Modern methods of contraceptives for women. Contraceptives: types and action

Pregnancy in women after 30 years of age presents increased risks for both the baby and the expectant mother, since fertility begins to decline from this age. To prevent unwanted pregnancy, there is currently a whole range of contraceptives or contraceptives for women after 30 years.

Contraceptives

According to one study, in 16% of cases, women of childbearing age do not use any method of protection against unwanted pregnancy. The main reasons for this behavior of women in the process of having sex are inconvenience, religious beliefs and distrust of modern methods of protection.

The same study says that about 40% of pregnancies are unplanned.

All contraceptives are divided into two large classes: those after which you can get pregnant, and those after which you can not. The first group is divided into disposable contraceptives and means of long-term, repeated use. Disposable protective equipment includes the following:

female condom;
diaphragm;
birth control pill;
ring;
hormonal patch.

Methods such as various implants and hormonal injections are long-acting contraceptives.

Disposable contraceptives

Such contraceptives are used effectively either once (female condom and diaphragm) or for a short time (pills, patch and ring). When used correctly, these methods are over 90% effective.

Female condom and diaphragm

The female condom is a barrier method that is an alternative to the male condom. It is a thin case made of transparent and soft plastic, which freely adheres to the walls of the vagina. In addition to acting as a physical barrier that prevents the penetration of sperm to the egg, the product is the best protection against sexually transmitted diseases. You can wear this condom for up to 8 hours and use it only once. According to general estimates, the effectiveness of this method against conception is from 79% to 90%, depending on whether it is used correctly or not.

The advantages of this method also include the fact that it is safe for a woman's fertility and does not lead to side hormonal effects. However, many women reject this barrier contraceptive due to its anti-aesthetic appearance (the edges of the condom protrude from the vagina). Another disadvantage is its high price.

Another method of protection against conception is the diaphragm.. It is a latex or silicone cover that a woman inserts into the vagina and closes the cervix with it, thereby blocking the entry of sperm into the uterine cavity. Before using this method, it is necessary to consult a gynecologist, as a woman must learn how to properly install the diaphragm. In addition, it is most effective to use this barrier method in conjunction with spermicides.

Experts believe that the diaphragm should be inserted 10 minutes before sexual intercourse and removed only 8 hours after sex to ensure that the spermicide has done its job. After the diaphragm has been pulled out of the vagina, it must be thoroughly washed with neutral soap and water, dried and placed in a suitable case. It should be stored in a dry and cool place. The diaphragm should be changed once a year.

The correct use of this method in conjunction with spermicides determines its effectiveness between 84% and 95%. Just like the female condom, the diaphragm is able to protect against certain diseases and does not adversely affect a woman's health, so it can be used even during lactation. The disadvantages of the method are the high price, the feeling of discomfort in some women when the diaphragm closes the cervix, and the inability to use it during menstruation.

oral methods

These are pills that consist of a set of hormones that you need to drink once a day at the same time in order to increase their effectiveness. There are two types of these tablets:

Combined, consisting of two types of hormones: gestagens and estrogens. Gestagens prevent ovulation, and additional estrogen leads to a regular menstruation process. However, there are groups of women for whom taking estrogens is contraindicated due to health problems, such as hypertension and obesity, as well as for women over 35 who smoke a lot.
Mini-tablets, which include only gestagens.

An analysis of research results shows that the use of contraceptive pills is ranked second after the frequency of use of the male condom. The effectiveness of this remedy against conception is in the range of 90-99%.

The main advantage of the pills is the rapid restoration of fertility after a woman stops drinking them, as well as their low price. In addition, they help with acne problems on the skin, hair loss and reduce the risk of ovarian cancer. It should be remembered that the effectiveness of tablets directly depends on their daily use at the same time.

The disadvantage of this method is that it does not protect against diseases that are transmitted during sexual intercourse.

It should be noted that there is also an emergency contraceptive pill, which is taken by a woman after sexual intercourse and only if sex was carried out without any means of protection or this means failed. At the same time, the risk of becoming pregnant is reduced by 95%.

Plaster and ring

The patch is a tissue composed of gestagens and estrogens that are released gradually after the patch comes into contact with human skin. It is attached to those parts of the body that are not affected by clothing. Its action is carried out according to the same principle as the action of a contraceptive pill. The patch needs to be changed every 21 days. Seven days after the patch is removed, the woman begins her period. The patch is not too expensive and its effectiveness is 98.8-99.7%.

This method has the same disadvantages as the pill, that is, it does not protect against diseases transmitted during sexual intercourse, and is also contraindicated in smoking and in women suffering from hypertension and obesity.

Another effective contraceptive is the monthly ring, which consists of a transparent and flexible plastic, has a diameter of 5 centimeters and is inserted into the vagina by a woman, like a tampon, between the 1st and 5th day of menstruation. The ring functions for 21 days, then it is removed, and after 7 days menstruation begins.

Like the combination pill, the ring releases the same hormones (gestagens and estrogens) that are absorbed by the vaginal mucosa. The effectiveness, price, disadvantages and contraindications of using this method are similar to those for the contraceptive pill and patch.

Means of long action

The list of contraceptives for women over 30 includes hormonal injections and an implant, as well as an intrauterine device. The effectiveness of their action lasts from several months to several years.

Hormonal injections

This method is not widely used, but its effectiveness is estimated at 97% to 99%. The method consists in intramuscular hormonal injection between the first and fifth day of menstruation. The injection is carried out by a gynecologist, while it can be of three types:

monthly;
bimonthly;
three months.

In the first case, the injection contains progestogens and estrogens, in the last two - only progestogens. The principle of operation of this method is to block the process of ovulation. In addition to its main function, the remedy also helps to reduce the risk of inflammatory diseases of the reproductive system and reduces pain during menstruation.

The disadvantage of the method is the lack of protection against sexually transmitted diseases, and the failure of the monthly cycle in a woman. It is also detrimental to fertility, which is not restored until several months after the injection.

Contraception with an implant

This is a 4 cm stick that is placed inside the non-dominant arm under local anesthesia. This stick releases a special hormone (etonogestrel) every day, and the implant works effectively for three years. The effectiveness of this contraceptive method is higher than 99.5%, while a woman's menstruation can completely disappear. This method can be used instead of hormonal agents that contain estrogens and are contraindicated in those suffering from hypertension and obesity, as well as women who smoke.

This method allows a woman to feel maximum sexual freedom. The disadvantage of the implant is that it does not protect against sexually transmitted diseases. In addition, some women may experience side effects from the action of the active hormone, such as severe headaches, acne, constant fatigue and fluid retention in the body. Another disadvantage is that the implant is surgically placed into the body, leaving a small scar on the arm.

Intrauterine device (IUD) or coil

The IUD is a small, T-shaped plastic device that a gynecologist places inside a woman's cervix. Usually the plastic spiral is covered with copper. This metal is toxic to sperm and prevents them from fertilizing an egg. The spiral is effective for 5 years, and its effectiveness in preventing unwanted pregnancy is 99%.

Due to the size of the device and some of the effects it can cause, it should only be used by women who have already had a baby. There are also cases where IUD changes the menstrual cycle and makes its symptoms more painful.

In this regard, models of devices have recently appeared that use hormonal preparations instead of copper. Such devices are smaller and can be used even by nulliparous girls. The effect of IUD with hormones lasts for 3 years, and its effectiveness is approximately the same as that of IUD with copper.

Another advantage of the IUD is that a woman's fertility is restored as soon as the device is removed from the cervix.

The disadvantage of the method is only that it does not protect against diseases that are sexually transmitted.

When choosing one or another means of protection against unwanted pregnancy, several main factors must be taken into account, for example, for contraception after childbirth, it is better to use disposable methods. A woman can make the right choice if she has sufficient information about existing contraceptives. At the same time, she must definitely consult with a gynecologist, since not all funds can be used in certain cases. The gynecologist will provide the woman with all the necessary information and suggest the most effective method of contraception for her specific circumstances.

Contraceptives can be divided into traditional and modern funds. The degree of effectiveness of any of the methods of contraception is assessed using the Pearl index, cat. equals the number of unwanted pregnancies in 100 women using a particular method of contraception for 12 months.

Traditional methods of contraception:

Mechanical Methods :

- vaginal diaphragm – a metal ring with a rubber cap; the diaphragm is inserted in such a way as to cover the cervix and create a mechanical obstacle to the passage of spermatozoa into the cervix. The edges, the inner surface, the outer surface of it should be smeared with spermicides. The diaphragm is inserted before intercourse and removed 8-12 hours after it. There are several sizes of the vaginal diaphragm. Pearl index when using the vaginal diaphragm - 12;

- condom (condom) ) is a contraceptive used by men and is a saccular formation of thin elastic rubber with a thickness of less than 1 mm. Condoms are made of rubber, latex, plastic. A condom prevents sperm from entering the vagina. The Pearl Index is 20.

2. Chemical contraceptives (vaginal spermicides ) - destroy spermatozoa in no more than 1-2 minutes. Pearl index when using chemical contraceptives - 30.

- spermicides used in the form of douches - solution of vinegar, solution of boric acid or lactic acid, solution of permanganate K, 20% solution of sodium chloride, solution of lemon juice;

- vaginal spermicidal balls and tablets (containing boric acid, chinosol and tannin);

- gramicidin paste .

3. Rhythmic methods:

- calendar method - based on determining the time of ovulation and limiting the number of sexual intercourse in the periovulatory period (2-3 days before ovulation and 2-3 days after it). Pearl index - 24.

- temperature method - determination of the time of rise in basal temperature by measuring it daily in the morning for 10 minutes. And abstaining from sexual intercourse on the day of the fall and the first 3 days of the rise in basal temperature. Pearl index - 6.

Modern means of contraception:

1. Intrauterine contraception:

1). Neutral intrauterine devices (IUD) - the most widely used Lips loop (a polyethylene device in the form of a double Latin letter), IUD in the form of the letter T and the number 7. The mechanism of action of neutral IUDs - disrupt the implantation of a fertilized egg, which is associated with accelerated peristalsis of the fallopian tubes and the resulting oocyte deficiency. Pearl index when using neutral naval forces 4.

2). Medical IUDs - contain copper, gestagens. The mechanism of action of medical IUDs:

Copper has a bactericidal and spermicidal effect;

Gestagens change the properties of cervical mucus, which leads to difficulty in the penetration of spermatozoa into the uterine cavity, and also causes the inability of the endometrium to implant an egg.

The Pearl Index when using medical IUDs is 1-2.

Contraindications to the use of IUDs:

Acute and subacute inflammatory diseases of the genital organs;

Chronic inflammatory processes with frequent exacerbations;

Infectious-septic diseases and fever of any etiology;

Isthmic-cervical insufficiency;

Benign and malignant tumors of the genital organs;

Polyps of the cervical canal;

Erythroplakia and leukoplakia of the endometrium;

Polyposis and endometrial hyperplasia;

Tuberculosis of the genital organs;

Malformations of the uterus;

Intrauterine synechia;

Violations of the menstrual cycle by the type of meno- or metrorrhagia;

Violations of the blood coagulation system, accompanied by increased bleeding.

The IUD is inserted by a doctor in compliance with the rules of asepsis on the 5-7th day of the menstrual cycle, after an artificial abortion - immediately (or after the next menstruation), after childbirth - after 3 months. The necessary conditions are: a normal blood picture, 1-2 degree of frequency of the vagina. After the introduction of the IUD, the doctor should examine the woman in a week, after the first menstruation, then after 3 months, subsequent examinations are carried out 1 time in 6 months. The duration of the IUD in the uterine cavity is 3-5 years.

Complications of intrauterine contraception:

Lower abdominal pain;

Uterine bleeding;

Ectopic pregnancy;

Uterine pregnancy, often ending in spontaneous abortion;

Perforation of the uterus (partial - with the introduction of the IUD into the muscle of the uterus in the area of the bottom or side walls; complete - with the movement of part or all of the IUD into the abdominal cavity).

2. Hormonal contraception. Classification of hormonal contraceptives.

It is difficult to say how barbaric modern methods of contraception will be considered by our descendants, because the most progressive and safe contraceptives of two hundred years ago look today as an instrument of torture. It is known, for example, that in the Middle Ages, women put iron caps on the cervix, lubricated it with a solution of mercury and lead, and inserted pessaries made of steel wire into it and caused infection and bedsores of the reproductive organs. At different times and in different countries, contraceptives were repeatedly banned either by the authorities or by the church, so devices such as a vaginal syringe or vaginal douche periodically appeared on the market, which were used to cleanse the internal female organs.

Current contraceptives promote the principle of safety and guaranteed protection against unwanted pregnancy. Three types of contraceptives are justified and approved by official medicine: physiological, barrier and drug.

Barrier. Prevent sperm from entering the uterus. The most famous barrier contraceptive is the condom (both male and female). Other barrier contraceptives are intrauterine devices, contraceptive sponges, cervical caps, and spermicides.
Physiological. Assume sexual intercourse on certain days of the female cycle, when the risk of becoming pregnant is minimal. Another method of physiological control is the method of PPA (coitus interruptus).
Medical. Presented by pills, as well as vaginal rings and spirals that release hormones that block the onset of ovulation.

When prescribing a certain method of contraception to a woman, gynecologists often provide her with the opportunity to independently choose the appropriate remedy from a number of similar ones. But how to do this if the same drug has dozens of analogues that are identical in composition and mode of action? The rating of the best contraceptives takes into account the opinion of other women, the cost of drugs, the correspondence between the expected effect and the real one, as well as the presence of additional benefits and side effects.

Please note that the information below is not a buying guide. Consultation needed with a specialist!

There are contraindications. Check with your doctor.

The best birth control pills

It has long been proven that a prolonged absence of pregnancy can disrupt a woman's health, provoking hormonal failure, as well as mental and organ diseases associated with it. The Frenchman Verne Bullo, a historian by profession, said this back in the 19th century: "If a woman is not regularly pregnant, she will suffer from hysteria and from a whole category of somatic symptoms that stimulate almost any kind of physical illness or mental condition." At the same time, unwanted pregnancy and abortion can cause no less harm to a woman than a prolonged absence of pregnancy.

Hormonal contraceptives are chosen by millions of women around the world as the preferred method of contraception. They do not affect the sensations during intercourse and are guaranteed to protect against unwanted pregnancy and the consequences of its absence. The action of hormonal contraceptives is based on the prevention of ovulation. Scientists have calculated that at the time of birth, the girl's ovaries contain about 1 million follicles that can become eggs, and by the age of 37 there are only 25,000 of them. Hormonal drugs do not allow the body to ovulate, so the woman's ovarian reserve remains full. Meanwhile, hormonal pills have not only advantages, but also an impressive list of side effects, often life-threatening.

3 Lactinet

The best contraceptive for adult women
Country: Hungary
Average price: 675 rubles.
Rating (2019): 4.6

Unlike Jess and Marvelon, Lactinet contains the only active ingredient - desogestrel. Belongs to the category of mini-pills (drugs containing a minimum amount of hormones). Lactinet mini-pills are often prescribed for lactating women with an active menstrual cycle, as well as for those women who are contraindicated in combined OK. Lactinet is one of the few oral contraceptives prescribed for women who smoke, as well as women over 45 years of age.

Another feature of the Hungarian OK is that its protective effect against unwanted pregnancy is somewhat lower than that of modern COCs. For this reason, the drug is not recommended for use by women in active reproductive age (up to 30 years). Otherwise, this is a fairly effective contraceptive that has a smaller list of contraindications and side effects than modern pills.

Advantages:

allowed during lactation;
does not affect weight gain;
suitable for those who are intolerant to synthetic estrogens.

Flaws:

provokes the occurrence of mastopathy;
violates the menstrual cycle during the reception;
causes depression;
causes nausea at the beginning of the course.

2 Marvelon

The cheapest tool
Country: Netherlands
Average price: 1,425 rubles.
Rating (2019): 4.8

Combined contraceptive drug from the Dutch company Organon. Approved for use by women over 35 years of age, as it contains a reduced amount of active ingredients. In addition to the contraceptive effect, it normalizes the volume of secretions and eliminates pain during menstruation. It can be used as a means of emergency contraception, but not more than 1 time in 6 months. The effectiveness of Marvelon as a postcoital agent does not exceed 80%.

According to women who took Marvelon, the drug has a negative effect on the ability to get pregnant if it has been used for many years, so it is recommended to drink these pills in courses. Given the increased risk of thrombosis, it is recommended to be examined by a hematologist, hepatologist and vascular surgeon before taking the drug.

Advantages:

is inexpensive;
normalizes the cycle;
increases libido.

Flaws:

causes acne;
thickens the blood;
increases appetite.

1 Jess

The best birth control pills
Country: Germany
Average price: 922 rubles.
Rating (2019): 4.9

Jess is a combined oral contraceptive from the German pharmaceutical company Bayer. The active ingredients are drospirenone and ethinylestradiol. It is used to protect against unwanted pregnancy, with severe forms of PMS, as well as for the treatment of acne. The contraceptive effect of the pills is based on blocking ovulation and changing the quality of cervical mucus, which becomes too thick for sperm to move.

Unlike other COCs with the same active ingredient, the Jess formula has been improved: the latest (4th) generation drospironene is used here, and each tablet contains 1.5 times less ethinylestradiol than other COCs. For this reason, Jess is less likely than other drugs to cause swelling, mastopathy and weight gain.

Advantages:

eliminates menstrual pain;
improves skin condition.

Flaws:

the cycle is restored for a long time after the completion of the Jess course;
addictive;
reduces libido;
causes migraines.

The best birth control candles

Contraceptive suppositories belong to the category of spermicidal contraceptives. The principle of action of chemical spermicides is to destroy the membrane of spermatozoa: interacting with spermatozoa, the components of the drug destroy their membrane, separate the head from the tail, depriving them of the ability to move. Especially strong spermatozoa, however, are still able to get to the egg and fertilize it. This can be fraught with the birth of a child with certain physical deformities. Such a relationship has not been proven, but many women testify to this. It is not recommended to use such contraceptives regularly, because the acids contained in the candles can have a negative effect on the condition of the mucous membrane in the vagina, as well as on the cervix. Candles are not distinguished by the highest contraceptive ability. According to statistics, 15 out of 100 women who use birth control candles become pregnant within a year.

Thus, contraceptive suppositories are a convenient contraceptive option for women who have infrequent sex. Candles are ideal as an additional contraceptive - when the pill regimen has been violated or during the completion of lactation. The undoubted advantages of this method of contraception are the absence of a systemic effect on the body and the safety of intimate sensations.

3 Gynecotex

The best cost contraceptive candles
Country Russia
Average price: 140 rubles
Rating (2019): 4.7

Gynecotex suppositories use the same active ingredient as Pharmatex suppositories - benzalkonium chloride, so these products are similar. The fundamental difference between Gynekotex and Pharmatex is in cost: Russian candles are about 3 times cheaper than German ones. Some women note that these suppositories dissolve somewhat worse in the vagina and give more foam.

Advantages:

are inexpensive;
do not cause burning;
protect against infections.

Flaws:

dissolve for a long time.

2 Patentex Oval

Most popular remedy
Country: Germany
Average price: 370 rubles.
Rating (2019): 4.5

The main active ingredient in Pantex Oval is nonoxynol. Included in many contraceptives as a lubricant: thanks to its spermicidal properties, it enhances the contraceptive effect of cervical caps, condoms, sponges and vaginal films. When interacting with a sperm cell, it damages its membrane, thereby depriving it of the ability to dissolve the egg cell membrane. The time required for the destruction of the spermatozoon is 40 seconds (10 times more than that of Pharmatex). The drug does not have bactericidal and antiviral properties, therefore it cannot be used as protection against STIs. There are studies proving that nonoxynol contributes to human morbidity with certain types of human papillomavirus.

Advantages:

effective;
quickly dissolve;
have a stimulating effect.

Flaws:

have an unpleasant odor;
cause itching;
foam excessively.

1 Pharmatex

The best birth control candles
Country: France
Average price: 349 rubles.
Rating (2019): 4.8

The main component of the drug is benzalkonium chloride. This drug has been used in medicine since 1935. It has not only a contraceptive effect, but also antiviral (protects against infection with herpes simplex viruses), antifungal and antiprotozoal. The substance has an instant effect on the sperm: its shell is completely destroyed within 10 seconds after contact with benzalkonium chloride. The rest of the drugs in this group require at least 30 seconds. Due to irritation of the mucous membrane of the vagina and cervix, the drug is able to increase the amount of secreted mucus, which has an additional contraceptive effect.

Advantages:

have a pleasant smell;
dissolve in 5 minutes;
protect against infections.

Flaws:

cause irritation;
poorly open;
provoking too much mucus.

The best intrauterine contraceptive coils

The intrauterine device is a contraceptive well known since ancient China. In the past, coils were made from aluminum wire and wood, but today they are made from hypoallergenic plastic impregnated with anti-inflammatory compounds. According to its action, the spiral refers to barrier, abortive and spermicidal agents at the same time.

Decreased fertility. The presence of an inflammatory process in the uterus contributes to the production of proteins that inhibit the maturation of the egg. As a result, ovulation is inhibited and fertilization does not occur.
abortive effect. Located inside the uterus, the spiral negatively affects the endometrium, inhibiting its growth and ability to accept a fertilized egg. In fact, the spiral provokes a miscarriage in the early stages of pregnancy.
spermicidal effect. In response to the located spiral, superficial inflammation occurs inside the uterus. As a result of inflammation, the alkaline environment in the uterus is replaced by an acidic environment that is detrimental to spermatozoa and contributes to their destruction. To increase the acidity of the intrauterine space, copper is additionally used in the spirals, which stimulates the release of an acid secret.
Barrier contraceptive effect. The inflammatory process causes irritation of the cervical canal, which, in turn, produces an increased amount of thick cervical mucus that prevents sperm from entering the uterus.

Intrauterine devices (IUDs) are a reliable and effective way to prevent unwanted pregnancy, which, however, is associated with the creation of a focus of chronic infection in the body.

3 Spiral Nova T

The most affordable non-hormonal spiral
Country: Germany (made in Finland)
Average price: 800 rubles.
Rating (2019): 4.6

Nova T is a non-hormonal coil shaped like the letter T. Its base is made of hypoallergenic plastic, which is wrapped with copper wire. Barium sulfate has been added to the plastic in order to enhance the radiotransmittance - it allows you to determine the position of the helix during an x-ray examination, if necessary.

Advantages:

not felt by partners during sex;
has an affordable price.

Flaws:

provokes copious discharge during menstruation;
increases pain during menstruation;
reduces sex drive.

2 Mirena

The best hormonal spiral
Country: Finland
Average price: 11500 rubles.
Rating (2019): 4.7

Mirena belongs to the category of hormone-containing spirals, therefore, the principle of its action is similar to that of hormonal pills. The fundamental difference is only in the way hormones are delivered to the body. True, according to some women, the hormonal spiral, unlike OK, does not cause increased appetite, does not provoke swelling and does not cause irritation of the digestive system. Like Multiload, Mirena is installed for 5 years.

Advantages:

normalizes the hormonal background;
inexpensive hormonal contraceptive;
reliably protects against pregnancy.

Flaws:

requires large one-time costs;
causes back pain
contraindicated in the presence of benign tumors.

1 Multiload

The best intrauterine device
Country: Ireland
Average price: 2800 rubles.
Rating (2019): 4.8

Multiload is a spiral made of plastic and copper. It looks like a rounded T with uneven surfaces that prevent the spiral from slipping out of the uterus. Aseptic inflammation in the uterus is provoked by a copper wire wrapped around a plastic carrier. Interacting with an alkaline environment, copper wire releases about 30 micrograms of copper oxide daily. The contraceptive effect of Multiload lasts for 5 years.

Advantages:

reliably protects against pregnancy;
economical;
does not fall out.

Flaws:

provokes inflammation;
increases the duration of menstruation;
causes discomfort after installation.

The best barrier contraceptives

Barrier contraception is the oldest, cheapest, most versatile and common method of contraception. A typical representative of this category is the condom. Less known are contraceptive sponges and rings, cervical caps, vaginal films and diaphragms, as well as chemical barrier agents (candles, aerosols, gels). There are practically no contraindications to the use of these drugs, so they are ideal for those who have intolerance to OK or IUDs. Some of the barrier contraceptives are able to prevent premature ejaculation in men, protect against STIs and allergic reactions to ejaculate in women. The main disadvantage of barrier agents is that they only work when they are used. Our rating includes the best barrier contraceptives - the Nuvaring ring and Pharmatex sponges.

2 Contraceptive sponges Pharmatex

The best spermicide
Country: France
Average price: 65 rubles.
Rating (2019): 4.7

Contraceptive sponges have been used by women for many centuries as a barrier method: in ancient times they were sea sponges soaked in oils, and today they are polyurethane foam soaked in chemical spermicidal compounds. Pharmatex sponges use benzalkonium chloride as a spermicide. Unlike contraceptive suppositories, the sponge has not only a spermicidal effect, but also a mechanical one - it physically prevents the penetration of spermatozoa into the cervix. After installing the sponge, the partners can immediately begin the PA, and in the case of repeated sexual intercourse, they do not need to insert a new sponge into the vagina, as it retains its effect during the day.

Advantages:

does not flow;
convenient to enter;
long-term;
has a pleasant smell.

Flaws:

inconveniently removed;
hard to find in pharmacies.

1 Contraceptive ring Novaring

The best hormonal contraceptive
Country: Netherlands
Average price: 1050 rubles.
Rating (2019): 4.8

Novaring is one of the methods of hormonal contraception, which, however, uses a fundamentally different method of administering hormones - vaginal. Due to this, the hormone does not pass through the liver and organs of the gastrointestinal tract, therefore it does not have a negative effect on them. The ring releases the minimum required amount of the hormone throughout the day, which eliminates hormonal surges during the day (as is the case with oral contraceptives) and creates an even hormonal background. Another advantage of the tool is the confidentiality of its use: the ring is easy to install on your own, it is not felt during intercourse and does not require removal after. Duration of action - 3 weeks. After 21 days, the ring is removed, and after 7 days it is installed again.

Advantages:

set once a month;
does not cause nausea;
has less pronounced side effects compared to OK.

Flaws:

sometimes falls out when straining;
causes headache;
provokes the development of vaginitis;
allergic;
enhances appetite.

To contraceptives include drugs and drugs that can prevent the onset of unwanted pregnancy. In addition, contraceptives, in particular hormonal drugs, are successfully used in the prevention and treatment of conditions such as hirsutism (excessive hair growth), menorrhagia (heavy and prolonged menstruation), dysmenorrhea (painful menstruation). And the use of barrier products (condoms, vaginal caps, spermicides) also serves as a prevention of sexually transmitted infections.

Types of contraception

All contraceptives can be divided into several groups:

hormonal agents;
contraceptive spirals;
contraceptives with spermicidal action;
barrier means;
natural methods.

The most effective of them are hormonal contraceptives.

The latest contraceptives

The most modern forms of release of contraceptives include the contraceptive ring, hormonal patch, hormonal injections and implants. The use of these funds is characterized by long-term contraception, and its high efficiency. Oral contraceptives of the new generation contain minimal doses of hormones, which made it possible to reduce the list of their contraindications and reduce the number of adverse reactions.

Hormonal birth control

Hormonal contraceptives are drugs that contain sex hormones - estrogen and progestogen. There are various forms of release of hormonal drugs: birth control pills, vaginal rings, birth control patches, implants and injections, as well as a hormonal intrauterine system.

It is very important to consult a doctor before using hormonal drugs, as there are many serious contraindications for their use.

The action of hormonal contraceptives is based on the suppression of ovulation and the thickening of the mucous secretion secreted by the cervix. Thick mucus prevents sperm from entering the uterine cavity, and the flow of sex hormones from the outside prevents the production of its own sex hormones, so that the egg does not mature.

Birth control pills can be divided into 2 groups:
1. Combined oral contraceptives. They contain 2 hormones: estrogen and progestin.
2. Mini-pill - contain only progestogen.

Combined oral contraceptives, depending on the composition, are divided into monophasic and triphasic. In monophasic contraceptives (Regulon, Marvelon, Jess, Janine, Logest, Novinet, Rigevidon, etc.), all tablets contain the same amount of hormones. Three-phase contraceptives (Tri-Merci, Triquilar, Tri-Regol) contain different amounts of hormones.

Three-phase preparations are used less frequently. They are worse tolerated, despite the fact that their composition mimics the change in the content of sex hormones in the body of women during the menstrual cycle. Depending on the dose of the hormone estrogen, there are high-, low- and micro-dose combined oral contraceptives in the preparation. Currently, low- and micro-dosed tablets are more often prescribed. Take oral contraceptives every day, at the same time.

Combined oral contraceptives should not be taken under the following conditions:

cardiovascular diseases;
blood clotting disorder;
liver disease;
high blood pressure;
severe headaches, migraines;
excess body weight;

malignant neoplasms of the genital organs and mammary glands;
elevated cholesterol;
gallbladder disease;
age over 40;
pregnancy and lactation.

mini pili(Exluton, Charozetta, Micronor, Microlut, Ovret) - preparations containing only one hormone - a progestogen. Due to this, they can be prescribed in cases where it is undesirable to take combined drugs. For example, when breastfeeding, with concomitant diseases such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, liver disease, varicose veins, smoking, and over the age of 40. Also, mini-pills are contraindicated in malignant neoplasms of the mammary gland, uterine bleeding, the cause of which has not been clarified, when taking anticonvulsant and anti-tuberculosis drugs, diseases and impaired liver function, lesions of the vessels of the brain and heart, during pregnancy. They must be taken every day, at the same time.

Adverse reactions with the use of oral contraceptives may include irregular bleeding, fluid retention in the body and weight gain. Their severity and frequency depends on the dose of the hormone contained in the tablets.

Safe contraceptives used during lactation include:

mini pili- the composition includes only gestagens, thereby reducing the risk of a negative impact on the duration of breastfeeding, the quantity and quality of breast milk. Breastfeeding women can take them as early as 5-6 weeks after giving birth. The disadvantage is the frequent occurrence of intermenstrual bleeding - a sign of adaptation of the body to the drug. Before using oral contraceptives, a doctor's consultation is necessary.
Depo-Provera injectable, subcutaneous implant "Norplant" - also due to its composition they do not affect lactation, they are highly effective. They are distinguished by a long contraceptive period - 5 years for a subcutaneous implant and 12 weeks for Depo-Provera. The disadvantages of the method are that they are prescribed and administered only by a doctor. Side effects are the same as in drugs containing only gestagens. In the first 2 weeks there is a need to use additional methods of contraception.
Intrauterine devices- do not affect breastfeeding, are established for up to 5 years and begin to act immediately after administration. Disadvantages of this method: possible discomfort in the lower abdomen during feeding, heavy and painful menstruation in the first months of use. They cannot be used if a woman has had inflammatory diseases of the uterus and appendages before or after pregnancy. inserted and removed by a doctor.
barrier methods of contraception(condom, diaphragm) - quite effective during lactation, subject to the rules of use. Do not affect the health of the child, the amount and composition of breast milk.
Spermicides- can also be used during breastfeeding, due to local action does not affect breast milk. Quite effective when used correctly - can be used independently, without additional funds.

Contraceptives for women over 45 years of age

Perimenopause (or menopause) is the period in a woman's life after 45-49 years. It consists of premenopause - the transition to menopause, and two years after the last menstruation.

The age of 45 years and older is characterized by a gradual fading of ovarian function and a decrease in the ability to conceive. Despite this, the likelihood of an unplanned pregnancy remains quite high, especially if regular menstrual cycles are maintained. Therefore, contraception is especially relevant during this period. Pregnancy at this age is accompanied by a high risk of complications, such as miscarriage, preeclampsia, incorrect location of the placenta. Childbirth and the postpartum period are more difficult, child morbidity and mortality are higher. Also, concomitant diseases of women play an important role - cardiovascular, diseases of the digestive system, liver, urinary system, most often of a chronic nature.

It is important to use contraceptives not only before menopause (when menstruation has completely stopped). It is recommended to continue taking it for 2 years if menopause occurs after 45, and for 1 year if menopause occurs after 50.

The choice of a method of contraception at this age is quite complicated, and is carried out only in conjunction with a doctor. It is necessary to conduct a survey to identify possible contraindications for a particular method.

barrier means(condoms) - safe to use, but quite often cause some inconvenience. Chemical spermicides are also widely used not only due to their contraceptive action - they are able to reduce the effects of dryness in the vagina, which is important for women in perimenopause.
Intrauterine devices often contraindicated at this age due to the large number of diseases of the body and cervix. If there are no contraindications for use, preference should be given to hormone-producing spirals (Mirena), since they have not only a contraceptive, but also a therapeutic effect - with menorrhagia (uterine bleeding) they reduce the amount of menstrual blood loss, help prevent inflammatory diseases of the genital organs, reduce the risk of developing iron deficiency anemia.
Hormonal drugs- Advantageously, gestagenic agents are used, such as mini-pills, Depo-Provera, Norplant. They are not able to influence blood coagulation, lipid metabolism, liver function. The use of combined oral contraceptives is rather limited. They are used only if the woman does not smoke (smoking is an absolute contraindication to their appointment), and there are no other risk factors for the development of thrombosis and coronary heart disease. Preference is given to low-dose drugs, such as Logest, Mercilon.
Sterilization is the most reliable method of contraception, but it is rarely resorted to, since this method is quite invasive, and is a surgical intervention.
emergency contraception at the age of 45, it is used extremely rarely, since the use of large doses of hormones causes severe adverse reactions.

Before use, you should consult with a specialist.

Prevention of unwanted pregnancy is one of the most pressing issues of concern to all women. Everyone understands perfectly well that abortions bring great harm to the female body. However, gynecologists are seriously concerned about the current situation: despite the fact that now there are new generation contraceptives, the number of unplanned pregnancies ending in abortions is growing every year.

What makes women refuse to use effective new-generation contraceptives, take thoughtless risks, and, in the end, go for an abortion? The financial side of the issue? It can hardly be called an objective reason - the methods and means of contraception are very diverse. If desired, a woman with absolutely any income can choose for herself the appropriate means of protection against unwanted pregnancy. In fact, most methods and means of contraception do not cause much damage to a woman's budget. Abortion will entail much more damage to a woman, both financial and moral.

If the reason for the refusal of women from means of protection from unwanted pregnancies is not the material side, then what? What makes women risk their health and ignore contraceptive methods? As the results of many years of observation of gynecologists, as well as the statistics of sociological surveys, most often guilty of refusing to use contraceptive methods are banal reasons:

Ordinary laziness. A woman does not want to look for suitable methods to prevent unwanted pregnancy. However, the hope for "maybe" sooner or later will lead a woman to an unwanted pregnancy. If you do not want to choose contraceptive methods for a long time, the spiral is exactly what you need. In order to use such a method of contraception as a spiral, you will have to spend only a few hours once going to a gynecologist, after which you can forget about the problem of contraception for several years. This is the best method of contraception for those women who do not want to keep track of their menstrual cycle or pill intake.
Ignorance of the principle of action of most methods of preventing unwanted pregnancy. Unfortunately, the harm of contraceptives in the minds of many women is greatly exaggerated. Often, whole legends are formed around the means of contraception, transmitted from one woman to another, each time acquiring more and more horrifying details about the dangers of contraceptives. If a woman fears for her health, she needs to consult a gynecologist who will help her choose the safest method of contraception, taking into account precisely her health characteristics and needs.
Hope for a rhythmic method of contraception. Many women use rhythmic methods of contraception. However, they do not take into account the fact that for the successful use of the calendar method of contraception, the menstrual cycle of a woman must be very, very stable. This method is far from the safest method of contraception.
Fear of women to use contraceptive methods while breastfeeding. Many mothers believe that this can bring serious harm to the health of the baby. However, in reality, this is not the case. The use of contraceptives while breastfeeding is absolutely safe and can in no way harm the health of the crumbs. If a woman is still very afraid, she can always choose non-hormonal contraceptives for herself. What they are will be discussed below.

A lot is said about the dangers of abortions that women have to do because of the neglect of modern methods of contraception. Therefore, this article will not focus on this issue. It tells about what modern methods of contraception exist, and also gives a classification of contraceptive methods.

Natural methods of contraception

The physiological method of contraception is one of the favorites of many women, despite its imperfection. There are two types of physiological method of contraception:

Temperature method of contraception.
Calendar method of contraception.

The female body is arranged in such a way that a woman can become pregnant far from every day, but strictly on certain days of her menstrual cycle. Pregnancy is possible only during ovulation. Ovulation is the process of release of a mature egg from the ovaries.

Any biological method of contraception is based precisely on this feature of the female body. And that is why, for protection by biological methods of contraception, it is very important that a woman has a stable menstrual cycle.

The natural method of contraception, called calendar, allows you to determine the time of ovulation by counting and scheduling days favorable for conception. In order to do this, a woman must know some of the features of the conception process.

Fertilization of the egg is possible only within one day from the moment of release from the ovary. The sperm cell retains the ability to fertilize the egg for three days from the moment of penetration into the vagina. Natural methods of contraception, including the calendar, are based on this feature.

To begin with, a woman needs to determine the length of her menstrual cycle. For the first day of the cycle, you must take the first day of menstruation. Subtract 18 days from the resulting duration - you will get the first day favorable for conception. After that, subtract 11 from the first day of the menstrual cycle - you will get the last "dangerous" day. Remember that the reliability of such a biological method of contraception is possible only in the case of a stable cycle for at least a year.

The temperature method of contraception is a more reliable method of contraception, as it is based on a constant accurate measurement of the level of basal body temperature. The basal places where this temperature is measured are the oral cavity, vagina, and rectum.

In the evening, prepare a notebook, a pen and a thermometer. It is preferable to use ordinary mercury, as its readings are more accurate, and accuracy is very important for an effective method of contraception. Immediately after waking up, without getting up in bed, measure the temperature in the rectum for 10 minutes. Try to take your temperature at the same time every day. After that, immediately write down the testimony in a notebook, do not rely on your memory.

The temperature must be measured for at least a month. After that, the woman needs to draw up a schedule, marking the calendar dates vertically, and the basal temperature horizontally. Then connect the dots together. As a result, you will get a graph of your menstrual cycle.

Immediately after the ovulation process has occurred, the basal temperature rises sharply, amounting to approximately 37.3 degrees Celsius. The most favorable days for conception are the time within 4 days before and after the temperature rise.

This method is difficult to attribute to the best method of contraception, since it is not reliable enough, but its adherents talk about some of its advantages over traditional methods of contraception. For the sake of objectivity, these pluses are listed below:

There is no need to introduce foreign substances into the body, as, for example, when using barrier methods of contraception.
Unlike pills to prevent unwanted pregnancy, these methods are classified as safe contraceptives.
Also, believing women prefer to use these methods, as these are the only methods allowed by the church to prevent unwanted pregnancy.
Such methods are non-hormonal methods of contraception.

The downside of these methods is only one, but very significant - although they are safe contraceptives, they are very unreliable.

Birth control pills

Methods of contraception for women in our time are quite wide. Including birth control pills. Pills are fairly reliable contraceptives that protect against pregnancy in about 98% of cases. Such a high degree of protection is achieved due to the artificially synthesized sex hormones included in the tablets.

Oral contraceptives inhibit the processes of ovulation, and also change the normal structure of the uterine mucosa, thereby eliminating the possibility of implantation of the embryo even if fertilization does occur. Thus, pregnancy prevention pills provide a multi-layered level of protection. That is why pills are considered the most reliable method of contraception.

Some women worry about whether pregnancy is possible after contraceptives, especially hormonal drugs. Such fears are absolutely groundless, absolutely all the changes that occur in the female body are completely reversible and disappear after the woman stops taking oral contraceptives. In addition, contraceptives such as pills have a very "pleasant" side effect - almost all women notice a significant improvement in the condition of the skin, nails and hair.

In some cases, hormonal contraceptives for women are prescribed by gynecologists for therapeutic purposes, for correction. Remember that the independent choice of hormonal contraceptives for women is unacceptable. Only a gynecologist should prescribe hormonal contraceptives for women. After all, it is possible to choose truly effective methods of contraception, only taking into account all the individual characteristics of the female body.

Doctors identify several advantages of hormonal contraceptives for women:

Stabilization of the menstrual cycle in those women in whom it was irregular.
Also, hormonal methods of female contraception almost completely eliminate premenstrual syndrome and unpleasant physical sensations during menstruation.
Hormonal methods of contraception for women protect a woman from such a common disease as iron deficiency anemia.
In women using hormonal methods of female contraception, the risk of developing all kinds of inflammatory diseases of the reproductive system is reduced by 60%.
In addition, the risk of developing all kinds of tumor diseases is significantly reduced. Moreover, there is a pronounced therapeutic effect. For example, in those women who used hormonal contraceptives for fibroids, doctors noted a significant improvement in their condition, and even a complete cure.
The risk of developing osteoporosis in those women who use hormonal female contraceptives is reduced significantly, which is also important. Unfortunately, a good half of all women face osteoporosis. This is also worth paying attention to when choosing contraceptives after 35 years.
A wonderful prevention of the occurrence in the future of such a formidable complication as an ectopic pregnancy.
The use of female hormonal contraceptives significantly improves skin condition and treats a large number of skin diseases associated with hormonal disorders.

However, listing the numerous advantages, it is also worth mentioning the negative aspects that this most effective method of contraception has:

In women who have opted for this method of preventing unwanted pregnancy, there may be a periodic increase in blood pressure. However, such a side effect is very rare, in no more than 5% of cases and, as a rule, in women who suffer from hypertension.
Modern hormonal contraceptives can cause attacks of gallstone disease in those women who suffer from it.
When choosing pills - the most effective contraceptives - it must be borne in mind that in the first months they can cause menstrual irregularities. These disorders can manifest themselves in the form of spotting spotting, or, on the contrary, the complete absence of menstrual bleeding. This phenomenon should not be frightened, since it is temporary and disappears on its own, two to three months after the start of the drug. In the same case, if this did not happen, which is extremely rare, a woman needs to see a doctor who will help you choose another, more optimal, drug. After all, the effectiveness of contraceptive methods is ensured precisely through individual selection.
The main argument against hormonal drugs, which is put forward by women who prefer non-hormonal methods of contraception, is a set of excessive body weight. In fact, the concentration of hormones in modern contraceptives is so low that it can in no way affect body weight. And weight gain is due to an improperly balanced diet and insufficient physical activity.
Some drugs can cause quite unpleasant sensations in the mammary glands, reminiscent of the sensations during pregnancy: the breasts can fill up and even ache. As a rule, such sensations disappear after a few months after the start of the drug.
In very rare cases, a severe headache, which is paroxysmal in nature, may occur. In the event that the headache occurs more than twice a week, the woman should immediately stop taking the medication and consult a doctor.
Women using hormonal contraceptives after 40 often complain of occasional nausea, which almost never turns into vomiting. Doctors explain this with age-related hormonal changes in the body of the woman herself.
Some women complain that after the start of taking the pills they experience emotional instability. However, doctors deny the connection with contraceptives.
Quite often, in the first few months, a woman may notice a change in sexual desire. In some women, it rises, partly due to the fact that a woman stops being afraid of an unwanted pregnancy. And other women, on the contrary, complain of a decrease in sexual desire. However, this is also a temporary phenomenon, and a woman should not worry about this.
In rare cases, when taking hormonal drugs, age spots may appear, especially on those areas of the skin that are exposed to direct sunlight. In the event of such a complication, the woman should notify her doctor. As a rule, after a couple of months the problem goes away by itself.

Barrier contraceptives

New methods of contraception give women a wide range of choices. If a woman does not want, for whatever reason, to take birth control pills, she can choose topical contraceptives. The principle by which vaginal contraceptives work is very simple: they use chemicals that are injected into the woman's vagina. When sperm enters, these chemicals, called spermicides, destroy them instantly. In addition, spermicides create a thin protective film on the vaginal mucosa, and the cervical secretions also thicken. Thus, an additional barrier for spermatozoa appears.

Two chemicals used in vaginal contraceptives stand out: benzalkonium chloride and nonoxynol. It is on their basis that a topical contraceptive, beloved by many women, called "Pharmatex" was created. Another very important plus that such contraceptives have when breastfeeding is complete safety for the baby, since the active ingredients do not penetrate into breast milk. The following describes the main types of contraceptives in this group.

Contraceptin belongs to the group of "chemical contraceptives", disinfects, has an antibacterial effect and kills spermatozoa. This is the best contraceptive for those women whose sex life is irregular. This tool does not require systematic use, it is enough once, immediately before sexual intercourse, to insert vaginal suppositories into the vagina.

Nonoxylol also belongs to the group of "chemical contraceptives". It also has a pronounced spermatocidal effect, leads to immobilization and death of spermatozoa. In addition, this drug has a pronounced antibacterial, antiviral and antifungal effect, which provides a sufficiently high level of protection against many sexually transmitted diseases. Exactly the same action has Patentex Oval. The form in which these contraceptives are produced is candles.

Gramicidin paste continues the list of contraceptives. The active ingredient in this chemical contraceptive is the antibiotic gramicidin. It has a powerful bactericidal and contraceptive. In addition, very often its use is recommended for those women who suffer from inflammatory diseases of the cervix or vagina.

Chemical methods of contraception also offer such an effective remedy as traceptin. This is a very effective contraceptive. Produced in the form of tablets that must be inserted into the vagina immediately before sexual intercourse itself. However, such a chemical method of contraception can cause such a side effect as severe burning in the vagina. If you are faced with such a problem, you should turn your attention to other local contraceptives.

The latest methods of contraception offer a woman such a tool as Pharmatex. It is a contraceptive drug, reliably protects against the onset of unwanted pregnancy. In terms of its effectiveness, it can be put on a par with contraceptives such as candles, a spiral and pills. The risk of pregnancy is less than 1%. In addition, this chemical contraceptive has a high ability to protect a woman from many sexually transmitted diseases. It has a depressing effect on such pathogenic flora as candida, chlamydia, herpes, gonococci and chlamydia.

This tool is one of the best methods of contraception during breastfeeding, also for those women who are contraindicated in intrauterine contraceptives - a spiral. Pharmatex does not have any contraindications and side effects, it can even be safely used as a contraceptive after 40 years.

Pharmatex is available in several forms:

vaginal balls. They are inserted 3 minutes before the onset of sexual intercourse, deep into the vagina.
The second form is a cream. The cream also needs to be injected just before intercourse deep into the vagina.
Tampons. They are introduced into the vagina before intercourse, the protective effect lasts 24 hours, while similar contraceptives are one-time. And before each new sexual intercourse, it is necessary to introduce a new dose of the drug.

If candles are used as contraceptive methods, make sure that they are at hand at the right time, so that later you do not start frantically rushing about in search of the treasured box.

Some women prefer the rather exotic contraceptive patch, for example. The patch is glued to the skin of a woman for a certain period, during which there is protection from the onset of an unwanted pregnancy. What is the basis of the action of such a contraceptive as a patch? Under its influence, the level of hormones in the female body changes, which, in fact, has a contraceptive effect. It should be borne in mind that this method is quite young, so the effectiveness of this method of contraception is not yet reliably known.

Listing barrier contraceptives, the ring also cannot be ignored. In fact, the opinion that the ring is a non-hormonal contraceptive is erroneous. The principle of its action is the same as that of tablets. However, its advantage is that a woman does not need to constantly monitor the timely use. Such a contraceptive, like a ring, is enough to be placed in the vagina once - and for three weeks you can forget about the issue of protection. The hormones contained in the vaginal ring penetrate the bloodstream and provide protection against pregnancy.

Due to the action of hormones, the uterine mucosa changes - it thickens and loses its ability to implant a fetal egg. This tool reliably protects against unwanted pregnancy in 97% of cases, but do not forget that it does not protect against sexually transmitted diseases. That is why its use is justified only if there is a permanent sexual partner.

Spiral

Very often, a woman, in response to her question about which contraceptives are better, hears about the IUD. The IUD is an intrauterine device. Is it really the most reliable method of contraception? In order to understand this, you need to know by what principle there is protection against the onset of unwanted pregnancy.

The intrauterine device is a special flexible device designed to be inserted into the uterine cavity for a long time and provides protection against unwanted pregnancy. There are two types of IUDs:

Non-drug spiral.
Medical. Such a coil may contain substances such as copper, silver, gold, progesterone and other drugs.

The shape of the intrauterine device can also be very diverse: both in the form of a ring, and in the form of a spiral, in other modifications. The most commonly used material for the manufacture of intrauterine devices is plastic. The spiral combines the advantages that barrier methods of contraception and hormonal contraceptives have.

Protection against pregnancy occurs due to the fact that the spiral:

Causes thickening of the mucus of the cervical canal of the uterus.
Significantly reduces the speed of movement of the egg into the uterine cavity.
Reduces the ability of spermatozoa to penetrate the uterine cavity.
Causes changes in the structure of the uterine mucosa.

The intrauterine device is currently the most effective method of contraception, it gives a 99% guarantee of protection against unwanted pregnancy. In addition, if we compare contraceptives for lactating women, the comparison will be in favor of the spiral. It is completely safe for the baby, because even when using a medical spiral, not a drop of the drug will penetrate into breast milk.

A woman can put an IUD at any time convenient for her, regardless of the day of the menstrual cycle, which allows the woman herself to choose the day that is convenient for her to go to the doctor. In addition, if you choose contraception after childbirth, the spiral is the best option for you, as it can be inserted immediately after childbirth, as well as after an uncomplicated abortion.

The intrauterine device is the best contraceptive for women who want to achieve long-term and effective protection against pregnancy. However, when choosing contraceptives for girls, you need to be aware that the use of a spiral in nulliparous women is not recommended.

It is not recommended to leave the spiral in the uterine cavity longer than indicated in the annotation. Also, in no case is it permissible to independently extract the spiral. Summing up, I would like to once again draw attention to some facts:

A contraceptive such as a spiral can be used as a method of contraception after childbirth. Take care of purchasing a spiral in advance and inform the doctor about your desire.
The intrauterine device is an absolutely safe contraceptive for lactating women, since the device does not harm the baby.
Those women who are contraindicated in the use of hormonal contraceptives after 35 years of age can use the spiral without fear of a deterioration in their health.
I would like to draw the attention of women to the fact that the intrauterine device does not protect against sexually transmitted diseases. That is why the use of a spiral is justified only if a woman has a permanent sexual partner.

Contraceptives for men

Very often, girls are interested in what contraceptives for men exist, and are there any at all? Despite the fact that their choice is small, methods of contraception for men do exist. All currently available male contraceptives are described below.

Coitus interruptus is one of the most popular methods of contraception for men. The essence of this method is as follows: the penis is removed from the woman's vagina before the onset of ejaculation. However, the reliability of this method of male contraception is very small.

Very often, at the very beginning of sexual intercourse, a small amount of spermatozoa is released, but quite sufficient for the fertilization of the egg. According to statistics, every third sexual intercourse using its interruption as a male contraceptive leads to an unwanted pregnancy. Also, with the constant use of coitus interruptus, a significant decrease in male potency is possible.

Talking about what male methods of contraception are, the condom also cannot be ignored. As everyone knows, a condom is a latex elastic sheath that is worn over an excited penis. The method of contraception using a condom has several distinct advantages over other male methods.

A condom prevents sperm from entering the vagina, thereby completely eliminating the risk of an unwanted pregnancy. It also eliminates direct contact between the penis and the vagina, so there is no risk of infection with sexually transmitted diseases. In addition, a condom is a one-time contraceptive, ideal for those men and women whose sex life is irregular. In addition, it can be used by those couples who are not suitable for other methods of contraception after childbirth for some reason.

The use of condoms has no contraindications and does not require large financial costs. However, it also has a minus - the condom can break. In this case, the woman will be forced to pay attention to the methods of emergency contraception.

There are also less common methods of male contraception, such as sterilization and hormonal drugs. Since birth control pills for men are still in the testing stage, they will not be discussed in this article, but read on for what sterilization is.

Male sterilization is called a vasectomy. Its principle is to cross the vas deferens. The operation is performed under local anesthesia and lasts about 10 minutes. About a month after the procedure, the man completely loses the ability to have children. However, this process is completely reversible if a man wants to have children in the future.

This procedure absolutely does not have any negative impact on the health of a man: his normal hormonal levels do not change, sexual desire and potency do not decrease.

To date, this is a complete list of known contraceptives for men.

Emergency contraceptive methods

Unfortunately, unforeseen situations periodically arise in life and unprotected sexual acts occur. In order to prevent unwanted pregnancy, there are methods of emergency contraception. I would also like to remind women that if they need emergency contraception, alternative methods will not help them.

There are certain contraceptives after intercourse that prevent pregnancy even if the intercourse was unprotected. Contraceptives after sex are available in the form of pills containing a large amount of hormones.

Contraceptives after the act, according to the principle of their action and chemical composition, are divided into two types:

Contraceptives after sex, the main active ingredient in which is levonorgestrel. The most well-known methods of emergency contraception belonging to this group are drugs such as Escapel and Postinor. They belong to the group of hormonal drugs, they can be purchased at the pharmacy without a prescription.
Contraceptives after sexual intercourse, related to non-hormonal drugs, based on such an active substance as mifepristone. The most famous contraceptive after the act, belonging to this group, is Postinor. Non-hormonal drugs can be used as emergency contraceptives for adolescents.

The principle by which the method of urgent contraception works is that the process of blocking ovulation occurs, which excludes the possibility of fertilization. In the same case, if fertilization occurred before the drug was taken, the drug excludes the possibility of implantation of the fetal egg in the uterine cavity.

Although such products can help prevent unwanted pregnancy, a woman should remember that these are single-use contraceptives that should not be abused. It is also necessary to take into account the fact that this type of contraceptive does not protect against sexually transmitted diseases.

Teenage contraception

No matter how outraged older people are about the moral licentiousness of modern society and the obscene, in their opinion, behavior of teenagers, teenage sex was, is, and will be. And it is extremely unreasonable on the part of adults to try to hide their heads in the sand - from denying the existence of a problem, it will not go anywhere. It is much wiser to help children and educate them about contraceptive methods for teenagers. This will help to avoid problems associated with sexually transmitted diseases and unplanned pregnancy.

The latest methods of contraception allow you to choose the most optimal means that will not have a negative impact on the growing body. In order to understand how to choose contraceptives, it is necessary to take into account some features characteristic of teenage sexual intercourse.

In most cases, sexual intercourse among adolescents is not regular, so it is absolutely inappropriate to use new planned methods of contraception.
Unfortunately, during adolescence, casual sex is very common, which greatly increases the chances of contracting sexually transmitted diseases. Therefore, contraceptives for adolescents are faced not only with the task of eliminating unwanted pregnancy, but also protecting against sexual infections.
Contraceptive methods for girls must be very reliable, as an abortion at such a young age can lead to serious consequences.

Taking into account all the above features of the sexual life of adolescents, we can draw the following conclusion on how to choose contraceptives and what you should pay attention to if the teenager categorically refuses to go to the doctor:

The method of contraception for girls must be reliable in terms of preventing sexually transmitted diseases. It also protects against unwanted pregnancies.
Contraceptives for girls should not be harmful to their health.
In addition, the method of contraception for adolescents should be accessible.

Most ideally, all of the above requirements are met by condoms, or non-hormonal birth control pills. But their use is possible only if the girl has one permanent and reliable sexual partner.

Folk contraceptives

So, you have learned about what contraceptives are. However, before summing up, I would like to mention folk contraceptives.

Unfortunately, even in our time, many women rely on alternative methods of contraception. And they absolutely ignore effective traditional methods of contraception. There are various contraceptives at home:

Douching the vagina with a powerful pressure of water immediately after intercourse.
Vaginal douching after intercourse with water in which a certain amount of citric acid is previously dissolved.
Insertion of a slice of lemon into the vagina before intercourse.
The introduction of a piece of laundry soap into the vagina before sexual intercourse.

Supporters of alternative methods of contraception argue that a sharp change in the alkaline balance in the vagina leads to the death of spermatozoa and excludes the possibility of pregnancy. In fact, such folk contraceptives will lead to a disease such as cervical erosion. But protection from pregnancy with folk remedies is impossible.

This article describes all methods and methods of contraception. Any woman who is responsible for family planning can choose the most effective contraceptive that is right for her. However, before making the final choice, it is still better to consult with your gynecologist, who knows about all your diseases and individual characteristics of the body. We sincerely wish that your test becomes "striped" only when you really want it!