Providing first aid to victims with wounds, fractures, dislocations, ligament damage, bruises, burns, etc. becomes almost impossible without the timely and correct application of a bandage. After all, thanks to dressing, additional infection of the wound is prevented, bleeding is stopped, fractures are fixed, and even therapeutic effect for injury.

Medical dressings and their types

The branch of medicine that studies the rules for applying bandages and tourniquets, their types and methods of application is called desmurgy (from the Greek desmos - leash, bandage and ergon - execution, business).

According to the definition, a bandage is a method of treating injuries and wounds, which consists of using:

dressing material that is applied directly to the wound;
the outer part of the bandage that secures the dressing material.

As a dressing material, due to various reasons, can act:

special dressing packages;
napkins;
cotton swabs;
gauze balls.

Bandage for damage to the back of the head. Applying bandages to the head (bonnet, Hippocratic cap)

Head and neck bandages. To apply bandages to the head and neck, use a bandage 10 cm wide.

Circular (circular) headband. It is used for minor injuries in the frontal, temporal and occipital areas. Circular tours pass through the frontal tuberosities, above ears and through occipital protuberance, which allows you to securely hold the headband on your head. The end of the bandage is fixed with a knot in the forehead area.

Cross-shaped headband. The bandage is convenient for injuries to the back of the neck and occipital region (Fig. 5.1). First, securing circular tours are applied to the head. Then the bandage is carried obliquely down behind the left ear to the back surface of the neck, along the right side surface of the neck, then goes to the front of the neck, it lateral surface to the left and obliquely raise the bandage along the back of the neck above the right ear to the forehead. The moves of the bandage are repeated required amount times until the wound is completely closed. The bandage is completed with circular tours around the head.

Headband "bonnet". A simple, comfortable bandage that firmly fixes the dressing on the scalp (Fig. 5.2).

A piece of bandage (tie) about 0.8 m long is placed on the crown of the head and its ends are lowered down in front of the ears. The wounded person or an assistant holds the ends of the tie taut. Perform two fastening circular bandage rounds around the head. The third round of the bandage is carried out over the tie, circled around the tie and led obliquely through the forehead area to the tie on the opposite side. Wrap the bandage around the tie again and lead it through the occipital region to the opposite side. In this case, each stroke of the bandage overlaps the previous one by two-thirds or half. Using similar moves, the bandage covers the entire scalp heads. Finish applying the bandage with circular turns on the head or fix the end of the bandage with a knot to one of the ties. The ends of the tie are tied with a knot under the lower jaw.

Bridle bandage. Used to hold dressing material on wounds in the parietal region and wounds of the lower jaw (Fig. 5.3). The first securing circular moves go around the head. Further along the back of the head, the bandage moves obliquely to the right side of the neck, under lower jaw and make several vertical circular moves, which cover the crown or submandibular area, depending on the location of the damage. Then the bandage from the left side of the neck is drawn obliquely along the back of the head to the right temporal region and two or three horizontal circular strokes around the head secure the vertical rounds of the bandage.

In case of damage in the chin area, the bandage is supplemented with horizontal circular moves, grasping the chin (Fig. 5.4).

After completing the main rounds of the “bridle” bandage, move the bandage around the head and move it obliquely along the back of the head, the right side surface of the neck and make several horizontal circular moves around the chin. Then they switch to vertical circular passages that pass through the submandibular and parietal regions. Next, the bandage is moved through the left surface of the neck and the back of the head and returned to the head and circular tours are made around the head, after which all rounds of the bandage are repeated in the described sequence.

When applying a bridle bandage, the wounded person must keep his mouth slightly open, or place a finger under his chin while bandaging, so that the bandage does not interfere with opening the mouth and does not compress the neck.

One eye patch - monocular(Fig. 5.5). First, horizontal fastening tours are applied around the head. Then, in the back of the head, the bandage is passed down under the ear and passed obliquely up the cheek to the affected eye. The third move (fixing) is made around the head. The fourth and subsequent moves are alternated in such a way that one move of the bandage goes under the ear to the affected eye, and the next one is a fixing one. Bandaging is completed with circular moves on the head.

Bandage on the right eye (Fig. 5.5 A) is bandaged from left to right, on the left eye (Fig. 5.5 b) - from right to left.

Binocular blindfold for both eyes(Fig. 5.5 V). It begins with circular fixing tours around the head, then in the same way as when applying a bandage to the right eye. After which the bandage is applied from top to bottom to the left eye. Then the bandage is directed under left ear and along the occipital region under right ear, By right cheek on the right eye. The bandages shift downwards and towards the center. From the right eye, the bandage returns above the left ear to the occipital region, passes above the right ear to the forehead and again passes to the left eye. The bandage is finished with circular horizontal rounds of the bandage across the forehead and back of the head.

Neapolitan bandage for the ear area. The moves of the bandage correspond to the moves when applying a bandage to the eye, but pass above the eye on the side of the bandaged ear (Fig. 5.6).

Head scarf. The base of the scarf is placed in the back of the head, the top is lowered onto the face. The ends of the scarf are tied on the forehead. The top is folded up over the tied ends and secured with a safety pin (Fig. 5.7).

In case of head injuries, Various types bandages, bandages using scarves, sterile wipes and adhesive tape. The choice of dressing type depends on the location and nature of the wound.

A bandage is applied to wounds of the scalp - a “cap” (Fig. 3), which is secured with a strip of bandage behind the lower jaw. A piece of up to 1 m in size is torn off from the bandage and placed with the middle on top of a sterile napkin covering the wound, on the crown area, its ends are lowered vertically down in front of the ears and held taut. A circular securing move (1) is made around the head (Fig. 3, a), then, having reached the tie, the bandage is wrapped around it and led obliquely to the back of the head (3). Alternating the passes of the bandage through the back of the head and forehead (2-12), each time directing it more vertically, cover the entire scalp (Fig. 3, b). After this, strengthen the bandage with 2-3 circular moves. The ends of the tie are tied in a bow under the chin.

Rice. 3. Headband in the form of a “bonnet”

If the neck, larynx or back of the head is injured, a cruciform bandage is applied (Fig. 4). In a circular motion, the bandage is first strengthened around the head (1, 2), and then above and behind the left ear it is lowered in an oblique direction down onto the neck (3). Next, the bandage goes along the right side surface of the neck, covers its front surface and returns to the back of the head (4), passes above the right and left ears, and repeats the moves made. The bandage is secured by moving the bandage around the head.

At extensive wounds head, their location in the face area is better to apply a bandage in the form of a “bridle” (Fig. 5). After 2-3 securing circular moves through the forehead (1), the bandage is passed along the back of the head (2) to the neck and chin, several vertical moves (3-5) are made through the chin and crown, then from under the chin the bandage goes along the back of the head (6) . To cover the neck, larynx and chin, a bandage is applied as shown in Fig. 5 B. A sling-shaped bandage is applied to the nose, forehead and chin (Fig. 6). Under the bandage on wound surface cover with a sterile napkin or bandage.

Rice. 5. Headband in the form of a “bridle”

The bandage for one eye begins with a securing move around the head. Next, the bandage is passed from the back of the head under the right ear to the right eye or under the left ear to the left eye. Then the bandage moves alternate: one through the eye, the second around the head. The double eye patch consists of a combination of two patches applied to the left and right eyes.

A spiral or cross-shaped bandage is applied to the chest. For a spiral bandage (Fig. 7, a), tear off the end of a bandage about 1.5 m long, place it on a healthy shoulder girdle and leave it hanging (1) obliquely on the chest. With a bandage, starting from the bottom of the back, bandage in spiral moves (2-9) chest. The loose ends of a piece of bandage are tied.

A cross-shaped bandage on the chest (Fig. 7, b) is applied from below in a circular manner, fixing with 2-3 moves of the bandage (1-2), then from the back on the right to the left shoulder girdle (3), fixing in a circular move (4), from below through the right shoulder girdle ( 5), again around the chest; The end of the bandage of the last circular move is secured with a pin.

In case of penetrating wounds of the chest (pneumothorax), a rubberized sheath should be applied to the wound with the inner sterile surface, and the sterile pads of an individual dressing bag should be placed on it and bandaged tightly. If the bag is not available, a sealed bandage can be applied using adhesive tape, as shown in Fig. 8. Strips of the plaster, starting 1-2 cm above the wound, are glued to the skin in a tiled manner, thus covering the entire wound surface. Place a sterile napkin or sterile bandage in 3-4 layers on the adhesive plaster, then a layer of cotton wool and bandage it tightly.

Injuries accompanied by pneumothorax with significant bleeding pose a particular danger to the victim. In these cases, it is usually not possible to apply an airtight bandage using an adhesive plaster. It is most advisable to cover the wound with an airtight material (oilcloth, cellophane) and apply a bandage with a thick layer of cotton wool or gauze. Transportation of patients with pneumothorax should be carried out on a sanitary stretcher. The patients are in a semi-sitting position.

Probably every person has encountered head injuries at least once in his life. Someone managed to get by with light blows, which heal gradually, without outside help. But sometimes the bruises are quite serious. If any part of the head is damaged, a bandage must be applied to the bruised or inflamed area. They are different types and depend on the location and extent of the lesion, as well as the purpose pursued by its application. For example, when the back of the head and neck is damaged, a cross-shaped bandage is often applied to the back of the head.

As mentioned above, a dressing can be applied to the affected area for any damage or injury: be it a bruise, minor cut or inflammation. You need to take injuries that bleed especially seriously; you need to choose a dressing material that will prevent infection from occurring in the wound.
According to the classification, dressings can be different:

Medicinal, which are soaked in ointments, creams, tinctures that promote fast healing wounds.
Protective, which protect the site of impact from infection.
Pressure that helps stop bleeding.

Can be used to make bandages different material, but the most common is medical gauze. Its advantages include the following:

availability;
sterility;
naturalness.

If you don’t have gauze on hand, you can make a bandage from fabric. Even small wound can be dangerous if infected. Therefore, the material used for dressings must be treated carefully. Gauze or other material should have an effect on blood clotting and protect the skin from infection.
In order to do this, the gauze must be soaked antibacterial drug, for example, Baneocin or Levomekol ointment. To protect the wound from damage, you need to make an additional layer of cotton wool or bandage. It is necessary to secure the bandage well, avoiding squeezing.

Types of head dressings

There are several types and methods of dressing, but the most common head dressings for wounds include the following:

cross-shaped bandage on the back of the head;
eye bandaging;
cap;
ear bandaging;
bridle.
simple (circular) dressing;
Hippocrates' cap.

Cross-shaped bandage on the back of the head

The indications for a cruciform bandage are relevant for injuries to the back of the head or postoperative period with neck injury. In order to apply it you will need a long bandage, at least 10 cm wide. The sequence of actions if the patient is conscious is simple:

Place him on a chair, turning him towards you.
Place a strip of bandage in left hand, and the coil to the right.
Carefully apply the bandage to the back of your head and wrap it around it twice. Actions must be performed clockwise.
Leave the bandage on the back of the head, then lower it to the neck, passing it under the ear, and wrap it around the head again.
Perform several turns around the head, followed by covering the back of the head 2/3 at a time.
Finish applying in a circular motion.
Tie a bandage in the frontal part of the head.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IF86b0nXBig Video can’t be loaded: Cross-shaped headband – Video-Med.ru (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IF86b0nXBig)

Eye bandaging

Often, with such damage, human eyes also suffer. If the left eye is damaged, then the bandage is applied from right to left, for the other eye, vice versa. When applying the material to one eye (monocular patch), you need to use the following technique:

Place the bandage on the side of the injury directly along the back of the head.
Pass it under the ear through the cheek and apply it to the sore eye.
Make a circular bandage.

Cap

The “Cap” dressing has a similar technique for applying a circular dressing. The relevance of its use lies in injuries to the forehead and back of the head.
Apply on the scalp, in which circular movements are performed, until the entire hairline will not be covered with gauze. It is attached to the chin.

Ear bandaging

If the ear is damaged, a bandage should be applied to this part of the body. It is necessary to wrap the head in several circles, and then lower to the affected area of the ear. This type is also called Neapolitan.

Bridle

Sometimes you have to use the “Frenulum” bandage in practice, which, when the right approach applied quite simply:

First we wrap it with a bandage occipital part and forehead.
After this, we move to the chin, wrapping the temples, first the left and then the right.
Then we pass the bandage through the neck and wrap it around the head, securing it to the chin.
We fix the material at the temple of the non-injured side.

It needs to be bandaged for injuries to the face, jaw and frontal part of the skull.

Simple circular dressing

A circular (circular) bandage is used for minor damage in the occipital, frontal or temporal part of the head. This is the most common and simplest type of bandaging that many people use.
Applying a simple dressing is very simple:

A strip of bandage is placed on the crown of the head, and the remaining parts hang down.
Circular bandaging is performed.
The material is fixed in the forehead area.

Hippocrates cap

When using the “Hippocratic Cap” method, you need to bandage with two gauze at the same time. You need to make several circular movements with the first bandage, and pass the second through the vault of the skull until the two bandages intersect in the forehead area. When they overlap each other, the second one must be passed through the first and directed towards the back of the head. At the back, you again need to pass the second bandage under the first.
The number of circular movements should be the same; often 3-4 circles are enough. This method is used for damage to the parietal part of the head.

It should be noted that in case of injuries, it is important to provide first aid to the victim, which often consists of stopping the bleeding and applying a bandage to the damaged area of the head.
As we can see, the bandage on the back of the head can be of different types; of course, it is better to apply them in medical institution to avoid infection and prevent damage to the scalp. It is worth noting that whatever bandage is required, its effectiveness depends on the correct application of the bandage or other material.

Headband "bonnet"

Equipment. Bandage 10 cm wide, gauze strip 60-80 cm long, scissors.
Target.

2. Wash your hands.

5. Stand facing the patient.

9. Stripe middle part place on the crown of the head, lower the ends along the cheeks in front of the ears. These ends are held by the patient or assistant nurse .
10. Apply two layers of bandage around the head.
11. Then wrap the bandage around the strip and insert it obliquely, covering the back of the head.
12. Next, wrap the bandage around the strip on the other side and cover the forehead area.
13. Repeat the above steps, gradually moving to the crown, and cover the entire area of the arch with a bandage.
14. Finish the bandage by tying the end of the bandage with a strip, and tie the last one under the chin.
15. After finishing the bandaging, check that the bandage is correct so that it covers all damaged areas of the head and at the same time does not cause circulatory problems.
16. Disinfect used equipment.
17. Wash and dry your hands.
18. Make a note in the appropriate medical document.

Headband “Hippocrates Cap”

Equipment. 2 bandages 10 cm wide or a double-headed bandage, scissors.
Target. Fixation of dressing material.

1. Conduct psychological preparation patient.
2. Wash your hands.
3. Wear rubber gloves.
4. Invite the patient to take a position that is comfortable for him (sitting).
5. Stand facing the patient.
6. Keep the head of the bandage in right hand, the beginning of the bandage is on the left.
7. Unwind the bandage from left to right with the back to the surface, without taking your hands off it and without stretching the bandage in the air.
8. Unwind the bandage without forming folds.
9. Prepare a double-headed bandage: unwind the bandage on one side to the middle, and then roll it in the direction of the first half.
10. Take both heads of the bandage in your hands and unwind from both sides of the head, passing over the ears under the occipital protuberance.
11. Grasp the heads of the bandage in opposite hands and return to the frontal area.
12. In the middle of the forehead, cross the bandages and change the direction of the lower bandage by 90°, cover the area of the head through the center of the back of the head, and continue the circular tour with the other head of the bandage.
13. Next, changing the direction, cover the area of the arch with one head of the bandage (or one bandage), and move the second bandage (head) around the head, securing the anteroposterior tours.
14. Upon completion of bandaging, cut the end of the bandage with scissors along the bandage.
15. Cross both ends and tie around the head.
16. Check that the bandage is correct so that it securely covers the damaged area.
17. Disinfect used equipment.
18. Wash and dry your hands.
19. Make a note in the appropriate medical document.

Types of dressings by method of application

Description

Varieties

Protective or soft

Consist of material that is applied to the wound and a securing bandage

Used in most cases: for burns, bruises, open wounds

bandage;
elastic;
colloidal;
headscarves;
mesh-tubular

Immobilization or solid

Consists of dressing material and splint

Used for transporting the victim, in the treatment of damage to bones and their elastic joints

splints (surgical, mesh, pins);
gypsum;
adhesive;
transport

Primary care for trauma

The process of applying a bandage is called ligation. Its purpose is to close the wound:

to prevent further infection;
to stop bleeding;
to have a healing effect.

General rules for applying bandages to wounds and injuries:

Wash your hands thoroughly with soap, if this is not possible, then you should at least treat them with special antiseptics.
If the site of injury is an open wound, then carefully treat the skin around it. alcohol solution, hydrogen peroxide or iodine.
Place the victim (patient) in a position convenient for him (sitting, lying), while providing free access to the damaged area.
Stand in front of the patient's face to observe his reaction.
Start bandaging with an “open” bandage from left to right, from the periphery of the limbs towards the torso, that is, from bottom to top, using two hands.
The arm should be bandaged with the elbow bent, and the leg straightened.
The first two or three turns (round) should be fastening; for this, the bandage is tightly wrapped around the narrowest undamaged place.
Next, you should bandage with even tension, without folds.
Each turn of the rope covers the previous one by about a third of the width.
When the injured area is large, one bandage may not be enough, then the beginning of the second is placed at the end of the first, strengthening this moment with a circular twist.
Finish the dressing by making two or three wraps of the bandage.
As an additional fixation, you can cut the end of the bandage into two parts, cross them together, circle them around the bandage and tie them with a strong knot.

Main types of bandages

Before learning the rules for applying bandages, you should familiarize yourself with the types of tourniquets and options for their use.

Classification of bandages:

1. By appearance:

aseptic dry;
antiseptic dry;
hypertonic wet drying;
pressing;
occlusal.

2. By application method:

circular or spiral;
eight-shaped or cross-shaped;
serpentine or creeping;
spicate;
tortoiseshell bandage: diverging and converging.

3. By localization:

on the head;
on the upper limb;
on the lower limb;
on the stomach and pelvis;
on the chest;
on the neck.

Rules for applying soft dressings

Bandage dressings are relevant in most cases of injury. They prevent secondary infection of the wound and minimize the adverse effects of the environment.

The rules for applying a soft bandage are as follows:

1. The patient is placed in a comfortable position:

for injuries to the head, neck, chest, upper limbs- sedentary;
for abdominal injuries, pelvic area, upper sections hips - recumbent.

2. Select a bandage according to the type of injury.

3. Carry out the bandaging process using the basic rules for applying bandages.

If you have made a dressing, following the rules for applying sterile dressings, then the compress will meet the following criteria:

completely cover the damaged area;
do not interfere with normal blood and lymph circulation;
be comfortable for the patient.

Rules for applying bandages by type of application.

	Rule for applying a bandage
Circular bandage	It is applied to the wrist area, lower leg, forehead and so on. The bandage is applied spirally, both with and without kinks. It is better to carry out dressing with kinks on those that have a canonical shape
Creeping bandage	Applied for the purpose of preliminary fixation of the dressing material on the injured area
Cross bandage	Can be applied in places with complex configurations As the dressing progresses, the bandage should make a figure eight. For example, a cruciate bandage on the chest is performed as follows: move 1 - make several circular turns through the chest; move 2 - the bandage is passed diagonally through the chest from the right axillary region to the left forearm; move 3 - make a turn through the back onto the right forearm across, from where the bandage is again drawn along the chest towards the left armpit, while crossing the previous layer; moves 4 and 5 - the bandage is again passed through the back to the side right armpit, taking a figure eight step; securing move - the bandage is wrapped around the chest and fixed
Spica bandage	It is a type of eight. Its imposition, for example, on shoulder joint is performed according to the following scheme: move 1 - the bandage is passed through the chest from the healthy armpit to the opposite shoulder; move 2 - a bandage goes around the shoulder in front, along outside, behind, through armpit and lift it obliquely onto the shoulder, so as to cross the previous layer; move 3 - the bandage is passed through the back back to the healthy armpit; moves 4 and 5 - repeating moves from the first to the third, ensuring that each new layer of bandage is applied slightly higher than the previous one, forming a “spikelet” pattern at the intersection
Turtle headband	Used to bandage joint areas make one turn of bandage in the center of the joint; repeat circular turns above and below the previous layer several times, gradually covering the entire injured area; each new layer intersects with the previous one in the popliteal cavity; a fixing turn is made around the thigh Sliding tortoiseshell headband: make peripheral tours above and below the injured joint, while crossing the bandage in the popliteal cavity; all subsequent turns of the bandage are made in the same way, moving towards the center of the joint; the securing turn is performed at the level of the middle of the joint

Head bandaging

There are several types of headbands:

1. “cap”;

2. simple;

3. “bridle”;

4. “Hippocrates’ cap”;

5. one eye;

6. on both eyes;

7. Neapolitan (on the ear).

Situations for applying dressings according to their type

Name	When superimposed
	For injuries to the frontal and occipital parts of the head
	For minor injuries to the occipital, parietal, frontal parts of the head
"Bridle"	For injuries to the frontal part of the skull, face and lower jaw
"Hippocrates' Cap"	There is damage to the parietal part
One eye	In case of injury to one eye
For both eyes	When both eyes are injured
Neapolitan	For ear injury

The basis of the rule for applying headbands is that, regardless of the type, the dressing is carried out with bandages of average width - 10 cm.

Since it is very important to provide timely treatment for any injury, for general head injury it is recommended to apply the simplest version of the bandage - a “cap”.

Rules for applying the “bonnet” bandage:

1. A piece about a meter long is cut from the bandage, which will be used as a tie.

2. Its middle part is applied to the crown.

3. The ends of the tie are held with both hands; this can be done either by an assistant or by the patient himself, if he is in a conscious state.

4. Apply a fixing layer of bandage around the head, reaching the tie.

5. Begin to wrap the bandage around the tie and further over the head.

6. Having reached the opposite end of the tie, the bandage is wrapped again and passed around the skull slightly above the first layer.

7. By repeated actions completely cover the scalp with a bandage.

8. When making the last round, the end of the bandage is tied to one of the straps.

9. The straps are tied under the chin.

Examples of applying some other dressings

	Rule for applying a bandage
	Pass the bandage around the head twice. The next step forward is to make a bend and begin to apply the bandage obliquely (from the forehead to the back of the head), slightly higher from the circular layer. Another bend is made at the back of the head and the bandage is applied from the other side of the head. The moves are secured, after which the procedure is repeated, changing the direction of the bandage. The technique is repeated until the crown is completely covered, while not forgetting to fix every two oblique strokes of the bandage
"Bridle"	Make two turns around the head. Next, the bandage is lowered under the lower jaw, passing it under the right ear. Raise it back to the crown through the left ear, respectively. Three such vertical turns are made, after which the bandage is passed from under the right ear to the front of the neck, obliquely through the back of the head and around the head, thus fixing the previous layers. The next step is to lower again right side under the lower jaw, trying to completely cover it horizontally. The bandage is then passed to the back of the head, repeating this step. Repeat the move through the neck again, after which you finally secure the bandage around the head.
One eye	The bandage begins with two reinforcing layers of bandage, which in case of injury to the right eye is carried out from left to right, the left - from right to left. After this, the bandage is lowered from the side of the injury along the back of the head, placed under the ear, covered the eye obliquely through the cheek and secured in a circular motion. The step is repeated several times, each new layer of bandage covering the previous one by about half.

Dressings for bleeding

Bleeding is the loss of blood when the integrity of the blood vessels.

Rules for applying dressings for various types of bleeding

Type of bleeding	Description	Rule for applying a bandage
Arterial	The blood is bright red and flows in a strong pulsating stream.	Firmly compress the area above the wound with your hand, a tourniquet or a cloth twist. Type of bandage applied - pressure
Venous	The blood turns dark cherry color and flows evenly	Raise the damaged part of the body higher, apply sterile gauze to the wound and bandage it tightly, that is, make a pressure bandage The tourniquet is applied from below the wound!
Capillary	Blood is released evenly from the entire wound	Apply sterile bandage after which the bleeding should stop quickly
Mixed	Combines the features of previous types	Apply a pressure bandage
Parenchymal (internal)	Capillary bleeding from internal organs	Make a dressing using plastic bag with ice

General rules for applying bandages for bleeding from a limb:

Place the bandage under the limb, slightly above the wound site.
Apply an ice pack (ideally).
Stretch the tourniquet very much.
Tie the ends.

The main rule for applying a bandage is to place the tourniquet on top of clothing or specially placed fabric (gauze, towel, scarf, etc.).

At correct actions, the bleeding should stop, and the area under the tourniquet should turn pale. Be sure to place a note under the bandage with the date and time (hours and minutes) of the dressing. After first aid is provided, no more than 1.5-2 hours should pass before the victim is taken to the hospital, otherwise the injured limb cannot be saved.

Rules for applying a pressure bandage

Pressure bandages should be applied to reduce all types of external bleeding in areas of bruises, as well as to reduce the amount of swelling.

Rules for applying a pressure bandage:

The skin adjacent to the wound (about two to four cm) is treated with an antiseptic.
If there is foreign objects, they should be carefully removed immediately.
As a dressing material, use a ready-made dressing bag or a sterile cotton-gauze roll; if this is not available, then a bandage, a clean handkerchief, or napkins will do.
The dressing is fixed on the wound with a bandage, scarf, or scarf.
Try to make the bandage tight, but not over-tightening the damaged area.

High quality applied pressure bandage should stop bleeding. But if it has managed to become saturated with blood, then there is no need to remove it before arriving at the hospital. It should simply be tightly bandaged on top, after placing another gauze bag under the new bandage.

Features of the occlusive dressing

An occlusive dressing is applied to provide an airtight seal around the damaged area to prevent contact with water and air. Used for penetrating wounds.

Rules for applying an occlusive dressing:

Place the victim in a sitting position.
Treat the skin adjacent to the wound with an antiseptic (hydrogen peroxide, chlorhexidine, alcohol).
An antiseptic wipe is applied to the wound and adjacent area of the body with a radius of five to ten cm.
The next layer is a water- and air-tight material (necessarily with the sterile side), for example, a plastic bag, cling film, rubberized fabric, oilcloth.
The third layer consists of a cotton-gauze pad, which plays the role of constipation.
All layers are tightly fixed with a wide bandage.

When applying a bandage, remember that each new layer of dressing material should be 5-10 cm larger than the previous one.

Of course, if there is such an opportunity, then it is best to use IPP - which is a bandage with two cotton-gauze pads attached. One of them is fixed, and the other moves freely along it.

Applying an aseptic dressing

An aseptic dressing is used in cases where there is an open wound and it is necessary to prevent contamination and foreign particles from entering it. To do this, it is necessary not only to correctly apply the dressing material, which must be sterile, but also to securely fix it.

Rules for applying an aseptic dressing:

Treat wounds with special antiseptic agents, but under no circumstances use water for this purpose.
Apply gauze directly to the injury, 5 cm larger than the wound, pre-rolled in several layers.
Apply a layer (easily peelable) on top, which is two to three centimeters larger than gauze.
Secure the dressing tightly with a bandage or medical adhesive plaster.

Ideally, it is better to use special dry aseptic dressings. They consist of a layer hygroscopic material, which absorbs blood very well and dries the wound.

To better protect the wound from dirt and infection, additionally glue cotton gauze bandage from all sides to the skin using an adhesive plaster. And after that, secure everything with a bandage.

When the bandage is completely saturated with blood, it must be carefully replaced with a new one: completely or only upper layer. If this is not possible, for example, due to the lack of another set of sterile dressing material, then you can bandage the wound, having previously lubricated the wet bandage with iodine tincture.

Application of splint dressings

When providing first aid for fractures, the main thing is to ensure immobility of the injury site, as a result of which the painful sensations and prevent the displacement of bone fragments in the future.

The main signs of a fracture:

Severe pain at the site of injury that does not stop for several hours.
Pain shock.
With a closed fracture - swelling, edema, tissue deformation at the site of injury.
At open fracture- a wound from which bone fragments protrude.
Limited or no movement at all.

Basic rules for applying bandages for limb fractures:

The bandage should be of an immobilization type.
In the absence of special tires, you can use improvised things: a stick, a cane, small boards, a ruler, and so on.
Ensure the victim's immobility.
To fix the fracture, use two splints wrapped soft cloth or cotton wool.
Apply splints on the sides of the fracture; they should cover the joints below and above the damage.
If the fracture is accompanied open wound And heavy bleeding, That:

A tourniquet is applied above the fracture and wound;
a bandage is applied to the wound;
Two splints are placed on the sides of the injured limb.

If you apply any type of bandage incorrectly, then instead of providing first aid, you can cause irreparable harm to the health of the victim, which can lead to death.