In what structure of the kidney does blood filtration occur? The structure and functions of the urinary system

Consists of kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra.

kidneys- these are bean-shaped organs weighing 150 g, located in the abdominal cavity at the level of the 1st lumbar vertebra. The kidney consists of two layers: cortical and medulla, inside the kidney is the pelvis. In the cortical substance of each kidney there are about a million structural and functional units - nephrons, consisting of a capsule, glomerulus and convoluted tubule. The medulla is represented by pyramids, consisting of loops of Henle and collecting ducts.

From the renal pelvis, urine enters ureter. Its walls peristaltically contract, pushing urine into bladder. The volume of the bladder is 250-500 ml, when it is filled, the stretch receptors in its walls begin to send signals to the center of urination in the bridge.

Out of the bladder urethra. It has two sphincters: internal (at the exit from the bladder) and external (formed by the striated muscles of the perineum).

Tests

1. What is the main danger of kidney inflammation in humans?
A) the cerebral hemispheres stop regulating the work of internal organs
B) endocrine glands increase the production of hormones
C) the breakdown of organic substances stops in the body
D) the composition of the internal environment of the body changes

2. The accumulation of urea in the body indicates dysfunction
A) hearts
B) kidneys
B) stomach
D) lungs

3. What letter in the figure indicates the structure of the kidney, in which the nephron capsules are located?

4. Which organ in the figure is indicated by the letter A?

A) a blood vessel
B) bladder
B) renal pelvis
D) ureter

5. What is the function of the kidneys in humans?
A) removal of liquid decomposition products
B) excretion of insoluble minerals from the body
B) removal of carbohydrates from the body
D) the conversion of glucose into glycogen

6. In which organ of the human body does blood filtration occur?
A) uterus
B) heart
B) easy
D) kidney

7. What is the name of the formation in the kidney, which is indicated in the figure by the letter B?

A) medulla
B) small pelvis
B) big pelvis
D) cortical layer

8. A functional element of which system is the nephron?
A) digestive
B) respiratory
B) excretory
D) nervous

The human urinary system is an organ where blood is filtered, waste is removed from the body, and certain hormones and enzymes are produced. What is the structure, scheme, features of the urinary system is studied at school in anatomy lessons, in more detail - in a medical school.

The urinary system includes such organs of the urinary system as:

• ureters;
• urethra.

The structure of the human urinary system is the organs that produce, accumulate and excrete urine. The kidneys and ureters are the components of the upper urinary tract (UUT), while the bladder and urethra are the lower parts of the urinary system.

Each of these bodies has its own tasks. The kidneys filter the blood, clearing it of harmful substances and producing urine. The urinary system, which includes the ureters, bladder, and urethra, forms the urinary tract, which acts as a sewage system. The urinary tract carries out the removal of urine from the kidneys, accumulating it and then removing it during urination.

The structure and functions of the urinary system are aimed at efficient filtration of blood and removal of waste products from it. In addition, the urinary system and skin, as well as the lungs and internal organs, maintain the homeostasis of water, ions, alkali and acid, blood pressure, calcium, and red blood cells. Maintaining homeostasis is essential for the urinary system.

The development of the urinary system in terms of anatomy is inextricably linked with the reproductive system. That is why the human urinary system is often referred to as the genitourinary system.

Anatomy of the urinary system

The structure of the urinary tract begins with the kidneys. This is the name of a paired bean-shaped organ located in the back of the abdominal cavity. The task of the kidneys is to filter waste, excess ions and chemicals in the process of making urine.

The left kidney is slightly higher than the right one because the liver on the right side takes up more space. The kidneys are located behind the peritoneum and touch the muscles of the back. They are surrounded by a layer of adipose tissue that holds them in place and protects them from injury.

The ureters are two tubes 25-30 cm long, through which urine flows from the kidneys to the bladder. They go on the right and left side along the ridge. Under the influence of gravity and peristalsis of the smooth muscles of the walls of the ureters, urine moves towards the bladder. At the end, the ureters deviate from the vertical line and turn forward towards the bladder. At the point of entry into it, they are sealed with valves that prevent urine from flowing back into the kidneys.

The bladder is a hollow organ that serves as a temporary reservoir for urine. It is located along the midline of the body at the lower end of the pelvic cavity. In the process of urination, urine slowly flows into the bladder through the ureters. As the bladder fills, its walls stretch (they are able to accommodate from 600 to 800 mm of urine).

The urethra is the tube through which urine exits the bladder. This process is controlled by the internal and external sphincters of the urethra. At this stage, the female urinary system is different. The internal sphincter in males is made up of smooth muscle, while the female urinary system does not. Therefore, it opens involuntarily when the bladder reaches a certain degree of distension.

The opening of the internal sphincter of the urethra feels like a desire to empty the bladder. The external urethral sphincter consists of skeletal muscles and has the same structure in both men and women, and is controlled arbitrarily. A person opens it with an effort of will, and at the same time, the process of urination takes place. If desired, during this process, a person can voluntarily close this sphincter. Then the urination will stop.

How filtering works

One of the main tasks of the urinary system is to filter the blood. Each kidney contains a million nephrons. This is the name of the functional unit where blood is filtered and urine is produced. Arterioles in the kidneys deliver blood to structures made up of capillaries that are surrounded by capsules. They are called renal glomeruli.

When blood flows through the glomeruli, most of the plasma passes through the capillaries into the capsule. After filtration, the liquid part of the blood from the capsule flows through a number of tubes that are located near the filter cells and are surrounded by capillaries. These cells selectively absorb water and substances from the filtered fluid and return them back to the capillaries.

Simultaneously with this process, the waste products of metabolism present in the blood are excreted into the filtered part of the blood, which at the end of this process turns into urine, which contains only water, waste products of metabolism and excess ions. At the same time, the blood that leaves the capillaries is absorbed back into the circulatory system along with nutrients, water, ions, which are necessary for the functioning of the body.

Accumulation and excretion of waste products of metabolism

The krina produced by the kidneys travels through the ureters to the bladder, where it collects until the body is ready to empty. When the volume of the fluid filling the bladder reaches 150-400 mm, its walls begin to stretch, and the receptors that respond to this stretch send signals to the brain and spinal cord.

From there comes a signal aimed at relaxing the internal urethral sphincter, as well as a feeling of the need to empty the bladder. The process of urination can be delayed by willpower until the bladder is inflated to its maximum size. In this case, as it stretches, the number of nerve signals will increase, which will lead to more discomfort and a strong desire to void.

The process of urination is the release of urine from the bladder through the urethra. In this case, urine is excreted outside the body.

Urination begins when the muscles of the urethral sphincters relax and urine flows out through the opening. Simultaneously with the relaxation of the sphincters, the smooth muscles of the bladder walls begin to contract to force urine out.

Features of homeostasis

The physiology of the urinary system shows that the kidneys maintain homeostasis through several mechanisms. In doing so, they control the release of various chemicals in the body.

The kidneys can control the excretion of potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium, phosphate, and chloride ions into the urine. If the level of these ions exceeds the normal concentration, the kidneys can increase their excretion from the body in order to maintain a normal level of electrolytes in the blood. Conversely, the kidneys can store these ions if their blood levels are below normal. At the same time, during blood filtration, these ions are reabsorbed into the plasma.

The kidneys also make sure that the levels of hydrogen ions (H+) and bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) are in balance. Hydrogen ions (H+) are produced as a natural by-product of the metabolism of dietary proteins that accumulate in the blood over time. The kidneys send excess hydrogen ions into the urine to be removed from the body. In addition, the kidneys reserve bicarbonate (HCO3-) ions in case they are needed to compensate for the positive hydrogen ions.

Isotonic fluids are essential for the growth and development of body cells to maintain electrolyte balance. The kidneys maintain osmotic balance by controlling the amount of water that is filtered and eliminated from the body in the urine. If a person consumes a large amount of water, the kidneys stop the process of water reabsorption. In this case, excess water is excreted in the urine.

If the tissues of the body are dehydrated, the kidneys try to return as much as possible to the blood during filtration. Because of this, the urine is very concentrated, with a large amount of ions and waste products of metabolism. Changes in water excretion are controlled by antidiuretic hormone, which is produced in the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland to retain water in the body when it is deficient.

The kidneys also monitor the level of blood pressure, which is necessary to maintain homeostasis. When it rises, the kidneys lower it, reducing the amount of blood in the circulatory system. They can also reduce blood volume by reducing the reabsorption of water into the blood and producing watery, dilute urine. If blood pressure becomes too low, the kidneys produce the enzyme renin, which constricts the blood vessels and produces concentrated urine. In this case, more water remains in the composition of the blood.

Hormone production

The kidneys produce and interact with several hormones that control various body systems. One of them is calcitriol. It is the active form of vitamin D in the human body. It is produced by the kidneys from precursor molecules that occur in the skin after exposure to ultraviolet radiation from solar radiation.

Calcitriol works in conjunction with parathyroid hormone to increase the amount of calcium ions in the blood. When their level falls below the threshold level, the parathyroid glands begin to produce parathyroid hormone, which stimulates the kidneys to produce calcitriol. The action of calcitriol is manifested in the fact that the small intestine absorbs calcium from food and transfers it to the circulatory system. In addition, this hormone stimulates osteoclasts in the bone tissues of the skeletal system to break down the bone matrix, which releases calcium ions into the blood.

Another hormone produced by the kidneys is erythropoietin. It is needed by the body to stimulate the production of red blood cells, which are responsible for transporting oxygen to tissues. At the same time, the kidneys monitor the state of the blood flowing through their capillaries, including the ability of red blood cells to carry oxygen.

If hypoxia develops, that is, the oxygen content in the blood falls below normal, the epithelial layer of capillaries begins to produce erythropoietin and throws it into the blood. Through the circulatory system, this hormone reaches the red bone marrow, where it stimulates the rate of production of red blood cells. Thanks to this, the hypoxic state ends.

Another substance, renin, is not a hormone in the strict sense of the word. This is an enzyme that the kidneys produce to increase blood volume and pressure. This usually occurs as a reaction to a drop in blood pressure below a certain level, loss of blood, or dehydration of the body, for example, with increased skin sweating.

Importance of Diagnosis

Thus, it is obvious that any malfunction of the urinary system can lead to serious problems in the body. Pathologies of the urinary tract are very different. Some may be asymptomatic, while others may be accompanied by various symptoms, including abdominal pain when urinating and various discharges in the urine.

The most common causes of pathology are infections of the urinary system. The urinary system in children is especially vulnerable in this respect. The anatomy and physiology of the urinary system in children proves its susceptibility to diseases, which is aggravated by the insufficient development of immunity. At the same time, even in a healthy child, the kidneys work much worse than in an adult.

To prevent the development of serious consequences, doctors recommend taking a general urine test every six months. This will allow timely detection of pathologies in the urinary system and treatment.

The kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra, in men, the genitals and prostate, represent the urinary system, the task of which is to produce, store and excrete urine. The main role in this system is played by the kidneys. Blood filtration in the kidneys occurs with the help of many renal corpuscles and tubules (nephrons).

Each kidney is a non-stop filter that, in an adult, processes about 1.2 liters of blood per minute.

The kidneys perform the following functions:

• they undergo the process of urination;
• blood purification, as well as the removal of drugs, toxins, etc .;
• regulate the exchange of electrolytes;
• control the pressure and volume of blood circulation;
• maintain acid-base balance.

The kidneys perform vital functions in the human body.

Thanks to the nephrons, the following processes occur in the kidneys.

Filtration

The filtration process in the kidneys begins with the filtering of blood through the glomerular membranes under the influence of hydrostatic pressure. As a result, there is a loss of a large amount of liquid, useful chemicals and slags. Substances filtered from the blood (primary urine) move into the Bowman's capsule. Primary urine contains water, excess salts, glucose, urea, creatinine, amino acids and other low molecular weight compounds.

The filtration rate of the kidneys is its main characteristic, which affects the efficient functioning of the organ and overall health.

The rate of formation of primary urine is 110 ml per minute in the female body and 125 in the male. These are average figures that may vary depending on the weight, age and other physical characteristics of a person.

During the day, 180 liters of primary urine is formed.

Reabsorption

In the process of reabsorption, epithelial cells absorb water, glucose, and nutrients and return them to the blood.

At this stage, 178 liters or 99% of the components of primary urine are returned to the blood. Threshold substances are absorbed to a certain concentration in the blood (for example, glucose), non-threshold - completely (for example, proteins).

Secretion

At this stage, hydrogen ions (H +), potassium ions (K +), ammonia and some drugs are secreted. Secretion and reabsorption processes occur, as a result of which primary urine is converted into secondary urine in a volume of 1.5 to 2 liters per day.

Violation of the filtration process in the kidneys

The filtration capacity of the kidneys is determined using the clearance indicator. With its help, the rate of purification of blood by the kidneys from a certain substance in 1 minute is determined. Specialists use endogenous substances (endogenous creatinine) and exogenous substances (inulin). Also, data are needed on the content of milligram-percentage of a substance in blood plasma (K) and urine (M), as well as minute diuresis (D) - the volume of urine excreted by the body for 1 minute.

This method makes it possible to detect reduced or increased filtration of the kidneys.

Symptoms of a broken filtration process

Filtration disorders are manifested in:

• reduced pressure;
• renal stasis;
• hyperedema (especially of the limbs and face);
• impaired urination (emptying of the bladder occurs too often or, conversely, rarely);
• change in the color of urine;
• pain syndrome in the lumbar region.

Causes of impaired filtration of the kidneys

Violation of the filtration capacity of the kidneys has causes that are divided into 2 types:

• The occurrence of pathology due to the presence of serious chronic diseases that do not directly affect the urinary system. These include: shock, dehydration, purulent-inflammatory processes, different pressure in different areas in the circulatory system, etc.
• The kidneys cease to filter normally in their pathology, for example: reduced glomerular surface, reduced blood supply to the kidneys, damaged glomerular membranes, as well as obstruction of the tubules. Polycystic, pyelonephritis and other diseases lead to such changes.

filtering glomerulus of the kidney

Decreased filtration of the kidneys

Decreased filtration of the kidneys is characterized by an insufficient amount of primary urine formation and occurs due to:

• low blood pressure. Shock conditions and heart failure lead to such a state, which leads to a decrease in hydrostatic pressure in the glomeruli and, as a result, to a violation of the filtration process. Cardiac decompensation leads to congestion in the kidneys, resulting in increased intrarenal pressure and decreased filtration. However, the kidneys have the ability to automatically regulate blood supply and low blood pressure cannot fully affect the functioning of the organ;
• narrowed renal artery and arterioles (atherosclerotic stenosis). As a result of this pathological condition, renal blood flow decreases and hydrostatic pressure in the glomeruli decreases. A strong increase in pressure occurs when the afferent arterioles have an increased tone (with reflex pain anuria, the introduction of a large dose of adrenaline, hypertension);
• increased blood oncotic pressure as a result of dehydration of the body or the introduction of protein-based drugs into the blood contribute to a drop in filtration pressure, and as a result, poor renal filtration occurs;
• impaired urine outflow occurs with nephrolithiasis, prostate hypertrophy and other diseases and contributes to a progressive increase in intrarenal pressure. When it reaches 40 mm Hg. Art. there is a risk of complete cessation of filtration, followed by anuria and uremia;
• a reduced number of working glomeruli is observed in chronic nephritis, nephrosclerosis. As a result, the filtration area is limited and primary urine is produced in smaller quantities. These changes may indicate damage to the filtering membrane and contribute to the onset of uremia;
• a damaged filtration membrane causes a violation of the filtration of the organ.

The filtration of blood in the kidneys is slowed down most often in heart failure, hypotension and the presence of tumors that contribute to a decrease in pressure in the kidneys and contribute to the onset of kidney failure.

Increased kidney filtration

This pathological condition leads to:

• increased tone of the efferent arteriole, which occurs when a small dose of adrenaline enters the body, in the initial stages of nephritis or hypertension;
• reduced tone of the adductor arteriole may occur reflexively with limited blood circulation in the external part of the body (for example: fever leads to increased diuresis when the temperature rises);
• reduced oncotic blood pressure due to abundant fluid intake or blood thinning.

Increased filtration is also observed in lupus erythematosus and diabetes mellitus, leading to increased diuresis, as a result of which the body loses essential amino acids, glucose and other substances.

Diabetes mellitus is one of the causes of impaired filtration of the kidneys.

Treatment of impaired blood filtration

The treatment regimen for a pathological condition is determined individually by a nephrologist, depending on the patient's condition and the underlying disease, which must be dealt with.

The most commonly prescribed drugs are Theobromine and Eufillin, which are diuretics and improve kidney filtration.

Treatment also involves diet. It is necessary to exclude fatty, fried, salty and spicy foods from the diet. Protein intake should also be limited. Boiled, stewed or steamed dishes are recommended. These restrictions are relevant for both treatment and prophylactic purposes.

Diet plays an important role in the treatment of kidney filtration disorders

The drinking regimen should be increased to 1.2 liters of fluid per day. An exception may be the presence of edema.

To normalize the functioning of the kidneys, folk remedies are used. The watermelon diet, diuretic decoctions and herbal infusions, teas have proven themselves well:

• parsley (1 tablespoon of roots and seeds) pour boiling water (0.5 l), set for several hours. Drink half a glass 2 times a day;
• rosehip root (2 tablespoons of roots) pour boiling water, boil for 15 minutes. Drink 1/3 cup three times a day.

You should also give up alcohol, avoid stress, have a good rest and take the necessary measures to increase immunity.

Self-medication is strictly prohibited. Only timely diagnosis and treatment of pathology, as well as concomitant diseases with the help of specialists, can lead to a positive result.

With a number of diseases, there is a need to remove harmful substances from the blood that cause the disease process of the body. Plasmapheresis is a procedure for cleaning the blood and the body as a whole. The effectiveness of plasmapheresis has also been proven in various forms of the most severe and incurable autoimmune diseases in various fields of medicine.

Efferent medicine

Plasma filters and membrane plasmapheresis devices produced by "TREKPORE TECHNOLOGY" are instruments of the direction of medicine, called efferent medicine. Its basis is the purification of human blood from toxic substances that our body accumulates in the process of life, from harmful bacteria, microbes that cause mass diseases. Efferent medicine is an assistant in the treatment of more than 200 diseases, which include allergic and autoimmune diseases, chronic hepatitis, diabetes mellitus, etc., in the removal of toxicosis in pregnant women, in the elimination of the consequences of drug and alcohol use, and simply in cleansing the blood of toxins, which delays the aging of the body.

Blood purification - plasmapheresis

Plasmapheresis is a method of efferent therapy based on the removal of the liquid part of whole blood - plasma containing compounds harmful to the body, toxins and viruses. The patient's blood is passed through a membrane plasma filter to separate plasma and erythrocyte mass. The plasma is separated from the cellular elements and removed along with toxins and pathological elements, while the cellular elements are returned to the patient. The advantage of plasmapheresis in comparison with drug treatments is the lack of addiction and side effects.

Cascade blood filtration

Unlike therapeutic plasmapheresis, when plasma with autoimmune factors is removed from the body and disposed of, the plasma obtained by the cascade plasmapheresis apparatus is sent to the secondary filter. At this stage, unlike conventional plasmapheresis, only harmful components are selectively removed from the plasma. The purified plasma is returned to the person.

The main purpose of using cascade plasmapheresis is to combat atherosclerosis, which causes myocardial infarction, stroke and other severe cardiovascular diseases. Cascade plasma filtration is also the basis of other methods of efferent therapy. With the help of cascade plasma filtration, some specific treatments are carried out, in particular LDL apheresis, or the removal of low density lipoproteins using filtration technology. At the same time, at the second stage, the plasma obtained as a result of the filtration of the first stage is passed through columns with sorbents.

Human blood is of great importance for the normal functioning of the body, therefore, the state of the whole organism depends on its purity. Under the influence of negative external influences, age-related changes, bad habits and malnutrition, there is a gradual contamination of the blood with toxins, toxic and other substances that have a negative effect on it.

You can help the body become healthier and stronger if you periodically do blood purification procedures. This is what plasmapheresis is for.

You need to know that this method of recovery cannot be carried out independently. All procedures should be performed only in a medical institution and only by highly qualified specialists. And also, before deciding on such treatment, you can consult a doctor who has already performed such “operations” more than once.

Pros and cons of plasmapheresis

Plasmapheresis involves the process of removing plasma from the blood. The plasma is then filtered. Then all the necessary elements are taken from it, which renew the blood, and are again introduced into the human body. Of the volume of blood fluid that was taken, only 25% ends up in the filter. In order to supplement the entire volume, add saline.

Benefits of the procedure

As already mentioned, plasmapheresis should be performed in a medical clinic and by experienced doctors. Another condition is to carry out the procedure with materials that have undergone thorough sterilization and using disposable instruments.

Before performing a plasmapheresis "operation", the specialist performing such treatment must make an individual calculation of the volume of blood required for cleaning. Therefore, the attending physician requires data on the height and weight of the patient, as well as information on previous studies.

During blood sampling and plasma injection into the body, the person is monitored by medical personnel. At the same time, with the help of devices, the state of the pulse and pressure is constantly monitored, as well as how fast the patient's breathing is.

During the “operation” itself, the patient is monitored by medical personnel experienced in these procedures. Special equipment is also attached to the patient, which controls the state of the body. And also devices are connected to the patient that control how much the blood is saturated with oxygen and the frequency of breathing.

Another advantage of plasmapheresis is painlessness. For this, no painkillers and medicines of this type are used. Taking and entering blood is absolutely easy to carry. In addition to the taken and processed plasma, only physiological saline and drugs that replace blood fluid are injected into the human body.

Blood renewal has a general effect on the human body. After the procedure, there are changes in the state of health.

1. Immunity rises.
2. The consistency of the blood becomes more liquid, which is the prevention of heart disease.
3. The amount of cholesterol decreases.
4. The pressure becomes stable.
5. Metabolism is restored.
6. The possibility of oxygen starvation is excluded.

It is very important that the plasmapheresis procedure is carried out in accordance with all the rules. Since any violation can cause complications.

Side effects

After the patient's blood has been renewed, he may experience minor negative effects, expressed in symptoms:

• in the eyes periodically there is turbidity;
• slight circling of the head;
• pressure in the arterial system may decrease.

Plasmapheresis removes substances such as immunoglobulins. This happens at the moment when the plasma is removed from the blood. But still, it does not affect immunity.

Results of one session

As a result of the session, almost 20% of those harmful substances that adversely affect the state of health are removed from the taken blood. But if the patient has a sufficiently pronounced form of any disease, then such treatment may be ineffective.

For a more effective result, it is necessary to carry out a complex that includes a number of therapeutic procedures and strict diets that help strengthen the healing of the whole organism.

Who needs this procedure

It is not possible to clean the blood for every disease. Among the many human diseases, there are about two hundred. It is with these diseases that this procedure is most effective and acceptable.

Such diseases include violations of some body systems, as well as its reaction to any injury. In most cases, it is the doctor who determines whether the procedure is possible and necessary. Diseases in which blood cleansing is prescribed include damage to the skin that occurred due to an allergic reaction, inflammatory processes, or as a result of burns.

The most effective "operation" is considered in the presence of an infection in the human body, or with such ailments as periodontal disease, chlamydia, or with serious forms of poisoning.

Very often, this procedure is prescribed for women who are going to conceive a child. Since, for the normal development of the fetus, it is necessary that there are no toxins in the mother's body. This is especially useful for women who smoke, drink alcohol, use drugs, or drugs containing toxins.

It is also desirable to clean the blood for pregnant women, those suffering from allergies or for the purpose of its prevention. Indications for this method of treatment are:

• the presence of a chronic infection in the body;
• autoimmune diseases;
• Rhesus incompatibility.
• When is plasmapheresis contraindicated?

It is strictly forbidden to carry out the plasmapheresis procedure in case of heavy bleeding, especially if it cannot be stopped. Before the “operation”, the patient is tested, which, after examination, reveals the presence of contraindications. It is not advisable for a patient to perform blood purification if he has:

• poor clotting of the blood fluid was revealed;
• too low pressure;
• violations of the heart;
• there are serious illnesses;
• a small amount of a protein substance was found in the blood;
• there is an infection in the body;
• underdeveloped veins.

If the patient is female, then plasmapheresis is prohibited during the menstrual cycle, since during this period the patient already loses blood, which is updated on its own.

In the event that there is any contraindication, then he simply needs to get expert advice. Since this "operation" can not only not give the desired result, but even negatively affect the patient's condition.

How blood is cleansed

This procedure is one of the most popular blood purification methods. Medical personnel carry out such an "operation" in six stages.

1. To begin with, blood is taken.
2. After that, the blood is divided into its constituent elements.
3. Further, those substances that were obtained as a result of processing are reintroduced into the bloodstream.
4. The missing amount of plasma is replaced with a special saline solution.
5. Plasma that has been processed or that was taken from the patient is added to it.
6. The fluid resulting from this whole process is reintroduced into the body.

An additional plasma treatment service is also provided. However, this can only be done in cases of an individual approach.

The process is performed only if there are special devices and devices in medical clinics. During each procedure, the patient must lie down.

Blood fluid is taken from the body using one or two needles. The devices used in this procedure must be large, much larger than the needles that are inserted into the veins when a drip is connected.

1. Fractions are separated by three methods.
2. Filtration or membrane.
3. Centrifugal or gravity.
4. Cascading.

First method

The blood fluid that was taken from the patient is filtered in devices designed for this procedure. When the whole stage is completed, the obtained substances are introduced into the patient's blood, but the plasma substances are destroyed or subjected to another filtration. The same is done with cells that have not been processed.

Second method

The taken blood is placed in bags, which are then sent to a centrifuge. In the apparatus, the shaped element settles. The blood is separated into cell masses and plasma. Subsequently, the plasma is removed from the bag, and the obtained elements are reintroduced into the blood stream.

Third method

The seized plasma is filtered in a special device. During the filtration process, the plasma passes through an additional filter insert that allows only low molecular weight proteins to pass through.

Last step of the procedure

The final stage is to return the processed uniform elements to the patient by introducing them into the blood. Since these elements have a sufficiently high density, the lack of plasma, which dilutes the liquid, is replaced with saline or solutions that can replace blood. It is also possible to return one's own plasma, but only after it has undergone additional filtration. When a patient has a plasma pathology, in this case, the patient is injected with donor plasma, which is enriched in the protein fraction.

What method will be used for fractional separation, what composition will be used and in what volume the solution will be processed, the amount of how much plasma needs to be removed is decided on an individual basis.