What are vegetarians? What is the difference between a vegan and a vegetarian? Other reasons for choosing a plant-based diet

A banker is the owner of bank capital and a manager involved in the banking business.

Bankers(top and middle management) are the owners of bank capital and managers involved in the banking business. The profession is suitable for those who are interested mathematics and economics(cm. choosing a profession based on interest in school subjects).

Banking specialists are bank employees. The responsibilities of a banker depend on the position held. Basically, this is work with clients: service, consulting various issues, as well as analytical activities, planning, forecasting.

Features of the Banker profession

Lending is one of the classic banking operations. However, this is not all of the bank's activities. Most banks comply different kinds operations and serves different clientele segments.

Lending department accepts applications for loans, analyzes the financial condition of the borrower, the business project for which the loan is taken, the reliability of collateral or other collateral; maintains a credit file and monitors the intended use of the loan, monitors the safety of the collateral. The decision to issue a loan is made by a credit committee consisting of managers various departments jar.
Investment Department deals with the analysis of projects that require long-term investments (investments), including the purchase of enterprises, monitoring the implementation of these projects, financial condition and enterprise development.
Valuables Department deals with placement of papers valuable papers on the stock exchange and on the market, investing in income-generating securities; as well as issuing its own bills in order to attract funds.
Dealing department(treasury) carries out operations in the money and foreign exchange markets, earning profits from exchange rate fluctuations, buying and selling currency to clients and other banks.
Stock department Places bank shares and bonds on the market.
Operations department maintains and services client accounts, accepts orders from clients to make payments and forwards them to the settlement department for execution.
Plastic department cards are an integral structure of a modern bank. Plastic cards for a bank mean additional clients and additional income.
Legal department. Job legal department begins with opening accounts for clients by checking the legality of registration of the client (company). Another important job of the bank’s legal department is the conduct of arbitration processes that inevitably arise in the work of every bank. The outcome of the lawsuit depends on how the lawyer represents the bank in court.
Reporting department. Reporting is the face of the bank. A self-respecting client will not work with a bank without studying its statements, which reflect all aspects of the bank’s activities: the profitability of its operations, the number of clients, the size of the loan portfolio and the securities portfolio. In addition, reporting is studied not only by bank clients, but also by the Central Bank of the Russian Federation. In case of reporting that does not comply regulatory indicators The Central Bank may prohibit a bank from carrying out certain operations (for example, issuing loans or attracting deposits), or may even revoke its license and close the bank.
Department economic analysis . Without analysis there can be no correct decision. The right decisions- this is a high profit, incorrect - losses.
Department information technologies and automation. The activities of a modern bank are impossible without computerization and the use of communication channels. The quality of the bank’s work, and therefore the number of its clients, largely depends on the quality and security of information technology.
Marketing department must provide such advertising so that customers choose this particular bank.

The larger the bank, the wider and more voluminous its structure. Banks provide the opportunity to work consistently in all departments. A senior manager needs experience in all departments to lead successfully.

Pros and cons of the Banker profession

The main advantage of working in a bank is rightly considered stability. Against the backdrop of a turbulent and unpredictable market commercial enterprises, which appear spontaneously and just as spontaneously disappear, commercial banks are a stronghold of stability. In the banking system, it is quite possible to quickly take off in your career. Working in a bank, a specialist independently chooses the path of development. If a manager wants to move up career ladder and reach certain heights, he will use every opportunity: strive to overlap in the work of his department with the directions of other banking departments, complete tasks on time, stay late after the end of the working day in order to begin doing the work planned for the near future. There is a direct relationship between income and level of professionalism. The higher the position, the greater the responsibility. The degree of risk is directly proportional to the position and salary.

The disadvantages of the profession include the highest responsibility, no room for error, and long working hours.

Place of work

A banking specialist can work not only in banks, but also in the planning departments of various enterprises, investment planning departments, financial institutions, insurance companies, credit institutions, and stock exchanges.

Important qualities

A successful banker must have such personal qualities as attentiveness, responsibility, dedication, initiative, and readiness for self-education; efficiency, ability to quickly find right decisions; composure, clarity in the performance of professional duties, discipline; frugality, the desire to earn money rather than spend it; communication skills; the ability to pursue a balanced policy.

Where to study to become a Banker

Higher education:

We invite you to familiarize yourself with our list of economic and financial universities in Moscow.

You can become a specialist in banking at specialized universities in Russia at the faculties of economics or finance in the specialties “Banking”, “Finance and Credit”.

Training in this specialty provides a complex of knowledge in the field of:

banking operations
finance and money circulation
accounting in banks
economic analysis
accounting and economics of an organization (enterprise)

The educational program of the specialty “Banking” provides for fundamental and special study by students of legal and organizational foundations activities of credit institutions, the essence and technology of banking operations and transactions, accounting rules in credit institutions, threats to banking security and measures to eliminate them, legal framework auditing activities. A special place is occupied by training in the skills of preparing reports on the activities of a credit organization, applying methods and means of protecting banking information, drawing up primary accounting documents, maintaining synthetic and analytical accounting of banking operations in the relevant accounting registers.

Medium special educational establishments in the specialty "Banking":

Moscow Commercial and Banking College;
Moscow Credit College.

Salary

Salary as of March 26, 2019

Russia 30000—100000 ₽

Moscow 500—5000 ₽

The banking community is among the leaders in salaries, the level of which depends on the position held and the size of the bank. The Bankir.ru portal reports that bankers' salaries are growing faster than inflation.

Career steps and prospects

Higher education is a necessary condition for a career and a launching pad to professionalism.
You can start your career in a bank as a customer support officer, clerk, or assistant accountant. The salary of a beginning specialist is usually low. But there is an opportunity for career growth. Moving up the career ladder of a banker largely depends on the efforts of the employee himself, work experience, level professional development. Within a year you can become a middle manager (head of department). With certain abilities and aspirations, it is possible to become the head of a bank branch, deputy head of a bank, or director of a bank.

Famous bankers

Mayer Amschel Bauer (Rothschild) (1744-1812) - founder of an international dynasty of bankers, founder of a bank in Frankfurt am Main. The business was continued by his five sons: Amschel Mayer, Solomon Mayer, Nathan Mayer, Kalman Mayer, James Mayer. Over the course of 20 years, the brothers created the world's largest international banking consortium in largest cities Europe (Paris, London, Vienna, Naples, Frankfurt am Main).

Peabody George (1795-1869) - Native American. In the mid-19th century, his bank, with the help of capital from the Old World, financed the industrial development of the young republic. Without Peabody, the US economy would not have grown as fast. And most certainly, without Peabody, J.P. Morgan's empire would not have appeared.

Herbert Stepic (German: Herbert Stepic), born December 31, 1946, Vienna) is an Austrian banker. Herbert Stepic created a unique network of banks RZB and Raiffeisen International

Gerashchenko Viktor Vladimirovich was born on December 21, 1937 in Leningrad. Professor, Doctor of Economic Sciences. Chairman of the Central Bank of Russia during the years of perestroika. In March 2002, he was replaced in this post by Sergei Ignatiev. Victor Gerashchenko worked at the International Monetary Fund, the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency, and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development. In December 2003, he was elected to the State Duma of the fourth convocation.

Portrait of an ideal banker

The famous banker Evgeny Bernshtam was asked in an interview several years ago what a banker is. He replied that “a banker is, first of all, a sane person.” A modern banker must have a good specialized education, be able to understand not only banking products, but also life, and have an excellent knowledge of people’s psychology. He needs to have constructive thinking and be a conservative in in a good way words. Very important quality for a banker - the ability to work effectively in a team. You need to have your own position, lead a certain lifestyle, expand your horizons, be able to force yourself to reach your goal and improve yourself. Some clients can give many bankers a head start in economic literacy. And if an economically educated client is faced with the ignorance of a bank employee, he ceases to respect, but not the employee himself as a person, but the bank with which this employee is associated in the client’s mind. The more professional, consistent and purposeful the employees, the more successful the bank in which they work, the more dynamic and confident the banking structure of the state is developing.

Professional holidays:

December 2nd- The Association of Russian Banks declared it Bank Worker Day (since 2004). The annual International Financial Forum is dedicated to this day, at which a discussion takes place the most important aspects development of the international banking system and global financial markets. And on this day the best bank employees receive Honorary Badges of the Association.

December 2nd- the most suitable date to establish a bank holiday. On this day in 1990, the laws “On the Central Bank” were adopted Russian Federation" and "About banks and banking activities." Started from this day recent history banking in Russia

Strict vegetarians are those who call themselves "vegans", - people who do not eat animal products in any form: neither in the form of meat or fish dish, neither in the form of milk or eggs, nor processed food products containing ingredients of animal origin (gelatin, for example).

Many vegans also abstain from eating non-animal products such as sugar and alcohol. There is also a debate regarding the use of honey.

Vegans - “no” to eating animals and animal products

However, there are many transitional or part-vegetarian dietary options beyond committed vegans. Some people follow them for reasons of greater healthy image life, while others - because they cannot withstand a strict vegan diet.

The most common type of vegetarian in the world is lacto-ovo vegetarians: They do not eat beef, pork, poultry, game, fish, shellfish, but do not give up eggs and dairy products. "Lacto" comes from the Latin "milk", and "ovo" - "egg".

Lacto-ovo vegetarians - “no” to meat and fish, “yes” to milk and eggs

Definition lacto-vegetarian used to describe a vegetarian who does not eat eggs but does eat dairy products. Many vegetarian Hindus are, by the way, lacto-vegetarians, avoiding eggs for religious reasons, but continuing to eat dairy products.

Lacto-vegetarians - “no” to meat and eggs, “yes” to milk

Ovo-vegetarians- these are those who do not eat meat or dairy products, but allow themselves eggs. Some people become ovo-vegetarians because they are lactose intolerant.

Ovo-vegetarians - “no” to meat and fish, “no” to milk, “yes” to eggs

Semi-vegetarians- this, of course, is not a very specific term, but it means “inconsistent” vegetarians: those who eat meat or fish occasionally - for example, on holidays.

Semi-vegetarians - usually vegetarian, rarely meat

Pesco-vegetarians- this term refers to people who eat fish and seafood, but do not eat meat.

Pesco-vegetarians - “no” to meat, “yes” to fish

Raw foodists - These are strict vegetarians (vegans), committed to eating unprocessed foods that are not heated above 115 degrees Fahrenheit (46 degrees Celsius). Followers of a raw food diet believe that food cooked above this temperature loses a significant part of its nutritional value and is harmful to the body.

Raw foodists - “no” to temperature processing of food

Followers of a macrobiotic diet prefer grains and cereals. Their diet also includes fruits and vegetables, and rare, occasional consumption of fish is acceptable. It is recommended to avoid sugar and refined foods, including oils. Perhaps the most unique highlight of the macrobiotic diet is the vegetable daikon, as well as seaweed.

Adherents of macrobiotics - “cereals and cereals are the healthiest food”

Fruitarians- raw food vegans who eat mainly plant fruits (at least 75%): fruits, berries, vegetables with the addition of small amounts of grains, nuts and seeds. Fruitarians eat only foods that don't require the plant to be destroyed, so they eat cucumbers and tomatoes, but avoid potatoes, beets, or lettuce.

who are vegetarians

More than 15 million North Americans call themselves “vegetarians.” About a third of them completely exclude meat, poultry and fish from their diet. The rest sometimes allow themselves poultry or fish, but refuse red meat. It may seem rather strange that there are so many people who eat meat and at the same time consider themselves vegetarians. This can probably be explained by the fact that for many, vegetarianism is a smart choice and a serious step .

Vegetarian life

Although vegetarians By no means can they be called a homogeneous group; there are certain differences that distinguish this category of people from the rest of the population. The most characteristic and obvious of these differences is a strong interest in one’s own.

Typically prefer products that have undergone minimal industrial processing, often refusing to consume salt and caffeine and choosing only natural products without artificial colors, preservatives and food additives.

However, even among vegetarians, who give great importance health and environmental issues, there is a huge difference between individual groups, characterized not only by their adherence to a particular diet, but also by the reasons for choosing this lifestyle.

For some people it is a way to gain and maintain good health, and for others it is a matter of ethics, religion, ecology or animal rights.

Many vegetarians set themselves enough difficult questions, regarding their degree of involvement in vegetarian culture, for example: “Can a real vegetarian eat marshmallows?” or “Will I still be a vegetarian after eating Christmas turkey?” However, all this is not decisive.

It is much more important whether a person has internal agreement with his chosen way of existence, and how much vegetarianism corresponds to his life path. Each of us goes through our own own way, leading to vegetarianism, but the right moment for this comes individually.

" A “vegetarian” can be called a person who completely refuses to eat animal flesh, be it beef, chicken or fish. Those people whose diet contains both plant and animal foods are sometimes called “omnivores.”

Vegetarians are usually divided into groups based on which foods they accept and which they avoid. Each of these groups is divided in turn into many categories that differ from each other in religious beliefs, traditions and personal experience one vegetarian or another.

If a person refuses animal foods for the sake of his own health, he can be flexible in his approach to vegetarian diet; however, if the choice is made on the basis of ethical or religious principles, such a person tends to have a stricter view of the chosen path.

Lacto-ovo vegetarians

Lacto-ovo vegetarians refuse any animal flesh, but include eggs (ovo) and dairy products (lacto) in their diet. IN North America There are about 90-95 percent of vegetarians of this kind.

Pure vegetarians or vegans

Pure (or absolute) vegetarians, which are also called vegans, avoid any animal products, including eggs, dairy, gelatin and even , since it is produced by bees. Although the terms "vegan" and " pure vegetarian" can replace each other, there is a difference between them.

Vegans' beliefs go deeper than just dietary restrictions, as they avoid anything that comes from an animal whenever possible. They do not wear clothes made of leather, wool or silk, do not use fatty soap and do not take photographs, the production of which requires gelatin, the basis of which is bones and connective tissues animals. It is known that gelatin is also used to prepare some confectionery, which vegans also avoid.

Other reasons for choosing a plant-based diet

There are many people who are gradually switching to a vegetarian diet, reducing their consumption of animal foods. Some of them do not eat red meat, but sometimes allow themselves chicken and/or fish. Others periodically eat meat, but most of the time they try to stick to vegetarian diet nutrition. People who prefer a semi-vegetarian diet are sometimes called "semi-vegetarians."

The choice of a vegetarian lifestyle is often directly related to corresponding philosophical or religious views, or the ideas of a social group. One of the most prominent philosophical groups of this type is macrobiotics, which preaches the need for simple living in harmony with nature. Followers of the macrobiotic diet emphasize the importance of using whole, local foods such as grains, fresh vegetables, seaweed and legumes.

They replace refined salt and sugar sea salt and vegetable sweeteners (for example, rice syrup). Macrobiotas ignore foods that have been industrially processed with chemicals. food additives and concentrated fats. Animal products (meat, poultry and dairy products) are not recommended in macrobiotics, with the exception of small amounts of white fish.

There are many similarities between the macrobiotic diet and modern nutritional trends adopted by health authorities in different countries, which are aimed at reducing the level of chronic diseases.

Macrobiotic diet comprises minimum quantity fat and cholesterol, it is rich in fiber and saturated whole grains, vegetables and legumes. This diet has a very beneficial effect on the health of adults.

If you have a small child, you should find a reasonable balance between the principles of macrobiotics and modern scientific developments in the field of infant and child nutrition to meet all needs child's body. To achieve this, the diet must contain sufficient quantity calories, as well as protein, fat and reliable sources of vitamin D, zinc, iron and other vitamins and minerals, which may be lacking in a macrobiotic diet.

Diet concepts that came from the east, such as the macrobiotic system, offer an interesting explanation for a harmonious diet, which in to a large extent differs from the model adopted in Western countries.

You can take advantage of both one and the other dietary concept, based on Western scientific theories for creating balanced diet, adding to them Eastern knowledge about health and nutrition. Such an approach will create great system nutrition for a person of any age.