with the main treatment prescribed by the veterinarian. Help to remove toxins from the body decoctions of herbs - chamomile, St. John's wort. Motherwort decoction calms the nervous system and prevents the development of severe symptoms.

Distemper treatment with vodka

Some dog breeders successfully use a solution consisting of half a glass of vodka, one egg and a teaspoon of honey. The prepared liquid is injected from the syringe.

It is necessary to know that This method of treatment helps only if the dog has a strong immune system., and the symptoms of the disease are not pronounced. The chances of recovery are greatly increased if a qualified veterinarian immediately prescribes therapy if a viral disease is suspected.

Plague prevention, vaccination

The only way to prevent the disease is vaccination.

Puppies are vaccinated for the first time at the age three months followed by revaccination. The vaccine is usually well tolerated, and minor symptoms of intestinal upset may occur.

Prevention measures include keeping dogs clean, wiping their paws after walking, periodically changing and washing the bedding. Good, nutritious nutrition is also the key to a lower risk of contracting viral diseases.

An acute viral disease with a high lethality, known as distemper, Carré's disease or canine distemper, has been the scourge of dog breeders and their pets since the domestication of the latter.

Which dogs are at risk

In Russia, infectious catarrhal fever (febris catarrhalis infectiosa) first appeared in the Crimea (1762), which is why it was called the Crimean disease. In 1905, the viral nature of the disease, accompanied by fever, central nervous system damage, pneumonia, catarrh of the mucous membranes and skin rash, was proved by the French researcher Carré.

Both adults and young dogs can become infected with distemper, but the age from 2 to 5 months is considered the most dangerous. Almost never get sick puppies born from vaccinated or naturally ill bitches with distemper. Puppies that are in suckling age also rarely get sick: except with poor maintenance / feeding. Colostral immunity protects the brood for about a couple of weeks after weaning, and then vaccination is required.

This is interesting! Susceptibility to the virus is determined by the breed. Less resistant are domesticated breeds, including toy dogs, the South Russian/German Shepherd and the Siberian Laika. Terriers and boxers are the most resistant.

In addition, beriberi, helminthic invasion, improper food, lack of exercise, damp cold weather and related breeding contribute to infection.

Virus resistance

Canine distemper virus, like a typical paramyxovirus, contains ribonucleic acid and is resistant to many physicochemical factors. At sub-zero temperatures, it is able to maintain its virulent properties for 5 years.

In the organs of dead animals, the virus lives up to six months, in the blood - up to 3 months, in the secretions of the nasal cavity - about 2 months. Some physical factors and simple disinfectants destroy the virus:

sunlight and solutions of formalin / phenol (0.1–0.5%) - after a few hours;
2% solution of sodium hydroxide - for 60 minutes;
ultraviolet irradiation or 1% lysol solution - for 30 minutes;
heating up to 60 °С - in 30 min.

When boiled, the pathogen dies instantly.

Ways of infection

The reservoir of the canine distemper virus is wild carnivorous and stray animals, and the source of the pathogen is sick and recovered dogs, as well as those of them who are in the incubation period. The virus is shed from the body through sneezing and coughing (with saliva and nasal/eye discharge), faeces, urine, and dead skin particles. The dog acts as a virus carrier for up to 2-3 months.

Important! The virus enters the body through the respiratory tract (for example, when sniffing) or through the digestive tract. Not so long ago, a vertical method of infection has also been proven, when the distemper virus is transmitted to offspring through the placenta of an infected bitch.

The pathogen settles on the dog's bedding, muzzles, grooming items, as well as on the owner's clothes and shoes. With the onset of sexual hunting, the chance of catching the distemper of dogs increases dramatically. The incidence of canine distemper is at least 70-100%, and mortality (depending on the form of the disease) ranges from 25-75%.

Symptoms of distemper in a dog

The virus, entering the body, first reaches the regional lymph nodes, then enters the bloodstream and causes fever. Further, the pathogen penetrates into the internal organs and in parallel affects the central nervous system, leading to serious malfunctions of digestion and respiration.

The latent period of the disease (from infection to initial symptoms) takes from 3 to 21 days. At this time, the dog looks quite healthy, but is already capable of infecting other dogs. Smoothed symptoms extremely complicate the diagnosis and determination of the date of infection with distemper.

The first signs of the disease:

mild depression, lethargy and fatigue;
redness of the mucous membranes of the eyes, mouth and nose;
decrease in appetite;
clear discharge from the nose and eyes;
partial refusal of games / exercises;
slight diarrhea and vomiting (sometimes).
tousled wool.

In some animals, the signs are less pronounced, in others - more distinctly. At the beginning, all diseased dogs have an elevated temperature (39.5-40), which lasts about 3 days.

This is interesting! After 3 days, in the strongest animals, the temperature drops to normal, the disease ends and recovery occurs. In weak dogs, the temperature continues to rise against the background of a general deterioration in well-being.

Damage to the nervous system can be observed both at the height of the disease, and with positive dynamics. Plague of carnivores often proceeds atypically or abortively, and is also characterized by an acute, hyperacute, subacute, or chronic course.

Forms of the disease

The degree of brightness of clinical signs determines the form of the disease, which can be nervous, intestinal, pulmonary or skin (exanthematous). The development of a certain form of plague depends on the virulence of the pathogen and on the reactivity of the canine organism. One form of the disease easily passes into another. In addition, the manifestation of the plague of carnivores in a mixed form is not excluded.

Pulmonary form

In an acute course, this form of distemper is associated with an increase in temperature (up to 39.5 degrees), which does not decrease for 10–15 days. The skin of the nasolabial speculum becomes dry and cracked (not always).

Important! 1-2 days after the jump in temperature, the dog's eyes begin to water profusely with the formation of serous-mucous, and then purulent secretions: the eyelids of the animal stick together, and the eyes close.

Rhinitis begins, in which serous-purulent exudate flows from the nasal cavities, the nostrils stick together, and crusts appear on the nasolabial mirror. The breath is accompanied by sniffling and there is a cough, at first dry, but later loose. On the 2-3rd week, nervous disorders often join catarrhal disorders, which then become predominant.

intestinal form

If the main blow of the virus fell on the digestive system, the dog loses its appetite dramatically, develops pharyngitis / tonsillitis and shows signs of catarrh (usually acute) of the gastrointestinal tract. Catarrh of the mucous membranes of the gastrointestinal tract is manifested by diarrhea with the release of liquid (gray-yellow, and then brown) feces mixed with mucus and blood.

In the intestinal form of plague, periodic bouts of vomiting with yellow mucous contents are noted. If the rectum is affected, where the hemorrhagic inflammation began, bloody inclusions are found in the feces. Also from sick dogs comes a disgusting smell.

nervous form

When the nervous system is damaged, short-term excitation and even slight aggressiveness are observed.

The nervous form of canine distemper is characterized by symptoms such as:

of the whole body;
cramps of individual muscles, including limbs and abdominal wall;
twitching of mimic muscles;
impaired coordination of movements;
epileptic seizures, turning into paresis / paralysis of the limbs, rectum, bladder sphincter and facial nerve.

In some cases, improvement in general condition is followed by relapses, usually after 7–9 days. Such sudden exacerbations usually end in the death of the animal.

Skin form

With this form of the disease, plague exanthema develops, or simply a skin rash, when small red spots dot the auricles, nostrils, the area around the mouth and thigh of the dog (inside and out). The spots gradually transform into shiny vesicles (with yellow purulent / serous filling) ranging in size from a grain to a penny coin. Then the bubbles burst and dry out, forming brown crusts.

Important! The duration of distemper in dogs varies greatly. Mild cases end in recovery within a week, severe cases drag on for months and even years.

Some affected dogs develop hyperkeratosis, in which there is a strong keratinization of the epidermis at the articular folds. Sometimes weeping eczema occurs in the area of the external auditory canal.

Diagnosis and treatment

To begin with, it is necessary to exclude diseases similar in symptoms - Aujeszky's disease, salmonellosis, rabies, infectious hepatitis and pasteurellosis.

damage to the respiratory tract;
two-wave temperature rise;
catarrh of the mucous membranes of the eyes/nose;
damage to the central nervous system;
diarrhea;
hyperkeratosis of the paw pads;
disease duration of at least 21 days.

Four of these symptoms are enough to suggest canine distemper in the dog. The early stage is more often characterized by such five signs: photophobia, normal temperature with increased appetite or temperature of 39 ° C or more with loss of appetite, cough, symptoms of damage to the nervous system. According to two of the five named signs, distemper can be suspected, and by three, a diagnosis can be made.

Medical treatment

With distemper in dogs, complex therapy is indicated with a combination of specific and symptomatic drugs.

The most effective specific means are recognized:

avirocan (canine immunoglobulin against hepatitis, distemper, parvovirus and coronavirus enteritis);
immunoglobulin against canine distemper and parvovirus enteritis;
globulin against enteritis, plague and carnivorous hepatitis.

Important! To suppress the bacterial (secondary) microflora, antibacterial drugs with prolonged action are prescribed. Course treatment with antibiotics must be completed with the use of probiotics, such as bifidumbacterin, lactobacterin, enterobifidin, bactisubtil and others.

Folk methods of treatment

Experienced dog owners, relying on their many years of experience, do not particularly trust veterinarians and often refuse medical treatment, relying on simple means. At the heart of all drugs, thanks to which dogs were pulled out practically from the next world, are strong alcoholic drinks. One of the most popular recipes looks like this: twice a day, a sick animal is given half a glass of vodka mixed with one raw egg and a teaspoon of honey. The last ingredient is not strictly required. The mixture is injected into the mouth from a syringe or a large syringe (without a needle).

Someone saved their dog from distemper in a more expensive way, using good cognac (a teaspoon 2 times a day), other owners managed homemade moonshine (a glass in the morning and evening), and someone soldered the dog with banal fortified wine.

Another miracle drink based on vodka that brought the dog back to active life: 2 cloves of crushed garlic + 1 homemade egg + vodka (100–120 g). Everything is thoroughly shaken and poured from a spoon or syringe. This is a single dose repeated in the morning and evening.

This is interesting! Some healers combined the incompatible (alcohol and antibiotics), but the dogs were pulled out of the clutches of death. Patients received injections of penicillin and twice a day for 0.5 cups of vodka, shaken with a couple of raw eggs.

An adult (with an intestinal form of distemper) recovered from homemade red wine, as she vomited from a store-bought one. They gave her wine for exactly two days, pouring 2 tablespoons in the morning and evening, and after 1–2 hours they gave 1 tablet of noshpa. In addition, the shepherd was constantly given water (1 tablespoon) throughout the day.

The dog, according to the owner, woke up cheerful already on the 3rd day, and gradually began to eat liquid soup (although not by herself, but from a spoon). For 7 days, the shepherd dog was also given a Noshpa tablet, and she did not need antibiotics. A week later, the dog was healthy. Decoctions of St. John's wort and chamomile will help to remove accumulated toxins from the body. A decoction of motherwort is also good, preventing the development of serious consequences and calming the nervous system.