Clinical examination of calves in the maternity ward. Organization of obstetric and gynecological medical examination of cows and heifers

In connection with the intensive development of animal husbandry on an industrial basis and the concentration of a large number of livestock in limited areas at the present stage, there is an urgent need for widespread, constant and systematic monitoring of animal health, timely implementation of a set of preventive measures that prevent the occurrence of diseases and ensure high productivity and fertility of farm animals . The medical examination of livestock at livestock farms and complexes is designed to contribute to the solution of these problems.
The issues of general medical examination, group prevention and treatment of metabolic disorders in cattle in our country were first developed and improved by I.G. Sharabrin, I.P. Kondrakhin, D.Ya. Lutsky and others.
The purpose of medical examination is the creation of healthy, highly productive herds to increase production and improve the quality of livestock products.
The general medical examination system developed by veterinary specialists includes three stages:
diagnostic;
therapeutic;
prophylactic.
The use of dispensary care for animals in full allowed the veterinary specialists of our region to achieve significant success in increasing the production of livestock products.
In recent years, along with the general medical examination, obstetric and gynecological medical examination has been increasingly introduced into the practice of animal husbandry. It is a continuous set of planned diagnostic, therapeutic and preventive measures that contribute to the prevention, early detection and treatment of diseases of the genital organs and mammary glands, increase the fertility and productivity of cattle.
Obstetric and gynecological medical examination in cattle breeding as a planned system of measures to combat infertility is successfully used in different regions of the republic. However, the state of reproduction of cattle in a number of farms of the Republic of Belarus causes great concern. Losses in livestock reproduction remain high and annually 20-30% of the breeding stock do not produce offspring.
The main factors for the decline in animal reproduction rates are:
1. - unsatisfactory conditions for growing replacement young animals, lag in growth and development, untimely insemination;
2. - overexposure in the main herd of animals that have lost their economic value due to past diseases and infertility;
3. - poor accounting of reproduction on farms, slaughter of pregnant animals, concealment of the case;
4. - insufficient and inadequate feeding of animals, non-compliance with the principle of differentiated feeding;
5. - violation of the technology of artificial insemination, low level of training of specialists in the reproduction of the herd;
6. - lack of daily gynecological control over the breeding stock, poor organization of veterinarian work to determine infertility and pregnancy, prevention and treatment of gynecological diseases.
The barrenness of the breeding stock to a large extent limits the possibilities of intensive reproduction of livestock.
The terms of barrenness, taking into account the reasons for them, can be divided:
- aborted cows (2-3%);
- cows that gave a dead offspring (0.5 - 2%);
- pregnant cows retired to the meat processing plant (3 - 4%);
- non-pregnant cows left for the meat processing plant (animals culled in the first quarter) (6-7%);
- cows with an extended intercalving period (up to 10%).
Gynecological examination is not a one-time event, but a systematic work to identify and treat animals with pathology of the reproductive organs and the mammary gland. Clinical examination is carried out on a commission basis with the participation of a veterinary specialist, a livestock specialist, a farm manager, specialists in artificial insemination, and a milkmaid.
Obstetric and gynecological medical examination takes place in several ways:
- The main gynecological examination is carried out in late December or early January. It makes it possible to skillfully sum up the results of the herd reproduction over the past year, timely identify the causes of sexual dysfunction in cows and take measures to prevent infertility. At the same time, the goal is to inseminate all cows that calved at the end of the year by March 25 and get offspring from them this year.
- Seasonal gynecological medical examination is carried out in spring and autumn. Spring allows you to mobilize veterinary specialists to improve the efficiency of insemination of cows during the pasture period. Autumn allows you to cull animals with irreversible pathological changes in the genital organs.
– The current gynecological medical examination provides for a rectal examination of all animals two months after the last insemination, as well as cows that do not show signs of sexual cycling within 30-40 days after birth. Subjected to a full gynecological examination of cows who have gone many times to identify the causes of infertility, prescribe appropriate feeding, maintenance regime. They check compliance with artificial insemination technology, sperm quality for activity and survival, put a test for latent endometritis. When establishing the cause of the disease, a course of treatment is prescribed and carried out, hunting is stimulated with hormonal, vitamin preparations or rectogenetal massage.
- Early medical examination includes a clinical examination of cows and heifers during the dry period, upon admission to the maternity ward, as well as on days 7-10 and 18-23 after calving. Attention is paid to fatness, health, the condition of the coat, bones, hoof horn. Clinical examination provides for daily monitoring of the course of postpartum involution of the genital organs, as well as a set of preventive and therapeutic measures.
The effect of the work carried out can be achieved only under the condition of daily painstaking work with each newborn animal.
In addition to the study of the genital apparatus, the gynecological medical examination includes a biochemical study of blood serum for the content of protein, calcium, phosphorus, carotene, and reserve alkalinity. The activities that require constant attention of veterinary specialists include fortification of cows in the dry and postpartum period, supplementation of the diets of dry and fresh cows with micro- and macroelements, organization of qualified obstetric care, control over compliance with the veterinary and sanitary rules of artificial insemination.

Prevention of endometritis

By studying the causes of infertility in cows and heifers in livestock farms, as well as by conducting gynecological medical examinations, it is possible to achieve in the shortest possible time the elimination of infertility and increase the productivity of animals.

Gynecological medical examination

A complex of planned diagnostic, therapeutic and preventive measures that contribute to the prevention, early detection and treatment of diseases of the genital organs, increase the fertility and productivity of animals.

Gynecological examinations include:

The study of the state of the herd in terms of reproduction (calf yield per 100 cows, fertility from insemination in one heat, fertilization index, the duration of the period from calving to fertilization. At the same time, the presence of pregnancy, the presence and nature of the pathology or functional state of the genital organs are determined.

Control over the fulfillment of the basic requirements for the maintenance, care and feeding of animals.

Cows, adult heifers and heifers are subjected to obstetric and gynecological medical examinations with simultaneous clinical and gynecological examination, biochemical analysis of blood, urine, milk and feed analysis.

Gynecological medical examination is subjected to:

1 - Cows before setting up for a dry period and heifers three months before calving to identify and prevent the pathology of this period and expected births;

2 - Cows on the 10th - 15th day after normal birth to establish the involution of the genital organs;

3 - Cows that had pathological births, retention of the placenta and complications in the postpartum period, for treatment, establishment of a feeding and housing regimen;

4 - Cows not showing sexual function within 30 days after birth, and heifers 16 - 18 months of age that do not come to hunt, to establish the causes and conduct activities;

5 - Cows and heifers inseminated, but turned out to be barren during the check after two months, to find out the reasons and carry out measures;

6 - Infertile cows and heifers who will be treated with specific drugs (hormonal, neurotropic, etc.) in order to regulate sexual function;

7 - Highly productive cows, united in separate groups, for the appointment of the necessary regimen of feeding and maintenance.

As a result of the dispensary examination of animals, it was found that the reproductive ability of animals primarily depends on the quality of the fed feed.

Violation of protein, vitamin, mineral metabolism is confirmed by a blood test. If during the summer period carotene in the blood serum of cows is contained, on average, within the range of 0.76 mg%, then in the stall period it is 0.22 mg%. The content of vitamin A decreases at this time from 0.054 to 0.028 mg%. At a low level is the amount of sugar in the blood 30 - 50 mg%.

Selenium deficiency in the body can contribute to the occurrence of such reproductive disorders as retention of the placenta, endometritis, ovarian cysts and others. This microelement plays an important role in the mechanisms of detoxification of free radical oxidation products in tissues, regulates immunogenesis. Recently, for the prevention of selenium deficiency, organic selenium compounds have been used, which, compared with inorganic ones, are less toxic and are well absorbed in the intestines of animals. Their most optimal use is justified in the dry period.

Appointment of the drug "DAFS - 25" as part of top dressing when administered to cows during the dry period has a pronounced preventive effect on the occurrence of postpartum complications, contributes to a significant reduction in the duration of infertility. With intramuscular administration of the drug at a dose of 180 mg 30 and 15 days before calving, the detection of endometritis and retention of the placenta are recorded 2.1 and 2.7 times less often, the fertility from the first insemination increases by 19%. .

This microelement regulates the activity of glutathione peroxidase, protects the body from damage by lipid peroxidation products, affects other processes and biochemical reactions: contractile activity of the myometrium, metabolism of thyroid hormones, and prostaglandin synthesis.

Perhaps it is these biological mechanisms that contribute to the timely separation of the afterbirth, the acceleration of uterine involution, and shorten the interval from calving to fruitful insemination.

An important role in the overall complex of neuroendocrine regulation of sexual function belongs to thyroid hormones. Therefore, iodine, which is part of the thyroid hormones, is essential for the organism of animals and, in particular, for their normal reproductive ability. Depending on the season of the year, iodine supply is 55 - 95% of the existing requirements; in addition, with the silo-pulp-concentrate type of feeding, an increased amount of manganese enters the body, which is an iodine antagonist and enhances its excretion.

Specific cellular structures of the gonads are especially sensitive to the lack of thyroid hormones. On histological sections, hypoplasia of the connective tissue elements is revealed, and therefore the movement of growing follicles into the depth of the cortical substance is limited and their atresia is enhanced. Large follicles have an underdeveloped connective tissue membrane in a state of atrophy, reduced granulosa and dystrophically altered eggs. Functional insufficiency of the thyroid gland is accompanied by disorders in sexual function, manifested by anovulatory sexual cycles, the formation of follicular cysts and atresia of the follicles in the ovaries. .

The introduction of iodine preparations (6-15 mg of potassium iodide) into the diet of cows during the dry and postpartum periods activates the function of the thyroid gland and has a positive effect on the reproductive ability of cows. Normalization of the thyroid function makes it possible to reduce the retention of the placenta to 4.2%, to increase by 13% the arrival in the hunt in the first two months after childbirth, the fertility from the first insemination by 15.8%, to reduce the period from calving to the onset of the stage of excitation of the sexual cycle by 9, 5 - 11.9 days, reduce the number of days of infertility per cow by an average of 14.7 - 18.7. .

Histological and biochemical studies have established that the thyroid gland is most active in the autumn-winter and spring periods. In the summer, the thyroid function is significantly reduced even with a complete supply of iodine and iodine preparations.

Replacement heifers should be reared on diets with such a set of feeds that could ensure the normal growth and development of animals. A high level of feeding heifers accelerates their puberty and allows you to get the first calving of cows 3-6 months earlier than with moderate feeding.

It is not advisable to grow heifers on diets with a high content of concentrated feed (more than 50% in the diet), since this type of feeding causes a violation of protein-mineral metabolism, reproduction functions and reduces the period of use of cows.

When establishing a feeding regimen, it is necessary to take into account the biological characteristics of the breeds and strive to ensure "normal growth of animals and enhanced development of organs and systems that affect subsequent milk production. In the system of preventive measures, veterinary and sanitary control over proper and complete feeding is of great importance. , quality of feed and drinking water... When assessing the needs of animals for various substances, it must be taken into account that their amount should not go beyond the limits.

Normal metabolism in cows is ensured by feeding them according to diets in which silage is up to 35% of the total nutritional value, hay 15 - 25%, concentrates 25 - 35%. The cause of metabolic disorders is often the feeding of poor-quality silage, in particular, containing butyric acid (more than 18% of all acids). In the composition of high-quality silage acids, 80% is lactic acid, 20% is acetic. .

Feed quality control should be carried out by organoleptic evaluation and laboratory testing of their nutritional value, as well as the use of mycological, bacteriological and chemical-toxicological studies to determine their good quality.

For the prevention of toxicosis of animals, it is necessary to conduct mycological and chemical-toxicological studies of feed; carry out veterinary and sanitary control over the quality of concentrated feed mixtures; control over the preparation and rational use of roughage; laboratory research and control over the quality of drinking water.

Inadequate feeding is very harmful to the preparation of heifers for calving. This is explained by the fact that, due to a lack of nutrients, their metabolism is disturbed, the growth of the body stops, the fetus and mammary gland develop abnormally. In underdeveloped first-calf heifers, various postpartum diseases often occur after childbirth, leading to infertility in the future. Therefore, more attention should be paid to the directed rearing of replacement heifers and the preparation of heifers for calving.

One of the necessary conditions for a rational system of rearing heifers is such a mode of keeping, which provides for daily active exercise of animals for 2-3 hours in winter and grazing in summer.

When growing heifers in conditions of limited motor activity, hemocirculation disorders and folliculogenesis inhibition are recorded. Violation of hemocirculation is a confirmation of the participation of the apparatus of movement in the general circulation of the body.

In heifers receiving daily dosed exercise, the manifestation of the phenomenon of the stage of excitation is earlier and brighter. With limited motor activity, the first insemination occurs at 21.6 months. This indicates a later onset of sexual and physiological maturity, less pronounced signs of the manifestation of the stage of excitation (hidden hunting).

The prevention of gynecological diseases includes strict implementation of technology and veterinary and sanitary rules for insemination of cows and heifers.

In agricultural enterprises, in industrial complexes for the production of milk, there should be well-equipped standard artificial insemination stations that meet veterinary, sanitary and zootechnical requirements.

The concentration of pedigree sires at breeding enterprises for artificial insemination requires the strictest observance of veterinary and sanitary rules in the acquisition, maintenance, feeding and use of them, as well as in obtaining sperm from them, its technological processing and insemination of cows and heifers in farms.

The control of natural insemination is an important part of herd reproduction activities. In this case, free and manual methods of mating females are used. Free mating, as a result of the lack of constant monitoring of the quality of sperm in bulls, contributes to a large barrenness of the queens and the spread of various diseases.

With natural insemination, healthy animals can be infected with sexually transmitted diseases (trichomoniasis, vibriosis, infectious vaginitis, and others). Therefore, it is forbidden to use animals that are sick or suspicious for the indicated diseases.

Scheme of early obstetric and gynecological medical examination of cows

Many dairy farms do not create optimal conditions for the broodstock and do not introduce biotechnology for the prevention of obstetric and gynecological diseases. In such cases, it is necessary to carry out early obstetric medical examination, the essence of which is daily clinical monitoring of the animal's health with registration in the calving journal of all changes in the genitals from the onset of labor to fertilization. The journal records vertically calving in chronological order, horizontally - nicknames, inventory numbers, nature of childbirth, including retained placenta (after 8 hours), birth trauma, intensity of labor, atony of the uterus, postpartum sapremiya and endometritis, subinvolution of the uterus , hidden postpartum endometritis, ovarian hypofunction. And at each stage recorded in the journal, the veterinarian timely treats and prevents the occurrence of new inflammatory complications. Considering the need for a large complex of biotechnological measures - general, planned, permanent and early obstetric medical examinations necessary to control the metabolism of replacement heifers and breeding stock, as well as to adjust diets, housing conditions and conduct specific veterinary measures, in each livestock farm it is necessary create a special commission on the reproduction of the broodstock. The composition of the commission should include all the main specialists in plant growing and livestock farming.

If all the points (conditions) specified in the scheme of early obstetric medical examination are fulfilled, the service period of freshly calved cows can be reduced by 41-68 days.

First stage.

Second phase.

Dudenko test.

Katerinov's test.

Third stage. It is carried out 10-14 days after birth (before the transfer of cows from the maternity ward). During these periods, a vaginal and rectal examination of cows is mandatory. Characteristics of the genital organs of cows for 14-15 days in the normal course of the postpartum period is shown in table 3;

A drug	Method of administration	Dose	Course days
Scheme No. 1
Sinestrol solution 2%	i/m	2 ml	1, 2
Oxytocin	i/m	40 units	2, 3, 4, 5
Difurol	Into the uterine cavity	100 ml	2, 4, 6
Tetramag	i/m	6 ml	1, 8
Biostimulgin-UHF	PC	20 ml	1, 2, 5, 8
Scheme No. 2
Sinestrol solution 2%	i/m	2 ml	1, 2
Oxytocin	i/m	40 units	2, 3, 4, 5
Exuter	Into the uterine cavity	1-2 tab.	2, 3, 4, 5, 6
Novocaine solution 0.5%	Blockade according to Fateev	200 ml	2, 4, 6
PDE	PC	30 ml	1, 5, 8
Scheme No. 3
Magestrofan	i/m	2 ml	1, 2
Oxytocin	i/m	40 units	2, 3, 4, 5
Endometrol	Into the uterine cavity	100 units	2, 4, 6, 8
	i/m	20 ml	1, 3, 5

organs of the reproductive system	Research method	Characteristic
Labia	Inspection
Vestibule and vagina
Cervix
Body and horns of the uterus	Rectal palpation
ovaries	Rectal palpation

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Obstetric medical examination

Obstetric and gynecological medical examination is a set of veterinary measures aimed at timely diagnosis, treatment and prevention of diseases of the reproductive organs and mammary gland of farm animals in order to maintain their health, productivity and obtain a healthy offspring within the time frame stipulated by the technology.

Obstetric and gynecological medical examination is subdivided into obstetric medical examination, which females undergo during pregnancy and in the postpartum period, and gynecological medical examination, which infertile females undergo.

Early obstetric medical examination of cows is carried out in the maternity wards of dairy farms in three stages, its purpose is to control the course of the postpartum period in animals.

First stage. At this stage, all puerperas are divided into three groups depending on the course of their birth:

• the first group - after normal childbirth;
• the second - after difficult and pathological childbirth, obstetric intervention;
• the third - after the detention of the placenta.

Cows of the second group must be prescribed uterine and general stimulants, and, if necessary, also symptomatic therapy. The puerperas of the third group are subjected to complex treatment with the use of local antimicrobial therapy, agents that increase the tone of the uterus, and nonspecific stimulating therapy.

Second phase. It is carried out on the 7-8th day after childbirth. At the same time, the main attention is paid to the nature of the isolated lochia (Table 1). Clinical and gynecological examinations are subject to cows that had difficult and pathological births, deviations in the nature of the lochial discharge were revealed. To assess the condition of the genital tract, an external examination, vaginal and rectal examinations are performed.

In necessary cases, to clarify the diagnosis, laboratory studies of lochia are carried out:

Dudenko test. It is based on an increase in the content of indican in the lochia in violation of the processes of involution of the uterus.

Pour 5 ml of lochia into a test tube and add 5 ml of a 20% solution of trichloroacetic acid, mix

Table 1 - Visual assessment of lochia on the 7th-8th day of the postpartum period

and leave for 3-4 minutes, then filter through a paper filter.

Place 4 ml of the filtrate in a centrifuge tube and add 1 ml of a 5% thymol solution, mix and add 5 ml of a special reagent (0.5 g of iron sesquichloride, 100 ml of hydrochloric acid, sp. weight 1.19) and leave for 1 hour. Then 1 ml of a mixture of chloroform and ethyl alcohol (1:15) is added to the test tube and centrifuged for 5 minutes at a speed of 1-2 thousand rpm. Reaction score:

> transparent chloroform (-) - contraction of the uterus within the normal range;

> light pink (+) - a slight violation of the contractile function of the uterus;

> pink (++) - hypotension of the uterus;

> pink-violet (+++) - severe hypotension or atony of the uterus.

Katerinov's test. Pour 3-5 ml of distilled water into a test tube and add a piece of mucus from the cervix the size of a pea. The mixture is boiled for 1-2 minutes.

With complete involution of the uterus, the fluid remains transparent, with subinvolution of the uterus, it becomes dirty and cloudy with flakes.

Deposition test according to CS. Nagorny, G.K. Kalinovsky. Pour 2 ml of lochia into a test tube and add 2 ml of a 1% solution of acetic acid or a 1:1 000 solution of ethacridine lactate.

In the normal course of the postpartum period, a mucin clot is formed that does not break when shaken, and the precipitated liquid remains transparent. In acute postpartum endometritis, a precipitate forms, with slight shaking of the tube, the liquid becomes cloudy.

After conducting diagnostic studies, animals with identified obstetric pathology are subjected to complex treatment. Examples of standard schemes used in the treatment of cows with acute endometritis are presented in table 2.

After the course of treatment, cows are examined and, if necessary, a second course is prescribed with a change in antimicrobial drugs.

Third stage.

It is carried out 10-14 days after birth (before the transfer of cows from the maternity ward). During these periods, a vaginal and rectal examination of cows is mandatory. Characteristics of the genital organs of cows for 14-15 days in the normal course of the postpartum period is shown in table 3;

Animals with obstetric pathology are transferred to separate groups and treated.

The results of all stages of obstetric medical examination are recorded in the journal.

Table 2 - Treatment regimens for cows with acute endometritis

A drug	Method of administration	Dose	Course days
Scheme No. 1
Sinestrol solution 2%	i/m	2 ml	1, 2
Oxytocin	i/m	40 units	2, 3, 4, 5
Difurol	Into the uterine cavity	100 ml	2, 4, 6
Tetramag	i/m	6 ml	1, 8
Biostimulgin-UHF	PC	20 ml	1, 2, 5, 8
Scheme No. 2
Sinestrol solution 2%	i/m	2 ml	1, 2
Oxytocin	i/m	40 units	2, 3, 4, 5
Exuter	Into the uterine cavity	1-2 tab.	2, 3, 4, 5, 6
Novocaine solution 0.5%	Blockade according to Fateev	200 ml	2, 4, 6
PDE	PC	30 ml	1, 5, 8
Scheme No. 3
Magestrofan	i/m	2 ml	1, 2
Oxytocin	i/m	40 units	2, 3, 4, 5
Endometrol	Into the uterine cavity	100 units	2, 4, 6, 8
Ichthyol solution 7% for glucose solution 20%	i/m	20 ml	1, 3, 5

organs of the reproductive system	Research method	Characteristic
Labia	Inspection	Without signs of edema, the mucous membrane is pink with a bluish tinge, moderately moist. There is no discharge of lochia from the genital slit.
Vestibule and vagina	Examination with a vaginal mirror	The mucous membranes are pale pink, moderately hydrated, integrity is not broken. There are no lochia in the cavity of the vagina, there may be a small amount of colorless translucent mucus.
Cervix	Examination with a vaginal mirror Rectal examination	The vaginal part is well contoured, the diameter is 3.5-4 cm, the cervical canal is closed, the radial folds are not edematous. It is felt in the form of a cylindrical body of cartilage consistency, on palpation it is painless.
Body and horns of the uterus	Rectal palpation	They are located in the pelvic cavity, form 1-1.5 spirals, in the middle part 1.5-2 fingers wide. The walls of the horns are elastic, rigidity is pronounced, there is no fluctuation.
ovaries	Rectal palpation	One ovary is the size of a pigeon's egg and contains remnants of the corpus luteum of pregnancy. The other ovary is about the size of a walnut (beginning of ovarian activity).

Table 3 - Characteristics of the genital organs on the 14-15th day of the postpartum period

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Clinical examination of cows and heifers is the key to the health of the herd

Frequent pathology of childbirth and the postpartum period, lack of a system and insufficient quality of medical work, untimely provision of medical care, violations in feeding animals cause a decrease in their fertility with the development of pathological changes in the reproductive organs, leading to infertility females. Therefore, in the current conditions of the development of animal husbandry, there is a need for constant and continuous monitoring of the state of the reproductive function in cattle, i.e. in conducting obstetric and gynecological medical examination of cows and heifers.

Obstetric and gynecological medical examination is a set of veterinary measures aimed at the timely detection, prevention and treatment of diseases of the reproductive organs and the mammary gland, the preservation of the reproductive ability and productivity of animals, their fertilization within the time limits stipulated by the technology, and obtaining a healthy, viable offspring.
Obstetric and gynecological medical examination includes 4 varieties: basic, seasonal, current, early. At the same time, early medical examination is obstetric, and all its other varieties are related to gynecological medical examination.

60. Obstetric and gynecological medical examination

Each of them takes place at its own time.
The main gynecological medical examination is carried out in January. The results for the past year on the reproduction of the herd are summed up, the most common causes of reproductive dysfunction in cows are identified.
Two seasonal (spring and autumn) medical examinations are carried out in April and October. The spring gynecological medical examination aims to mobilize zoo veterinarians for maximum efforts to increase fertility in the upcoming pasture period. The level of metabolism is determined and the animals that cannot be treated are culled.
The current gynecological medical examination is carried out in the last days of each month. The reproduction of the herd is analyzed, infertile cows are examined rectally or with an ultrasound machine, the causes of infertility are established.
Early obstetric medical examination is carried out on the 7-8th and 14-15th days after childbirth. They control the course of the postpartum period in animals and ensure the prevention of postpartum diseases of the genital area.
Data on the results of the study are entered in the "Obstetric and gynecological journal" and the "Journal of insemination and calving of cattle."

Veterinary specialists, livestock specialists, farm managers, artificial insemination operators (veterinarians-gynecologists), milkmaids (machine milking operators) should participate in the obstetric and gynecological examination.
In each district, a working group should be created to monitor the state of reproduction of the herd, assigned to the farms of a certain zone. The groups include livestock specialists and veterinarians of district organizations and stations for the fight against animal diseases.

At the end of the year, the reproductive capacity of the breeding stock is analyzed: how many live calves are received per 100 cows, the insemination index, the number of cases of each obstetric and gynecological disease, the effectiveness of therapeutic and preventive measures. Compare these figures with the previous year. Without fail, the report reflects the presence or absence of specific obstetric and gynecological diseases in cows both after calving and after artificial insemination.

The method of medical examination is based on the principle of sampling and continuity. The principle of sampling is carried out through the examination of control groups of animals and control farms. The principle of continuity is achieved by the systematic conduct of the main and current medical examinations.

The main medical examination is carried out once a year, the current one - once a quarter. Dates are determined by veterinarians.

The main dispensary includes:

analysis of livestock and veterinary indicators;

veterinary examination of the entire livestock;

full clinical examination of control groups of animals;

studies of urine, blood and milk from control groups of animals;

analysis of diets and living conditions of animals;

analysis of the obtained results, conclusion and suggestions;

preventive and curative measures.

The current clinical examination includes: veterinary examination of the entire livestock; clinical examination of animals from which blood is taken for analysis; examination of urine and milk from control groups of animals; analysis of diets and living conditions of animals; analysis of the obtained data, conclusion and proposals; preventive and curative measures.

The control groups are determined by the veterinarian together with the zoo engineering service, taking into account the breed, productivity, feeding conditions and keeping of animals.

At the next medical examination, the control groups are selected again. The objectivity of the conclusion depends on compliance with the rules for selecting animals. The need for selection is due to the fact that the clinical and biochemical status depends not only on feeding and maintenance, but also on the physiological state of the body (lactation, pregnancy, etc.). On large farms, a complete clinical examination and urinalysis is carried out in 15 - 20% of animals in the control groups; blood test - in 5%.

To determine the general condition of animals, an analysis of productivity, feed costs per unit of production, morbidity and mortality is carried out, body weight at birth of young animals, and the degree of culling of adult livestock are taken into account. The analysis of these indicators should be carried out in dynamics for a number of previous years. It allows you to draw a conclusion about the general condition of farms, herds, the most likely cause of metabolic disorders and the occurrence of other animal diseases.

In order to have an idea of ​​the clinical status, it is necessary to conduct a veterinary examination of the entire population and a selective complete clinical examination of the control groups.

During a veterinary examination, attention is paid to the general condition and fatness of the animals, the condition of the coat, hoof horn, bones, reaction when standing up, etc. A healthy animal is characterized by a lively and quick reaction to habitual stimuli (shouting, distribution of food), a shiny coat, and average fatness. Dystrophy or obesity, pain when standing up and walking, crunching in the joints, curvature of the spine (kyphosis, lordosis), creases of the horn shoe are often evidence of a metabolic pathology in animals.

With a complete clinical examination, fatness, the state of the lymph nodes, cardiac activity, the frequency and depth of breathing, the state of the digestive organs, liver, bones, and genitourinary organs are determined. The body temperature of animals is determined in the presence of signs of illness.

Blood test. In order to have the most complete picture of the level and state of metabolism, it is necessary to conduct laboratory tests of blood, urine, milk. These studies are carried out simultaneously with clinical examinations.

Usually 5-7 samples are taken in each group. Blood samples for analysis are taken in the morning before feeding or 4-6 hours after feeding in dry clean test tubes prepared for chemical analysis. Biochemical substances are determined in whole blood serum and in plasma.

The blood is sent to the laboratory on the day it is taken.

OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY

The study is carried out according to unified unified methods.

When sending for a blood test to the laboratory, the veterinarian or paramedic draws up a list of animals.

The list of studied blood parameters depends on the nature of the alleged pathology, as well as on the capabilities of the laboratory.

During medical examination, hemoglobin, total protein, reserve alkalinity, total calcium, inorganic phosphorus, carotene, additionally magnesium, ketone bodies, sugar, alkaline phosphatase activity, trace elements, vitamins, etc. are determined in the blood.

In 1986 - 2002 IS Shalatonov studied the dynamics of biochemical parameters in cows on 15 farms in the Moscow region with a milk yield of 4,000 to 6,000 kg of milk. A tendency to deterioration of the main biochemical indicators for the dairy herd (carotene, alkaline reserve, total calcium, inorganic phosphorus, total protein) has been established. So, for example, in 1986, the level of carotene below the permissible norm was noted in 52.4% of samples, and in 2002 - in 98.2%; alkaline reserve (normally 46-66 vol.% CO2) below the critical physiological norm was noted in 88.6% of the studied blood serum samples in 2002.

Urine study. The study of urine during clinical examination of animals is of great importance. In the urine, pathological changes can be established, associated both with a violation of metabolic processes in the body, and with the development of other diseases.

Animals without clinical signs of any diseases (endometritis, mastitis, traumatic reticulitis, etc.) are selected for research.

Urine is taken from 15-20% of animals in the control groups. It is usually examined on the farm, determining the pH, the presence of ketone bodies, if necessary - protein, bilirubin, urobilinogen, etc. Use urine taken in the morning. Urine is obtained by spontaneous urination or by massaging the labia near the clitoris.

In healthy animals, the pH of urine ranges from 7.0 to 8.6. The predominance of concentrates or acidic feed in diets leads to a shift in pH to the acid side. This condition is noted with ketosis, acidosis of the contents of the rumen, pneumonia and some inflammatory processes in the gastrointestinal tract. An increase in the pH of urine to the alkaline side occurs when a large amount of alkaline elements, such as urea, enters the body.

Milk study. During the medical examination of cows in milk, the presence of ketone bodies is determined, data on the content of fat and some other substances are used. In the milk of healthy cows, the total amount of ketone bodies (acetoacetic and β-hydroxybutyric acids, acetone) is 6-8 mg%. Severe ketonolactia (20 mg% and above) is noted only with ketosis.

During the medical examination of cows, you can examine cicatricial content. Diagnostic value have pH, the level of lactic acid, ammonia, the number of ciliates, their species composition.

Cicatricial contents are taken in the morning 3-4 hours after feeding. The optimal pH of the rumen content in cows is 6.5 - 7.2. A decrease in pH below 6.0 indicates the development of acidosis of the contents of the rumen, which is observed when eating a large amount of beets, molasses, cereals, potatoes, i.e.

foods rich in sugars and starches. Eating a large amount of poor-quality feed (rotten), the intake of urea or nitrogen-containing salts, legumes (peas, clover, alfalfa) in large quantities leads to alkalosis of the rumen content.

During the clinical examination, a sanitary and hygienic assessment of pastures, farms, and complexes is carried out.

One of the stages of clinical examination is the analysis of feeding and keeping animals.

To understand the effect of feeding on animal health, the level and type of feeding must be determined. The level of feeding is determined by comparing the total number of feed units of the ration with feed. The level of feeding can be normal, increased or reduced. Lack of feed leads to alimentary osteodystrophy, increased - to obesity or ketosis.

The structure of the diet is determined by calculating the percentage of each type of feed from the total number of feed units. The percentage ratio of different types of feed in terms of nutritional value in the total amount fed per year characterizes the type of feeding.

The initial data for determining the structure of consumed feed are accounting data for feed consumption.

During the clinical examination, a zootechnical analysis of diets is carried out, controlling feed units, digestible protein, calcium, phosphorus, carotene, sugar, the ratio of sugar to protein, and calcium to phosphorus.

Based on the analysis of diets, the content of nutrients in the feed, a conclusion is made. Much attention is paid to the quality of feed through organoleptic evaluation, laboratory analysis, chemical composition, mycological, bacteriological and toxicological studies.

A comprehensive and targeted study of animals allows you to accurately and quickly understand the causes of infertility in cows and heifers, make a diagnosis in a timely manner, prescribe the correct treatment and eliminate the causes of the disease.

Clinical and gynecological dispensary examination of cows and heifers is carried out by conducting a complex of physiological and clinical studies of the genital organs and all systems of the animal body, laboratory tests of blood, urine, uterine contents, taking into account anamnestic data.

Anamnesis. When collecting an anamnesis, find out:

The nature and duration of disorders of the reproductive function;

The degree of spread of diseases of the genital organs, the age of sick animals;

The system of organization of artificial insemination;

Fertility of cows and heifers and insemination index;

The nature of the manifestation of sexual cycles;

Results of research on infectious and parasitic diseases;

Past diseases, methods of treatment used;

The nature of the course of the birth act and involutionary processes in the genital organs of females.

The conditions of feeding, maintenance and care are also analyzed. When analyzing feeding, the rations are assessed by their composition, the percentage of coarse, succulent and concentrated feeds, by general nutritional value, digestible protein, sugar, calcium, phosphorus, carotene, the sugar-protein ratio, the presence of toxic substances and impurities of heavy metal salts are determined. This information allows us to predict the development of certain pathological processes in the genital organs.

During the general clinical examination of cows and heifers fatness, their behavioral reactions, physical activity, condition of the hairline, hoof horn, mammary gland, respiratory organs, digestion, cardiovascular system are taken into account. At the same time, by inspection, the general configuration of the animal's body, the condition of the pelvic ligaments, the vulva, the root of the tail and the perineum, the presence and nature of discharge from the genital organs, the presence of exudate or crusts on the root of the tail are determined.

Clinically healthy animals are characterized by good fatness and general condition, shiny hairline, strong bones, regular hoof shapes, limb positioning and gait.

The condition of the genital organs in cows and heifers is determined by external, rectal and vaginal examinations.

On external examination identify signs of pathology in the external genital organs, palpate and examine the croup, the surface of the thighs, the root of the tail.

Rectal examination cows and heifers allows to determine the state of the uterus and ovaries and is a very important diagnostic technique for establishing the causes of violations of the reproductive function of animals.

In healthy non-pregnant cows, the uterus and ovaries are located in the pelvic cavity, both horns are almost the same size with a clearly defined interhorn groove. In multiparous cows, the uterus may be somewhat lowered into the abdominal cavity, and one of the horns is slightly enlarged. On palpation, the uterus is noticeably reduced, reduced in size, it can be grabbed by hand. The ovaries are mobile, painless, densely elastic in consistency; follicles of various sizes and corpus luteum can be identified in them. The oviducts are usually not palpable. In heifers, the uterus and ovaries are smaller, but well palpated during rectal examination. In pregnant and infertile cows, the shape and size of the uterus, as well as the consistency, change. In the ovaries, corpora lutea, cysts are palpated, sometimes these formations are absent.

Diagnosis of diseases and functional disorders of the ovaries by the rectal method presents some difficulties, which are expressed in the laboriousness of performing palpation of the ovaries, not clearly defined morphological changes depending on the conditions of feeding, keeping and using animals, and the lack of methodological material for veterinary specialists.

Below we provide drawings of cow ovaries at various times of the estrous cycle, which show changes in the ovaries in the luteal and follicular phases. Photographs of the ovaries are confirmed by ultrasound diagnostics and its interpretation schemes, which gives a more complete picture of morphological changes.

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