Thrombosis in the lungs: symptoms and danger. Survival rates for various types of cancer Premature and immature are the same thing

"?" This is a question that concerns not only cancer patients, but also absolutely healthy people.

If you are diagnosed with cancer

Survival after a diagnosis of cancer directly depends on the stage at which the disease is located, the type of malignant process, the location of the tumor and its morphological characteristics.

The main causes of the development of cancer are considered to be changes in human genes. External environmental factors, such as the level of radiation and environmental conditions, smoking or the presence of chronic diseases, also play an important role in the development of the mechanism of occurrence of tumor processes.

More recently, it was believed that patients diagnosed with stage 4 cancer do not survive more than 3 weeks after diagnosis. However, thanks to the level of modern medicine, the life expectancy of cancer patients has increased significantly.

Today some are especially difficult types of cancer, are very difficult to treat. Doctors feel especially powerless if the cancer is in its final stages. In this case, the life expectancy of patients does not exceed 4 weeks. When it comes to the survival of cancer patients, one should not lose sight of the fact that cancer is accompanied by uncontrolled cell division, which is provoked by changes in their structure at the gene level. In this regard, the treatment of such diseases is very difficult for people to tolerate. And therefore, in some cases, death occurs not from the underlying disease, but from other pathological processes that develop in their body against the background of reduced immunity or disturbances in the functioning of the cardiovascular system.

What does survival depend on?

For example, stage 4 cancer is most often treated through surgery, which is combined with chemotherapy or radiotherapy. However, everyone knows that both of these methods of treatment, regardless of the type of cancer, are accompanied by severe weight loss, hair loss, decreased appetite, and attacks of nausea and vomiting. Also, these types of therapy are very difficult for patients to tolerate psychologically, and sometimes even cause depression and a persistent decrease in vitality.

The life expectancy of patients with different types of cancer is characterized by a five-year survival rate, from which it follows that if after treatment after five years the patient has not observed any symptoms of the disease, then he is considered absolutely healthy.

Breast cancer

Survival after stage 4 breast cancer reaches 15%. Such figures indicate that only 15% of patients who are diagnosed with breast cancer have a good chance of living more than five years without experiencing any symptoms characteristic of this disease. Of utmost importance in this case is not only the stage at which the cancer is located, but also the age, as well as the patient’s overall health. If the patient’s body responds well to treatment and doctors manage to control the disease quite effectively, then the woman’s life expectancy is likely to increase several times.

Lungs' cancer

Survival rate for stage 4 lung cancer, unfortunately, does not exceed 10%. At the same time, an increase in life expectancy is observed in patients who have undergone surgical resection of the affected part of the lung.

Liver cancer

With stage 4 liver cancer, the survival rate of patients does not exceed 6%, since at this stage the treatment of the disease consists only of prescribing drugs that alleviate the patient’s condition, since other treatment options simply do not exist yet.

Stomach cancer

If stage 4 stomach cancer was detected, the survival rate after diagnosis reaches as much as 20%. In this case, the key point of therapy is early diagnosis.

Afterword

No matter what stage cancer is detected at, you should not give up and die quietly. After all, miracles do happen, and therefore it is necessary, even in the most difficult moments, to simply believe in a miracle. And it will definitely happen!

oncology , cancer , types of cancer, survival rate for cancer, tumor ,

Breast cancer is on the lips of almost all women. This is a terrible, very often fatal diagnosis that can affect anyone.

According to doctors, every 8-12 women are at risk, most often aged 40 years and older. According to statistics, there are much fewer men - no more than 5% of the total.

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Main danger

The main danger of cancer is its rapid development and invisibility.

Mutated cells, forming a malignant tumor, quickly develop and multiply, spreading throughout the body. As a result, at stages 3-4, cancer penetrates not only the chest, but also the bones, brain, and lungs.

Cancer treatment consists of several steps:

1. Inhibition of cell growth.
2. Surgical removal of the affected tissue and the tumor itself.
3. Rehabilitation and restoration of the body.

It is important to know: recovery may take several years, with the risk of recurrence or secondary lesions remaining.

It is possible to detect cancer in its early stages if you conduct regular annual examinations with a mammologist. This will help you notice the lump and get rid of it as quickly as possible.

How long will the patient live?

When determining survival after cancer, absolutely everything plays an important role:

1. When the cancer was discovered, at what stage, whether it was operable or not, how quickly chemotherapy was selected.
2. How the body responded to the treatment, how much the therapy harmed it.
3. Does the patient have bad habits that complicate treatment: age, excess weight, smoking, alcoholism, certain diseases, physiological characteristics, etc.

Good to know: One of the most serious risk factors is heredity: if one of your blood relatives has suffered from cancer, it is imperative to visit a doctor.

The earlier cancer is detected, the greater the patient's chances of a full recovery. It is worth noting that the data below refers to a 10-year follow-up of patients undergoing treatment.

In case of relapse, the percentage of survivors in the next 5 years ranges from 60-70%. This is due to many reasons: early diagnosis and initiation of treatment, health status, the presence or absence of bad habits that complicate recovery, and the aggressiveness of the cancer.

This also includes the psychological state of the woman, her will to live and the support provided by relatives. All these reasons can increase the chances not only of survival, but also of recovery.

is an unpleasant, painful and difficult to treat disease, after detection of which you can live for several decades or several months. Due to the absence of primary signs, it is often detected only at stages 3-4, when the percentage of those recovering begins to rapidly decline.

By starting treatment as early as possible, the patient significantly increases the chances of a successful recovery. How rehabilitation goes after cancer surgery, watch the doctor’s answers in the following video:

Pulmonary embolism is the blocking of the lumen of the arterial vessels of the lungs by blood clots that have broken off from the venous walls.

Within the first hour after a blood clot has broken off, the mortality rate for patients is up to 10 percent. If the main branches of the pulmonary arteries become blocked, up to 30% of patients die.

"Route" of the clot

In 90% of cases, detached blood clots enter the lungs from the deep veins of the leg. This may seem strange: why does a blood clot from the legs suddenly end up in the lungs? To understand the situation, you need to think about how this could happen.

The human circulatory system consists of two circles of blood circulation: large and small. The small circle is designed to saturate venous blood with oxygen. The superior and inferior vena cava, which collect venous blood from the entire body, flow into the right half of the heart.

Blood clots that break off from the veins of the lower extremities enter the right atrium through the inferior vena cava, and from there into the lungs.

Floating thrombi (thrombi whose head is attached to the wall of the vein, and the body and tail move freely in the lumen) break off most often. The composition of these blood clots is loose, so any muscle tension can cause a part of it to tear off.

Pulmonary embolism is not an independent disease, but only a consequence of venous thrombosis. Taking this fact into account, predisposing factors for the occurrence of pulmonary embolism include Virchow’s triad factors, which provoke the development of phlebothrombosis:

Blood clot rupture can occur due to injury or sudden movements. As a result of this, the blood clot that has come off enters the pulmonary artery, causing closure of the lumen.

The right ventricle of the heart becomes overfilled with blood, resulting in right ventricular failure.

The volume of blood entering the left ventricle from the lungs decreases, causing a significant decrease in blood pressure. Collapse occurs, which can be fatal.

Depending on the size of the detached blood clot, arteries of different diameters are clogged. With a small size of blood clots, no pronounced clinical picture is observed. If a large thrombus breaks off, acute right ventricular failure may occur. Extensive thromboembolism of the pulmonary arteries occurs less frequently than “small” ones, which tend to recur.

Causes and clinical picture of pulmonary embolism

The most common causes of pulmonary embolism include:

Factors that provoke the development of pulmonary embolism include:

In addition, up to 20% of cases of pulmonary embolism have a hereditary predisposition.

The symptoms that arise from the moment the blood clot breaks away (which caused the blockage of a person’s pulmonary vessels) depend on:

With this pathology, a number of pathological changes occur in the human respiratory and cardiovascular systems:

• increased resistance in the pulmonary circulation;
• disruption of gas exchange as a result of loss of function of segments or lobes of the lungs;
• increased airway resistance due to reflex spasm;
• decreased elasticity of the lungs due to hemorrhage in them.

PE can manifest itself in different ways. This depends on the size of the blood clots that have broken off and blocked the pulmonary arteries, as well as how many vessels are affected in the person. Often PE is asymptomatic and is only discovered posthumously.

The clinical picture of pulmonary embolism is nonspecific and is characterized by a wide variety of symptoms.

Pulmonary embolism can manifest in one of three clinical variants:

Embolism of large branches of the pulmonary artery is accompanied by a serious condition of the patient, which can be fatal.

Danger of pulmonary embolism: emergency conditions and prognosis

Thromboembolism of the pulmonary artery provokes the occurrence of pathological changes, which subsequently become the cause of disability of the patient or death.

Commonly diagnosed consequences of pulmonary embolism include:

It is impossible to say how much time doctors have from the moment a blood clot has broken off, blocking the pulmonary arteries. It depends on the extent of the embolism:

• for small lesions, it is possible to dissolve blood clots and restore blood flow even without treatment;
• with large lesions, it is very possible to develop a pulmonary infarction, which without treatment in a short time can lead to death.

As a result of the development of acute respiratory failure, a condition occurs in which the lungs cannot saturate the blood with oxygen and remove carbon dioxide from it. As a result, hypoxemia (oxygen deficiency) and hypercapnia (excess carbon dioxide) occurs.

The consequences of this condition are deadly, as there is a violation of the acid-base balance in the blood, poisoning of body tissues with carbon dioxide occurs, damaging the enzymatic and energy systems of the body.

Intensive therapy is indicated for such patients. For this purpose, patients with severe acute respiratory failure due to pulmonary embolism are connected to an artificial lung ventilation device (ALV). Mechanical ventilation ensures the restoration of gas exchange in the lungs artificially. It is used in extreme cases:

After restoration of the acid-base balance of the blood and spontaneous breathing, the patient can be disconnected from the ventilator. After transferring the patient to spontaneous breathing, blood gas levels must be monitored. The prognosis for such patients is quite favorable.

The prognosis for life and health after thromboembolism depends on:

In general, the prognosis for thromboembolism of small pulmonary arterioles is quite favorable, subject to adequate treatment and proper prevention of recurrent thromboembolism. Prevention of recurrent cases of pulmonary embolism is:

• regularly taking courses of medication;
• treatment of diseases that provoke the occurrence of pulmonary embolism;
• if necessary, carrying out planned surgical treatment.

The prognosis for patients who have undergone extensive pulmonary embolism is not very favorable.

The survival rate of patients for 4 years is only 20%.

Every fourth patient with pulmonary embolism dies within the first year after the attack.

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Leukemia is an aggressive malignant disease of the hematopoietic system, characterized by the advantage of the processes of division, growth and reproduction of bone marrow cells, and in some cases, the appearance of pathological foci of hematopoiesis in other organs. In leukemia, cancer cells from the bone marrow enter the bloodstream in large numbers, replacing mature forms of white blood cells.

There are several types of leukemia. Most of them occur in white blood cells, which are part of the body's immune system. Prognosis and survival in most cases depend on accurate definition of the disease, early diagnosis and timely, effective treatment.

Main types of leukemia

1. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
2. Acute myeloid leukemia.
3. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia.
4. Chronic myeloid leukemia.

The word "acute" means that the disease develops and progresses quite quickly.

The term "chronic" indicates a long course of the disease without any therapy.

The designations "lymphoblastic" and "lymphocytic" indicate abnormal cells that arise from lymphoid stem tissues. And “myeloid” indicates the development of mutated tissues from a myeloid stem cell.

Leukemia survival

Survival rates for people with acute myeloid leukemia

Overall, 5-year survival is about 25% and ranges from 22% in men to 26% in women.

Oncology shows that there are certain conditions that affect the positive prognosis of treatment:

• leukemia cells are found between chromosomes 8 and 21 or between chromosomes 15 and 17;
• leukemic cells have an inversion of chromosome 16;
• cells are not characterized by changes in specific genes;
• age under 60 years;

The prognosis may be worse under the following conditions:

• part of chromosomes 5 or 7 is missing in leukemic cells;
• leukemia cells have complex changes affecting many chromosomes;
• cell changes are observed at the genetic level;
• older age (from 60 years);
• leukocytes in the blood more than 100,000 at the time of diagnosis;
• leukemia does not respond to initial treatment;
• active blood poisoning is observed.

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia: prognosis for cancer patients

A malignant disease of the blood and bone marrow, in which too many white blood cells are produced, does not always provide reassuring prognostic data.

The chances of recovery depend on:

• level of change in DNA structure and its type;
• the prevalence of malignant cells in the bone marrow;
• stages of the disease;
• primary treatment or resulting relapse;
• progression.

Chronic myeloid leukemia: prognosis

The disease occurs in pluripotent hematopoietic cells, affecting the formation of leukemic tissue at all levels of the molecular composition of the blood.

Prognosis for leukemia This type has changed significantly in recent years due to new therapies, in particular bone marrow and stem cell transplants. Thus, the 5-year survival rate becomes 40-80%, and the 10-year survival rate becomes 30-60%.

Survival with hydroxyurea therapy is 4-5 years. When interferon is used, alone or in combination with cytarabine, the numbers almost double. Administration of imatinib also had a positive effect on patient prognosis (85% compared to 37% with interferon alone).

Summary statistics of survival for leukemia

One-, five- and ten-year survival statistics become:

1. 71% of men with combined treatments live for at least one year. This rate drops to 54% surviving at five years. For women leukemia characterized by other prognostic data. The figures are slightly lower: 66% of women are expected to survive for a year and 49% of patients should survive for five years.
2. For leukemia, the predicted survival rate gradually decreases and after 10 years leads to the following data: 48% of men and 44% of women will benefit from treatment.

Predicting survival based on age becomes:

• The positive result is higher among young men and women under 30-49 years of age and decreases with age.
• The 5-year survival rate in men ranges from 67% in 15-39 year olds to 23% in 80-99% year olds. In women, cancer, taking into account prognostic conditions, has the same indications.
• 10-year net survival has recently improved by 7% since the 1990s. In general, 4 out of 10 people in 2014 were completely cured of the disease.

In most ART cycles, superovulation is stimulated to mature a large number of eggs, so, as a rule, there are also a large number of embryos. Since usually no more than three embryos are transferred into the uterine cavity, many patients are left with “extra” embryos after the transfer.

These “extra” embryos can be cryopreserved (frozen) and stored for a long time in liquid nitrogen at -196ºС. Subsequently, they can be thawed and used for the same patient if pregnancy does not occur during the IVF cycle, or if after the birth of the child she wants to have more children. Thus, she can go through the embryo transfer cycle again without being subjected to superovulation stimulation and ovarian puncture.

Embryo cryopreservation is one of the well-established methods of assisted reproductive technologies. The first child after the transfer of a thawed embryo was born in 1984. Most IVF clinics practice cryopreservation of embryos remaining after an IVF cycle for subsequent transfer to the uterus.

The chances of pregnancy after transferring thawed embryos are lower than when transferring fresh embryos. However, reproductive specialists strongly advise all their patients who have “extra” embryos to cryopreserve them. A cycle of cryopreservation and transfer of thawed embryos is much cheaper than a new cycle of IVF, and the presence of frozen embryos is a kind of “insurance” for patients in case pregnancy does not occur. However, since it only makes sense to freeze good quality embryos, cryopreservation is a “bonus” that only about 50% of IVF patients receive.

Approximately half of good quality embryos survive the freeze-thaw cycle successfully. The risk of developing congenital pathologies of the fetus does not increase with cryopreservation of embryos.

Advantages of embryo cryopreservation

• Allows you to maximize the chances of pregnancy after IVF and prevent the death of normal viable embryos remaining after the IVF cycle. This is the most important advantage of cryopreservation. About 50% of patients may have additional embryos for cryopreservation. The effectiveness of transferring thawed embryos is constantly growing, approaching the effectiveness of “fresh” IVF cycles.
• Cryopreservation of all embryos for future transfer to the uterus may be recommended for women who have an increased risk of developing severe ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome after induction of superovulation in an IVF cycle.
• IVF cryopreservation of embryos is recommended in cases where the likelihood of embryo implantation is reduced, for example, in the presence of an endometrial polyp, insufficient endometrial thickness at the time of embryo transfer, dysfunctional bleeding during this period, or illness.
• If there are difficulties with embryo transfer in an IVF cycle, for example, cervical canal stenosis (inability to pass through the cervical canal due to narrowing of the canal, the presence of scars in it, etc.).
• Freezing embryos during IVF can be included in the egg donation cycle if for some reason it is difficult to synchronize the menstrual cycles of the donor and recipient. In addition, in some countries it is mandatory to cryopreserve all embryos obtained from donor eggs and quarantine them for six months until the donor tests again negative for HIV, syphilis, hepatitis B and C.
• After an IVF cycle that results in the birth of a child, and if the couple does not want to have any more children, the frozen embryos can be donated to another infertile couple.
• Before undergoing chemotherapy or radiotherapy for cancer.

How are embryos frozen and thawed?

Embryos can be frozen at any stage (pronuclei, cleavage, blastocyst) if they are of sufficiently good quality to survive the freeze-thaw cycle. Embryos are stored individually or in groups of several embryos, depending on how many embryos are subsequently planned to be transferred to the uterus.

The embryos are mixed with a cryoprotectant (a special medium that protects them from damage during freezing). They are then placed in a plastic straw and cooled to a very low temperature using a special software freezer or ultra-fast freezing (vitrification). Embryos are stored in liquid nitrogen at a temperature of -196ºС.

When defrosting, the embryos are removed from liquid nitrogen, thawed at room temperature, the cryoprotectant is removed, and the embryos are placed in a special medium.

If embryos were frozen at the cleavage or blastocyst stage, they can be thawed and transferred to the uterus on the same day. However, if they were frozen at the two-pronucleus stage, then they are thawed one day before transfer, cultured for a day to assess their fragmentation, and transferred to the uterus at the 2-4 cell embryo stage.

How long can frozen embryos be stored?

Frozen embryos can be stored as long as necessary - even several decades. When they are stored in liquid nitrogen, at a temperature of -196ºC, all metabolic activity of the cells stops at such a low temperature.

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What is the survival rate of embryos after freezing and thawing?

Not all embryos tolerate the freezing and thawing process well. In a clinic with a well-established cryopreservation program, the embryo survival rate is 75-80%. Damage to embryos occurs as a consequence of cryopreservation, but not during the storage of embryos, but during their freezing and thawing. Therefore, it may be necessary to thaw several embryos to obtain two or three good quality embryos for transfer to the uterus.