Vaccinations before traveling: important tips. Children's vaccinations before traveling abroad: mandatory and recommended

When planning a trip to distant countries, you need to remember that tourists are waiting there. various dangers among which infectious diseases occupy the leading place. Many of them can be protected with the help of ordinary preventive vaccinations. They are made in vaccination points of state medical institutions and specialized commercial medical centers.

For those who are negative about vaccination, it is worth emphasizing that contagious diseases that can be encountered in exotic countries are mostly difficult for tourists to tolerate. Even deaths. Therefore, getting vaccinated before traveling can save your life.

Timing for vaccination

For the formation of sufficient immune protection the body needs time, so it is necessary to vaccinate in advance - it is advisable to finish the vaccination campaign at least a month before the intended trip. More precisely about the timing of the formation of immunity for each infection can be found in medical centers involved in preventive vaccinations.

In addition, we must not forget that some vaccinations have an expiration date, after which the level of protective antibodies begins to fall and the person becomes vulnerable to an infectious disease. For example, vaccinations against and adults must be repeated every 10 years. Immunity against also persists for about 10 years, so revaccination may be required (a special blood test will tell you more precisely about the level of anti-hepatitis antibodies). But from g it is necessary to immunize annually, since strains of viruses are constantly changing.

Vaccinations that travelers need to do can be divided into two large groups:

Mandatory- are carried out by everyone who has no contraindications.
Recommended- welcomed by doctors, but carried out only at the request of a person.

For travelers, both are important. Without compulsory vaccination tourists will not be allowed into countries where it is required. Well, without making the recommended vaccination, you can put your life in serious danger.

Mandatory vaccination

Fortunately, mandatory there are not so many vaccinations for travelers - only one, from yellow fever. This vaccination should be done when traveling to countries where cases of this infectious disease are reported or where there are mosquitoes that carry the yellow fever virus. The list of such states is regularly reviewed by WHO. To date, it consists of 20 states that require this vaccination unequivocally, and 25 that have endemic zones, so they can be asked about vaccination at the entrance.

note

Why is everyone afraid of yellow fever? This disease is transmitted through mosquito bites, that is, quite easily. People can not always influence the transmission factors. After infection develops severe clinical picture with damage to many organs, 10-20% of patients die.

After immunization against yellow fever (it consists of just one injection), the patient is given certificate international standard , which begins to operate from the 10th day after the vaccination and remains valid for 10 years.

This certificate may be required not only upon arrival in endemic territories, but also upon return from them to other countries. A list of countries in which yellow fever vaccination is mandatory can be found on the WHO website ( http://www.who.int/ith/2016-ith-country-list-ru.pdf) or CDC (https://www.cdc.gov/yellowfever/maps/index.html).

These vaccinations are more than mandatory. Many of them are included in the immunization calendar in Russia, so those who vaccinate their children and vaccinate themselves in accordance with medical requirements, no need to worry.

hepatitis - and;

Polio And hepatitis A - These are diseases that can be contracted by eating food or drinking water contaminated with the feces of a sick person. For developing Asian and African countries, such transmission of infections is very common, since they do not have a system of well-established control over water resources and the catering industry. Thus, vaccinations recommended by doctors are in fact no less important than mandatory ones.

Now let's take a closer look at what vaccinations should be done before traveling to the destinations that modern tourists love.

Vaccinations before traveling to India

The causative agents of many infectious diseases circulate in India, including typhoid and typhus, hepatitis A and E, poliomyelitis, various exotic fevers, h, and others. There are no vaccinations for all of them, but it is advisable to get vaccinated from those from which there are. So, for tourists from Russia, the recommended before traveling to India is hepatitis A vaccination typhoid fever and poliomyelitis.

Vaccinations before a holiday in Vietnam

It is advisable for people planning to travel around this country to get vaccinated about t hepatitis A and typhoid fever. In addition, if the tourist route will include staying in countryside, it is also recommended to be vaccinated from Japanese encephalitis and rabies.

Vaccinations before traveling to Thailand

Holidays in Thailand are very popular among tourists. In order not to overshadow your long-awaited trip to this exotic country, it is advisable to vaccinate all family members in advance from hepatitis A and typhoid fever. It also doesn't hurt to graft from hepatitis B, which is transmitted by parenteral route- through needle pricks and during sexual intercourse. This recommendation is especially relevant for those who want to get to know Thailand from the "adult" side.

Vaccinations before traveling to the Dominican Republic

Before traveling to this country, it is advisable to go through all routine vaccinations children and adults - from diphtheria, tetanus, measles, mumps, hepatitis B. Additionally, you can protect yourself from hepatitis A and typhoid fever in case you have to eat outside the hotels.

Vaccinations before holidays in Kenya

Many tourists associate holidays in Kenya with a great safari. Therefore, in order not to overshadow the impressions of a trip to this African country, it is necessary to be vaccinated from yellow fever, and it is also desirable to take root from hepatitis A, typhoid fever, polio and rabies.

Vaccinations before traveling to Bangladesh

Bangladesh is a small Asian country for lovers of exotic and unforgettable holidays. Like other developing countries in Asia, Bangladesh has problems with sanitation, so all people who come here should take care of their health and get vaccinated against infections transmitted through dirty hands, – from hepatitis A, typhoid fever, poliomyelitis.

Vaccinations before traveling to Egypt and Tunisia

Egypt and Tunisia are not only beach resorts loved by many tourists, but also poor developing countries which are characterized by high infectious morbidity. Travelers from Russia in these countries do not require mandatory vaccinations, but in order to protect their health, from hepatitis A, typhoid and polio It is still advisable to get vaccinated.

Vaccinations before holidays in Costa Rica

Costa Rica is washed by two oceans and has the most beautiful beaches and exotic nature, which every year attracts more and more tourists from all over the world. Vacationers in this country are threatened by malaria, dengue fever, as well as hepatitis A and typhoid fever for which it is recommended to be vaccinated.

Vaccinations before traveling to China

Many people go to China for shopping or for authentic Chinese food and sightseeing. In both cases, travelers may experience problems with the digestive system - travelers' diarrhea. Well, in order not to become a victim more serious illnesses, such as hepatitis and typhoid should be vaccinated against them.

Vaccinations for traveling to Sri Lanka

Sri Lanka is first-class beaches, ancient sights and beautiful nature. People who come here need to take care in advance not to get infected with dirty hands (i.e. hepatitis and typhoid fever) And rabies.

Vaccination before traveling to Indonesia (to the island of Bali)

The amount of vaccinations recommended for travelers to Indonesia, as in other Asian regions, is typhoid fever and hepatitis A. In addition, in last years cases of mass morbidity have become more frequent in this country, so you should not ignore this infection, which can affect both adults and children.

Vaccinations before traveling to Africa

Yellow fever occurs in many African countries, so you cannot plan a trip to them without a vaccination against this infection. In addition, for your safety, it is advisable to take a course of vaccination against, typhoid fever, meningococcal infection, rabies and poliomyelitis. Unfortunately, there are no vaccines against other infectious diseases potentially dangerous for tourists (for example, malaria), so before traveling, you should carefully read all the recommendations for disease prevention for the selected country.

As you can see from the article, having made just a few vaccinations, you can safely travel almost all over the world. If there are doubts about what kind of vaccination should be done before traveling to a particular country, you can contact the embassy of that state. They will provide you with all the necessary information without any problems.

Zubkova Olga Sergeevna, medical commentator, epidemiologist

Preparing for the holidays, few of us responsibly approach the issue of vaccinations. Moreover, many tourists do not know the basic recommendations of doctors at all. What risks await those who leave for a country with a very different climate?

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Stories of acquaintances who travel, for example, to India, Thailand, South Korea, to Cuba, do not get vaccinated and feel good, they really have a place to be. However, sometimes quite unpleasant incidents happen, which should be remembered when going on a trip.

The World Health Organization is rightly sounding the alarm. Every year there are a lot of outbreaks in the world most dangerous diseases, the existence of which our compatriots do not even suspect. Therefore, if you are planning a long trip, it will not be superfluous to find out about the epidemiological situation at your destination.

On the international website https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/ you can find information on desirable and mandatory vaccinations, as well as general recommendations for travel to all countries of the world. The WHO website http://www.who.int/ith/en/# provides the most up-to-date data on vaccinations and disease outbreaks around the world.

In some countries, tourists may be denied entry in the absence of a document that confirms that they have been vaccinated. For example, yellow fever vaccination is mandatory in several countries in Africa and South America. The fact is that it is almost impossible to protect yourself from the spread of infection - it is carried by local mosquitoes. The vaccine is given every 10 years and no later than 10 days before departure.

Ideally, vaccination should be completed one month before the start of the trip. Although each vaccine has its own "subtleties". Depending on the chosen direction, doctors most often recommend making a vaccine against hepatitis A and B, typhoid, rabies, Japanese and tick-borne encephalitis, meningococcal infections and cholera.

If you are traveling for a short time and plan to beach holiday in tourist places, the risk of getting sick is significantly reduced. More attention to their health should be paid to those travelers who prefer long vacations, plan camping in nature, and are also going to visit remote regions of the country and abandoned places.

Vaccination of tourists is carried out both by private and government offices immunoprophylaxis. It is necessary to find out about the availability of a vaccine in advance, especially when it comes to rare vaccinations.

If you are not a supporter of vaccinations, it is worth considering general recommendations when traveling to distant lands, especially if you are heading to third world countries, with low level life:

wash your hands not only before eating, but as often as possible;
pour boiling water over raw fruits and vegetables before eating;
drink only bottled water, preferably open on your own;
do not drink drinks with ice;
be vigilant when interacting with the local population;
avoid trips to forests, jungles, nature reserves;
do not contact with animals.

In order to catch a nasty infection, it is not always necessary to travel far from home. Some diseases are common in certain regions post-Soviet space.

Be careful and attentive to your health, because forewarned is forearmed.

Probably, every parent, before traveling with a child, is looking for information about whether vaccinations are needed in the visited country and which ones.

Let's first decide when to vaccinate.

Vaccinations should be done at least a month before the intended trip. The body must completely overcome the virus that was injected into it and recover. If you intend to change the climate, then the body will need the strength to acclimatize. In addition, it is during the period of acclimatization that a child (and an adult too) is susceptible to illness. The body simply does not have time to gain enough strength after vaccination to still fight with the sudden onset of acute respiratory viral infections / acute respiratory infections, for example.

However, some vaccinations must be done several months before the planned date of travel, as the body needs time to develop strong immunity.
Usually, the set of vaccinations includes vaccinations against yellow fever, hepatitis A and typhoid fever. To date, the only compulsory vaccination is a yellow fever vaccine that can be given even to children from the age of six months and pregnant women. Vaccinations against other diseases are made at the request of the tourist.

More about diseases:

Yellow fever

The only disease for which vaccination is mandatory for travel to these countries: Chad, Sudan, Congo, Peru, Brazil and Bolivia. (Although the experience of close relatives turned out that this vaccination is not so mandatory.)

Endemic countries (here the virus is constantly): Angola, Argentina, Benin, Bolivia, Brazil, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Venezuela, Gabon, Guyana, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, French Guiana, Democratic Republic Congo, Cameroon, Kenya, Colombia, Congo, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Mauritania, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Rwanda, Senegal, Sudan, Suriname, Sierra Leone, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Uganda, South Sudan, Central African Republic, Chad, Equatorial Guinea and Ethiopia, Ecuador.

The vaccine is given to adults and children from 9 months of age. Immunity is developed in 10 days and lasts for 10 years.

Hepatitis A

Known as "jaundice". Infection is widespread in hot countries, especially those with compliance problems. sanitary norms. There is a possibility of catching hepatitis A in Egypt, Turkey, India, Vietnam, countries of South and Central America.
In principle, even those who do not travel outside of Russia can become infected with hepatitis A, because in our country, compliance with sanitary standards also often leaves much to be desired. By the way, hepatitis A vaccination is included in a number of regional vaccination schedules, for example, in Moscow it is given to children aged 3-6 years.

A disease that occurs in tropical countries.
Malaria is common in African countries, South-East Asia(including in the countries of tourist destinations - India, Thailand, Vietnam). The traveler, in order to protect himself from a possible infection with malaria, needs to drink a course antimalarial drugs. They start drinking drugs 1-2 weeks before the trip, continue to take them during the entire trip and another 4-6 weeks after returning home. But these drugs are toxic and breastfeeding incompatible.
During the trip, you should not forget about other safety measures: you must protect yourself from insect bites with the help of clothing and repellents
and corny not to climb into the wilds of the tropical jungle.

Dengue fever:

Found in the following countries: Brazil, Venezuela, Vietnam, Cayman Islands, Colombia, Malaysia, Mexico, Nicaragua, Paraguay, Peru, Thailand, Sri Lanka.
Here I will make a note: a mosquito that carries Dengue fever differs from the usual one in its color.

You need to be vaccinated against typhoid fever if you are traveling to an exotic country (for example, India, Vietnam, Egypt, Indonesia, etc.) and plan to eat not only in a hotel or large restaurants, but also outside the resort area, in a rural area. areas, in small cafes.
The typhoid vaccine is given from the age of 2 years and begins to work approximately one to two weeks after immunization. Immunity lasts for 3 years.

You need to treat the health of your child reverently and scrupulously, but you should not heal with any sneeze either.
For example, I am not a supporter of injecting a child with everything and everything. I think that immunity should work first of all. Well, and if you inject vaccinations, then do it competently: not all at once, not during a period of weakened immunity. According to the rules, the expediency of vaccination must be confirmed by immunological tests, i.e. BEFORE vaccination, you need to know the immunological status of a person.

Do not be afraid to travel with children to remote corners of the planet. Danger can lie in wait everywhere, not only in exotic countries. Therefore, you need to observe minimum precautions and hygiene, be informed about the country you are going to, fill your first aid kit with first aid medicines, and also have good insurance with you.

Summer ... It's time for holidays and children's, the longest and most long-awaited holidays ... In Lately, in connection with the actively developing direction of foreign tourism, it is gaining immense popularity family holiday- as they say, both children are happy and parents are delighted. But, before planning a foreign trip with a child, it is necessary to carefully approach the issue of vaccinating your baby.

Today, some short-sighted parents naively believe that vaccinating a child who is going abroad for only five or six days is an absolutely pointless idea. Others, for some unknown reason, still make a mandatory injection, but literally a few days before departure, which in itself is wrong, because in such a short period the child's body simply does not have time to develop immunity to a particular disease. Simply put, such a hasty visit to the doctor is of zero benefit.

It is most reasonable to schedule a visit to the doctor about 7-8 weeks before departure, and a month before visiting a foreign country for children aged 6 months and up to a year, it is recommended to get vaccinated against measles. Today, leading experts of the Ministry of Health strongly recommend that young travelers be vaccinated against diphtheria, mumps, tetanus, and for older children - against chickenpox and rubella.

Most doctors believe that a full vaccination is necessary before traveling to another country, especially if a visit to Thailand, India, China, Vietnam, etc. is planned. The risk of infection here is several times higher due to non-compliance elementary rules personal hygiene, and, in addition, the child can get sick by eating poor-quality food and poorly purified water. The most common diseases in the region are malaria, salmonellosis, intestinal infections And viral hepatitis"A".

As for Turkey, which is so popular among Russians, or mysterious Egypt, here quite often children coming from Europe register cases of rubella, mumps, measles, diphtheria and hepatitis B.

South America and African countries pose a threat to child's body in the form of yellow fever. Vaccination against this disease can be carried out for children from the age of 9 months 10-12 days before the trip. During subsequent visits to the countries of this region, re-vaccination is not carried out, since the action of the “magic injection” lasts for 10-15 years. And, by the way, you simply won’t be able to ignore a visit to the doctor, refusing the mandatory yellow fever injection - at the border they will certainly require you to provide an international certificate of vaccination against this disease.

By the way, if you think that your child will be absolutely safe in such "deeply developed" countries as Austria and Germany, then you are mistaken - here small tourists are in danger of contracting tick-borne encephalitis.

Well, now in more detail about some types of vaccinations ...

Vaccination against hepatitis A

You can become infected by drinking dirty water or poor-quality food.

Countries requiring vaccination to enter: Romania, Poland, Spain, Italy, all countries of Africa and Asia. But for a trip to Israel, vaccination is not required.

This vaccination is carried out at least 7-10 days before the trip. Vaccination for children can be carried out from 18-24 months, thus babies receive guaranteed protection for 1-1.5 years. Re-vaccination is carried out after 6-12 months, providing protection for 20 years. Children tolerate vaccination against hepatitis A very well, with virtually no complications and reactions.

Vaccination against tick-borne encephalitis

The period of possible infection is spring-summer. The causative agent of the disease is an encephalitic tick.

Czech Republic, Austria, Far East, Khabarovsk and Krasnoyarsk Territories.

Vaccination can be carried out for children from 6 months, but only if there is a high degree of infection. The first vaccination is carried out in October-November, the second - in March-April. This step-by-step procedure provides long-term protection against tick-borne encephalitis in more than 90% of patients. To form a stable immunity, it is necessary to revaccinate every 3 years.

Vaccination against malaria

Speaking of vaccination against malaria, it is worth noting that, as such, the vaccine against this is enough serious illness does not exist. To prevent it, chemoprophylaxis is carried out (the procedure for taking medicines according to a certain scheme), which starts at least 2 weeks before departure to another country, and continues throughout the trip and even after returning home (one more month).

Countries where vaccination is required: all Asian countries, incl. Malaysia, Vietnam, Sri Lanka, Indonesia and India, as well as African states, Latin America(especially Brazil) and Oceania.

Polio vaccination

This disease affects children aged 6 months to 5 years. You can get the virus through dirty food, unwashed hands, and in some cases even through airborne droplets.

Where vaccination is required: all African countries, but especially when entering Egypt, Nigeria, India, as well as some Asian countries, such as Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan.

In conclusion, I would like to add: no matter what country you arrive in, whether your child has been vaccinated or not, the primary task of all vacationers (and especially for parents of small tourists) was, is and remains personal hygiene. Bathing only in places strictly designated for these purposes, healthy diet and pure fruits and vegetables, the exclusion of contact with animals - in principle, everything that we do for our kids and at home, but with double attention - and then neither your own vacation nor your child's vacation will be overshadowed by any troubles.