History of fascism in Western Europe. Who founded fascism
Dictionary Ushakov
Fascism
fashi zm, fascism, pl. No, husband. (ital. fascismo from lat. fascis - a bunch of rods, which in ancient Rome served as a symbol of power) ( neol. polit.). One of the forms of open bourgeois dictatorship in some capitalist countries, which arose in Italy after the first imperialist war in the context of a general crisis of capitalism.
Political Science: Dictionary-Reference
Fascism
(ital. fascismo, from fascio bundle, bundle, association)
socio-political movements, ideologies and state regimes of a totalitarian type. In a narrow sense, fascism is a phenomenon of the political life of Italy and Germany in the 20-40s. 20th century In any of its varieties, fascism opposes the institutions and values of democracy to the so-called. new order and extremely rigid means of its approval. Fascism relies on a mass totalitarian political party (when it comes to power, it becomes a state-monopoly organization) and the unquestioned authority of the "leader", "fuhrer". Total, including ideological, mass terror, chauvinism, xenophobia turning into genocide in relation to "foreign" national and social groups, to the values of civilization hostile to it, are indispensable elements of ideology and politics. Fascist regimes and movements of the fascist type make extensive use of demagoguery, populism, slogans of socialism, imperial sovereignty, and apologetics for war. Fascism finds support mainly in socially disadvantaged groups in the context of nationwide crises and cataclysms of modernization. Many features of fascism are inherent in various social and national movements of the right and left. Despite the apparent opposition of ideological attitudes (for example, “class” or “nation”), in terms of the methods of political mobilization of society, the methods of terrorist domination and propaganda, the totalitarian movements and regimes of Bolshevism, Stalinism, Maoism, the Khmer Rouge, etc., are close to fascism. given the weakness of democratic institutions, there remains the possibility of the development of movements of the fascist type and the transformation of fascism into a serious threat.
Culturology. Dictionary-reference
Fascism
(it. facio - association) - an open terrorist dictatorship of the most reactionary, chauvinistic elements. The fascist system was first established in Italy (1922), then in Germany (1933) and a number of other countries. The ideology of fascism is based on irrationalism, chauvinism, racism and anti-humanism. In Germany, fascism appeared under the guise of National Socialism. After the defeat of fascist Germany in World War II, there are attempts to revive the ideas of fascism in some countries.
Political science. Glossary of terms
Fascism
(from Italian fascismo - bundle, bundle, association) - a variant of a totalitarian political regime, a feature of which is the desire to establish a rigid, hierarchically structured power, the preaching of unquestioning obedience to the authority of the leader, the justification for the use of extreme coercive measures to ensure stability and order in the country, the introduction a one-party system, a bet on the nationalization of all aspects of life and an ideological monopoly.
The birthplace of fascism is Italy and Germany. It arose in 1919 in Italy; in the 1920s and 1930s, fascist parties seized power in Italy and Germany, as well as in other capitalist countries, and established an openly terrorist dictatorship in them.
Mussolini's party took as a symbol of the fascia - bunches of rods with an ax in the middle, tied with a belt - signs of dignity of the ancient Roman magistrates.
The ideology of fascism is anti-democratism and anti-Marxism. All fascist policy documents contain the thesis of the ideological and actual bankruptcy of liberalism and socialism. All fascist ideologists - from Mussolini, Hitler to N. Ustryalov - branded parliamentary democracy. Mussolini declared that the post-war experience marked the defeat of liberalism. The Russian ideologist of fascism N. Ustryalov preached that in Russia and Italy "it is possible to rule in addition to and against any liberal ideology ... People are tired of freedom ... there are other words that evoke charm, much more majestic: order, hierarchy, discipline."
Political scientists have made more than one attempt to classify the features that incorporate such a phenomenon as fascism. One way or another, they include: absolutization of power; hatred or hostility towards other nations; reliance not on civil society, but on the authority of the leader, his will, power structures, etc.
One of the fruitful attempts of this kind belongs to the Russian scientist V. Yadov. He gave a detailed description of the fascist system of views, singled out the main features of this ideology, which are combined with the principles of their practical implementation and are called upon to satisfy certain social interests. These include:
1. The unconditional dominance of the national interest over any other, i.e. international or universal.
2. Approval of the special mission of this people (chosen, according to the philosophy of Nietzsche) in creating a just order either throughout the world, or at least in the zone of "geopolitical interests" of this people. Hence the principle of dividing the world into spheres of influence, which was an important element of the well-known pact of the countries of the fascist "axis".
3. The rejection of the democratic system as a form of government in favor of a strong dictatorial power, which, in the interests of the whole nation, provides a fair order and guarantees the well-being of all segments of the population, including the poor and the disabled (hence "socialism").
4. The establishment of a special, national code of moral and moral principles, the resolute rejection of any universal moral norms.
5. approval of the principle of using force (military force, a repressive regime within the country and in the zone of geopolitical interests of a given nation) to suppress dissent and, all the more, resistance to the established order through practical actions.
6. rampant demagogy as a style of propaganda, i.e. an appeal to the everyday interests of ordinary people and the designation, depending on the situation, of a national enemy (people of a different race, other political views, a different religion, etc.). Constant fixation of attention on a certain (or several) dangerous enemy should contribute to the rallying of the nation, the establishment of national solidarity, consecrated by this ideology.
7. Finally, the cult of a charismatic leader, a leader who is endowed with the traits of foresight given from above, unconditional devotion to national interests, decisiveness, incorruptibility and a sense of unconditional justice within the framework of the national code of moral principles.
The acuteness of the social problems being experienced gives rise to the ground for fascism. If the nation feels disadvantaged, people are overwhelmed by a sense of anxiety due to the coming chaos, they do not trust those in power, then there are real socio-psychological prerequisites for fascism and extremism, whatever they are called.
Konovalov V.N.
Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language (Alabugina)
Fascism
A, m.
An openly terrorist dictatorship, a totalitarian regime seeking to eradicate democracy in its own country and forcibly subjugate other countries to its will.
* modern fascism. *
|| adj. fascist, th, th.
* Fascist regime. *
Thesaurus of Russian business vocabulary
encyclopedic Dictionary
Fascism
(Italian fascismo, from fascio - bundle, bundle, association), socio-political movements, ideologies and state regimes of a totalitarian type. In a narrow sense, fascism is a phenomenon of the political life of Italy and Germany in the 20-40s. 20th century In any of its varieties, fascism opposes the institutions and values of democracy to the so-called. new order and extremely rigid means of its approval. Fascism relies on a mass totalitarian political party (coming to power, it becomes a state-monopoly organization) and unquestioned authority "leader", "fuhrer". Total, including ideological, mass terror, chauvinism, turning into genocide xenophobia in relation to "foreign" to national and social groups, to the values of civilization hostile to it - are indispensable elements of ideology and politics. Fascist regimes and movements of the fascist type make extensive use of demagoguery, populism, slogans of socialism, imperial sovereignty, and apologetics for war. Fascism finds support mainly in socially disadvantaged groups in the context of nationwide crises and cataclysms of modernization. Many features of fascism are inherent in various social and national movements of the right and left. With the apparent opposite of ideological attitudes (for example, "Class" or "nation"), according to the methods of political mobilization of society, the methods of terrorist domination and propaganda, totalitarian movements and regimes of Bolshevism, Stalinism, Maoism are close to fascism, "Khmer Rouge" and others. In the context of the weakness of democratic institutions, the possibility remains of the development of movements of the fascist type and the transformation of fascism into a serious threat.
ideology, political currents, open political dictatorship and repressive
regime aimed at suppressing progressive social movements and
destruction of democracy; ideology of superiority over all other nations,
elevated to state and international politics.
Russian language dictionaries
"fascism"
The content of the article:
- Fascism in different countries
- Fascism today
- Video
The word fascism, translated from Italian, briefly sounds like a union or association, and a fascist, respectively, is an adherent of fascism. The form of government is a dictatorship. The history of fascism dates back to the ancient Romans.
In the modern world, fascism is a political movement, as well as a form of power, that originated in Italy at the beginning of the last century. Later, this movement began to spread to other countries, such as in Germany during the rule of the state of Adolf Hitler. Fascism is characterized by the principles of leadership, partisanship, and most importantly - violence.
Fascism and racism: what do they have in common
Science does not give one common opinion about the commonality of racism and fascism. Some scientists believe that fascism made a bias in the superiority of the nation, not the race. Therefore, these two concepts were not identified. The second point of view has become more widespread in the modern world. If fascism is a kind of doctrine of a higher man, then racism harmoniously fits into this concept. Scholars theorize that this political movement, which originated in Italy, was much closer to racism than is commonly thought.
Fascism: main features and common features of fascist associations
The main feature of fascism is the strong role of the state in regulating all spheres of society. Fascism does not tolerate dissent and completely subjugates itself, using violent methods. Varieties of fascism include traditionalism, often leaderism, nationalism, anti-communism, extremism, and so on.
Fascism, for the most part, is born in states with an economic crisis leading to social and political crises. The Nazis used styles that were not characteristic of those times. All of them were mass events. Also, the masculine character of the party was emphasized, in a sense, the secularization of religiosity, unconditional approval and the widespread use of violence in resolving political conflicts.
Fascism includes some moments from anti-socialism, anti-capitalism and anti-modernism. Nationalism was one of the foundations of this movement. However, small fascist movements had to reckon with the ideology of other similar movements. Thus, it turns out that, despite their nationalistic ideology, they had to accept the ideals of foreign models. Subsequently, both the right and left movements of Nazism began to fight against this.
The Nazis brutally destroyed their political enemies. Randomly selected minority parties also fell under their reprisals.
Fascism in different countries
Briefly - fascism, and more thoroughly - the doctrine of Benitto Mussolini. He believed that the state should represent the power of corporations. In Italy, fascism originated in the 10s of the last century. Mussolini, having come to power, established a dictatorship. In his book "La Dottrina del Fascismo", the leader of the movement equated the word "fascism" with the system of government and this word had the meaning of "ideology".
Then fascism spread in Germany. The leader of the National Socialist Party was Adolf Hitler, who planned the seizure of European lands through the Blitzkrieg plan.
Hitler was inspired by Mussolini. The leader of German fascism himself claimed that the Italian ideology became the basis for the formation of the Nazi Party in Germany. The connection between German and Italian fascism was, for example, in anti-Semitism. The German fascists have advanced further than all like-minded people towards advancing towards their goal. The Blitzkrieg plan, which promised territorial expansion, nevertheless failed.
During the existence of German fascism, Romania formed its own party of Nazism (1927-1941).
In 1934, the Second Spanish Republic emerged in Spain. This gave impetus to the beginning of Spanish fascism. The leader was Jose Antonio Primo de Rivera.
In 1928, the Catholic Church supported the rise to power of Oliveira Salazar. His dictatorial power lasted for about 40 years, until Oliveira fell ill and stopped ruling the country. He retired. Marcelo Caetano, who became the leader of Spain, put an end to the fascist regime. The new state, led by Oliveira Salazar, became the longest lasting fascist regime ever.
Fascist ideology in Brazil was called integralism. The founder was Plinu Salgado. Integralism absorbed some features of Italian fascism. But, Brazilian fascists differed from European ones in that they did not promote racism. This movement accepted even blacks into its ranks.
In Russia, fascism became widespread before the start of World War II (30s - 40s of the XX century). Russian fascism took its inspiration from Italian Nazism. The founders were white emigrants who settled in Germany, Manchuria and the USA. Russian fascism took its name from the "Black Hundred" and "White Movement" movements. They did not pursue an active policy (except for white emigrants from Manchuria). The only thing they did was anti-Semitic. During the implementation of the Blitzkrieg plan, the Russian fascists were on the side of the invaders.
In the period from the 20s to the mid-50s of the XX century, mainly in Western Ukraine, there was the OUN (Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists). The main ideology was protection from the influence of Poland and the Soviet Union. It was planned to create an independent state. The composition was to include the lands of Poland, the Soviet Union, Romania and Czechoslovakia. That is, the territories where Ukrainians lived. It was with these goals that they justified their terror. The activities of the OUN had a character: anti-Soviet, anti-Polish and anti-communist. Historians not only equate the OUN with Italian fascism, but also argue that the former are more extremist.
In the history of some countries, there are movements that are similar to the ideology of fascism, but they are in no hurry to unite with the fascists. These movements are mainly anti-liberal or anti-communist. They use the methods of fascism, but do not set themselves the goal of creating a superior nation. For example, parafascism. This regime is authoritarian.
Fascism today
Today in Russia there is such a thing as neo-Nazism. It lies in the adherence to Nazi symbols, anti-Semitism and racism.
Neo-Nazism can be both individual and organized. When organized, neo-Nazism is an extreme form. In the media, you can see reports related to the crimes of neo-Nazis. He can also reach anti-Christian and anti-Abrahamic views.
Adherents of neo-Nazism differ in their musical preferences. Basically it is rock music or patriotic songs performed with a guitar.
The symbols of neo-Nazis are of different types. It can be the flag of the Russian Empire, the symbols of the Third Reich, Russian symbols, Nazi symbols in general, pagan (pseudo-pagan) or their own symbols.
It is worth noting that fascist symbols today can be used as a certain type, or combined. Attributes with symbols of neo-Nazism are purchased, for the most part, through online stores. In them you can buy jewelry (rings, watches, bracelets), knives and read items with symbols.
A feature of the neo-Nazi movement in Russia is that its members adhere to the rules of maintaining a healthy lifestyle.
According to representatives of this movement, power, television and the economy are not in the hands of the Slavic people. They advocate racial purity in these industries.
The use of symbols of different types leads to conflicts among themselves.
In the US, there is such a thing as neo-fascism. During the Second World War, the United States actively fought against the Nazis, and now this movement quietly exists among the Americans. In the current political environment, there is an opinion that neo-fascists are being set up against Russia. The United States has released post-war documents linking Americans to the Nazis. The purpose of this cooperation was to unite against the Soviet Union. The deterioration of political relations between the United States and the USSR was partly due to the cooperation of the United States authorities with the Nazis.
Despite the fact that the USSR fought the fascists with all its might, in Latvia Russians were and are still called occupiers. Latvians glorify the Nazis as heroes. The destruction of Soviet monuments, the renaming of streets and the destruction of the Russian language in the country take place regularly. And all this is happening despite the fact that Russian-speaking citizens live in Latvia.
Lithuanian history textbooks inspire children that Lithuanians fully supported the German army, thereby freeing themselves from the oppression of the Soviet Union. The same opinion is shared by the Estonian ruling circles.
As is known from history, Ukraine has always been secretly divided into Western and Eastern. The mass spread of neo-fascism in Ukraine took place and is taking place in its western part. During the Second World War, this part of Ukrainians supported the Nazis. Today, the situation is developing in such a way that Ukraine has begun its split again. The Russian-speaking population is oppressed. Can mass oppression be called fascism? The people themselves, living on the territory of eastern Ukraine, consider the political methods of the country's leadership as the beginnings of fascism. The civil war today indirectly speaks of the same.
from ital. fascismo from - bundle, bundle, union) - eng. fascism; German Fascismus. The form of movements and political dictatorship, characterized by violence against the masses through a comprehensive gosud.-polit. a machine that includes a system of mass organizations and an extensive apparatus of ideological influence, supplemented by a system of mass terror, widely using pseudo-revolutionary and National Socialist slogans and forms of organizing the masses to mask total violence.
Great Definition
Incomplete definition ↓
FASCISM
fascism) is a political ideology that dominated the parties and movements that arose in Europe between the two world wars, which formed the basis of the extremely nationalist governments of Italy in 1922-1943. and Germany in 1933-1945. and continued by parties in many countries, starting from the 40s. Unlike other political ideologies of the 20th century, fascism does not have any major systematic intellectual work on political philosophy, for anti-intellectualism is an integral element of its ideology. Therefore, the principles of fascism have not received a clear outline. However, the fascists favored determinism or materialism, leading to the notion that the human will, in particular exercised by a strong leader, is designed to overcome structural obstacles and make the impossible possible. This idea has a generic resemblance to the philosophical works of Friedrich Nietzsche, from which the German fascists proceeded. In addition, fascism is characterized by the following main features: an extremely racist nationalism associated with territorial expansion; vicious anti-communism combined with intolerance towards most other political ideologies and independent working class organizations; the open use and glorification of physical violence and terror against these groups; reliance on a relatively mass party organized around a powerful leadership, occupying most areas of civilian life after coming to power and dependent on continuous mass mobilization to maintain support for the leadership; the glorification of militarism, the cult of supposed male virtues, the attitude towards a woman mainly as a mother and assistant to a man; the prevailing support of the middle classes, which constitute the main, although not the only, mass support. The experience of fascism was different. The vicious anti-Semitism of the National Socialist Party of Germany was initially absent from Italy under Mussolini. In post-war Europe, fascist parties were less open to anti-Semitism, and their racism was more often expressed towards people of non-European origin. However, the British fascists in their party documents claim that post-war immigration to England from the Commonwealth of Nations was supported by the Zionists in order to weaken its racial support. So anti-Semitism is a constant feature of fascist organization and thought. Fascism is a specific phenomenon of the 20th century. Unlike previous authoritarian and militaristic governments of the XIX century. , it depends on the use of mass party organizations to come to power and keep it in their hands. The biological concepts of race on which it is based were developed only in the second half of the 19th century and were widely disseminated in Europe at the beginning of the next century, for example, in the eugenics movement. Nationalism has also been developed as a basis for political organization and mobilization since the middle of the 19th century. Despite this continuity with other general intellectual and political thought, fascism is often thought of as unique in its power to express racism, nationalism, mass mobilization and expansionism. Explanations for the emergence of fascism remain the subject of extensive discussion on a number of issues: the role of socio-economic factors in connection with the crisis of Western capitalism after the First World War; the specifics of the political situation in Germany and Italy, caused by the relatively recent emergence of national unity and parliamentary democracy in them; general problems of industrial modernization causing social crises at certain points of transition, especially from small-scale free competition capitalism to large-scale and wider industrial capitalism; psychological characteristics of fascist leaders and their supporters (see Authoritarian personality). See Kitchen (1976) for a general introduction and Kershaw (1989) for the debate on Germany. See also National Socialism; Holocaust.
Fascism (Italian) fascismo from fascio"bundle, bunch, association") - as a political science term, is a generalizing name for specific extreme right-wing political movements, their ideology, as well as political regimes of a dictatorial type led by them.
In a narrower historical sense, fascism is understood as a mass political movement that existed in Italy in the 1920s and early 1940s under the leadership of B. Mussolini.
In ideology, historiography and propaganda in the USSR, other socialist countries and communist parties, fascism was also understood as the Nazi movement in Germany in the 20s - the first half of the 40s. XX Art. (see Nazism), as well as political movements in the countries of the world that openly oppose communist ideology from the extreme right.
The main characteristics of fascism are: the dominance of right-wing ideology, traditionalism, radical nationalism, anti-communism, statism, corporatism, elements of populism, militarism, often leaderism, reliance on a fairly significant part of the population that does not belong to the ruling classes. In some cases, fascism is characterized by rejection of the monarchy.
Fascist states are characterized by a developed economy with a strong regulatory role of the state, nationalization of all aspects of society through the creation of a system of mass organizations, violent methods of suppressing dissent, rejection of the principles of liberal democracy.
Fascism. The emergence and formation
Fascism arose in Italy in 1919 after the First World War out of deep disillusionment with its results. At that time in Europe, democratic cosmopolitan forces defeated conservative monarchical forces, but the victory of democracy did not bring the promised benefits, but a severe crisis erupted: chaos, inflation, mass unemployment. And a reaction began against such a democracy. By the 1930s. gg. half of the European parliaments ceased to exist, dictatorships arose everywhere - this phenomenon was remarkable for those years.
Fascism comes from the word "fascina", it is a bunch, a bunch of rods - a symbol of the ancient Roman state, which Mussolini used as a symbol of the "new Rome", as he called his state. And, in general, in fascism at first glance there was a lot of attractiveness.
Fascism as a bond proclaimed the unity of the nation in opposition to the Marxist thesis of class struggle and in opposition to the liberal-democratic party principle. Fascism proclaimed a corporate state, built not on a party principle, when parties participate in elections, gain votes, but built on corporations - this is a natural democracy that grows from the bottom up, on the basis of an industrial, professional community of people. Corporations can be, say, workers in the metallurgical industry, medicine, agriculture, and each corporation includes both management personnel and doctors, accountants, electricians, in short, all the people who are involved in it. In Japan, something similar now exists on a firm basis: a firm is built as a cell of society; about the same wanted Mussolini, calling it "industrial democracy." By the way, even such our democrats as G. Fedotov, a well-known publicist and historian of the Church, considered fascism - however strange it may sound - a democratic phenomenon, and his magazine Novy Grad wrote a lot about this.
What attracted fascism? why so many people succumbed to this temptation - to see in fascism something really new, transforming the whole of Europe against the backdrop of this chaos. Here is an example from Mussolini's Doctrine of Fascism:
“Fascism is ... a spiritual position that arose from the general movement of our century against the weakened materialistic positivism of the XIX century ... This is a religious view that considers a person in his internal connection with a higher law, an objective spirit that transcends the individual and makes him conscious a member of a spiritual community... A people is not a race or a geographic area"...
It should be emphasized that there was no racism in the original fascism, which was in the Hitler regime; Italians did not consider their people better than others and the highest nation, which should belong to the world that needs to be conquered.
"A people is not a race or a geographical area, but a community that is continuously preserved in historical development, ... a personality, a spiritual phenomenon." And further about what requirements fascism made of a person: “The man of fascism suppresses in himself the instinct of selfish desire, in order instead to root in a sense of duty the highest life of the nation, not limited by the framework of space and time: a life in which the individual, through self-denial and sacrifice of personal interests, even through death - realizes an extremely spiritual being, on which his human dignity is based ... Not a single action escapes moral assessment. Therefore, life in the concept of a fascist is serious, strict, religious. He creates from himself an instrument for building a worthy life ... ".
As we can see, this is the disciplining, gathering, ordering beginning in fascism against the backdrop of chaos, unemployment - it attracted a lot of people. And it should even be noted that the Catholic Church very ardently supported the fascist reforms and the very movement of fascism, because it corresponded to the social Catholic teaching, it is at its core that the corporate structure of society lies.
I will cite here the introductory article by V. Novikov to B. Mussolini's book "The Doctrine of Fascism", published in Paris in 1938. It perfectly characterizes the mood of the Russian emigration of those years:
“The greatest phenomenon in the life of the peoples of the post-war period is fascism, which is currently making its victorious path throughout the world, conquering the minds of the active forces of mankind and prompting the revision and restructuring of the entire social order.”
Fascism originated in Italy and its creator is the brilliant leader of the fascist party and the head of the Italian government, Benito Mussolini.
In the struggle of the Italian people against the nightmare of red communism that was approaching the country, fascism gave the Italian youth, the foremost fighter for national rebirth, the ideological basis for this struggle.
The communist ideology was opposed by the new ideology of the nation state, national solidarity, national pathos.
Thanks to this, fascism created a powerful organization of an active minority, which, in the name of the national ideal, entered into a decisive war with the whole old world of communism, socialism, liberalism, democracy and, by its selfless feat, carried out a spiritual and state revolution that transformed modern Italy and laid the foundation for the Italian fascist statehood.
Having made a campaign against Rome in October 1922, fascism seized state power and set about re-educating the people and reorganizing the state, in accordance with the basic laws that finally fixed the form of the fascist state. In the course of this struggle, the doctrine of fascism was also developed. In the statutes of the fascist party, in the resolutions of party and trade union congresses, in the resolutions of the Great Fascist Council, in the speeches and articles of Benito Mussolini, the main provisions of fascism were gradually formulated. In 1932, Mussolini considered it timely to give his doctrine a complete formulation, which he did in his work "The Doctrine of Fascism", placed in the 14th volume of the Italian encyclopedia. For a separate edition of this work, he supplemented it with notes. It is very important for the Russian reader to get acquainted with this work by B. Mussolini. Fascism is a new worldview, a new philosophy, a new corporate economy, a new state doctrine. Thus, answering all the questions of human society, fascism went beyond national Italy. It worked out and formulated general provisions that determined the emerging social order of the 20th century, why they acquired universal significance. In other words, the ideological content of fascism has become common property. Every nation has its own nationalism, and creates the forms of its own being; no imitation of even the best examples is unacceptable. But the basic ideas of Italian fascism fertilize state building throughout the world. At present, the ideas of fascism are very widespread among the Russian emigration.
Careful study of fascism began around 1924, when an attempt was made in Serbia to organize a Russian fascist party. This movement was led by Prof. D.P. Ruzsky and Gen. P.V. Chersky.
In 1927, this so-called "national organization of Russian fascists" published its program, which, based on the general provisions of Italian fascism, but in accordance with Russian conditions, outlined the path of the revolutionary struggle against Bolshevism and the future course of the restoration of Russia liberated from communism.
However, this movement did not receive organizational development. But the ideas of fascism were transferred to the Far East, where the Russian emigration managed to use them and create the Russian Fascist Party in 1931, headed by a young and talented man V.K. Rodzaevsky.
Until now, R.F.P. developed a great organizational and propaganda work, publishing the daily newspaper "Our Way" and the monthly magazine "Nation".
At the 3rd Congress in 1935, a new party program was adopted, which is an attempt to adapt the principles of universal fascism to Russian reality in matters of the future structure of the Russian state.
It should be noted, however, that the ideology of Russian fascism in the Far East is heavily influenced by German National Socialism and has lately veered towards the old Russian nationalism.
But even in Europe, Russian fascist thought continues to develop, and its representative is the magazine Klich, published in Belgium.
As a follow-up to the 1927 program, "Klich" published a pamphlet by its collaborator Verista (a pseudonym); "Basic principles of Russian fascism". In it, the author, under the slogan of Russian fascism "God, Nation and Labor", establishes the general provisions of Russian fascism, which is a doctrine of the national revival of Russia on the basis of a new national statehood, formulated and approved on the experience of the Italian Empire by the creator of the fascist doctrine and the leader of Italian fascism B. Mussolini. With such an interest of the Russian emigration in fascist doctrine, the Vozrozhdenie publishing house should be welcomed, which wished to bring to the attention of the Russian reader B. Mussolini's "Doctrine of Fascism".
For his part, the translator considers it his duty to express his deep gratitude to B. Mussolini for his kind consent to the publication of the Russian translation of "The Doctrine of Fascism".
Ivan Alexandrovich Ilyin, our outstanding philosopher, gave a very good formulation of the experience of the Russian emigration learning about fascist regimes. He wrote that the Russians did not need all this, even valuable, that was in the authoritarian regimes of that time, there was no need to directly borrow from them, from foreign fascism; on the contrary, he wrote, fascism unconsciously sought to realize an ideal close to the Russian one. Quote:
“The state is not a mechanism of competing interests, but an organism of fraternal service, unity of faith, honor and sacrifice: such is the historical and political foundation of Russia. Russia began to move away from it and was distressed. Russia will return to it again. Fascism does not give us a new idea, but only new attempts in our own way to implement this Christian, Russian national idea in relation to our own conditions.
Now everyone calls Germany of those years fascist, but the regime itself did not call itself fascist, it was National Socialism. And just the word "socialism", the fact that in the name of this criminal regime there was, as it were, a socialist component - it was very unpleasant for left-wing journalists and, of course, for the Soviet propaganda organs, and therefore the word fascism was pulled very quickly on Nazism.
But the difference here is cardinal. It is that the Nazi regime was racist and aimed at mastering the world for the German nation, all other peoples had to be either destroyed or turned into slaves. The Nazis did not set themselves such goals, and, for example, such a liberal figure in the Orthodox Parisian jurisdiction, a Church historian, like Kartashev, after the war, when the Nazis had already lost everything, and it was already a utopia to build such plans, he said that two countries remained - Spain and Portugal, where the principles of Christian statehood are embodied in a new way. It was courage to say this after the war, but he said it honestly. So it would be more correct for us to say today: “Victory over Nazism, not over fascism”
This is immediately an ideology, a political trend and a state regime aimed at the destruction of democratic principles and freedoms.
The ideology of fascism is anti-communism, racism (sorting peoples into “higher” and “lower”), chauvinism (preaching of national exceptionalism), the emergence of a cult of the leader (leader), violence, control over the individual, the total power of the state, militarization (building up military power) , aggression (use of force against the independence of other states or peoples), rejection of humanism, nationalism.
This ideology was supported by many. Even Pope Pius XI was delighted that Mussolini was not disturbed by the "prejudices of liberalism."
Socio-political roots and essence of fascism
The desire for dictatorship existed even before the appearance of the word "fascism". This concept gave rise to the global economic crisis of the 1930s., as an opportunity for monopolists to save their position in society, their fear of communism and the search for a ruler who could solve all social problems (get rid of poverty, hunger, unemployment, etc.).
The origin of fascism began in Western Europe. Italy and Germany were the first to do this, where the fascists managed not only to form their own party with a clearly formulated program, but also to come to power.
The social basis of fascism was lies and demagogy. The Nazis talked about the need to eliminate class inequality, promised to put an end to unemployment and economic crises. This deception was designed for the middle class, who lost their jobs and life prospects. Officials and the military, police and security guards, gendarmes and workers became fascists. Hitler also assured that he would give citizens the same rights and obligations. He swore to protect and uphold the laws of the Republic.
Dreams of conquering the whole world or most of it, dominating it did not interfere with the international economic relations of the Nazis. Moreover, their cooperation (political and military) with other countries began with the economy.
The backbone of fascism was the monopolies that sponsored it. For example, all the "coal and steel" concerns in Germany paid a mandatory contribution in the form of a tax to the presidential election campaign (1932), and three million Thyssen marks (the head of the "Steel Trust"), transferred to the Nazis during the elections, helped Hitler's agitation to reach stunning sizes. The Nazi Party, in return, gave them the opportunity to stay in power and dream of ending strikes and world domination.
Prerequisites for the emergence of fascism:
These are: dissatisfaction with the results of the 1st World War, reparations, territorial possessions, enshrined in the Treaty of Versailles, a thirst for a revision of the Versailles-Washington system and the redivision of the world.
Causes of fascism:
- consequences of the global economic crisis (in the economy, politics and social sphere): people believed the promises of the Nazis that their ideology would give a better life
- fear of communism: Western monopolists could not allow the emergence of a system similar to Soviet Russia. This was directly opposed by fascism.
The history of the birth of fascism
The thesis "fascism", when faced with it, is perceived as a curse, although its translation and meaning does not represent anything terrible and terrible. Initially, this is just “alliance”, “unification”, i.e. a word that does not have the content that will appear in it later.
The roots of the Italian word "fascism" are of Latin origin: in ancient Rome, lictors (guards of the consul) carried bundles of rods called "fascis". Many socialists, republicans and labor unions of the 19th century used the thesis "fascio" - "union" in order to distinguish their groups.
In the first decades of the 20th century, the "union" called itself the right, which in 1917. united in the "Union of National Defense".
In 1915, the “Union of Revolutionary Actions” was formed, and in 1919, the militant “Union of Struggle” of Mussolini, from former front-line soldiers (right-wing / fascist / movement). It was called the Black Legion. In 1921 "unions" united, creating the "National Fascist Party" (NFP)
Thus, history of fascism in Western Europe begins with the formation of the fascist movement in Italy, led by Benito Mussolini, who considered war the highest manifestation of the human spirit, and revolution an explosion of violence.
Prerequisites for the emergence of fascism in Italy were due to the situation that arose after the First World War. The country was in the ranks of the winners, but was defeated, as it was seriously "deprived" of the Treaty of Versailles. Mussolini's dreams of redividing the world formed the basis for determining the ultimate goal that his party was to achieve.
The NFP of Italy was compared with the Escherich organization of Austria, the "Volunteer Corps" of Germany, with the "whites" of Russia, Hungary and Bavaria. Lenin equated them with the Russian "Black Hundreds", which gave impetus to the tendency to call all anti-revolutionary movements in Russia "fascist". Although individual communists (for example, Palmiro Togliatti, Antonio Gramsci, Clara Zetkin) argued that it was impossible to call all movements directed against democracy and communism "fascist", since in this case it was difficult to consider the specifics of Italian fascism.
The history of German fascism dates back to about the same time, but in the Land of Soviets, after the V World Congress of the Comintern (1924), it was decided not to differentiate not only the true manifestations of fascism, but also to call all parties of a non-communist nature “fascist”. So, for example, all social democratic parties were classified as fascist only because they stood in defense of parliamentary democracy.
An attempt to clarify was made by Georgy Dimitrov in 1935. during the 7th World Congress of the Comintern. But no one paid any attention to her.
History of German fascism as well as Italian, is rooted in the crisis phenomena of the economy and public life after the 1st World War.
Reasons for the birth of fascism in Germany these are: dissatisfaction with the results of the war (the idea of creating a Great State), social discontent due to the decline of the economy (unemployment up to 50%, a reduction in production by 40%, strikes, strikes), fear of the communist movement (ready to seize power), reparations, restrictions, prohibitions and territorial changes of the Treaty of Versailles.
All this led to the creation of paramilitary "voluntary" formations with a semi-fascist character. One of them was the German Workers' Party, in which, thanks to the support of Captain E. Röhm in Munich, Adolf Hitler quickly found himself in the leadership from an agitator, renaming it the National Socialist German Workers' Party.
Soon enough, not only in Italy and Germany, but also in many other countries, the fascist movement acquired an organized character, action programs took shape, and numerous parties were formed.
It is with them that the further history of the birth of fascism, which covered many other European countries, is connected. However, in each country fascism had its own specifics. All of them initially differed economically and socially. Only their political situation was similar: democracy was not sustainable here. In addition to Italy and Germany, these were Spain, Austria and Hungary, Bulgaria and Yugoslavia, Hungary and Romania, Finland, Poland and Lithuania. Thus, the interwar period became the "epoch of fascism".
The history of German fascism differs from others in its prerequisites laid down in the economy and the social sphere: the social support of fascism in Germany was not the impoverished sections of the rural population, as in Italy, but the layers of small entrepreneurs ruined and declassed by the economic crisis. Fascism in these countries had more differences than similarities.
The emergence of fascism was encouraged by the governments of these countries, but only in some of them did the fascists occupy leadership positions at the top of power. Therefore, in each of the countries listed above, and not listed countries (France, England, USA), fascism took various forms, manifesting itself to a greater or lesser extent.
In Soviet literature, almost all countries of the world (from Austria to Japan) are described as "fascist". This seriously blurred the very concept of “fascism”, turning it into a dirty word, and not noticing some similarities between the communist and fascist parties (for example, in the unacceptability of parliamentary democracy, the practice of power). Of course, they cannot be identified because of the global differences in the structure of power, goals and social systems to which they have led.
A detailed history of German fascism, French, Italian and many others is available in separate articles.
National specifics of fascism
in Italy- it was totalitarianism (full state control), the creation of a "corporate state" (where the class struggle was canceled), dreams of how the Mediterranean will turn into an "Italian lake", and an empire will be created in Africa (the revival of the "greatness of ancient Rome")
In Germany- it was Nazism with plans to eliminate the Versailles and Saint-Germain treaties, seize numerous lands and colonies and create Great Germany on them.
In England and France fascism was considered a measure to strengthen capitalism, and the coming war was considered a means of getting rid of the hated Soviet Union. But there was no direct threat to the monopolies in them, and they preferred to preserve democratic forms in the state system, leaving the fascist groupings a “bench”.
Fascist dictatorships were able to emerge only in a few states. Forms of dictatorships looked in different versions: fascist, monarcho-fascist, semi-fascist, military-dictatorial. Sometimes the names were generated by the locality ("sanation" in Poland).
In Bulgaria, Poland, Austria, Hungary, Romania At the same time, parliaments were not dissolved, but they served dictatorships, and only a small fraction of voting rights remained (so they were curtailed).
In Spain during the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera, the Cortes were dissolved.
In Yugoslavia after the coup (1929) the National Assembly was liquidated. The Italian Duce ruled the country while maintaining the power of the king.
A strong base of fascism has developed only in Germany and Italy. Here appeared the "fuhrership" - the power of dictators not limited by laws. There were no "fuhrers" in other states. Similarity was Piłsudski (Poland) and several rulers in Latin America.
The dictatorship of a number of countries had a monarcho-fascist form, that is, it was based on the power of the king (in Greece and Yugoslavia), the tsar (in Bulgaria), and the emperor (in Japan).
The differences of fascism in different countries were reduced to the degree of severity of racism, chauvinism, rejection of the communists and Soviet Russia as a whole, as well as the destruction of those who were against it.
