Technology systems in agriculture. Fertile soil: why it's time to do business in agriculture

Import substitution and rising export prices played into the hands of Russian agricultural producers. The volume of production is growing, but a qualitative leap from extensive to intensive development is still far away.

The experts of the AgroBioTech&Food track of the GenerationS accelerator evaluated the innovation factor in the development of agriculture.

Oleg Malsagov

Partner of BOOM Communications, Development Advisor to the Rector of ITMO University

Mutual responsibility

Farmers around the world are actively innovating. The same cannot be said about Russia. Domestic agriculture "rested" a large amount of time. The low level of workers affected the quality of work of the agricultural sector as a whole. Now the agricultural direction is being created from scratch.

There are several trends that hinder the development of this area:

1. Lack of understanding of modern technologies in the agricultural sector;
2. Failure to use, implement and benefit from innovations;
3. Insufficient prestige of the profession;
4. Lack of communication between the representative of the agricultural sector and technology carriers;
5. Mutual responsibility of theft within agricultural enterprises.

In my opinion, the biggest problem is that the value of the labor of farmers and agricultural producers has decreased in the public mind. Everyone is used to the fact that there are technologies and professionals in the West, but it is not prestigious to be in Russia.

Attempts to popularize the agricultural sector are chaotic, there are not enough professional platforms for communication between industry representatives and targeted inventors.

At the same time, existing platforms, such as the AgroBioTech&Food track of the GenerationS accelerator, receive active support from farmers. After all, if agricultural technologies are dealt with correctly, they will open multi-billion dollar markets.

Sanctions as an incentive for development

After the imposition of sanctions, a whole niche in agriculture opened up for domestic producers. Today, technologies related to the reproduction of food shortages, which were previously imported from abroad, are very popular. are starting to be used.

At first, they simply brought animals from abroad, but now Russian developments of artificial insemination for breeding stock are being introduced. Agricultural holdings are also actively looking for developers of new equipment. The Russian inventor is becoming relevant, as the cost of foreign equipment exceeds acceptable standards and does not always pay off.

The agricultural market is specific, and the mechanism of its functioning does not correspond to the established canons.

To develop technologies in the agricultural sector, you need to be patient, because agriculture is the most closed sector today.

In addition, it is important to build proper communication with owners and directors. These people in their mentality and views differ from our idea of ​​an entrepreneur. Enlisting their support, you will get a huge advantage.

Nadezhda Orlova

Director of the Engineering Center "Prombiotech"

Beef cattle vs dairy

The situation with innovations in different branches of agriculture looks different. The beef cattle breeding sector is rapidly developing. In it, the share of products with an innovative component increased from 0.1% to 7%. In the related dairy cattle sector, this figure is only 1.4% and does not actually change over time.

In Russia, there is still a high proportion of farms where innovations are treated with caution or distrust.

There may be several reasons:

• Low motivation
• Management conservatism
• Fear of experiments

In addition, the development of new projects requires the so-called long-term money. In the last two years, the availability of loans for Russian companies has decreased significantly. The sharp increase in the key rate has led to the fact that only leading players are investing in the industry.

The influence of these factors is well illustrated by dairy cattle breeding. Here we see a high degree of management conservatism, the absence of major players, and the longest payback period for investment projects compared to other industries.

As a result, the intensity of introduction of innovative technologies is minimal. The reverse example is the poultry meat sector, which is characterized by a quick payback and a relatively high concentration of players, large agricultural holdings with a modern one. There are no barriers to innovation in this sector.

Future technologies

• Main trend

The transition from finding solutions to problems to their prevention. In the field of animal husbandry, these are vaccine prevention of diseases, modern technologies for feeding and keeping animals.

In crop production, more and more attention is paid to the pre-sowing protection of planting material, increasing fertility and preventing soil depletion by reducing the chemical load and improving the soil microbiota. The change of models is characterized by the greening of production and the reduction of waste, which is a particular problem for agriculture. Modern technologies allow creating practically waste-free production.

• Another important trend

Automation of production processes and elimination of risks associated with the human factor. In the near future, technologies for remote monitoring and process control will be actively introduced. For example, solutions for automatic climate control in greenhouses and greenhouses, personalized monitoring of animal health and productivity indicators, feeding control and statistical accounting.

Indeed, cardinal changes in the agricultural market will occur with the development of transgenesis and cloning technologies, but in Russia this is a matter of a long-term perspective.

The main criteria for the success of startups in the field of agriculture are proven economic efficiency, minimization of harm to the environment, logical and effective integration into the existing and future technological scheme.

Roman Kulikov

Head of the direction "Biotechnologies in agriculture and industry" of the Skolkovo Foundation (Open University Skolkovo - partner of GenerationS)

stumbling block

The main problem of agriculture is that large agro-industrial holdings have historically applied Western innovative technologies everywhere.

Now, due to the high cost of technology solutions, more and more agricultural holdings are interested in domestic developments. Russian scientists did not leave this situation unattended.

There is both the production of analogues of foreign products, and the creation of new developments and technological processes that are adapted to Russian conditions.

The main limiting factor is the fear of large corporations to use domestic developments, as they have not been properly approved and tested, and these are high risks and costs for the company.

On the other hand, the process of agricultural development is constrained by the quality of education. For the successful implementation of the developments of Russian scientists in the agro-industrial sector, a highly qualified and highly specialized staff is needed. The process of training employees requires both time and money. Therefore, not all Russian companies are ready to take the risk of testing domestic developments in their business.

Chipization and precision farming

Among the "breakthrough" developments, it is worth paying attention to chipization and monitoring technologies. This technological process can greatly facilitate and increase production, help to respond to various unforeseen situations in a timely manner. Monitoring technologies allow you to track the condition of the livestock, the number of milk yields, and so on.

Among the promising areas, it is also worth highlighting the technologies for recycling and waste management. Few succeed in making this cost-effective, but this is a promising direction that can be implemented within a few years.

Another growing trend is the use of precision or coordinate farming technologies. Innovations in this area are used for sowing calculation, yield planning, fertilization and plant protection products, accurate analysis.

In the field of agriculture, you need to remember that demand creates supply. It is necessary to build on market expectations at the time of project planning. The project team should pay special attention to patenting intellectual property. Also, do not neglect the correct "packaging" and presentation of your idea to a wide audience.

Ivan Garaev

General Director of the Institute of Organic Agriculture

Agroholdings VS farmers

With the development of the market, subsidies and increased profitability due to vertical integration, innovations are most often introduced by large agricultural holdings. But they bring the matter to the end and work out the technology of a unit. Often you can see new technological machines that have had time to rust, which simply did not fit into the general technological cycle. They were bought as a new toy, as a tribute to innovation, but the technological chain was not thought out.

On small farms, the introduction of innovations requiring investment is slow or non-existent. But they react very quickly to innovations in agricultural technologies.

In small farms, often the owner, he is also the director and he is also the chief agronomist, counts every penny and seeks to maximize profits and reduce costs. Therefore, he boldly goes to experiments.

Today, the chemical approach prevails in agriculture, but its negative consequences have already become so obvious that farmers themselves are beginning to look for solutions and move away from the chemical paradigm of agriculture. At the same time, the main business of crop protection chemicals, mineral fertilizers and GMOs is concentrated in the hands of a narrow circle of people who, in fact, dictate the principles of agricultural development.

Many farms have long understood that the existing concept, based on the simplification of agricultural technology and minimizing costs through the unification of processes, leads to the collapse of the entire system for the formation of a full-fledged food basket and biological diversity on the planet.

Large companies with their interests act as a deterrent. And around the world, the same biotech companies are actively developing that are displacing chemistry and introducing a new paradigm of agriculture, namely intelligent agriculture based on integration with the natural mechanisms of plant growth.

GMOs, living organisms and cheap protein

The three drivers of development in agriculture are GMOs, live organisms and cheap protein.

In these trends, biotechnology has split into two fronts with diametrically opposed concepts of development.

1. Proponents of GMOs seek to subordinate the development of plants to control by changing the properties of the plant itself. Proponents of biological development, on the contrary, are trying to study the principles and mechanisms of the soil biocenosis and stimulate the development of these mechanisms without interfering with their natural component.
2. The second way is complex, time-consuming, multifactorial. It requires a lot of knowledge, so it develops slowly. The development trend of living organisms lags far behind the GMO trend. GMO unifies all growing processes by minimizing the food basket and following the requirements of processors, and then retail chains, which are easier to sell three types, rather than 200 types of products.

The concept of the development of living organisms, on the contrary, develops diversity and strives for high quality without human intervention in the processes of nature. This, in turn, entails not just a variety of products in the consumer basket, but the introduction of knowledge on growing many different varieties, knowledge on working with biotechnology.

All chemical companies have opened in the laboratory to study this area, because they understand that managing the global food market only through GMOs can lead to an environmental disaster or a natural dead end.

Regarding the latest trend, protein is a big percentage in our products. Getting both vegetable and animal protein without growing animals or traditional crops becomes much more profitable. And for the end consumer it has long been unimportant what he eats a cutlet from - beef or grasshoppers.

1. The first requirement for new projects is relevance with a horizon of several years. The development should anticipate foreign analogues, and not just copy them.
2. Secondly, the development should be integrated with existing agricultural technologies without additional investment in this integration and restructuring of the entire technological process.
3. Thirdly, the level of performance and ease of use should not be inferior to current analogues. Fourth, funding should be sufficient not only at the stage of R&D and industrial design, but also for mass implementation in all regions of Russia, in order to conduct mass tests within 1-2 years, build distribution, and accompany with marketing communications.

The existing agricultural technology with intensive chemicalization comes to a standstill. We see this in the reduction of soil fertility, reduction in yields, and lower profitability. Startups need a different approach that will change the paradigm in agriculture and provide new technologies to increase yields without harming the ecology of soils, the environment and humans.

"NEWTECHNOLOGIES"

MODERN ECONOMY

AGRICULTURE

INNOVATIVE PROJECT "REVIVAL OF AGRICULTURE

ON NEW TECHNOLOGIES»

Krasnoyarsk

ChapterI	Description of the innovative Project
	target program
	Features of the new management system
	New rural school
	Project implementation
	Reference: suppliers, designers, builders, consultants
ChapterII	Organization of production and stages of implementation of the Project
	financial planning
So what are the reasons hindering the development of agriculture? Innovative processes in agriculture, as in any economic project, are associated with the organization of processes in real time, with the participation of real people. The only difference is that today there are almost no qualified personnel in the countryside and the implementation itself depends on the specifics of agriculture, which is determined by the seasonality of production, changing, often unforeseen conditions. These conditions arise as a result of a discrepancy between the production time required to obtain products and the working period, which is shorter in duration and represents the time of direct human impact on the object of labor (plowing, processing crops, harvesting). The gap between them is due to the natural process of development of plants and animals. The seasonality of production can be softened or weakened, but it cannot be eliminated due to the cyclicity of plant and animal organisms, and therefore there is no direct functional relationship between the volume of production costs and output (which is usually used in other industries for follow-up control). In addition, work in agriculture is much more difficult than in other industries, as it is associated with various risks, with a large share of manual labor and the performance of many different types of work, technological processes and operations. The limited deadlines for performing work make it necessary to carry out work processes under adverse weather conditions, and the seasonal nature of production causes uneven use of labor (excessive workload in some periods and underloading in others), and the proportion of labor of the elderly, women and adolescents is high, which is not observed in other branches of the national economy. In agriculture, the level of wages is 2.5-3 times lower than in all other sectors, so wages have ceased to be the main factor of well-being and even a source of simple reproduction of the labor force. This role is played mainly by private households. Agriculture is also characterized by such a feature as the spatial dispersal of production, volume and perishable nature of products. This causes high transportation costs, increases the cost of production, makes it difficult to sell it, requires predominantly mobile equipment, significant time costs, and causes loss of crop and livestock products. In addition, part of the produced products is annually used by agriculture itself for livestock feed, for seeds, for the restoration of livestock, which reduces the level of marketability, causes the need for additional funds to create reserve funds for development and storage. Agriculture is also largely dependent on the market for industrial capital goods and their prices. With uneven rates of increase in prices for agricultural products and industrial means of production, energy and services, their reusable disparity arises. This leads to a decrease in the material and technical equipment of farms, stretching the time of work, loss of products, weakening resistance to the adverse effects of the external environment. The lack of state support for domestic producers has given rise to a large influx of imported products, which can only be stopped by creating conditions for the development of the agro-industrial complex. An important role here can be played by the introduction of innovative technologies that will help to significantly reduce the cost of agricultural products, facilitate labor and create new ecological food products, help restore livestock, develop industrial production and social infrastructure, which will ultimately give the rural population new jobs, increase the price of agricultural labor will increase the demand for labor, especially for young people. All of the above will improve their own well-being and revive the village. II. OUTLOOK FOR INNOVATION 1. THE TERRITORY AND THE TODAY STATE OF THE POPULATION'S ENVIRONMENT All over the world, including Russia, there is a lot of talk about overcoming the ecological and economic crisis, including on the ecology of food products, but nowhere has a specific project of an experimental, that is, a pilot territory, been proposed for testing technologies for sustainable development of the habitat and production, since there were no enthusiastic organizers, and few people knew where to start. The organizers inevitably faced questions: what organizational, legal, financial and economic, socio-demographic, pedagogical, spiritual and moral and other mechanisms should be launched in order for the economy of the pilot territory to become environmentally improving within a reasonable time, that is, to begin an irreversible improvement in the working environment, human habitats and lives – sustainable development. And another question arose, in a certain sense a key one: would people living in the planned territory, having the inertia of thinking of the Soviet era, agree to participate in the experiment. To answer this question, as well as to accelerate, economically and safely accumulate relevant experience from the implementation of an innovative Project, including testing a new model for the development of a rural settlement, a base territory was required. Gaining experience in the base territories is much cheaper than in the territories of the whole region, since smaller productive forces are involved in a small territory, and relatively low inertia allows you to quickly adjust actions and programs, do more training and implementation than research. 2. BRIEF INFORMATION ABOUT THE TERRAIN The village of Minushka, Irbeysky district, was chosen as a launching pad, located in a beautiful place in the foothills of the Sayan Mountains, in the bend of two fish rivers Kungus and Yagash, which creates a kind of microclimate. The village of Minushka is 140 years old. It was inhabited by 130 families, with a total number of more than 900 people. These were Cossacks and settlers from the central regions of Russia, who brought the culture and life of their regions to this virgin natural corner. They built beautiful houses that were lovingly decorated with carvings. They themselves burned bricks, lime, and various pottery. Flax, buckwheat, hemp, cereals were grown. Beekeeping, animal husbandry, horse breeding were developed. The forests still abound with ferns, mushrooms, berries and other wild plants. Now there are only 12 families left in the village. The village of Minushka is located at a distance of 58 km from the railway station. Irbeyskaya, where the regional center is located. There was a state farm in the village, then it was transferred to the subsidiary farm of a defense enterprise, and now it has been liquidated, as a result, a population of 26 people (average age 50 years) was left completely without work. People live exclusively on their own farm. The farm keeps horses, cattle, pigs and other livestock. In the village there are pastures for 1,000 heads, 1,700 hectares of arable land, which have not been sown for five years now. After the liquidation of the subsidiary farm, the residents bought out agricultural machinery, which is now almost all sold and consumed. The rest of the equipment is worn out. There was still quite a lot of different faulty equipment and mechanisms that could be restored, including a forge, workshops, warehouses, but all this was taken away on its own or scrapped. The village has a water well, a 400 kVA substation. Of the social facilities there is a club, a feldsher-obstetric station. There are no schools, communications, bus service, retail outlets. The children study at a boarding school, which is located in the rural administrative center 12 km away, but now the boarding school is closed and the children live in apartments. For four years, explanatory work was carried out with the villagers about the goals and objectives of the innovative Project. Gradually, people began to understand the task, but only a few people actively responded, the rest doubt or do not believe, therefore they are in a waiting state - what will come of it. It should be noted that in the village during this time they began to drink less and warmer relations were established between the inhabitants. Therefore, it is better to develop the village of Minushka on the basis of personal farmsteads, which can become production units of the Managing Agro-Industrial Company, as well as a pioneer base for further development. In agreement with the district administration, the base territory becomes a territory on an area of ​​72 hectares, the village of Galunka, which disappeared 20 years ago, which is located at a distance of 7 km from the village of Minushka. The district administration leased overgrown farmland on an area of ​​800 hectares for 49 years for agricultural production. The land is not divided into plots and is under the jurisdiction of the district administration only, which contributes to the achievement of the goals and objectives of the innovative Project. The pilot site, which we have given the conditional name "Life-Giving Source", was the best way to contribute to the birth of a full-blooded economic program, which, as it develops, should become completely self-financing, as teaching, informing, predicting, managing, consulting, progressive environmental, resource-saving, and environment-improving technologies involved in the innovative Project made it possible to produce competitive material values ​​and receive income from their sale. Innovative activity in such a territory makes it possible to control the implementation of the Project with less risk of errors, loss of funds and time, and a decrease in the quality of life and education. Production of mushrooms and flowers. 2. Planned processing of agricultural products It is planned to introduce the latest technologies for the processing of the following products : Cereals for: flour, confectionery and pasta, cereals, soups, cereals, animal feed. Industrial crops for: vegetable oils, including for the production of biofuels, essential oils and perfumery and cosmetic products, the manufacture of various herbal teas, etc. Potatoes, vegetables and gourds for: starch, canning, drying, freezing, juice production. Horticulture and beekeeping for: honey, propolis, wax, conservation, drying of horticultural products. Cattle breeding, pig breeding, sheep breeding, poultry farming, horse breeding, fur farming and rabbit breeding for: meat, sausages, milk, sour cream, yoghurts, kefirs, cottage cheese, butter, etc., dressing skins, tailoring winter overalls, etc. 3. Procurement activities for the collection and processing of wild plants Purchase of wild plants from the population with further processing (deep freezing, canning, production of jams, jams, various juices). 4. Planned activities of marketing services and management in Krasnoyarsk · Search and introduction into agricultural circulation of new technologies for growing and processing forgotten agricultural crops, previously traditional for agricultural areas. · Search for new technologies for the storage and processing of grain, berries, vegetables, fruits, wild plants, obtaining feed for farm animals and their implementation on the basis of existing enterprises or the organization of new industries. · Search for new technologies for the processing and storage of livestock products and their implementation on the basis of existing enterprises or the organization of new industries. · Search and implementation of promising areas in the energy sector of agriculture, such as hydro and wind power, other innovative power plants and heating systems. · Search and implementation of the latest technologies and means of agricultural mechanization. · Organization of timber processing production to meet the needs of the managing agro-industrial company. · Development of a marketing service for effective activities in the market for the sale of products, taking into account the requirements of the consumer and the internal capabilities of agricultural enterprises, the managing agro-industrial company and efficient environmental management. · Development of management to ensure effective management and improvement of agricultural production management in accordance with the prospects for the socio-economic development of rural areas. · Accumulation of funds and resources to expand the processing of agricultural products, recycling and recycling of production waste. As a result of weak control, or more simply, the lack of control by the state in the regulation of the grain market, the destruction of old economic relations with undeveloped new economic relations between farms, producers and consumers of grain in the agro-industrial complex, the tendency to self-sufficiency in grain has increased to the detriment of the agricultural producers themselves. Many intermediaries appeared on the grain market, enriching themselves at the expense of the peasants, since the processing of agricultural products by the commodity producers themselves is not developed and there is no organized grain market that would regulate the quality of grain. In the current conditions, the managing agro-industrial company, as investment company, carries out not only independent audit control over the financial activities of agricultural enterprises receiving investments, but also carries out legal support agricultural producers to the state, which is obliged to take economic measures as soon as possible: price regulation, effective financial and credit, tax, foreign trade policy, for which it is necessary to return to the operation of the Law "On Grain" and other laws in the field of agro-industrial production. It is necessary to amend and supplement other unrealized legislative acts, taking into account the realities prevailing in the agrarian economy, to finalize and adopt targeted programs that are of exceptional importance for the sustainable development of agriculture and the grain market, both in the region and in the whole country. 8. Remuneration in departments In the traditional sense, wages are not provided. An opportunity is provided for each employee the right to sell not labor, but the result of his labor as a product, which will change the employee's attitude to work. This provides that each employee under the contract provides production with a service. For this purpose, 185 types of economic activity are allocated in the charter of the Managing Agro-Industrial Company in order to reflect the possible needs for certain services as fully as possible. What caused it? Even 100 years ago, the researcher and practitioner Engeldardt noted that not every peasant can be a master. “Some people think,” he wrote, “that it is enough to be born a peasant, to be accustomed to peasant work from an early age, in order to be a good master, a good worker. This is completely false. There are very few good hosts, because a great deal is required of a good host.” Today ends the wave of intoxication with property. She showed that the agro-industrial sector transferred yesterday to the market economy, that is, work in the old fashioned way. Hundreds of thousands of farmers went bankrupt, hundreds of the largest collective farms and state farms turned out to be insolvent, as a result, millions of collective farmers were left without a livelihood, and young people are leaving the village en masse, seeing no prospects for themselves. The remaining workers (45-50 years old) are waiting for a new “gentleman who will come and judge”, without showing any initiative themselves, as they are used to dependency, therefore it is the young generation, who did not know the principles of the Soviet administrative and command leadership, that needs to be trained and educated in the new market - economic conditions of agriculture. Today, studying economics means not only mastering economic categories, but also combining the acquired knowledge with the practice of agro-industrial production. The proposed form of payment for the service introduces a person into market relations, and with such an attitude to work, the employee has an understanding that he works for himself, for his own benefit, that he himself is the owner of his livelihood and has the right to dispose of his income, that is, the employee becomes a sole trader within the organization. 9. Compensation in management Managing agro-industrial company Management work is a specific type of human activity. It is associated with forecasting, planning, decision-making, control, coordination and regulation of production. The main task of managerial work is to coordinate the joint efforts of the team, its divisions and individual employees in order to achieve the planned results.. Managerial work does not directly create material values, but takes an active part in their creation. In addition, managerial work is a special type of mental labor associated with the implementation of executive and administrative functions and with the transformation of information. It is characterized by high complexity, intensity, a wide range of tasks, and often requires a creative approach. Therefore, managerial labor, like the labor of a worker, is productive. At the same time, the goals and content of management activities have their own characteristics. Thus, the activities of the leader and the worker differ in the subject, means and result of labor. The subject of managerial work, first of all, is the work of the team and its members. In addition, the subject of the manager's work is information, on the basis of which he develops, adopts and implements management decisions. The results of the work of managers and specialists are expressed in the results of the activities of objects and employees subordinate to them. In this regard, the result of the work of the management team will be evaluated by the work teams, that is, the work teams will make deductions from the earned funds for the maintenance of the Office. Deductions will tie the Office to the one who works. All control and accounting has been transferred down to the producers themselves, as a result, the Department is only concerned with regulating the relationship between structures, as well as creating normal conditions for production. All economic issues are considered by the General Director of the Managing Agro-Industrial Company, who acts as a legal guarantor and carries out external relations. The functions of the head of the production structure are reduced to organizing production within the structure and ensuring the educational process. At the organizational and first stage, when the Department is created as a project group, which is busy organizing the structure of the Managing Agro-Industrial Company and developing project programs, specialists are paid from allocated or attracted funds. It cannot be otherwise, since a temporary creative team is being created that solves specific targeted problems, for example, recruitment, explanatory work among rural producers about the introduction of new technologies, work with government agencies on financing an innovative Project, marketing development for effective operation in the market, or other according to the program. 10. New economy for young professionals, graduated from higher and secondary educational institutions It is best to start a new business with the involvement of young specialists, so as not to bring into it yesterday, an obsolete day that led us to such deplorable results. It is one thing when a young specialist goes to work in a dying village where he does not see his prospects, and it is a completely different thing when a young specialist has the opportunity to change the entire production process using new technologies, to revive the village. Here is his perspective, here is his opportunity to apply his knowledge and all his skill. When a young specialist sees his perspective, then to this opening perspective, he will try to attract other young people, as creative and production activities open up for many. Creative and production activities for young people 1. Organization of schools for modern entrepreneurs on the basis of honesty and trust, mutual respect for equal partners, so that the Russian spiritual traditions of sacrifice and selflessness in good deeds are revived. 2. The organization of a mobile structure of agricultural production and management, where the assessment is made not of the labor process, but of its result on the basis of dying villages and low-profit industries. 3. Organizing the collection of wild plants around the region, processing and packaging them. 4. Organization of youth industries for the processing of agricultural products, animal husbandry. 5. Organization of youth industries for the harvesting and complete processing of timber and the production of products from the resulting forest products. 6. Organization of a youth commercial center for the sale of its own products, products and goods from other regions and countries and their storage base. 7. Participation in the branches of the Managing agro-industrial company as full partners. 8. Organization of youth creative teams for the scientific development of alternative communication systems, heat supply, water supply, electricity supply, construction technologies for practical use in cities and villages of the region. 9. Organization of project youth groups for the design of rural industries and settlements. 10. The revival in rural youth settlements of the traditionally Russian way of community-cathedral life, as an example of spiritual unity, in which help will be shown to the region through the solution of various levels of social problems: individual, problems of the family and clan as a whole, the unification of territories on the basis of public territorial self-government (TOS). 11. Involving the population of TOS in the development of small business, small business and production based on joint labor, as a means of life and spiritual rapprochement of people of different nationalities and religions, awakening in them the desire for creative activity. 12. Organization of the institution of local self-government and interaction of TOS with public authorities. 13. Formation of alternative forms of production, habitats and networks of their interaction as conditions for a new way of life. 14. Formation of the core of the most socially adapted young professionals to involve them in management processes and increase production efficiency, revive the production potential of the youth enterprises being created and collect the social infrastructure of the adjacent territory under them. 15. Establishing links with other production and territorial structures for the organization of joint productions. 16. Formation of a unified policy of the system of accounting, planning, control at the created youth enterprises. 17. Socialization and continuous training of people who do not have a specialty or retraining directly in the workplace in the specialties and crafts necessary for a high-quality technological process, technologies of organizations and management, social orientation and interaction. 18. Organization of legal and socio-psychological counseling centers to uphold civil rights and harmonize relations between the population and the authorities. 19. Creation of an independent youth coordination council with the right to consider any youth initiatives aimed at the revival of Siberia, the provision of social and charitable assistance to those in need, the development of the educational sphere, from which to take the best organizational forms of work, with the right to reject illiterate or selfishly directed initiatives that could harm both the region and the state as a whole. 11. Testing a new model of integrated socio-economic development of agricultural production through the introduction of a start-up program for creating a sustainable habitat and people's lives in the ecological and economic base territory We will consider the basic model for the development of a rural settlement, which was not born suddenly, but for ten years many options were considered, the age-old way of the rural community was studied, the experience of modern self-governing settlements was developed, and its own was developed. The combination of various experiences made it possible to see how the rural area should develop. In the development model of a rural settlement, we tried to combine the traditional rural way of life and the modern urban lifestyle as harmoniously as possible. Such a model does not break the natural state of the rural worker and does not lead to a generational gap, but to a greater extent contributes to the revival of the continuity of rural labor and moral traditions, but already taking into account the new agro-economy. The entire base area is divided into three zones by the project. First zone:Rehabilitation of agricultural production. Prevention and rehabilitation of the environment and life. Introduction to agricultural production of the latest research and technology of science and technology. Purpose of rehabilitation agricultural production is to rehabilitate the rural worker. To show a person the inner satisfaction and joy that he receives from the joint agricultural labor, despite the difficulty of labor . To show how in the soul, exhausted by the contradictions and bustle of everyday life, an island of peace and calm integrity arises, while a person receives new strength and creative inspiration. Rural work, farming are truly creative tasks. In such creativity there is more truth and real success than the most prominent politician, actor or artist. Every labor is recognized by its fruits, and the fruits of the farmer are simple and obvious. First zone will have a multifunctional purpose: it will be the base platform for the introduction of the latest research and technologies of science and technology into agricultural production; processing of agricultural products, fruits and vegetables, fish, meat and milk. It will be an educational and production faculty for the Center for Continuing Education; will be a subsidiary farm for social and healthcare facilities; will be the basis for the labor and social rehabilitation of the poor and difficult to educate . The first zone includes the following objects: Agricultural production: plant growing, growing vegetables and oil crops, a garden on an area of ​​10 hectares with a bee house for 500 families; breeding fish in an artificial reservoir; artificial cultivation of mushrooms (mushrooms, mushrooms, oyster mushrooms). Warehouses for storage of seeds, utility yard for parking and storage of agricultural machinery and equipment, fuel and lubricants warehouse for 50 tons. livestock complex, including: a cattle farm for 400 heads with mini-workshops for processing meat and milk, a rabbitry, a sheepfold, a stable; shop for primary dressing of skins; workshop for the processing of manure, plant waste and waste from the processing of meat and milk into biohumus (worm technology). Warehouses for hay, haylage and other livestock feed. Auxiliary production: forge, cooperage and container workshops, garage with service for repair and maintenance of machines, tractor equipment and various equipment; workshop for tailoring and manufacturing equipment for horse-drawn transport; sewing workshop for tailoring overalls, including winter ones. Repair and construction complex, including a carpentry workshop with a sawmill and a warehouse for storing round timber, a workshop for the production of bricks, paving and ceramic tiles, tiles, wall, building and foundation blocks, a mortar-concrete unit, a lime firing workshop. Processing of agricultural products: mini-workshops for the production of pasta, cereals and soups, pumpkin juices and others in assortment; shop for salting and preserving garden and horticultural products, wild plants; workshop for the production of essential oils and medicinal herbs; shop for processing agricultural products: flour, animal feed, vegetable oils, etc. Warehouses for storage of garden and vegetable products, warehouses for finished products. Building area 42 hectares. The second zone is residential In the second zone, the latest construction technologies and the latest technologies for manufacturing and products will be introduced. It includes the following objects: Housing - 1-sq. residential buildings - 25 buildings, 2-sq. residential buildings - 17 buildings, a residential building for young professionals with a built-in dining room - 1 building. There are 47 residential properties in total. Objects of education - Center for continuing education for 200 people with general education secondary school with career guidance. Social facilities - a mercy house for children left without parental care and lonely elderly people for 100 people, a day boarding house for children of preschool age for 25 people. Health facilities - feldsher-obstetric station, year-round rehabilitation Center for Natural Medicine and Rehabilitation. Objects of postal communication and trade - a post office with a bank branch, a shopping center, a grocery store with a mini-bakery. Objects of administrative and cultural purposes - the building of territorial public self-government (TPS), a club-cafe, a sports complex, an atelier, consumer service workshops, an autodrome, a car service center, garages with an open parking lot, a gas station, a guest yard, a park area with children's attractions, a temple complex. The estimated population is 500 people. All facilities are fully landscaped. Building area 30 hectares. From the residential area, the main direction was singled out, which will be the core of the entire program, and the rest will accompany it - this is a new rural school. V. NEW RURAL SCHOOL For a long time we met with the heads of enterprises, institutions of various forms of ownership and talked a lot with them about the revival of Siberia and how this can be done. All leaders agreed that if we do not want to become aborigines in our country, since emigrants breed and multiply in Russia, and we, Russians, are becoming less and less, then we should develop the village. And everyone understood perfectly well that only the countryside would enable the Russians to survive, could give healthy offspring, and properly educate them. An example of this is the Old Believers who survived as a community abroad and not only survived, but also preserved the original Russian culture, which, unfortunately, we could not preserve under the Soviet regime. But at the same time, the question was raised that the school should become completely different, that it should first of all teach the rules of life, and not give knowledge that is almost never applied in real life. Thus the idea of ​​a new village school was born. By a new school, we mean the creation of a fundamentally different school organism, a new organization of all educational tasks for the sake of restoring a full-fledged human personality, the main goal of which is: the formation of a holistic worldview in a child that would give him the opportunity to really feel the unity of the world, and the interconnectedness of all external and internal processes life. Today the social environment is sick, so the school should not play along, but resist. First of all, in our time, the school must take over the functions that in the recent past were performed by the family and society. Yesterday, parents read books to their child, taught him to be polite, introduced him to work, to mercy, etc. Society demanded intelligence, decency, chastity, and so on. Since today the participation of parents in the spiritual development and labor education of the child has sharply decreased, and the social environment presents the most negative lessons, in these conditions the new school should take on these functions, while using everything in education three items, namely: 1 . First item unites humanitarian subjects, such as history, Russian language, literature, natural history, geography, biology, etc., which permeate each other and are inseparable from each other. This subject gives children a holistic knowledge of the history of mankind, starting from the creation of Adam and Eve. We begin to consider the history of mankind from the life of the first people in paradise, the first deviation from the commandment of God, their expulsion from paradise. We are considering the history of the birth of the first people on earth, which began to emerge after the expulsion of the first people from paradise. We consider their life, the birth of religion, culture, the first crime on earth, the consequence of which was the division of the first mankind into two peoples, one of which gradually lost the image and likeness of God, becoming the very “primitive man”, about which historians write so much, not knowing God. We consider the resettlement of the first people on earth as a result of which new cities were formed, new peoples who still speak the same language, but already have a certain cultural identity, due to different climatic influences. We consider how the people were gradually corrupted, retreating from God, as a result, God divided the first people into different languages ​​and thus gave birth to civilizations with different cultural levels. And now we are starting to consider the development of these civilizations, while for consideration we take a millennium, and not a single century, since different peoples living in the millennium under consideration had their birth and growth, flowering and dying. At the same time, each nation had its own achievements of science and technology, its own culture, religion, way of life, traditions of public administration, which contributed to the common treasury of human history, reached its flowering and left the historical stage. This approach allows us to see the laws of development common to all mankind. We consider how each cultural and historical type did not continue the development of the previous or existing type next to it, but developed its own civilizations peculiar only to it, but at the same time we look at the positive and negative influence of both previous and modern civilizations on one another . Studying the development of the history of mankind, getting acquainted with the culture, language, science, religion, the way of life of people and the norm of their behavior in the millennium under consideration, the pupil will see a motley, colorful picture of the options for the development of mankind, each of which had its own advantages and disadvantages, but none of them was not ideal and at the same time he will see the unity of all civilizations, because they were all formed from the same root, from the same ancestors. Such a multidimensional vision of history will allow developing creative and free thinking, in which the student learns to consider the known as the unknown, to discover the depth of what is already known, learns to see that the knowledge of a historical event is limitless and has a real meaning for us in today's life.

Agriculture at the present stage is experiencing a new upsurge. The development of new technologies allows increasing productivity, reducing production costs, and improving product quality. In modern agriculture, there are several directions for the development of technologies and the use of innovations:

• Tillage technologies
• Technologies for the production of agricultural machinery and equipment
• Technologies for growing and keeping livestock
• Soil drainage and irrigation technologies
• Technologies for the collection and preservation of products
• Technologies of transportation and sales of products

In addition to these areas, there is also a wide range of innovative areas applicable in agriculture.

The issues of production of environmentally friendly products are coming to the fore today. In this regard, technologies that improve the purity of products are in great demand today. The use of modern technology also contributes to improving the quality of products.

And of course, undoubtedly, one of the priority areas was and is everything related to increasing the productivity of products. Innovations that allow harvesting several crops of agricultural products per year successfully complement non-waste production technologies and technologies for competent harvesting and conservation of the crop.

In the livestock sector, fodder harvesting technologies, technologies for keeping and breeding poultry, livestock and previously exotic animals are being developed.

The possibilities of modern agriculture today are no less impressive than the possibilities of the space and computer industries, and the provision of food for the country's population depends on innovations in this area. Effective methods of countering natural disasters and preserving crops and livestock are also among the priority areas.

In our catalog of the scientific and technical portal you can get acquainted with the latest technologies in the field of agriculture. You will get an insight into new ideas, ideas, developments, as well as existing and existing models that improve the technological process and increase the efficiency of the production of food and other agricultural products. We are sure that you will find ideas worth implementing here.

The invention relates to devices that provide primary processing of clay raw materials and their supply to a production line for the production of ceramic products. The device for loosening and dosed supply of clay raw materials contains a raw material hopper, a feeder placed under it, in the body of which at least one pair of counter-rotating shafts with loosening elements is installed, and a belt conveyor located under the feeder unloading window, equipped with weighing means. Shaft sections located above the feeder unloading window are made in the form of three-way or four-way screws, the blades of each of which move in the interblade spaces of the adjacent screw. EFFECT: improved dosing accuracy due to elimination of spontaneous dropping of material onto the belt conveyor after the shaft rotation drive is stopped. 4 w.p. f-ly, 6 ill.

The invention relates to agriculture and can be used to separate loose seed mixtures. The device contains a rotating drum made of a dielectric, electrodes of alternating polarity, a feeder, receivers for separation products. The drum is installed horizontally and placed inside the outer hollow stator in the form of a horseshoe in cross section, which is fixedly fixed and divided into several separation zones in the direction of material movement, each of which has a system of electrodes of alternating polarity with a variable pitch. The upper and lower ends of the stator in cross section are offset by an angle of 10° from its vertical axis. The receivers for the separation products of large and small fractions are placed in pairs parallel to each other inside a rotating drum in each separation zone. The longitudinal near ends of each pair are interconnected and located under the upper end of the stator. The coarse fraction receivers are equipped with grain outlets outside the drum, and the fine fraction receivers - to the next separation zone. The fine fraction receiver, located in the last separation zone, is equipped with a grain outlet outside the drum. The quality of separation is improved while reducing energy costs and increasing productivity. 2 tab., 2 ill.

The invention relates to equipment for producing edible vegetable oil in the oil processing industry. The oil press, which includes a grinding chamber, a screw shaft, an oil-squeezing chamber with a zeer cylinder, a pressure control mechanism in the press, a screw, a press feeder, a screw feeder shaft, is characterized in that the oil press consists of two working chambers, the first chamber is a chamber for grinding and heat treatment of the initial oilseed raw materials, and the second is an oil extraction chamber, the raw material grinding and heat treatment chamber consists of three zones, the first zone is the feedstock loading zone, the second is the seed moisture treatment zone, the third is the grinding zone, two rotating screws are installed in the raw material grinding and heat treatment chamber. towards each other, the heat treatment zone is equipped with a pipe for water supply, the oil extraction chamber, consisting of the raw material loading and grinding zone, which is under vacuum pressure, as well as the oil raw material pressing zone, the oil extraction chamber is equipped with a cover in the raw material loading and grinding zone, the zone pressing is represented by a zeer body, consisting of trapezoidal zeer plates with two chamfers on the inner surface; EFFECT: invention makes it possible to develop an oil press design that makes it possible to reduce energy consumption, reduce overall dimensions, as well as carry out operations for grinding and roasting initial oilseeds, and increase oil yield in the heat treatment chamber of the oil press. 3 ill.

A novelty of the modern market that will amaze and surprise any gardener! This device is effective when exposed to it both above and below the ground. With this device you will get rid of annoying pests forever. "Grad A-500" was developed on the basis of modern technologies. It makes sounds that can scare away such rodent pests as shrews, moles, mice, rats and others.

To help farmers optimize their hybrid seed planting, improve seed germination and increase agricultural profitability, Kinze Manufacturing, Inc has created the concept of the world's first electric multi-hybrid planter.

Mice, rats and other rodents of the mammal family cause great harm to agriculture. Probably, every summer resident has thought more than once about an effective method that can permanently expel pests from the site, because they destroy the entire crop in just a few days, and at the same time no chemical poison has any effect on them ...

The creation and functioning of information systems in economic management is closely related to the development of information technology - the main component of automated information systems.

Automated Information Technology(AIT) - a set of methods and means of collecting, registering, processing, transmitting, accumulating, searching and protecting information based on the use of software, computers and communications, as well as a set of methods by which information is offered to customers.

Demand in market conditions for information and information services has led to the fact that modern information processing technology is focused on the use of a wide range of technical means, computers and means of communication. On their basis, computing systems and networks of various configurations are created in order to accumulate, store, process information, bring terminal devices as close as possible to the workplace of a specialist or decision maker.

In modern conditions, the adoption of the optimal decision in any sphere of human activity is based on timely and high-quality information.

Computer technology is the means and tool for processing and storing electronic information. The use of computer technology is based on computer technology, which includes three elements: technology, programs and information. A set of interrelated information (data) stored on machine media is a database, and information placed on information media (books, databases, etc.) is information resources.

Information Technology- this is a set of means and methods of information processes (receiving, processing, storing, transmitting information using hardware and software).

The purpose of the information and advisory service of the agro-industrial complex is to achieve the competitiveness of the agricultural sector by assisting agricultural producers in improving the efficiency of production and marketing of products.

Information and consulting services assist producers of all forms of ownership in increasing the economic efficiency of production by:

Selection and development of new technologies, new types of machinery, machinery and equipment, crop varieties and animal breeds.

Development of business plans for obtaining investment and short-term loans.

Determination of optimal programs for fodder production and use of fodder, preparation of optimal feeding rations for farm animals.

Providing operational information about prices and suppliers of agricultural machinery, equipment, mineral fertilizers.

Determining the need for fertilizers and optimizing their distribution across crops.

Development of marketing programs and search for markets for agricultural products.

Assistance in solving legal issues, taxation and accounting with elements of economic analysis.

The use of information technology increases the productivity and efficiency of managerial work, allowing you to solve many problems in a new way. For example, electronic equipment and information technology allow you to locate any object in space and time, which explains the possibility of their use in "precision (oriented) agriculture."

Among the tasks of "precision agriculture" are the optimization of production in order to obtain maximum profit; rational use of resources, including natural ones; environment protection. "Precision agriculture" is seen as an integral part of resource-saving and environmentally friendly agriculture. It allows you to control agricultural operations.

The basis of precision agriculture is the measurement and understanding of the probabilities that affect plant growth. "Precision Agriculture" is the efficient, or rational, management of plant growth processes in accordance with their nutrient requirements and growing conditions.

To conduct "precision agriculture" it is necessary to use special devices and technologies, such as:

Receivers-antennas of global position systems (GPS- GPS or GLONAS) installed on any object (machine, unit, etc.). They take direction finding signals from satellites located in the information reception area. To accurately determine the location of an object in space and time, it is enough to receive signals from 3-4 out of 24 satellites orbiting the globe. The accuracy of determining the location of the object in this case is in the range from several meters to one centimeter;

Geographic Information System (GIS - GIS) is software that allows you to process and display spatial information, computerize and compile electronic maps. The geographic information system allows you to process and analyze various spatial data integrated in digital form;

Sensors for remote measurements and on-board sensors for actuating the executive parts of the machine unit.

Remote sensors serve for measuring soil temperature and moisture, determining the condition of plants (presence of weeds, diseases and pests), crop yields, etc. The action of remote sensors is based on the use of laser-radar, ultrasonic, electromagnetic installations, the use of infrared waves, spectrophotometers, visual television cameras, atomic resonators, etc.

On-board sensors are used to monitor the crop, determine the seeding rate, apply fertilizers, pesticides, water, lime; location and speed of movement of equipment; measuring the technical parameters of the movement of machines (slippage, traction, etc.).

Thus, the first Massey-Ferguson combines were equipped with antenna receivers that receive signals from satellites, an automatic device for monitoring yields. By combining information about the location of the combine unit and monitoring yields, you can find out the yield at any point in the field at any time.

crop yield in different parts of the same field is not the same. The yield value is influenced by such factors as: soil quality (fertility, acidity, mechanical composition); doses and types of applied fertilizers; topography of the area; the presence of forest belts; sowing technology, crop care, harvesting; seed quality; diseases, pests of agricultural plants; weather conditions and more.

By comparing certain characteristics of fields with yield maps, farm specialists can identify the causes of uneven crop yields in the field (certain parts of the field are more productive than others).

Decisions, for example, on the need for additional fertilization in a particular area of ​​the field will be based on information obtained from the global position and geographic information systems, traditional sources, as well as on the basis of expert judgment from practitioners and consultants. Knowing the yield maps, soil and other characteristics of the fields, using the global positional and geographic information systems, sensors, automatic actuators of the working parts of the machines, it is possible to draw up a program for the subsequent movement of the machine unit (for example, for the purpose of fertilizing) and, according to the given programs, apply to a specific area fields an appropriate amount of fertilizer with a combination of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the required proportions.

World practice of applying "precision (oriented) agriculture".

In the USA, Japan, China and some European countries (Germany, England, Holland, Denmark) "precision agriculture" began to be practiced from the 80s, in Eastern Europe - from the beginning of the 90s of the last century.

Firm " Massey-Ferguson» (Massey Ferguson) - the first company to produce harvesters with a device for creating and using crop maps. These harvesters are equipped with global positional and geographic information systems, have communication with satellites through a receiver-antenna, as well as equipment for monitoring yields. Similar equipment is also produced by John Deere, Klass, New Holland, and others.

The cost of equipment "precision agriculture" pays off after 2-4 years of its use. In 1999, a set of equipment (antenna, computer device with software) for "precision agriculture" installed on machine units cost about 15 thousand US dollars. The payback of these costs depends on the time of use of the equipment, the size of the fields on which it is used, the volume of work performed. The application of "precision agriculture" is most effective in large enterprises.

In the USA, Canada, England, Germany, Holland, Denmark, China and other countries of the world, research and production centers of "precision agriculture" have been established. In 1999, more than 1,500 machines equipped with the appropriate systems were operating on farms all over the world. More than 4% of US farmers have applied "precision agriculture" in their practice.

In October 2000, an international conference on engineering and technological sciences was held in China, which was attended by 2,500 scientists and specialists, discussing various areas of science and technology development, including information technology engineering, sustainable agricultural development, including "precision agriculture ".

Thus, the practical application of "precision agriculture" became possible due to the widespread use of electronic software, the creation of remote and on-board sensors to actuate the executive automatic parts of machines and assemblies. Accelerating the solution of tasks to improve management in the agro-industrial complex using electronic technology is not only to increase its financing, but also to train personnel capable of creating and applying information technologies in agriculture, including the conduct of "precision agriculture". One of the signs of the use of information technology in farms is the availability of computers, as well as their connection to the Internet (table 1).

An example of the intensive use of information technology is the countries of the European Union. At the same time, the number of computers in these countries connected to the Internet practically does not exceed 50%. A number of scientists in the field of information technology believe that the current level of use of computer and communication technology in the countries studied is extremely low for the effective use of modern information technology.

In the information society, a farmer can connect to the Internet from anywhere in the area through powerful wireless communications links. It monitors the necessary aspects of the functioning of the farm, as the means of mechanization, animals are equipped with miniature computers connected to the general Internet. The farmer can install various types of sensors in necessary locations and have access to them at any time, so he has access to all the data he needs.

The new century poses new problems for mankind, in particular: to feed the growing population of the planet, to satisfy the demand for quality food, how to achieve an increase in labor productivity at agricultural enterprises?

Agriculture- ideal environment for application information Technology(IT). In this regard, for the effective and sustainable functioning of economic entities of the republic in the new conditions, it is necessary to apply advanced information technologies that allow identifying their internal reserves, attracting external investments, as well as restructuring organizational structures and reengineering management systems.

The American edition of Science and Technology Indicators defines IT as a combination of three key technologies: numerical computing, information storage, and the transmission of numerical signals over telecommunications networks. In the domestic literature, IT is most often defined as technologies that use microelectronics to collect, store, process, transmit and present data, texts, images and sounds.

Even more significant discrepancies are noted in the allocation of technical groups included in the IT category. So, the following technological components are distinguished: devices that provide a person with access to information at a distance, processing and storage. At the same time, it defines completely different groups as the most important both in number and in nature: semiconductor devices, computers, fiber optics, cellular communications, satellites, computer networks, human-computer interface, digital information transmission systems.

In this regard, classifications of information technologies have appeared that distinguish information technology and products with the help of which IT is implemented. At the same time, software, which is also a product and represents a special group of information technologies, is not separated from programmable computing devices. The classification includes:

basic IT, corresponding to the basis of the entire set of information devices and performing all logical operations and transformations. First of all, the IT element base includes microcircuits or integrated circuits, printed circuit boards, magnetic and optical storage devices, microminiature auxiliary constructs, etc.;

primary IT, identified by functional features: computer equipment, television cinema and photographic equipment, copiers and communication equipment;

secondary IT, covering all applications of information and computing technology in the sphere of society.

The article discusses the latest - secondary IT computer technologies, for which the main processed product is information and which, ultimately, determine the level of informatization of production, industry, area of ​​the economy and society as a whole.

In the field of agriculture in developed countries, conditions are increasingly emerging and significant efforts are being made to introduce information technology. The most well-known technologies are implemented within the framework of applied computer programs. These are, first of all, programs for optimizing the placement of crops in zonal crop rotation systems and animal feeding rations; according to the calculation of doses of fertilizers; carrying out a complex of land management works and land management; maintenance of the state land cadastre of the history of fields and the development of technological maps for the cultivation of agricultural crops; regulation of plant nutrition and microclimate in greenhouses; control of the process of storing potatoes and vegetables, the quality of grown products and feed, soil pollution; assessment of the economic efficiency of production; management of technological processes in poultry houses, production processes in poultry meat processing and product storage, and much more.

One of the current areas of using IT in the agro-industrial complex is becoming precision farming, which provides a strategy for managing crop yields using the global positioning system (GPS), geographic information systems (GIS) and technologies, and data from multiple sources on the conditions of growth and development of plants and economic situation of each control unit within a single field.

The lack of interest of agricultural producers in IT is often explained by the low level of education and age of farmers. It is believed that the main reasons for the reluctance to use IT are economic. Basically, they use the usual (standardized) technological operations for growing agricultural products and relatively cheap plant protection products as the most effective ways to make a profit.

One of the signs of the use of IT in farms is the presence of computers, as well as their connection to the Internet. IT is used mainly for accounting, automation of agricultural processes.

Management in agriculture largely involves making decisions under conditions of uncertainty due to three main reasons: lack of current data on the state of nature; lack of knowledge about biological and physical systems; the random nature of the ongoing processes. The manufacturer uses the perception of the probabilities of future results, based on economically justified decisions, in accordance with the possible risks, reducing them mainly by simplifying production systems, using working capital and plant protection, fertilizers, etc., with almost no restrictions. They, for example, apply chemicals in amounts that minimize the risk of major losses from malnutrition, diseases, and crop pests, without regard to adverse environmental impacts.

The ever-increasing speed and volume of information transmitted through various communication systems will ensure a stable supply of manufacturers with databases. These data must be integrated to the characteristics of biological and physical systems in order to gain useful knowledge about their current state and predict the outcomes of possible solutions. The introduction of scientific developments through the use of the Internet is extremely important for expanding the functionality of information systems.

Farming in the information society involves the continuous receipt of information from external sources (via external Internet networks) at any time from anywhere in the area. For example, a constant update of weather forecaster data can be available to farmers throughout the day.

Expansion of information databases- an important, but not sufficient condition for their effective use in farms. The input information should be useful for assessing biological and physical systems in order to develop useful knowledge about the current state of farms, as well as predicting the results of various scenarios. The accumulated knowledge in agricultural research over the years should be applied to obtain practically useful information by processing databases. This means that IT is an indispensable source for the implementation of research and development.

The study of world trends in the development of technology, the assessment of exhibits of international exhibitions indicate that up to 80% of the developments that have received maximum development in recent years, despite the crisis, are associated with intelligent solutions based on the use of information technology. The strategic vector of innovative development of agricultural production is associated with the widespread use of information technology, electronics, and automated systems. The intellectual basis for this is fundamental innovative solutions in other areas and industries, which are also successfully used in agriculture.

In crop production, precise, precise, or intelligent farming (Smart Farming) is formed and implemented. It involves the management of land productivity, crops, labor, financial resources, the formation of optimal logistics, taking into account market conditions. Electronic maps of fields are created, information bases are formed for each field, including area, yield, agrochemical and agrophysical properties (normative and actual), the state of plants in the corresponding phases of vegetation, etc. Software is being developed for analysis and management decision-making, as well as issuing commands to chip cards that are loaded into robotic devices, agricultural units for differentiated agricultural operations.

In animal husbandry, unified methods and means of animal identification are used as an intellectual basis for a long-term strategy for the organizational and structural development of a farm, a complex, and an industry as a whole.

As an example, it is advisable to cite the operation of the PigWatc system, which implements an innovative technology for the management of artificial insemination of pigs.

Three infrared sensors monitor the behavior of the sow 24 hours a day, all seven days of the week. The monitoring device is installed directly above the sow in an individual pen. On the LED display, all important information can be read at any time, such as chalking, insemination status or the need for insemination. The core of this system is a powerful computer that continuously analyzes incoming information about the behavior of animals in real time, while comparing the results with the original data. Based on these calculations, the exact time of artificial insemination of each sow is determined individually. All information on the course of sexual hunting is displayed on a connected PC or laptop in the form of available charts.

In the processing of agricultural products, the most advanced technology is the contactless reading of information from objects and storing REID (Radio Frequency Identification) data, as well as automated systems for planning and managing production in conditions of rapid changes in volumes and assortment.

Especially popular is the effective development of OKB "Milk Machines of Russians" - an automated process control system at a milk processing enterprise.

On the basis of the technological log and the time schedule of the equipment operation, the software creates an operation diagram and a process protocol that displays the specified parameters and the sequence of interactions of both individual pieces of equipment and entire production sites.

In the technical service of agricultural machinery, a system for remote monitoring of the state of the MTP in the agro-industrial complex is successfully operating. It was developed by GNU GOSNITI based on the Outrak remote diagnostics system. Signals about the state of the ICC are transmitted via mobile communications to the TELEMATIC5 web server, equipped with the software and hardware complex of the Global Automation Systems (GLOSAV) company with the Agroprom industry application.

The effectiveness of the development of the agro-industrial complex is largely determined by the availability of tools and technology for managing knowledge obtained on the basis of many years of experience in agricultural production. The intuition of individual representatives of the industry and the large amount of know-how created in the world over many years of work are extremely valuable for the further development of agriculture. There is an urgent task of converting tacit knowledge gained by experience into explicit knowledge, with the fixation of scientific results, which will ultimately improve the quality and efficiency of agricultural and food production. It is advisable to improve communication and exchange of information and knowledge between experts and agricultural producers. The use of cloud computing is of particular practical interest and has significant prospects, which are successfully used in various fields and have a number of advantages: cost reduction; distribution of information resources on demand, without limitation; background maintenance and software updates; rapid innovation development, including collaboration with other systems in the cloud; great opportunities for the global development of the services provided.

The cycle of work performed in the process of agricultural production with active support of the cloud service includes four main stages: production and operation planning; performance of work; monitoring and evaluation of results; adjustment of plans.

For each specific agricultural producer, the cloud service is an innovation that allows solving specific, urgent tasks:

• planning of production, sales, purchases;
• operational management of production and sales based on automation of the collection, receipt and analysis of information;
• communication support by experts (consultants), briefing and timely provision of guidance based on queries to databases;
• management of all types of data related to cultivated land, including location, land rights, field maps, etc.

In the conditions of the WTO, such economic indicators as profit, the level of profitability of production, make it possible to assess the effectiveness of a single agricultural enterprise or industry. The ultimate goal of introducing new information technologies lies in the maximum increase in indicators. The following mechanisms contribute to the achievement of this goal:

• Modeling of the production process (compilation of agro-technological maps, production and business plans and documents based on knowledge management).
• Assess risks for each piece of land, calculate costs and benefits, collect information and send data to a 3G server using mobile phones with a GPS barcode reader function.
• Accounting for cultivated lands, use and replenishment of information databases for each land plot (land rights, plot characteristics, soil analysis results, production history, etc.).

Receiving information from the cloud service in accordance with the professional profile and individual data, real-time information is transmitted to agricultural producers depending on their geographical location, type of cultivated crops, weather in their region. Information is provided on methods for identifying pests that can destroy crops. In addition, the cloud system can provide information with recommendations on the stages of ongoing agricultural work, assist in the calculation of costs and provide an opportunity to familiarize yourself with the approved regulations in a particular region. For producers exporting their goods, the cloud will report prices for products in agricultural markets, help in making decisions: sell their crops or wait for better prices on the world market.

Schematically, the sequence of collecting, storing and analyzing information can be represented from five stages: data collection - storage - visualization - analysis - instruction. The implementation of the full cycle of data processing will provide industry employees with up-to-date, timely, reliable information to improve the efficiency of production and product sales.

The use of cloud computing allows you to flexibly link together various systems of the industry, can become one of the fundamental approaches in innovative development and integrate entire information systems:

• business management system;
• a system for performing financial analysis and filing tax returns with the support of tax consultants;
• a production history monitoring system that provides tracking records of food movement, which is safer and more reliable;
• a system of agricultural practices and operational support that allows you to effectively manage the safety and quality of agricultural products, maintaining the proper level of work of the agricultural farm.

The cloud service allows maintenance of millions of users by simply making changes and additions to the program on one system in the center of the cloud. Moreover, in cloud computing, there is no difference in the version of the software used by different users, resulting in improved usability in addition to lower operating costs. The benefits of virtualization are to optimize management, improve data storage security, reduce operating costs, increase staff efficiency, which leads to significant savings in time and financial costs.

It becomes practical to connect the basic authentication and billing functions for processing and intelligent analysis of GPS data, mapping system images, speech and other information, which creates the conditions for optimizing the entire production process and performing it daily based on accurate and verified data.

Weather and soil information, GPS data, worker observations, land data can be used to obtain advice and recommendations based on the analysis of these stored data, the formation and development of a knowledge system stored in the cloud.

The process of accumulation and exchange of knowledge in the agricultural sector leads to an improvement in the overall production efficiency. Agriculture is a generator of a large amount of knowledge and technology and should be ready for further innovative development and improvement. Cloud computing can support this process. The mechanism of cloud computing purposefully solves the problem of transferring knowledge to working agricultural producers and subsequent generations of agricultural workers.

Thus, in order to ensure the implementation of the tasks and parameters determined by the State Program for the Development of Agriculture and the Regulation of Agricultural Products, Raw Materials and Food Markets for 2013-2020, it is necessary to intensify work in this direction. They are the intellectual basis for the formation of the fourth and fifth technological modes in the agricultural production of Russia.

Based on the materials of the article: Fedosenko, V.F. Information technologies in agricultural production / V.F. Fedosenko. - Scientific and technological progress in agricultural production: materials of the Intern. sci.-tech. conf. (Minsk, October 22-23, 2014). In 3 volumes. T. 1. - Minsk: Scientific and Practical Center of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus for Agricultural Mechanization, 2014. - 257 p.