Textbook: Prevention and treatment of cows with retained placenta. Conservative methods of treatment of retained placenta
THEME #11.
"PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF COWS AT THE RETENTION OF THE AFTER"
P L A N:
PART #1:
1.ETIOLOGY AND CLASSIFICATION
2. TREATMENT
3 AND 4. PREVENTION, THE ROLE OF RETENTION IN THE ORIGIN OF INFERTILITY
5. USED LITERATURE
PART #2:
1.PRACTICAL. STR
PART No. 1
T E M A No. 11
"PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF COWS DURING THE RETENTION OF THE AFTER":
1. Etiology and classification:
Childbirth is the physiological process of removing a viable fetus (fetuses), amniotic membranes from the uterus by the force of contractions of the muscles of the uterus (contractions) and the abdominal press (pulls). Consequently, normal childbirth ends with the separation of the placenta and therefore such expressions “the birth was normal, but the placenta did not separate”, “the birth ended quickly, but the placenta was delayed” cannot be considered correct, since the retention of the placenta refers to the pathology of the third (afterbirth) period of childbirth.
Most often, retention of the placenta is observed in cows and quite often ends with endometritis, infertility, sepsis, and even death of the animal.
There are three groups of reasons for the retention of the afterbirth: atony and hypotension of the uterus after the birth of the fetus, which are observed after severe prolonged labor; distension of the uterus by twins and large overdeveloped fetuses, dropsy of the fetus and its membranes, exhaustion of the pregnant female, beriberi, ketosis of highly productive animals, a sharp violation of the mineral balance, obesity, lack of exercise, diseases of the digestive apparatus and the cardiovascular system of the woman in labor;
fusion of the maternal part of the placenta with the villi of the fetal chorion, which occur with brucellosis, vibriosis, paratyphoid, edema of the amniotic membranes and inflammatory processes in the placenta of non-infectious origin;
mechanical obstacles in the removal of the separated placenta from the uterus, which occur with premature narrowing of the cervix, infringement of the placenta in the non-pregnant horn; wrapping part of the placenta around a large caruncle.
We stopped at the reasons for the retention of the placenta, since among the questions that are posed to the veterinarian, this question almost always comes first.
The second question to be answered concerns the time of separation of the placenta.
According to and. F. Zayanchkovsky (1964), in most cows in the summer period, the placenta is separated within 3-4 hours, and in the winter stall - within the first 5 hours after the birth of the calf. F. A. Troitsky (1956), D. D. Logvinov (1964) determine the normal course of the afterbirth period in cows at 6-7 hours; A. Yu. Tarasevich (1936) - 6 hours, A. P. Studentsov (1970) allows an increase in the afterbirth period in cows up to 12 hours; E. Weber (1927) - up to 24 hours, and Z. A. Bukus and Kostyuk (1948) - even up to 12 days. Our observations show that under normal conditions of feeding and keeping in 90.5% of cows, the afterbirth is separated in the first 4 hours - after the birth of the calf.
Most scientists consider the normal duration of the afterbirth period in cows to be the first 4-6 hours. It is for this short period that practical veterinarians should be oriented. Therefore, already six hours after the birth of the calf, if the placenta has not separated, it is necessary to apply conservative methods of treatment. Waiting 8-12-24 hours from the moment of birth of the fetus and not using therapeutic procedures associated with the treatment of retained placenta should be considered a mistake in the work of a veterinary specialist.
Detention of the placenta:
(Retentioplacentae, s. Retentionsecundinatum) The birth act ends with the separation of the fetal membranes (afterbirth) in animals of different species at a certain time. We can talk about retention of the placenta if it has not been released in a mare after 35 minutes, in a cow after 6 hours (according to some authors, 10-12 hours), in a sheep, goat, pig, dog, cat and rabbit after 3 hours after birth of fruits.
Retention of the placenta can occur in animals of all species, but it is more common in cows, which is partly due to the peculiarity of the structure of the placenta and the relationship between its fetal and maternal parts. Especially often retention of the placenta is observed as a complication after an abortion. It can be complete if all the fetal membranes are not separated from the birth canal, and incomplete (partial) when separate sections of the chorion or single placentas (in cows) remain in the uterine cavity. In mares, the choroid and the outer layer of allantois remain in the uterus, the allanto-amnion is almost always expelled along with the fetus.
There are three immediate causes of retention of the placenta:
insufficient tension of subsequent contractions and atony of the uterus,
fusion (adhesions) of the fetal part of the placenta with the mother due to pathological processes, increased turgor of caruncle tissues.
Of great importance as a predisposing factor are the conditions of detention, in particular, insufficient exercise. In animals of all species that do not use walks during pregnancy, retention of the placenta can be a mass phenomenon. This also explains the most frequent retention of the placenta in the winter-spring period.
As predisposing to retention of the placenta, all those factors that lower the tone of the muscles of the uterus and the entire body of the woman in labor can be regarded: exhaustion, obesity, lack of calcium salts and other minerals in the diet; dropsy of the membranes, twins in monoparous animals, too large a fetus, and the genotype of the mother and fetus.
These adhesions can be based on infectious diseases (brucellosis, etc.), which cause the occurrence of processes that disrupt the relationship between the fetal and maternal parts of the placenta and cause inflammation of the chorion and uterine mucosa. Especially often the retention of the placenta is observed in farms that are unfavorable for brucellosis, and not only during abortions, but also during normal childbirth.
A strong connection of the chorionic villi with the crypts of the maternal placenta is also possible with a deep metabolic disorder, when uterine atony occurs with the development of connective tissue elements in it.
2. Treatment:
Diagnosis - with complete retention of the placenta, a red or gray-red cord protrudes from the external genital organs. Its surface is bumpy in a cow (placenta) and velvety in a mare. Sometimes only flaps of the urinary and amniotic membranes without vessels hang outward in the form of gray-white films. With severe atony of the uterus, all membranes remain in it (they are detected by palpation of the uterus). To establish incomplete retention of the placenta, it is necessary to carefully examine it. The placenta is examined, palpated and, if indicated, microscopic and bacteriological analysis is carried out.
The released placenta is straightened on a table or plywood. The normal afterbirth of a mare has a uniform color, a velvety placental and smooth allontoid surface. The entire allanto-amnion is light gray or whitish in color, in places with a pearly tint. Obliterated vessels, forming a large number of twists, contain little blood. Shells throughout the entire length of the same thickness (absence of connective tissue growths, edema). The thickness of the membranes is easily determined by palpation. In order to determine whether the placenta is completely separated from the mare, they are guided by the vessels of the placenta, which is a closed network surrounding the entire fetal bladder. By the breaks of the vessels, they judge the integrity of the entire shell; when the torn edges approach, their contours should give a matching line, and the central ends of the torn vessels, when they come into contact with the peripheral segments, form a continuous vascular network. If, in the uterine cavity, a section of the chorion remains, this is easily detected when the choroid is straightened along the mismatched edges of the gap and along the abruptly interrupted vascular trunks. By the location of the defect found in the choroid, it is possible to determine in which place of the uterus the detached part of the placenta remained. In the future, with palpation of the uterine cavity by hand, it is possible to palpate the remainder of the placenta.
This research method makes it possible to find out not only the size of the delayed part of the placenta, but sometimes the cause of the delay. In addition, at the same time, it is possible to detect abnormalities in the development of the placenta, degeneration and inflammation in the uterine mucosa and make a conclusion about the viability of the newborn, the course of the postpartum period and possible complications of pregnancy and childbirth in the future. In animals of other species, the placenta is examined, guided by the same principles.
In cows, partial retention of the placenta is especially common, since their inflammatory processes are mostly localized in individual placentas. With a careful examination of the released placenta, one cannot fail to notice a defect along the vessels that fed the broken part of the chorion.
Course - in a mare, retention of the placenta is usually accompanied by a severe general condition. Within a few hours after the birth of the fetus, general depression, an increase in body temperature, increased respiration are noticed, the animal strains and groans. Sometimes (with severe atony of the uterus) there are no external signs. If timely measures are not taken, septicemia often develops with a fatal outcome within the first 2 to 3 days. Often, due to strong straining, the uterus falls out. Partial retention of the afterbirth in the form of separate pieces of membranes causes persistent purulent endometritis, abscesses, and general depletion of the body. in cows with complete retention of the placenta, usually a significant part of the fetal membranes protrudes from the external genitalia, descending to the level of the hocks and below. Under the influence of external factors, mainly pollution, the fallen parts of the placenta begin to decompose rapidly, especially in the warm season. Therefore, already on the 2nd day, and sometimes even earlier, an unpleasant putrefactive odor appears in the room where such a cow is located. Necrosis of the placenta also extends to its departments that are still in the uterus, which leads to the accumulation of decomposing semi-liquid bloody mucus-like masses in its cavity. The rapid development of microflora in decomposing tissues is accompanied by the formation of toxic substances, their absorption from the uterus creates a picture of general intoxication of the body. In animals, the appetite worsens, sometimes the body temperature rises, the milk yield decreases sharply, the activity of the stomach and intestines is upset (profuse diarrhea). The muscles of the uterus become atonic, the invaluation is broken, the cervix in most cases remains open for a long time (until the uterus is completely cleansed). Along with this, the abdominal press is greatly reduced, the animal stands with a very arched back and a tucked up abdomen.
With partial retention of the placenta, it begins to expand a little later (on the 4-5th day). Decomposition by signs of purulent-catarrhal endometritis. In cows with the placenta remaining in the uterus or part of it, not only the placenta, but also the maternal parts of the placenta undergo disintegration. A large amount of pus with an admixture of mucus and grayish crumbly masses is released from the genitals. Very rarely, the retention of the placenta proceeds without complications, the disintegrated parts of the placenta are removed with lochia, the cavity is cleaned, and the function of the reproductive apparatus is completely restored. Detention of the placenta with untimely medical intervention, as a rule, ends with difficult-to-treat pathological processes in the uterus and infertility, in sheep the placenta is rarely retained, in goats, like pigs, retention very often leads to septicopyemia. In dogs, retention of the placenta is especially dangerous: it is quickly, sometimes at lightning speed, complicated by sepsis.
CONSERVATIVE METHODS OF TREATMENT OF RETENTION OF THE POSTON:
Conservative methods of treatment of retained placenta in cows, sheep and goats should be started six hours after the birth of the fetus. In the fight against uterine atony, it is recommended to use synthetic estrogenic drugs that increase uterine contractility (sinestrol, pituitrin, etc.).
Sinestrol - Synoestrolum - 2.1% oily solution. Released in ampoules. Enter under the skin or intramuscularly. Dose cow 2-5 ml. The action on the uterus begins an hour after administration and lasts 8-10 hours. Sinestrol causes rhythmic vigorous contractions of the uterus in cows, helps to open the cervical canal. Some scientists (V.S. Shipilov and V.I. Rubtsov, I.F. Zayanchkovsky, and others) argue that sinestrol cannot be recommended as an independent remedy in the fight against retained placenta in cows. After the use of this drug in high-milk cows, lactation decreases, atony of the proventriculus appears, and sexual cyclicity is sometimes disturbed.
Pituitrin - Pituitrinum - preparation of the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland. Contains all the hormones produced in the gland. It is injected under the skin at a dose of 3-5 ml (25-35 IU). The action of the introduced pituitrin begins after 10 minutes and lasts 5-6 hours. The optimal dose of pituitrin for cows is 1.5-2 ml per 100 kg of live weight. Pituitrin causes contraction of the muscles of the uterus (from the top of the horns towards the neck).
The sensitivity of the uterus to uterine agents depends on the physiological state. So, the greatest sensitivity is stated at the time of childbirth, then it gradually decreases. Therefore, 3-5 days after birth, the dose of uterine preparations should be increased. When retaining the placenta in cows, repeated injections of pituitrin are recommended after 6-8 hours.
Estrone - (folliculin) - Oestronum - a hormone that is formed wherever there is an intensive growth and development of young cells. Released in ampoules.
X pharmacopoeia approved a more pure hormonal estrogen drug - estradiol dipropionate. Available in ampoules of 1 ml. The drug is administered intramuscularly to large animals at a dose of 6 ml.
Prozerin - Proseripum - white crystalline powder, easily soluble in water. A 0.5% solution is used at a dose of 2-2.5 ml under the skin when retaining the placenta in cows, weak attempts, acute endometritis. Its action begins 5-6 minutes after the injection and lasts for an hour.
Carbacholin - Carbacholinum - white powder, highly soluble in water. When retaining the placenta in cows, it is applied under the skin at a dose of 1-2 ml in the form of a 0.01% aqueous solution. Works immediately after injection. The drug remains in the body for a considerable time, so it can be administered once a day.
Drinking amniotic fluid. Amniotic and urinary fluid contains folliculin, protein, acetylcholine, glycogen, sugar, various minerals. In veterinary practice, fruit waters are widely used to prevent retention of the afterbirth, atony and subinvolution of the uterus.
After giving 3-6 liters of amniotic fluid, the contractility of the uterus improves significantly. The contractile function does not resume immediately, but gradually and lasts for eight hours.
Drinking colostrum for cows. Colostrum contains many proteins (albumins, globulins), minerals, fats, sugars and vitamins. Drinking 2-4 liters of colostrum to cows contributes to the separation of the placenta after 4 hours. (A.M. Tarasonov, 1979).
The use of antibiotics and sulfa drugs.
In obstetric practice, tricilin is often used, which includes penicillin, streptomycin and white soluble streptocide. The drug is used in the form of powder or suppositories. When the afterbirth is delayed, 2-4 suppositories or one bottle of powder are injected into the cow's uterus by hand. The introduction is repeated after 24 hours, and then after 48 hours. Auremycin introduced into the uterus promotes the separation of the placenta and prevents the development of purulent postpartum endometritis.
Good results are obtained by the combined treatment of the retention of the afterbirth of reproaches. In the uterus four times a day, 20-25 g of white streptocide or another sulfanilamide drug is injected, and intramuscularly 2 million units of penicillin or streptomycin. Treatment is carried out for 2-3 days.
In the treatment, nitrofuran preparations are also used - furazolidone sticks and suppositories. Good results were also obtained after treatment of sick animals with septimethrin, exuter, metroseptin, utersonan and other combined preparations that are introduced into the uterus.
The reproductive ability of cows treated with antibiotics in combination with sulfanilamide preparations after retention of the placenta recovers very quickly.
STIMULATION OF THE PROTECTIVE FORCES OF A SICK ANIMAL
Successful treatment of cows with retained placenta by introducing into the middle uterine artery 200 ml of a 40% glucose solution, to which 0.5 g of novocaine is added. Intravenous infusion of 200-250 ml of a 40% glucose solution significantly increases the tone of the uterus and enhances its contraction (VM Voskoboynikov, 1979). g. k. Iskhakov (1950) received a good result after drinking honey to cows (500 g per 2 liters of water) - the afterbirth was separated on the second day.
It is known that during labor, a significant amount of glycogen in the muscles of the uterus and heart is used. Therefore, in order to quickly replenish the reserves of energy material in the body of a woman in labor, it is necessary to intravenously inject 150-200 ml of a 40% glucose solution or give sugar with water (300-500 g twice a day).
After a day in summer and after 2-3 days in winter, rotting of the delayed placenta begins. The decay products are absorbed into the bloodstream and lead to a general depression of the animal, a decrease or complete loss of appetite, an increase in body temperature, hypogalactia, and severe exhaustion. After 6-8 days after intensive blocking of the detoxification function of the liver, profuse diarrhea appears.
Thus, when retaining the placenta, it is necessary to maintain the function of the liver, which is able to neutralize the toxic substances coming from the uterus during the decomposition of the placenta. The liver can perform this function only if there is a sufficient amount of glycogen in it. That is why intravenous administration of a glucose solution or giving sugar or honey through the mouth is necessary.
Autohemotherapy for retained placenta was used by G.V. Zvereva (1943), V.D. Korshun (1946), V.I. Sachkov (1948), K.I. Turkevich (1949), E.D. Valker (1959), F.F. Muller (1957), N.I. Lobach and L.F. Zayats (1960) and many others.
It well stimulates the reticulo-endothelial system. The dose of blood for the first injection to the cow is 90-100 ml, after three days 100-110 ml is injected. The third time the blood is injected after three days at a dose of 100-120 ml. We injected blood not intramuscularly, but subcutaneously at two or three points in the neck.
K.P. Chepurov used intramuscular injections of antidiplococcal serum at a dose of 200 ml for the prevention of endometritis in the retention of the placenta in cows. It is known that any hyperimmune serum, in addition to a specific action, stimulates the reticuloendothelial system, increases the body's defenses, and also significantly activates the processes of phagocytosis.
Tissue therapy for retention of the placenta was also used by V.P. Savintsev (1955), F.Ya. Sizonenko (1955), E.S. Shulyumova (1958), I.S. Nagorny (1968) and others. The results are highly inconsistent. Most authors believe that tissue therapy cannot be used as an independent method of treating retention of the placenta, but only in combination with other measures for a general stimulating effect on the diseased body of a woman in labor. Tissue extracts are recommended to be administered subcutaneously to a cow at a dose of 10-25 ml with an interval of 3-4 days.
For the treatment of retention of the placenta, a lumbar novocaine blockade is used, which causes an energetic contraction of the muscles of the uterus. Of the 34 cows with retention of the afterbirth, which V.G. Martynov made a lumbar blockade, in 25 animals the afterbirth separated spontaneously.
I.G. Morozov (1955) used perirenal lumbar block in cows with retained placenta. The injection site is determined on the right side between the second third lumbar processes at a palm's distance from the sagittal line. A sterile needle is inserted perpendicularly to a depth of 3-4 cm, then Janet's syringe is attached and 300-350 ml of a 0.25% solution of novocaine is poured, which fills the perirenal space, blocking the nerve plexus. The general condition of the animal quickly improves, the motor function of the uterus increases, which contributes to the independent separation of the placenta.
D.D. Logvinov and V.S. Gontarenko received a very good therapeutic result when a 1% solution of novocaine at a dose of 100 ml was injected into the aorta.
In veterinary practice, there are quite a few methods of local conservative treatment of retention of the placenta. The question of choosing the most appropriate method always depends on a variety of specific conditions: the condition of a sick animal, the experience and qualifications of a veterinary specialist, the availability of special equipment in a veterinary institution, etc. Let's consider the main methods of local therapeutic effect when retaining the placenta in cows.
Infusion into the uterus of solutions, emulsions. P.A. Voloskov (1960), I.F. Zayanchkovsky (1964) found that the use of Lugol's solution (1.0 crystalline iodine and 2.0 potassium iodide per 1000.0 distilled water) when retaining the placenta in cows gives satisfactory results with a small percentage of endometritis, which is quickly cured. The authors recommend infusing 500-1000 ml of fresh warm solution into the uterus, which should fall between the placenta and the mucous membrane of the uterus. Re-introduce the solution every other day.
I.V. Valitov (1970) obtained a good therapeutic effect in the treatment of retention of the placenta in cows by a combined method: 80-100 ml of a 20% solution of ASD-2 was administered intravenously, 2-3 ml of a 0.5% prozerin - under the skin and 250-300 ml 3% oil solution of menthol - into the uterine cavity. According to the author, this method turned out to be more effective than the surgical separation of the placenta;
The Latvian Research Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine has proposed intrauterine sticks containing 1 g of furazolidone, made without a fat base. When the placenta is retained, 3-5 sticks are introduced into the cow's uterus.
According to A.Yu. Tarasevich, the infusion into the uterine cavity of oil emulsions of iodoform, xeroform gives satisfactory results in the treatment of retained placenta in cows.
The introduction of fluid into the vessels of the umbilical cord stump. In cases where the vessels of the umbilical cord stump are intact, and also in the absence of blood clotting, it is necessary to clamp two arteries and one vein with tweezers, and pour 1-2.5 liters of warm artificial gastric juice into the second umbilical vein of the umbilical cord stump using the Bobrov apparatus. (Yu. I. Ivanov, 1940) or cold hypertonic sodium chloride solution. Then all four umbilical vessels are tied up. The placenta separates on its own after 10-20 minutes.
Infusion into the uterus of hypertonic solutions of medium salts.
For dehydration of the villi of the choroid and the maternal part of the placenta, it is recommended to pour 3-4 liters of a 5-10% sodium chloride solution into the uterus. A hypertonic solution (75% sodium chloride and 25% magnesium sulfate), according to Yu I. Ivanov, causes intense contractions of the muscles of the uterus and contributes to the separation of the placenta in cows.
Multiple cutting of the stump of the placenta vessels.
After the birth of a calf and the rupture of the umbilical cord, a stump of vessels almost always hangs from the vulva. We repeatedly had to observe how veterinary workers, who did not have sufficient knowledge in the field of the birth process, diligently stopped the “bleeding” from the stump of the blood vessels of the placenta. Naturally, such "help" contributes to the retention of the placenta. After all, the longer the blood flows out of the vessels, the baby placenta, the better the cotyledon villi are bled, and, consequently, the connection between the mother and baby placenta weakens. The weaker this connection, the easier the afterbirth is separated. Therefore, repeated cutting of the stump of the umbilical cord with scissors must be used to prevent retention of the placenta in cows.
SURGICAL METHODS OF TREATMENT OF THE RETENTION OF THE AFTERNOON IN COWS:
METHODS OF DEPARTMENT OF THE AFTERNOON:
Many methods of separation of the placenta, both conservative and operational, manual, have been proposed.
Methods for separating the placenta have some features in animals of each species.
In cows: if the afterbirth is not separated 6-8 hours after the birth of the fetus, you can enter sinestrol 1% 2-5 ml, pituitrin 8-10 IU per 100 kg. Body weight, oxytocin 30-60 units. or massage the uterus through the rectum. Inside give sugar 500g. Contributes to the separation of the afterbirth with atony of the uterus by tying it with a bandage to the tail, retreating 30 cm from its root (M.P. Ryazansky, G.V. Gladilin). The cow seeks to release the tail by moving it from side to side and back, which induces the uterus to contract and expel the placenta. This simple technique should be used for both therapeutic and prophylactic purposes. It is possible to separate the villi and crypts by introducing pepsin with hydrochloric acid between the chorion and the mucous membrane of the uterus (pepsin 20 g, hydrochloric acid 15 ml, water 300 ml). ON THE. Phlegmatov found that amniotic fluid, administered at a dose of 1-2 liters to a cow through the mouth, already after 30 minutes increases the tone of the muscles of the uterus and speeds up its contractions. Amniotic fluid is used for prophylactic and therapeutic purposes when retaining the placenta. During the rupture of the fetal bladder and during the expulsion of the fetus, amniotic fluid is collected (8-12 liters from one cow) in a basin well washed with hot water and poured into a clean glass dish. In this form, they can be stored at a temperature not exceeding 3°C for 2-3 days. When retaining the placenta, it is recommended to drink amniotic fluid 6-7 hours after the birth of the fetus in the amount of 3-6 liters. If there are no unions of the placenta, as a rule, after 2-8 hours the afterbirth is separated. Only individual animals have to be given amniotic fluid (at the same dose) up to 3-4 times at intervals of 5-6 hours. Unlike artificial preparations, amniotic fluid acts gradually, their maximum effect appears after 4-5 hours and lasts up to 8 hours ( V.S. Shipilov and V.I. Rubtsov). However, the use of amniotic fluid is associated with difficulties in obtaining and storing them in the required amount. Therefore, it is more convenient to use amnistron - a drug isolated from amniotic fluid, it has tonic properties (V.A. Klenov). Amnistron (it is administered intramuscularly at a dose of 2 ml), like amniotic fluid, has a gradual and at the same time long-term effect on the uterus. Already after an hour, the activity of the uterus increases by 1.7 times, and by 6-8 hours it reaches a maximum. Then the activity begins to gradually decrease, and after 13 hours only weak uterine contractions are noted (V.A. Onufriev).
When retaining the placenta on the basis of uterine atony and increased turgor of its tissues, a good effect is given by the use of an electric separator designed by M.P. Ryazansky, Yu.A. Lochkarev and I.A. the same cow at a dose of 20 ml, prostaglandin preparations, blockade according to V.V. Mosin and other methods of novocaine therapy. Particularly effective is the intra-aortic administration of a 1% solution of novocaine at a dose of 100 ml (2 mg per 1 kg of animal weight) with the simultaneous administration of a 30% solution of ichthyol intrauterinely in an amount of 500 ml (D.D. Logvinov). Repeated injections are carried out after 48 hours. If within 24-48 hours conservative methods of treatment do not give an effect, especially when the fetal part of the placenta is fused with the mother, then they resort to the surgical separation of the placenta.
Manipulations in the uterine cavity are performed in an appropriate suit (sleeveless jacket and dressing gown with wide sleeves, oilcloth apron and sleeves). The sleeves of the gown are rolled up to the shoulder, the hands are treated in the same way as before the operation. Skin lesions on the hands are smeared with iodine solution and filled with collodion. Boiled petroleum jelly, lanolin or enveloping and disinfecting ointments are rubbed into the skin of the hand. It is advisable to use a rubber sleeve from a veterinary gynecological glove. Surgical intervention is advisable to carry out against the background of anesthesia (sacred, according to A.D. Nozdrachev, G.S. Fateev, etc.). At the end of the preparation of the right hand, they grab the protruding section of the membranes with the left hand, twist it around the axis and pull it slightly, trying not to break it off. The right hand is inserted into the uterus, where it is easy to identify areas of attachment of the fetal placenta, focusing along the strained vessels and tissues of the choroid. The fetal part of the placenta is separated from the maternal part carefully and consistently, the index and middle fingers are brought under the chorion placenta and separated from the caruncle with a few short movements. Sometimes it is more convenient to grasp the edge of the fetal placenta with the thumb and forefinger and gently pull the villi out of the crypts. It is especially difficult to manipulate the placenta at the apex of the horn, since with an atonic uterus and a short obstetrician's hand, the fingers do not reach the caruncles. Then the horn of the uterus is somewhat pulled up to the cervix, or, expanding the fingers and resting them against the wall of the horn, carefully lift it up and then, quickly squeezing the hand, move it forward and down. By repeating the technique several times, it is possible to “put on” the horn of the uterus on the hand, get to the placenta and, having captured it, separate it. The work is facilitated if the protruding part of the placenta is twisted around its axis; from this, its volume decreases, the hand passes more freely through the cervix and the deeply located placentas are somewhat pulled outward. Sometimes the uterine caruncles come off and bleeding occurs, but it quickly and independently stops. With partial retention of the placenta, unseparated placentas are easily detected by palpation; caruncles are rounded and elastic in texture, while the remains of the placenta are testate or velvety. During the operation, it is necessary to monitor cleanliness, wash hands repeatedly and rub the enveloping substance into the skin again. After the final separation of the placenta, it is useful to introduce no more than 0.5 liters of Lugol's solution into the uterus; penicillin, streptomycin, streptocid, uterine sticks or suppositories with nitrofurans, metromax, exuter are also used. However, it is impossible to use several antibiotics with the same organotropic toxicity at once, this causes synergism and, as a result, the development of severe complications. Consideration should be given to the sensitivity of pathogenic microflora to the antibiotics used.
In the absence of a putrefactive process in the uterus, it is considered more appropriate to use the dry method of separation of the afterbirth; in this case, no disinfectant solutions are injected into the uterus either before or after the surgical separation of the placenta (V.S. Shipilov, V.I. Rubtsov). After this method, there are fewer various complications, the ability of animals to reproduce offspring and their productivity is restored faster.
With putrefactive decomposition of the placenta, it is necessary to douche the uterus with the obligatory subsequent removal of the solution. A good effect is given by various methods of novocaine therapy, intramuscular injection of 10-15 ml of a 7% solution of ichthyol in a 40% glucose solution, intrauterine suppositories. All these methods should be combined with the use of natural methods of increasing the body's resistance and postpartum activation of sexual function (active exercise, etc.).
in mares, the separation of the delayed placenta begins no later than 2 hours after the birth of the fetus. With one hand, the portion of the placenta protruding from the birth canal is captured, and the other hand is inserted between the chorion and the uterine mucosa. Gradually and carefully moving the fingers, the villi are pulled out of the crypts. It is advisable to twist the placenta - the protruding part of it is gradually rotated around the axis with both hands and pulled very carefully. In this case, the chorion forms folds that facilitate the isolation of the villi from the crypts.
With partial retention of the placenta in mares, especially after an abortion, shapeless flabby film-like or thread-like masses are felt in the uterine cavity, as if stuck to the mucous membrane. If, simultaneously with the disintegration of the placenta, atony of the uterus is detected, as indicated by the large size of its cavity, into which the hand enters like a barrel, the animal must immediately be given uterine remedies and induce the uterus to contract by massage and douching. When douching the uterus, it is necessary to carefully observe the rules of asepsis and antisepsis and remove the solution introduced into the uterus, otherwise there are almost always serious consequences. Along with topical treatment, the introduction of a 1% oil solution of sinestrol (3-5 ml) under the skin can be tried.
In sheep and goats, the afterbirth is separated 3 hours after the birth of the fetus.
With surgical intervention (a small hand is needed), the separation of the fetal placentas is achieved by gradually squeezing their base, as a result of which the fetal part is, as it were, squeezed out of the "nest" of the maternal part of the placenta. With atony of the uterus, it is better to separate the placenta by gradually twisting it around the axis. To increase the tone of the uterus, a 40% glucose solution or a 10% calcium gluconate solution is used intravenously at the rate of 2 ml per 1 kg of live weight, 10% calcium chloride solution of 0.5 -0.75 ml per 1 kg animal, under the skin - pituitrin "P" or oxytocin - 10-15 units.
In pigs, retention of the placenta is a very bad sign, as a septic condition can quickly develop. Uterine preparations are used - oxytocin 20-30 IU, 0.5% solution of prozerin or 1% solution of furamon at a dose of 0.8 -1.2 ml and other drugs. To suppress the reproduction of microflora, 200-300 ml of a solution of ethacridine lactate 1: 1000, furacilin 1: 5000 or the contents of one bottle of tricillin dissolved in 250 ml of water, 1-2 gynecological sticks are injected into the uterus. Douching of the uterus does not give a positive result, and it is impossible to separate the afterbirth by hand due to the anatomical features of the pig's uterus.
in dogs and cats, retention of the placenta is accompanied by severe complications. Enter oxytocin -5-10 IU, pituitrin, other uterine agents. You can recommend a massage of the uterus through the abdominal walls in the direction from the chest to the pelvis.
in animals of all species with an increase in body temperature and other signs of complications of the local process, it is useful to use penicillin and other antibiotics to prevent postpartum sepsis.
3. PREVENTION
4. THE ROLE OF RETENTION IN THE ORIGIN OF INFERTILITY
Mineral substances, in particular calcium and phosphorus, play a significant role in the fertility of animals. Prolonged, albeit slight, lack of phosphorus in the diet does not significantly affect the functions of other systems, but causes depression of the genital organs and can cause infertility.
The need of animals for minerals is not unchanged, it depends on the physiological state of the animal and productivity. Therefore, it is necessary to regulate the diet for minerals on a monthly basis, and, if necessary, mineral supplements (bone meal, defluorinated phosphate, monocalcium phosphate, etc.) should be included.
It is also impossible to discount the available data on the effect of trace elements on the fertility of animals. Of the trace elements, the effect of manganese on the sexual function of cattle has been most studied. Its deficiency leads to defective and irregular sexual cycles, early abortions and resorption of fetuses, the birth of dead fetuses. The lack of manganese in feed is more often observed on soils with an alkaline reaction, and on acidic soils, its content increases sharply. The animal's need for manganese is mainly provided by feed; in the form of additives, manganese sulfate can be given at a dose of 1-2 mg per head.
For general metabolism, cobalt is also needed, which is part of vitamin B12. The lack of cobalt adversely affects the fertility of animals.
Quite often, a decrease in fertility is associated with a deficiency of the microelement copper.
The trace element zinc has a great influence on the reproductive function of animals; its presence in the anterior pituitary gland is possibly associated with the production of hormones that affect the genital organs. Zinc deficiency in the diets of sires has a detrimental effect on seed formation, the process of spermatogenesis is disrupted, and fertility in cows decreases. Cows in the diet should receive 10-20 mg of zinc per 1 kg of feed dry matter. It should be remembered that an increase in calcium intake leads to an increased need for zinc.
However, iodine has the most significant effect on the fertility of animals. Its deficiency in the body can cause late maturation of follicles, irregularity of sexual cycles and their completeness, the birth of weak fetuses and retention of placenta. With a lack of iodine, the production of a hormone in the body - oxytocin, which has a significant impact on fertility, decreases. It has also been established that iodine stimulates the ovulatory function of the ovaries by activating the thyroid and pituitary glands.
In this regard, giving this trace element to animals is an important and necessary measure. It should be given 2-5 mg per head per day. It should be remembered that preparations of iodine and copper are not recommended to be prepared and stored together for a long time, as they form insoluble compounds.
The need for iodine is provided by feed and giving it in the form of top dressing. E.I. Smirnova and T.N. Sazonova recommend including 3-5 mg of iodine per 1 kg of live weight in the diets of cows. In addition, it is necessary to give an additional 50% of the dose calculated for the live weight of the cow for the development of the fetus, as well as to replenish the iodine excreted with milk, at the rate of 100 mcg per 1 liter of milk. For feeding, potassium iodide is used, 1.3 g of which corresponds to 1 mg of iodine. It is recommended to prepare iodized salt: 10 g of potassium iodide is dissolved in 150 ml of boiled water and 100 g of baking soda are added. Iodized salt in an enamel bowl is mixed with 1 kg of table salt. To this mixture is added 9 kg of table salt. Distribute top dressing based on needs, adding to concentrated feed.
In winter, it is recommended to give animals a complex micronutrient supplement, which includes (per one adult head of cattle): cobalt chloride 15 mg, copper sulfate 50-100 mg, manganese sulfate 150 mg, zinc sulfate 35 mg and iodide potassium 3-5 mg.
These trace elements are dissolved in water based on a group of animals. After that, they are stirred with mixers or roughage is moistened with them. After 30-40 days from the moment of feeding microelements, it is necessary to take a break in their dacha for 20-25 days, and then reintroduce them into the diet.
The influence of vitamins on sexual function is also huge. Their deficiency causes metabolic disorders, leads to a weakening of resistance to diseases. Vitamin A has a great influence on the reproductive function of the body. With its deficiency, the sexual cycles are disturbed, they become irregular and defective, and after calving, retention of the placenta is noted, which subsequently affected the increase in barrenness.
Infertility in A-avitaminosis is caused by the degeneration of the glands and epithelium of the mucous membrane of the uterus and the conductive genital tract. At the same time, micro-inflammatory processes are observed, which causes a change in the environment in the genital tract and makes it impossible for sperm to pass to the place of fertilization.
The maturation of follicles in females with A-avitaminosis occurs abnormally: the hunting cycle is disturbed and the estrus period is lengthened. Ovarian disease is often noted, which leads to frequent cow walks. A particularly sharp deficiency in carotene (provitamin A) is noted in the spring, when animals are fed feed of lower quality, and its reserves in the body are used up.
During this period, the blood of animals contains carotene from 0.20-0.45 mg%, or almost twice as low as the norm. To replenish carotene, it is necessary to regularly feed livestock coniferous flour up to 2 kg per head per day. In some cases, 2 months before calving, it is possible to recommend the introduction of vitamin A concentrate at 200-400 thousand I.E. once every 10 days, and even better in combination with vitamin E. Recently, trivitamin has been widely used.
Thus, feeding issues play an extraordinary role in the prevention of infertility. Nevertheless, it would be wrong to reduce the cause of barrenness only to feeding issues, as some experts do.
Artificially acquired infertility is a consequence of improper organization of measures for the reproduction of the herd. There can be many violations of the technology of reproduction during artificial insemination. As a result, perfectly healthy animals remain infertile.
Violations of the technology of reproduction have nothing to do with the physiology of fertilization, but they subsequently cause disorders of sexual function and lead to infertility.
Fertility is negatively affected by violations in the maintenance of animals. Practice shows that sexual dysfunction is often the result of complications that occur during the postpartum period. During childbirth and in the first days after them, the reproductive apparatus of the uterus is the most favorable for the development of microbes. They can easily enter the uterus from the environment, especially when childbirth takes place in unsanitary conditions.
Therefore, the most important condition for the prevention of infertility is the organization of the perfect preparation of animals for childbirth and the provision of proper obstetric care. For proper assistance during childbirth, it is necessary to take into account the general condition of the animal and age, since if the body is weakened, due to poor preparation for calving or serious illnesses, there may be unfavorable childbirth. The role of attendants during childbirth is to observe and help the animal, but not to rude intervention.
Stretching the fetus should be done exclusively during the attempts of the cow. If the umbilical cord did not break during childbirth, then it must be torn at a distance of 8-10 cm from the abdominal cavity and smeared with tincture of iodine.
After giving birth, the cow should drink 4-6 liters of amniotic fluid and allow the calf to be licked, which accelerates the separation of the placenta and enhances the activity of the mammary gland.
After calving, the cow should be in a warm room, without drafts, as the animal often sweats and is prone to colds. After one or two hours, the cow can be given warm, slightly salted water to drink, and the sacrum and limbs can be rubbed with straw bundles.
in cows, the afterbirth is separated 6-10 hours after birth. Retention of the placenta for more than the specified period adversely affects fertility. After a day, it is necessary to take measures to remove the placenta. Retention of the afterbirth may be the result of uterine atony due to muscle fatigue or a gross violation of the feeding and maintenance of the animal. If the placenta was separated on the first day after calving, then on the second day the animal is no different from normally calving cows.
To stimulate the removal of the placenta, you can give the animal 400-500 g of sugar, 5-6 liters of amniotic fluid, or prescribe chemotherapy drugs. To prevent decomposition of the placenta, tricillin or biomycin is introduced into the uterus. At the same time, measures are taken to increase uterine contraction by introducing neurotropic aqueous solutions under the skin (corbocholine 0.1%, prozerin 0.5%, furamon 1%, 2 ml every 3-4 hours). For these purposes, you can also use oxytocin and sinestrol in combination with pituitrin.
If the drugs did not give the desired result, then take measures to remove the placenta by hand. The technique of mechanical removal of the placenta and the procedures thereafter have an important impact on the timing of the end of the postpartum period. The afterbirth must be removed in one session, since repeating the intervention a day or two after the first causes endometritis. The placenta should be separated carefully, trying not to injure the uterus (caruncles). The separation should begin with the body and the free horn. It is impossible to process the fetal membranes and leave them in the uterus, as this will cause inflammatory processes. When completely removed, the surface of the caruncles will be rough and dry.
At the end of the separation of the placenta, it is recommended to introduce 500-1000 thousand units into the uterine cavity. antibiotic and 500 thousand units. intramuscularly. There is no need to rinse the uterus with disinfectants and solutions after separation of the placenta, as this can cause complications and the cows remain infertile for a long time.
Cows that have retained their placenta must be kept under constant surveillance and recorded in the gynecological journal.
Animals should also be monitored after normal delivery. The external genital organs of cows should be washed with warm water and a disinfectant solution until the release of lochia stops, which normally stop by 15-17 days after birth, during the period when the animal is in the maternity ward.
The absence of exercise in the postpartum period has an exceptionally unfavorable effect on the involution of the reproductive system. Lack of exercise leads to stagnation in organs and tissues, which leads to a decrease in the level of all metabolic processes.
The only way to increase the function of all organs and systems of the female after childbirth is mechanical muscle work, which increases the neuromuscular tone and motor function of the uterus. This accelerates the removal of postpartum cleansing from the uterine cavity and promotes the resorption of degenerated muscle fibers.
Many researchers recommend starting regular walks of cows on the 3rd-4th day after birth for 30-40 minutes, and then increase them every day by 10-15 minutes, bringing them to at least two hours by the 15th day after calving. Exercise must be active, that is, accompanied by muscular work. This is achieved by the continuous movement of animals during the entire time of the walk. With such a system of keeping, animals will come to the hunt in a timely manner and be fruitfully inseminated.
Of great importance in the prevention of barrenness is the proper preparation of animals for mating. The timely release of animals is one of the important factors in preparing animals for mating. The dry period should be at least 45-60 days, and for weak animals - at least 70 days.
In winter, special attention should be paid to walking cows. Walking contributes not to better assimilation of feed, but also to increased sexual activity and rapid involution of the uterus. Walking animals should be active.
To prevent embryonic mortality, it is recommended to use vitamin E at a dose of 4 mg per head, as well as vitamin A, 200 thousand I.U. before insemination and after bliss for a week.
Climatic infertility does not have a significant distribution in the republic, since the importation of animals from the southern regions of the country to us is not practiced. However, one of the varieties of climatic infertility in the conditions of Karelia should be considered microclimatic, since the animals are kept indoors for almost 8 months. The air in livestock buildings is significantly different from atmospheric. In poorly ventilated rooms, the amount of oxygen decreases and the content of carbon dioxide, ammonia, hydrogen sulfide and other harmful gases increases, which cause inhibition of the basic functions of the animal's body, including the reproductive system.
To prevent this type of infertility, it is necessary to provide animals with daily exercise and thoroughly ventilate the premises, and in some cases, install forced ventilation. It is also recommended to cover passages and trays with fertilizer lime and use dry bedding peat for bedding.
Symptomatic infertility occurs on the basis of various gynecological diseases of cows. This type of infertility occurs in many farms in Karelia. According to the Republican Veterinary and Sanitary Station, gynecological diseases increase with the growth of milk productivity, since in some cases the need of animals for nutrients is not fully met. The cause of vaginitis and endometritis is the insemination of animals in unsanitary conditions, retention of placenta, delivery in unsanitary conditions of the barnyard. With endometritis, cows very rarely become pregnant, if they are fertilized, then embryonic mortality and abortions are possible. Treatment should be aimed at increasing the biological tone of the body. For this purpose, a full-fledged feeding is prescribed and the conditions of detention are improved.
In a serious condition, a 40% glucose solution of 200-300 ml is prescribed intravenously, a 10% calcium chloride solution of 100-200 ml, and antibiotics, sulfonamides and others. Exudate should be removed from the uterus. Washing the uterus with a disinfectant solution is best done in combination with the use of neurotropic drugs.
For washing, it is recommended to use iodine-iodur (1 g of iodine and 2 g of potassium iodide per 1 liter of water), which is administered every other day. In the period between injections, neurotropic drugs are prescribed (aqueous solutions of carbocholine - 0.1%, prozerin - 0.5%, furaman - 1% under kazh 2 ml). After removing the exudate from the uterus, antimicrobial agents are injected into its cavity: iodine-glycerin 1: 10 at a dose of 100-200 ml once every 2-3 days, a suspension of furacillin in oil 1:500 once every 2-3 days, a mixture consisting from penicillin (500 thousand units), streptomycin (1 million units) norsulfazole or streptocide (5-6 g and sterile fish oil or vaseline oil.
In chronic endometrium, along with these agents, it is recommended to use autohemotherapy, protein therapy, hydrolysates, and others. A good therapeutic effect is provided by the suprapleural novocaine blockade of the celiac nerves and borderline sympathetic trunks.
For the prevention of endometritis, it is necessary to inseminate animals at artificial insemination stations, and calving to take talc in maternity wards.
Skipping sexual cycles in cows, which occur 30-45 days after calving, can often cause artificial infertility.
Currently, most scientists have come to the conclusion that it is necessary to inseminate cows during the first hunt, since in healthy animals the involution of the uterus is completed within the first three weeks after calving. In addition, it should be remembered that during the dry period, the animal, after intensive lactation, restores the reserves of nutrients in the body and, with the onset of a new lactation, begins to actively spend them on the formation of milk. And if any substances are missing in the norms, then the cow replenishes them at the expense of the reserves of her body.
That is why, the farther from calving, the more difficult it is for the animal to maintain metabolism at a normal level, and in case of metabolic disorders, inhibition of sexual functions is observed. Of the gynecological diseases, subinvolution of the uterus is often encountered, i.e., slowing down the reverse development to the size inherent in it in a non-pregnant state. Predisposing factors for subinvolution of the uterus are improper feeding and maintenance of animals. Detention of the placenta often leads to subinvolution of the uterus. The main measures to combat subinvolution of the uterus are: drinking amniotic fluid and salted water, organizing active exercise, the use of drugs that stimulate uterine contractions. The best is oxytocin at 15 units per injection, as well as tissue preparations at a dose of 6 ml per 100 kg of live weight at intervals of 6-8-10 days.
An important condition for the prevention of gynecological diseases is the preparation of animals for childbirth, strict observance of the rules for conducting normal childbirth, the correct and timely provision of obstetric care and daily monitoring of the course of the postpartum period, and in case of pathological abnormalities, it is necessary to provide timely medical assistance.
Of the infectious diseases that cause inflammation of the genital organs, tuberculosis, brucellosis, trichomoniasis, and infectious catarrh of the vagina should be indicated. With brucellosis and tuberculosis, retention of placenta and inflammation in the uterus are noted, which leads to infertility. Such animals must be immediately isolated from the general herd.
Quite often, trichomoniasis occurs in cows, which causes high lethargy. The causative agent of trichomoniasis enters the body of an animal during mating or insemination. External signs of the disease in cows are hardly noticeable. Often on the hair of the tail and near the vagina there is an accumulation of dried mucus. Sometimes there is a discharge of mucus from the vagina, which is initially transparent, and then becomes cloudy, mixed with pus. in cows infected with trichomoniasis, estrus becomes irregular and longer. The disease is diagnosed by laboratory examination of mucus.
To increase fertility, many different pharmacological agents have recently been recommended. The most commonly used hormonal, biogenic and neurotropic drugs. To stimulate hunting and increase the multiplicity of animals, you can use the FFA preparation, which stimulates the growth and development of follicles. The introduction of FFA to non-cycling cows is carried out at any time, and to cycling, but not fertilizing - on the 16-18th day after the previous hunt. If the hunt has not come, then the FFA preparation is administered again after seven days. The drug is injected under the skin at a dose of 3000-3500 mouse units. Overdosing of FFA is not allowed.
To stimulate sexual functions, it is recommended to use tissue preparations, as well as general stimulating therapy. For this, blood transfusion is practiced by subcutaneous injection of one's own blood or another type of animal. General stimulating therapy is especially effective for micropathology of the birth canal, which is clinically difficult to establish.
To stimulate sexual functions in females and farm animals, it is recommended to use neurotropic drugs - carbocholine, prozerin, furamon in its pure form or in combination with hormonal drugs. The use of these drugs increases the tone of the genital organs, promotes metabolic processes in them.
Neurotropic drugs are recommended to stimulate the reproductive function of cows that do not come into heat after calving for 30-45 days due to ovarian hypofunction, hypotension or atony of the uterus, persistent corpus luteum and ovarian cysts. Drugs are used in the form of aqueous solutions of the following concentrations - carbocholine 0.l%, prozerin 0.5%, furamon 1%. The preparations are administered subcutaneously, 2 ml per head.
To stimulate sexual function in atony and hypotension of the uterus, hypofunction of the ovaries, one of the neurotropic drugs is first administered twice with an interval of 24 hours, and after 4-5 days FFA is used. With persistent corpus luteum, the neurotropic drug is administered twice with an interval of 48 hours, and after 4-5 days, FFA.
All methods of stimulation and treatment are contraindicated in animals that are malnourished, have metabolic disorders, diseases of internal organs, and inflammatory processes in the genital organs.
Of no small importance in the elimination of lethargy in livestock belongs to artificial insemination stations, a lot depends on their work. First of all, they must supply only good quality seed. The quality of the seed largely depends on the full feeding of bulls, where special attention should be paid to providing them with vitamins, minerals, protein and other substances. In winter, it is necessary to irradiate bulls daily
manufacturers of quartz lamps.
Particular attention should be paid to bacterial contamination of the seed. The diluted seed must have a negative colititer and contain no more than 300 microbial bodies of opportunistic microbes per 1 ml.
In the fight against barrenness, an exceptionally large role belongs to zootechnical accounting.
A calendar plan can be easily drawn up by calculating the timing of insemination and expected calving. In the calendar plan of mating for each month, it is necessary to include those cows that calved in the second half of the previous month or calved from the beginning of the month.
Annual and monthly breeding plans for cows should be communicated to all farm workers and posted in a conspicuous place in the barnyard. In addition to calendar plans for insemination and primary accounting logs, it is necessary at each artificial insemination station to have a semen receipt log from the artificial insemination station, where it is also necessary to keep records of its quality. In the establishment of zootechnical accounting, visual documentation plays an important role, for example, calendars of inseminators. An important point in the elimination of barrenness is the early diagnosis of pregnancy and the timely conduct of gynecological examinations of the breeding stock.
Gynecological examinations of animals should be carried out by veterinary specialists of farms. All animals suffering from gynecological diseases are entered in a gynecological journal, which should be on all farms, it is kept by the inseminator.
The veterinary specialist is obliged to prescribe treatment to such animals and make the necessary entries in the gynecological journal.
Thus, maintaining proper zootechnical records and early diagnosis of pregnancy are an integral part of the herd reproduction work.
Summing up, we can say that the organization of work on the reproduction of the herd is one of the conditions in the fight against barrenness of livestock.
REFERENCES:
1. Textbook "Veterinary obstetrics and gynecology" Edition 6, Moscow Agropromizdat 1986.
2. F.Ya. Sizonenko, "Veterinary obstetrics", second edition, supplemented and revised. Publishing house "Harvest" Kyiv 1997
3. educational book "Technique for artificial insemination of animals" N.E. Kozlol, A.V. Varnavsky, R.I. Pikhooya, Moscow VO "Agropromizdat" 1987
4. N.A. Semenchenko “Prevention of infertility in cows”, Karelia Publishing House, Petrozavodsk, 1971
Part No. 2
PRACTICAL:
Among the questions that a veterinarian often has to solve about retention of the placenta, there is almost always the following: was the animal treated correctly?
Consider the main methods of treatment of retained placenta in cows. As already noted, conservative methods of treatment should be started 6 hours after the birth of the calf.
It is unacceptable to tie weights (stones, iron objects, etc.) to the hanging part of the afterbirth, since this procedure almost never leads to separation of the afterbirth, but causes necrosis of the lower vaginal wall, promotes inversion or eversion of the uterus.
I believe that the method of "washing" the placenta, in which tens of liters of boiled water or a weak concentration of a disinfectant solution are poured into the uterus, cannot be used. Infusion of a large amount of fluid into the uterus aggravates subinvolution and atony of the uterus, and therefore, in most cases leads to undesirable results.
Sometimes the stump of the placenta hanging from the vulva is cut off to prevent the penetration of microbes into the uterus. I consider this measure a mistake. Indeed, in such cases, the left stump of the placenta 10-12 cm long is very easily drawn into the vagina, while infecting the cervix and uterus.
Often there are cases when the rest of the stump of the placenta was drawn into the uterus and its neck quickly narrowed. Two weeks later, these cows showed symptoms of postpartum sepsis. Only energetic therapeutic procedures managed to save the animal.
It is also impossible to allow the hanging placenta to touch the floor and become dirty. If the stump of the afterbirth hangs below the hocks, it must be tied with a double knot.
Animals with retained placenta are a source of infection for healthy cows. Therefore, it is necessary to isolate animals with retention of the afterbirth from healthy ones in a timely manner. Failure to comply with this requirement should be considered an error.
The afterbirth decomposes very quickly. Given this, the veterinary specialist should pay special attention to the conditions of the sick cow. It is necessary to wash the external genitalia two or three times a day with a weak solution of potassium permanganate, and after separation of the placenta - once a day for several days. Systematic washing of the external genitalia favorably affects the course of the postpartum period in cows.
It is also necessary to pay attention to the mechanical cleaning, cleaning, disinfection of the premises in which the sick animal is kept.
For each cow with retained placenta, a medical history is drawn up. A veterinarian who conducts therapeutic procedures without thorough documentation violates the elementary rules of treatment.
When retaining the placenta, the following measures are used: rapid complete separation of the placenta without violating the integrity of the uterine mucosa, restoration of the contractile function of the uterus, prevention of contamination and decay of the placenta, prevention of infection of the uterus, preservation of milk production and reproductive capacity of the cow.
There are two methods of treatment of retained placenta: conservative and operative. Often they complement each other.
OPERATIONAL DEPARTMENT OF THE POSTATER:
Before starting the surgical separation of the placenta, it is necessary to conduct a complete clinical examination of the animal, paying special attention to the state of the cardiovascular system. Then the animal is tied, the tail is taken aside and tied to the neck. The hanging stump of the afterbirth, the root of the tail, the external genital organs and the surrounding areas of the body are washed with warm water and soap, and then treated with a weak disinfectant solution.
A veterinarian (paramedic) works in a dressing gown, oversleeves, an apron, and rubber boots. He cuts his nails short, and files the sharp edges with a nail file. Hands are washed thoroughly with warm water and soap. Then disinfect with a swab dipped in 65 gr. alcohol, iodinated alcohol or 3% carbolic acid solution. A polyethylene gynecological glove is put on the hands, which is also disinfected with 65 gr. alcohol and washed with a weak solution of potassium permanganate. Some researchers recommend pouring 2-3 liters of warm hypertonic saline solution into the uterus 20-30 minutes before the start of manual separation of the placenta. The purpose of this procedure is to weaken the connection of the child's part of the placenta with the mother. I believe that separation of the placenta without prior administration of a hypertonic solution into the uterus reduces the number of complications after surgical removal of the placenta.
With the left hand, we grab the hanging part of the placenta and twist it, and with the right hand, inserted into the uterus, we look for the nearest caruncle, fix its leg between the index and middle fingers, after that, with the tip of the thumb, carefully peel off the cotyledon villi from the caruncle of the uterine mucosa. In cases where part of the cotyledon has already been removed from the caruncle, the remaining villi are very easy to peel off after a slight pull with the fingertips.
When separating cotyledons from caruncles, one should consistently advance the hand into the uterus. Performing this work, we twist the outer stump of the placenta all the time and carefully tighten it to facilitate manipulations at the top of the horn of the fetus. At the time of removal of the chorionic villi from the caruncle, it is not recommended to excessively pull on the stump of the placenta due to the fact that such tension leads to infringement and complicates the process of manual separation of the placenta.
When separating the placenta, you must very carefully remove the cotyledon from the caruncle. Tearing off her legs, especially with part of the uterine wall, threatens to bleed, is the gateway to infection. Therefore, one cannot agree with the decision of some practical veterinarians who claim that it is possible to separate the afterbirth from cows with tearing off the caruncle.
More ways to surgical separation of the placenta:
1. With the left hand we firmly tighten the hanging part of the placenta, and with the fingers of the right hand we grab the top of the cotyledon. Then the placenta (caruncle + cotyledon) must be compressed and the villi are pulled out from the crypts. In cases of very close bonding, it is not recommended to use excessive force to pull the villi. In such cases, the catheledone is easily rubbed between the fingers until the villi are completely separated from the caruncle.
2. Separate the placenta with the thumb, middle and index fingers. We fix the caruncle by the leg with the index and middle fingers, and with the thumb we find the border of the cotyledon with the caruncle and gradually remove the villi. If the caruncle is very large, then squeeze it several times, and then separate the villi as described above.
These data indicate a variety of methods for manual separation of the placenta. All of them are aimed at observing the maximum caution and the rules of asepsis, antisepsis, as well as the prevention of trauma to the birth canal.
If a sick animal has violent attempts and contractions that prevent the separation of the placenta by hand, the veterinarian should remove them with sacral epidural anesthesia. Failure to comply with this requirement should be considered a mistake, which always leads to undesirable complications - contamination of the vaginal cavity with feces, significant trauma to the mucous membrane of the birth canal and the impossibility of complete separation of the placenta.
If the veterinarian failed to completely separate the placenta at one time, then, no later than the second day after the first separation, it is necessary to check the condition of the uterine cavity and, if necessary, complete the separation of the placenta.
Is it necessary to wash the uterus after manual separation of the placenta - it is impossible. It all depends on the contractility of the uterus.
If the tone of the uterus is preserved, it is well reduced, as can be seen from the allocation of lochia. The cow has a good general condition, normal appetite, increased milk production. In such cases, the uterus should not be washed, because any manipulations in the uterus are not only unnecessary, but also harmful.
I believe that the complications that occur after manual removal of the placenta, in most cases, are the result of washing the uterus. To find out that the tone of the uterus has not been preserved and what should be done in this case?
If the cow after the surgical separation of the placenta on the 2-3rd day decreases or completely loses its appetite, chills and diarrhea appear, body temperature rises, there is no discharge from the uterus (lochia),
This means the motor function of the uterus is lost. A complete examination of the uterus is carried out immediately. In all likelihood, exudate is retained in a significant amount in its cavity, toxic substances are absorbed into the blood and cause intoxication of the body. If under these conditions it is not possible to wash the uterus, a massage is prescribed through the rectum or it is caused to contract by inserting a hand into the uterus.
I believe that the decision to wash or not wash the uterus after manual separation of the placenta should be approached carefully. If the placenta was separated in a state of decomposition at the beginning of intoxication of the body, then in such cases pus and pieces of the placenta are carefully removed from the uterus. Washing the uterus in this particular case should be considered rational.
Case from practice:
On March 17, a highly productive cow, Gorka, belonging to citizen K., after giving birth to twins, fell ill with retained placenta. The owner of the animal called the veterinarian serving her site and asked the veterinarian to come for advice and assistance. The veterinarian, having learned about the condition of the sick cow, promised to come the next morning.
On March 18, without waiting for the doctor, the hostess called the doctor again. The doctor gave a verbal consultation and assured her that he would arrive in the evening. However, the whole day expired, the morning of March 19 came, and the doctor could not come. On March 19 at 6 a.m., he went to another private trader to help a cow with a difficult pathological birth. The operation took quite a long time.
On March 20, at 9 a.m., the doctor called the owner of the cow, asked about her condition and immediately instructed the veterinary assistant to immediately separate the placenta by hand and informed the veterinary assistant about the impossibility of coming to the sick animal.
On March 29, the owner of the animal called the district station for the fight against animal diseases, complained about the poor condition of the cow, filed claims against the veterinarian and veterinary assistant who had helped the sick animal.
On March 30, I came with the veterinarian of the veterinary department to examine the animal. According to the mistress, it was established that until March 25 the cow's condition was satisfactory, on March 26 there was a loss of appetite, a decrease in milk yield, a significant increase in body temperature.
The paramedic claims that he carefully prepared for the surgical separation of the placenta, prepared boiled water, 5 liters of 5% sodium chloride solution, washed the cow's external genitalia, bandaged the root of the tail and took it aside. Then he washed his hands with warm water and soap, dried with a clean towel, disinfected the skin with alcohol and put on a gynecological glove on his hand.
30 minutes before the start of the separation of the placenta, the paramedic poured 3 liters of warm 5% sodium chloride solution into the uterus from Esmarch's mug.
Further, the paramedic indicates that only after 20 minutes of mechanical effort, he managed to insert his hand into the uterus. Prior to this, the cervix passed four fingers. The afterbirth of an unpleasant odor, softened, even with slight tension disintegrated. The veterinary assistant removed it in parts.
The surgical intervention associated with the removal of the placenta lasted for three and a half hours. The paramedic claims that the uterus was completely atonic and it was not possible to get the afterbirth by hand from the top of the horn of the fetus. Manual separation of the placenta was accompanied by violent attempts with periodic release of feces.
After incomplete separation of the placenta, the paramedic washed the uterus with warm and then cold solution (1: 5000) of potassium permanganate. The hostess did not contact him again.
An examination of the animal revealed: loss of appetite, body temperature 39.9 C, pulse 84, respiration 20, diarrhea, milk yield 10 liters per day, periodic attempts of insignificant strength with the release of brown ichorous exudate.
Vaginal examination revealed: the cervix is ajar, passes one finger, the vaginal part of the cervix is folded, intensely red. In the cranial part of the vagina there is a chocolate-colored secret, an unpleasant odor.
First of all, you need to open the cervix. Then remove pus and remnants of the decomposed placenta from the uterus.
In this case, to open the cervix of the uterus, it was irrigated with hot 3% sodium chloride solution for 10 minutes. Before such irrigation, the labia and vaginal mucosa must be generously lubricated with sterile vaseline, this will protect them from burns.
In the next 10 minutes, the vaginal part of the cervix was irrigated with cold boiled water. At the same time, with light movements of the fingers, she tried to open the cervix.
During these procedures, sacral spinal epidural anesthesia was used twice.
For the first time on March 30 at 17:00 between the first and second tail vertebrae, 45 ml of a warm sterile 2% novocaine solution was injected into the epidural space of the spinal canal. Anesthesia continued until 19:45. At this time, three fingers could be inserted into the cervical canal. At 8 pm, sacral anesthesia was repeated; 60 ml of a sterile warm 2% solution of novocaine was injected into the epidural space between the last sacral and first caudal vertebrae. The anesthesia lasted three hours. Then, 8 ml of pituitrin and 100 ml (in three places) of her own blood were injected under the skin.
On March 31, in the morning, a hand could be freely inserted into the cervix. A lot of exudate of an unpleasant odor was removed from the uterus, in which there were remnants of a rotting placenta.
We drew the attention of veterinarian P. and paramedic K. to the condition of caruncles and mucous membranes. Only four hard caruncles were palpable. The rest had a soft texture, were covered with a layer of mucus. The mucous membrane of the uterus also had a soft texture. At the top of the fruiting horn, a small part of the endometrium (10 x 12 cm) is very dense, skin-like, as if dry. This indicated the onset of necrotic endometritis. During manipulations, the uterus contracted well.
The absence of diffuse necrotic endometritis, a well-defined contractility, the release of the uterus from the secret and the remnants of a rotting placenta allowed us to make a favorable diagnosis.
We made a plan for further therapeutic procedures: a significant improvement in feeding, the inclusion of feeds rich in proteins, vitamins and minerals in the diet, the introduction of pituitrin under the skin for 5 days, intramuscular solutions of antibiotics, daily toilet of the external genital organs of the cow, squeezing the corpus luteum. Control over the implementation of therapeutic procedures is assigned to the veterinarian.
Four times a day for three days, the animal was injected with 1.5 million units. penicillin and streptomycin. In total, 18 million units were introduced during the treatment course. penicillin and the same amount of streptomycin.
To maintain the contractile function of the uterus, 4 ml of pituitrin were administered subcutaneously once a day (for 5 days). It is not recommended to replace pituitrin with sinestrol, since the literature describes cases of the negative effect of sinestrol on the work of the proventriculus of cattle. After several injections of sinestrol, acute atony of the proventriculus may occur. In addition, in high-milk animals, sinestrol, as a rule, leads to inhibition of mammary gland function.
Already on the second day after the start of the therapeutic procedures, the Gorka cow had a good appetite, diarrhea disappeared, the body temperature dropped to 39.2°C, discharge from the uterus resumed. These clinical symptoms, of course, testified to the correctness of the treatment.
Indeed, on April 22, a clinical examination of the cow showed her complete recovery. However, the daily milk yield was still lower than in the previous lactation, at 17.5 liters.
Conclusion: As established, the cow Gorka did not use active exercise during the dry period. The uterus, stretched by twins, lost its contractile function after the birth of the fetus. This led to the retention of the placenta.
The veterinarian showed a frivolous attitude to the repeated requests of the owner of the animal for assistance. He promised several times to examine the cow and, together with the veterinarian, to develop a treatment for a highly productive animal, but he did not fulfill his promises.
Through his fault, the placenta remained in the uterus for a long time, which led to a significant narrowing of the cervical canal and to the decomposition of the placenta.
To correct his mistake, the veterinarian had to urgently go to the sick cow and, together with the paramedic, separate the afterbirth with his hand.
The veterinary specialist must correct the mistake in a timely manner, because even a slight omission can lead to serious consequences.
The essence of this disease lies in the fact that the uterus (body, both horns and neck) loses partially or completely its tone and ability to rhythmically contract and relax (erect).
Clinically, we distinguish between complete atony of the uterus, when the tone and erection of the latter are completely and for a long time absent, and incomplete. Incomplete atony is expressed in a strong, moderate and weak degree.
In addition, in mares it is necessary to distinguish between functional and organic atony of the uterus. The first is characterized by a temporary violation of the ability of the uterus to erect, the second is a long-term violation due to deep organic changes in the neuromuscular apparatus of the uterus, the degeneration of cells, mainly the muscular membrane, i.e. myometers.
The causes of uterine atony are mainly as follows.
Insufficient, inadequate and improper feeding of horses leads their entire body to a loss of tone in tissues and organs, including in the uterus.
Exhausting work entails a violation of intracellular metabolism and depletion of cells of the neuromuscular apparatus of the uterus.
General severe and long-term diseases, especially with restriction of movement of animals (for example, fractures) are accompanied by a decrease in the tone of the whole organism, in particular the uterus.
Lack of work and movement with very abundant feeding leads to general pathological obesity, resulting in lethargy of tissues and organs, including the uterus.
Difficult, prolonged and complicated childbirth (or abortion) often cause uterine atony.
Some poisonings with plant poisons and microbial toxins have a depressing and paralyzing effect on the neuromuscular apparatus of the uterus and cause its atony. We have more than once observed such poisonings, the consequences of which were prolonged paresis of the hindquarters, limbs and severe atony of the uterus for several months in convalescing mares.
During the acclimatization of horses, we observed even in young mares a long-term (2-3 years) and strongly pronounced atony of the uterus.
In summer, when the air temperature is 35 ° and above, the sun and dry winds in horses, there is a general weakening of the body, a decrease in the tone of tissues and organs, including the uterus, which we have repeatedly observed in riding Hungarian, Traken and other mares.
All of the above causes cause functional temporary atony of the uterus in mares. Such atony, with the elimination of the causes that caused it and with appropriate medical intervention, usually disappears without leaving noticeable consequences.
But there are reasons that cause organic atony with all its very severe, deep and difficult to eliminate consequences.
These causes include acute and chronic metritis of a microbial-purulent and septic nature, as a result of which a partial or complete degeneration of the endings of sensory and motor nerves often occurs in the myometer. Depending on the degree of degeneration, there may be oppression, paresis, paralysis or death of nerve endings.
An atonic uterus with organic disorders and changes is not always amenable to treatment and restoration to full normal.
Usually, but senile atony of the uterus can be treated.
Atony of the uterus is not externally manifested. Rectal examination allows you to establish the following signs of this disease.
The body and both horns of the uterus (regardless of their shape, size and location): in consistency - soft-flabby (like a wet soft rag); by sensitivity - painless; according to the degree of erection - they do not erect, even after a significant massage with the hand (complete atony) or erect, but very sluggishly and very weakly, almost imperceptibly (very pronounced atony).
Vaginal examination reveals the following: the cervix (regardless of shape and size): in consistency - soft-flabby (sagging); according to the degree of erection - does not erect or erects very weakly and sluggishly; according to the degree of opening of the canal - always open (3 or even 4 fingers folded together freely enter the canal), sometimes it gapes like a round hole.
Uterine atony proceeds from several days to several months, and in severe cases lasts for years, depending on the origin and nature of atony.
Atony of the uterus, as a result of difficult childbirth, in young mares passes within 3-5 days, and in old mares it can last 1-2 weeks or more. Atony of the uterus due to chronic metritis, with large functional and organic changes in the myometer, in old and insufficiently well-fed mares, there is no evidence for a quick and complete recovery.
The diagnosis of uterine atony, taking into account the degree and nature of atony, can only be made by rectal examination. The signs of atony are so clear and constant that there is no doubt.
Atony of the uterus is most often found in mares that are limited in movement and not sufficiently used in work. In conditions of grazing content, atony is noted much less frequently than in conditions of stall content.
The prognosis for the fruiting activity of mares with uterine atony depends on the degree and nature of atony, on the age and condition of the mares. Atony only functional in young mares in good body condition gives every reason to make a good prognosis. Atony, caused by organic disorders of the neuromuscular apparatus of the uterus, in old mares of poor fatness gives every reason to make a poor prognosis.
Prolonged atony promotes stagnation and decomposition in the uterine cavity of even minor secretions from the endometrium and thus creates conditions for the appearance and development of catarrhal and purulent-catarrhal endometritis and metritis. A mare with good uterine tone 5-10 minutes after covering with strong contractile movements of the body and uterine horns delivers the seed to the top of the horns, and vigorously squeezes out the excess seed and uterine mucus and throws it out through the vagina. This explains the rapid fertility of mares with good uterine tone. In mares with severe atony of the uterus, the seed does not reach the cavity and top of the horns so quickly, excesses of it and uterine mucus linger in the uterine cavity, decompose and adversely affect the livestock. in this protein-rich environment. As in a thermostat, the penetrating microflora rapidly multiplies. All these circumstances are the reason that atonic mares are always impregnated with great difficulty; moreover, after repeated coverings and inseminations, they sometimes appear catarrhal with expiration.
Atony enhances the painful process in the uterus (catarrhal, purulent, purulent-catarrhal), as it contributes to the stagnation and decomposition of pathological secretions and increased reproduction of pathogenic microflora in them. Therefore, we say that uterine atony is a very serious disease, not only in its direct manifestations, but also in the consequences that it causes.
The most effective therapeutic and at the same time preventive remedy against uterine atony is systematic and normal work with proper feeding. Work should not be overworking, because in this case it will not only not eliminate, but, on the contrary, will intensify and deepen atony. Insufficient, very light and short-term work does not always give a good result. Work must be dosed, as well as medicines, which in large quantities are harmful to a sick animal, and in small quantities are useless.
In addition, it is recommended to vigorously massage the body of the uterine horns through the rectum for 5-8 minutes with an interval of 1 day. Course of treatment: 10-20 sessions depending on the degree and nature of atony. Along with massage, it is advisable to use uterine irritating Salt 5-10% baths. In addition, to increase irritation, alternate hot baths (42-43 °) and cold baths (15-20 °) with an interval of 2-3 days between baths. Course of treatment: 10-15 baths depending on the severity of the disease. After each bath, a vigorous massage of the uterus through the rectum is necessary, with obligatory push-ups and removal of all saline from the uterine cavity. The solution left in the uterus creates conditions for increased atony.
Timofizin and pituitrin under the skin in doses of 3-5 ml. Course of treatment: 3-4 injections with an interval between them of 3-4 days.
Sinestrol 1% under the skin in doses of 2-3 ml for 3 consecutive days to stimulate the neuromuscular activity of the uterus. Sinestrol of a lower concentration (0.1%) is administered in correspondingly increased doses (20-30 ml).
Polyanol (synthetic preparation) 10% in oil solution subcutaneously in doses of 3-5 ml. Course of treatment: 2-3 injections with an interval of 5-7 days.
We can recommend a new drug, pregnantol (gravitol), successfully used in medicine. It is low toxic, stable during storage, available in tablets (0.02 g) and in ampoules (1 ml of 1% hydrochloric salt solution).
Doses for mares: inside 5-10 tablets 3-4 times a day; subcutaneously and intramuscularly, 5-10 ml (5-10 ampoules) 1-2 times a day. It is advisable to try tissue therapy for uterine atony.
Vologda State Dairy Academy named after N.V. Vereshchagin.
Department of internal non-communicable diseases, obstetrics and surgery.
Course work
in obstetrics on the topic:
"Treatment and prevention of retained placenta in cows"
Done: student
741 groups
Bushmanova O.V.
Checked:
assistant Pronina O.A.
Vologda - Dairy
2009.
Content:
Introduction
1. Literature review
1.1. Etiology of retained placenta in cows.
1.2. Classification of retention of placenta.
1.3. Disease pathogenesis
1.4. Clinical signs and course of retained placenta
1.5. Diagnosis of this disease
1.6. The prognosis for the retention of the placenta
1.7. Treatment of cows with this pathology
1.8. Prevention of retained placenta in cows
2. Own research (case history)
3. Conclusions and suggestions
Bibliography
Applications
Introduction.
The placenta is considered retained when the fetal placenta remains in the uterus in cattle for more than 6 hours.
A particular danger of retention of the placenta in cows is that it leads to the appearance of acute and chronic postpartum endometritis, various functional disorders of the ovaries and other pathological processes in the genital apparatus and, as a result, infertility.
This pathology is the most common of all postpartum complications in cows at large livestock enterprises. Especially often the retention of the placenta is recorded in the winter-autumn period. There is a reduction in the period of productive use of animals, that is, their culling, so it is necessary to pay great attention to the study of etiology, pathogenesis, treatment, and especially the prevention of this disease. The economic damage in this disease consists of the culling of animals due to their infertility, lack of offspring, the cost of treatment, the occurrence of other pathologies (endometritis, mastitis, and others) and their treatment, a decrease in the quantitative and qualitative indicators of milk. Therefore, the main goal that I pursue in the course work is the development of measures to prevent the retention of the placenta. It is cheaper to prevent a disease than to treat it.
1.1 Etiology of retained placenta in cows.
The immediate cause of retention of the placenta is insufficient contractile function (hypotension) or the complete absence of contractions (atony) of the muscles of the uterus, fusion of the uterine or fetal parts of the placenta with the formation of adhesions.
Atony and hypotension of the uterus occur as a result of inadequate feeding and violation of the conditions for the care and maintenance of pregnant females (lack of vitamins, microelements, macroelements in the diets, the same type of feeding, feeding large amounts of concentrated feed, which leads to obesity in females, as well as lack of exercise, crowded accommodation with violation of zoohygienic requirements for keeping females, etc.). The reason for the retention of the afterbirth may also be the exhaustion of the pregnant female, beriberi, ketosis of highly productive animals, a sharp violation of the mineral balance, diseases of the digestive apparatus and the cardiovascular system of the woman in labor. Hypotension of the uterus can occur with multiple pregnancy in singletons, large fetuses, dropsy of the fetus and membranes, difficult childbirth and diseases of the mother's body.
Fusion of the maternal part of the placenta with the villi of the fetal chorion, which occurs with brucellosis, vibriosis, paratyphoid, edema of the amniotic membranes and inflammatory processes in the placenta of non-infectious origin.
Mechanical obstacles in the removal of the separated placenta from the uterus, which occur with premature narrowing of the cervix, infringement of the placenta in the non-pregnant horn, wrapping part of the placenta around a large caruncle. Also, the reason may be the insemination of females with sperm containing opportunistic microflora, as a complication after abortion, stressful situations, technological noise in the room, the genotype of the mother and fetus, and much more.
1.2. Classification of retention of placenta.
According to I.F. Zayanchkovsky, in ruminants it is recommended to distinguish between complete, incomplete and partial retention of the placenta.
Complete retention of the placenta (Retentio secundinarum completa, S. totalis) occurs when the chorion maintains contact with the caruncles of both uterine horns, and the allantois and amnion remain connected with the chorion.
Incomplete retention of the placenta (Retentio secundinarum incomplete) is when the chorion retains contact with the capuncles of the uterine horn where the fetus was, and separated where the fetus was not. At the same time, the amnion, allantois and part of the chorion hang from the birth canal.
Partial retention of the placenta (Retentio secundinarum partialis) occurs when in one of the uterine horns the chorion retains contact with only a few caruncles, being entirely in the uterus or hanging partially from the vulva.
G.V. Zvereva classifies the retention of the placenta as complete - when the chorionic villi are connected to the maternal placenta in both uterine horns and incomplete (partial) - when the fetal placenta is retained in certain areas of the uterine horn.
1.3. The pathogenesis of the disease.
The weakening of the contractile function of the uterus leads to the fact that the afterbirth contractions are very weak, the forces that expel the afterbirth cannot ensure the removal of the membranes in a physiologically justified time frame, and the afterbirth remains in the uterus, since the chorionic villi are not pushed out of the crypts of the uterine mucosa.
Inflammatory processes in the uterus during pregnancy lead to swelling of the mucous membrane, while the chorionic villi are tightly held in the crypts and are difficult to remove from there even in the presence of strong contractions and attempts. With inflammation of the fetal part of the placenta, the villi swell or even fuse with the maternal placenta, so retention of the placenta in infectious diseases (brucellosis, campylobacteriosis, etc.) is permanent.
1.4. Clinical signs and course of retained placenta.
In cows, partial retention of the placenta is more often noted. In this case, the urinary and aqueous membranes partially hang from the vulva. Cows adopt a urination posture, stand hunched over, and push hard, which sometimes even leads to prolapse of the uterus. Prolonged retention of the placenta leads to its decomposition under the influence of putrefactive microorganisms. In summer, under the influence of high temperature, the afterbirth decomposes after 12-18 hours, in winter - after 24-48 hours. It becomes flabby, acquires a gray color and an ichorous smell. In the body of a cow, an imbalance of glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation in the uterus is created, hypoglycemia occurs, lactic acid accumulates, and acidosis occurs. The level of sodium and calcium in the blood decreases.
With the onset of decomposition of lochia and fetal membranes, signs of intoxication appear. Appetite is reduced, rumination is weakened, chewing gum is disturbed, the general body temperature rises slightly, milk secretion is significantly reduced, the hair becomes disheveled, especially in animals of poor fatness, there is a disorder in the function of the digestive organs, manifested by profuse diarrhea. The animal stands with an arched back and a tucked up abdomen.
With complete retention of the placenta, the disintegration of the tissues of the placenta is somewhat delayed, on the third or fourth day necrosis of the mucous membranes of the vestibule and vagina occurs, on the fourth or fifth day, catarrhal-purulent exudate with an admixture of fibrin crumbs begins to stand out from the uterus. At the same time, the general condition of the cow worsens. Detention of the placenta can be complicated by vaginitis, endometritis, postpartum infection, mastitis.
Sometimes, in such a serious condition, the placenta is completely separated spontaneously and there is a gradual improvement, but then permanent infertility may occur. Often, microbes from the uterus are absorbed into the blood, causing sepsis or pyemia with a fatal outcome.
1.5. Diagnosis of retained placenta.
The diagnosis of retained placenta in cows does not cause difficulties, since most often the fetal membranes hang from the vulva. Only with complete retention of the placenta, when all the membranes of the fetus remain in the uterus, as well as with infringement of the placenta in the birth canal, there are no external signs of this pathology of childbirth and a vaginal examination of the animal is required.
With complete retention of the placenta, a red or gray-red cord protrudes from the external genitalia. Its surface is bumpy. Sometimes flaps of the urinary and amniotic membranes without vessels hang outward in the form of gray-white films. With severe atony of the uterus, all membranes remain in it, which is detected by palpation of the uterus.
To establish incomplete retention of the placenta, it is necessary to carefully examine it. The placenta is examined, palpated, its microscopic and bacteriological analysis is carried out.
The separated placenta is straightened on the table. The normal afterbirth of a cow has a uniform color, a velvety placental and smooth allantoid surface. The entire allanto is a light gray amnion, in some places with a pearly tint.
Obliterated vessels, forming a large number of twists, contain little blood. Shells throughout the same thickness. The thickness of the membranes is easily determined by palpation.
To determine whether the placenta was completely released, they are guided by the vessels of the placenta, which is a closed network surrounding the entire fetal bladder. During childbirth, the presenting portion of the membranes is torn
along with the vessels passing through it. The integrity of the entire membrane is judged by the breaks of the vessels: when the torn edges approach each other, their contours should give a matching line, and the central ends of the ruptured vessels, when they come into contact with the peripheral segments, form a continuous vascular network.
This research method makes it possible to find out not only the size of the delayed part of the placenta, but sometimes the cause of the delay. In addition, at the same time, it is possible to detect abnormalities in the development of the placenta, degeneration and inflammation in the uterine mucosa and, finally, make a conclusion about the viability of the newborn, the course of the postpartum period and possible complications of pregnancy and childbirth in the future.
In cows, partial retention of the placenta is especially common, since their inflammatory processes are mostly localized in individual placentas. With a careful examination of the released placenta, one cannot fail to notice a defect along the vessels that fed the broken part of the chorion.
1.6. The forecast at detention of an afterbirth.
With the timely provision of medical care, the prognosis is usually favorable if the retention of the placenta has not yet caused a general illness of the body due to intoxication or microbes entering the blood or lymph. With a general disease of the body, the prognosis is cautious.
1.7. Treatment of cows with retained placenta.
Conservative methods of treatment of retained placenta in cows should be started six hours after the birth of the fetus. In the fight against uterine atony, it is recommended to use synthetic estrogenic drugs that increase the contractility of the uterus (sinestrol, pituitrin, etc.)
Sinestrol-SYNESTROLUM-2, 1% oily solution. Released in ampoules. Enter subcutaneously or intramuscularly. Dose cow 2-5 ml. The action on the uterus begins an hour after the introduction and lasts 8-10 hours. Sinestrol causes rhythmic, vigorous uterine contractions in cows, promotes the opening of the cervical canal. Some scientists (V.S. Shilov, V.I. Rubtsov, I.F. Zayanchkovsky, and others) argue that sinestrol cannot be recommended as an independent tool in the fight against retained placenta in cows. After the use of this drug in high-milk cows, lactation decreases, atony of the proventriculus appears, and sexual cyclicity is sometimes disturbed.
Pituitrin-PITUITRINUM is a preparation of the posterior pituitary gland. Contains all the hormones produced in the gland. It is injected under the skin at a dose of 3-5 ml (25-35 IU). The action of the introduced pituitrin begins after 10 minutes and lasts 5-6 hours. The optimal dose of pituitrin for cows is 1.5-2 ml per 100 kg of live weight. Pituitrin causes contraction of the muscles of the uterus (from the top of the horns towards the neck).
The sensitivity of the uterus to uterine agents depends on the physiological state. So, the greatest sensitivity is stated at the time of childbirth, then it gradually decreases. Therefore, 3-5 days after birth, the dose of uterine preparations should be increased. When retaining the placenta in cows, repeated injections of pituitrin are recommended after 6-8 hours.
Estrone-(folliculin)-OESTRONUM is a hormone that is formed wherever there is an intensive growth and development of young cells. Released in ampoules.
The Pharmacopoeia approved a purer hormonal estrogenic drug, estradiol dipropionate. Available in ampoules of 1 ml. The drug is administered intramuscularly to a cow at a dose of 6 ml.
Proserin-PROSERINUM is a white crystalline powder, easily soluble in water. A 0.5% solution is used at a dose of 2-2.5 ml under the skin when retaining the placenta in cows, weak attempts, acute endometritis. Its action begins 5-6 minutes after injection and lasts for an hour.
Carbocholine-CARBOCHOLIN is a white powder, highly soluble in water. When retaining the placenta in cows, it is applied under the skin at a dose of 1-2 ml in the form of a 0.01% aqueous solution. Works immediately after injection. The drug remains in the body for a considerable time, so it can be administered once a day.
Drinking amniotic fluid. Amniotic and urinary fluid contain folliculin, protein, acetylcholine, glycogen, sugar, various minerals. In veterinary practice, fetal fluids are widely used to prevent retained placenta, uterine atony, and subinvolution of the uterus.
After giving 3-6 liters of amniotic fluid, the contractility of the uterus improves significantly. The contractile function does not resume immediately, but gradually and lasts for 8 hours.
Drinking colostrum for cows. Colostrum contains many proteins (albumins, globulins), minerals, fats, sugars and vitamins. Drinking 2-4 liters of colostrum to cows contributes to the separation of the placenta after 4 hours (A.M. Tarasonov, 1979).
The use of antibiotics and sulfa drugs. In obstetric practice, tricellin is often used, which includes penicillin, streptomycin and white soluble streptocide. The drug is used in the form of powder or suppositories. When the placenta is retained in a cow, 2-4 suppositories or one bottle of powder are inserted into the uterus by hand. The introduction is repeated after 24 and then after 48 hours. Auremycin introduced into the uterus promotes the separation of the placenta and prevents the development of purulent postpartum endometritis.
Good results are obtained by the combined treatment of retained placenta in cows. In the uterus 4 times a day, 20-25 grams of white streptocide or another sulfanilamide drug is injected, intramuscularly 2 million units of penicillin or streptomycin. Treatment is carried out for 2-3 days.
In the treatment, nitrofuran preparations, furazolidone sticks or suppositories, are also used. Good results were also obtained after the treatment of sick animals with septimethrin, exuter, metroseptin, utersonan and other combined preparations that are introduced into the uterus.
The reproductive ability of cows treated with antibiotics in combination with sulfanilamide preparations after retention of the placenta recovers very quickly.
Successful treatment of cows with retained placenta by injecting 200 ml of a 40% glucose solution into the middle uterine artery, to which 0.5 g of novocaine is added. Intravenous infusion of 200-250 ml of a 40% glucose solution significantly increases the tone of the uterus and enhances its contraction (V.M. Voskoboynikov, 1979). G.K. Iskhakov (1950) obtained good results after drinking honey to cows (500 g per 2 liters of water) - the afterbirth separated on the second day.
It is known that during labor, a significant amount of glycogen in the muscles of the uterus and heart is used. Therefore, in order to quickly replenish the reserves of energy material in the body of a woman in labor, it is necessary to intravenously inject 150-200 ml of a 40% glucose solution or sugar with water (300-500 g twice a day). After a day in summer and after 2-3 days in winter, rotting of the delayed placenta begins. The decay products are absorbed into the bloodstream and lead to a general depression of the animal, a decrease or complete loss of appetite, an increase in body temperature, hypogalactia, and severe exhaustion. After 6-8 days after intensive blocking of the detoxification function of the liver, profuse diarrhea appears.
Thus, when retaining the placenta, it is necessary to maintain the function of the liver, which is able to neutralize the toxic substances coming from the uterus during the decomposition of the placenta. The liver can perform this function only if there is a sufficient amount of glycogen in it. That is why intravenous administration of glucose solution or giving sugar by mouth is necessary. Autohemotherapy well stimulates the reticulo-endothelial system. The dose of blood for the first injection to a cow is 90-100 ml, after three days 100-110 ml is administered. The third time the blood is injected after three days at a dose of 100-120 ml.
K.P. Chepurov used intramuscular injections of antidiplococcal serum at a dose of 200 ml for the retention of the placenta and for the prevention of endometritis. It is known that any hyperimmune serum, in addition to a specific action, stimulates the reticulo-endothelial system, increases the body's defenses, and also significantly activates the processes of phagocytosis.
For the treatment of retention of the placenta, a lumbar novocaine blockade is used, which causes an energetic contraction of the muscles of the uterus. Of the 34 cows with retained placenta, which V.M. Martynov made a lumbar blockade, in 25 animals the placenta separated spontaneously.
I.G. Morozov used perirenal lumbar block in cows with retained placenta. The injection site is determined on the right side between the second third lumbar processes at a palm's distance from the sagittal line. A sterile needle is inserted perpendicularly to a depth of 3-4 cm, then a syringe is attached to Janet and 300-500 ml is poured. 0.25% solution of novocaine, which fills the perirenal space, blocking the nerve plexus. The general condition of the animal quickly improves, the motor function of the uterus increases, which contributes to the independent separation of the placenta.
D.D. Logvinov and V.S. Gontarenko received a very good therapeutic result when a 1% solution of novocaine at a dose of 1 ml was injected into the aorta. In veterinary practice, there are quite a few methods of local conservative treatment of retention of the placenta. The question of choosing the most appropriate method always depends on a variety of specific conditions: the condition of a sick animal, the experience and qualifications of a veterinary specialist, the availability of special equipment in a veterinary institution, etc. Consider the main methods of local therapeutic effects in the retention of the placenta in cows.
So P.A. Voloskov (1960), I.F. Zayanchkovsky (1964) found that the use of Lugol's solution (1.0 crystalline iodine and 2.0 potassium iodide per 1000.0 distilled water) when retaining the placenta in cows gives satisfactory results with a small percentage of endometritis, which is quickly cured. The authors recommend infusing 500-1000 ml of fresh warm solution into the uterus, which should fall between the placenta and the uterine mucosa. Re-introduce the solution every other day.
I.V. Valitov (1970) obtained a good therapeutic effect in the treatment of retention of the placenta in cows using a combined method: 80-100 ml of a 20% solution of ASD-2 was administered intravenously, 2-3 ml of a 0.5% prozerin under the skin and 250-300 ml 3% oil solution of menthol - into the uterine cavity. According to the author, this method turned out to be more effective than the surgical separation of the placenta.
In cases where the vessels of the umbilical cord stump are intact, as well as in the absence of blood clotting, it is necessary to clamp two arteries and one vein with tweezers, and pour 1-2.5 liters of warm artificial gastric juice or cold hypertonic fluid into the second umbilical vein of the umbilical cord stump using the Bobrov apparatus. sodium chloride solution. Then all four umbilical vessels are tied up. The placenta separates on its own after 10-20 minutes.
For dehydration of the villi of the choroid and the maternal part of the placenta, it is recommended to pour 3-4 liters of a 5-10% sodium chloride solution into the uterus. Hypertonic solution (75% sodium chloride and 25% magnesium sulfate), according to Yu.I. Ivanova causes intense contractions of the muscles of the uterus and contributes to the separation of the placenta in cows.
Many methods of separation of the placenta, both conservative and operational, manual, have been proposed.
In cows, if the afterbirth has not separated 6-8 hours after the birth of the fetus, you can enter sinestrol 1% solution 2-5 ml, pituitrin 8-10 units per 100 kg of body weight, oxytocin 30-60 units or massage the uterus through the rectum . Inside give 500g of sugar. Promotes the separation of the afterbirth with atony of the uterus by tying it with a bandage to the tail, retreating 30 cm from its root. The cow seeks to release the tail by moving it from side to side and back, which induces the uterus to contract and expel the placenta. This simple technique should be used for both therapeutic and prophylactic purposes. To separate the villi and crypts, you can introduce pepsin with hydrochloric acid between the chorion and the mucous membrane of the uterus (pepsin 20g, hydrochloric acid 15ml, water 300ml).
ON THE. Phlegmatov found that amniotic fluid, administered at a dose of 1-2 liters to a cow through the mouth, already after 30 minutes increases the tone of the muscles of the uterus and speeds up its contractions. When retaining the placenta, it is recommended to drink amniotic fluid 6-7 hours after the birth of the fetus in the amount of 3-6 liters. However, the use of amniotic fluid is associated with difficulties in obtaining and storing them in the required amount. Therefore, it is convenient to use amnistron - a drug isolated from amniotic fluid, it has tonic properties. It is administered intramuscularly at a dose of 2 ml. Already after an hour, the activity of the uterus increases by 1.7 times, and by the 6-8th hour it reaches a maximum.
Also, when the placenta is retained on the basis of atony of the uterus and increased turgor of its tissues, the use of an electric separator designed by M.P. Ryazansky, Yu.A. Lochkareva and I.A. Dolzhenko, subcutaneous injections of oxytocin or pituitrin (30-40 units), colostrum from the same cow at a dose of 20 ml, prostaglandin preparations, blockade according to V.V. Mosin and other methods of novocaine therapy.
If within 24-48 hours conservative methods of treatment do not give an effect, especially when the fetal part of the placenta is fused with the mother, then they resort to the surgical separation of the placenta.
Manipulations in the uterine cavity are performed in an appropriate suit (a sleeveless jacket and a dressing gown with wide sleeves, an oilcloth apron and sleeves). The sleeves of the dressing gown are rolled up to the shoulder, the hands are treated in the same way as before the operation. Skin lesions on the hands are smeared with iodine solution and filled with collodion. Boiled petroleum jelly, lanolin or enveloping and disinfecting ointments are rubbed into the skin of the hand. It is advisable to use a rubber sleeve from a veterinary gynecological glove. Surgical intervention is advisable to carry out on the background of anesthesia. At the end of the preparation of the right hand, they grab the protruding section of the membranes with the left hand, twist it around the axis and pull it slightly, trying not to break it off. The right hand is inserted into the uterus, where it is easy to identify areas of attachment of the fetal placenta, focusing along the strained vessels and tissues of the choroid. The fetal part of the placenta is separated from the maternal part carefully and consistently, the index and middle fingers are brought under the chorion placenta and separated from the caruncle with a few short movements. Sometimes it is more convenient to grasp the edge of the fetal placenta with the thumb and forefinger and gently pull the villi out of the crypts. It is especially difficult to manipulate the placenta at the apex of the horn, since with an atonic uterus and a short obstetrician's hand, the fingers do not reach the caruncles. Then the horn of the uterus is somewhat pulled up to the cervix, or, expanding the fingers and resting them against the wall of the horn, carefully lift it up and then, quickly squeezing the hand, move it forward and down. By repeating the technique several times, it is possible to “put on” the horn of the uterus on the hand, get to the placenta and, seizing it, separate it. The work is facilitated if the protruding part of the placenta is twisted around its axis - from this its volume decreases, the hand passes more freely through the cervix and the deeply located placentas are somewhat pulled outwards. Sometimes the uterine caruncles come off and bleeding occurs, but it quickly and independently stops.
1.8. Prevention of retained placenta.
Prevention of retention of the placenta in cows includes a complex of agronomic, zootechnical, organizational and economic general and special events.
I.F. Zayanchkovsky (1982) offers a set of measures to prevent obstetric and gynecological diseases in cows.
General activities:
- Conducted constantly:
Creation of a solid forage base.
Complete nutrition.
Proper maintenance and care, regular active exercise.
Carried out during pregnancy:
Timely launch.
Regular active exercise.
Abortion prevention.
Carried out during childbirth:
The correct mode in the maternity ward.
Timely assistance in difficult childbirth.
- Conducted constantly:
etc.................
Treatment of postpartum diseases of cows must be undertaken as soon as possible. Without fail, it must be comprehensive, aimed at normalizing the body's defenses and metabolic processes - the expulsion of pathological contents from the uterus, the removal of the inflammatory reaction, and the suppression of microflora activity.
Postpartum vulvitis, vestibulitis and vaginitis
First of all, the tail and external genitalia are thoroughly washed; the tail is bandaged and tied to the side to avoid unnecessary irritation of the vulva.
The cavity of the vestibule of the vagina is cleaned by irrigating with disinfectant solutions: potassium permanganate, lysol, creolin. A good effect is achieved by using a 1-2% saline solution (ratio 1: 1) or hypertonic sodium chloride solution. It should be remembered that irrigation can give a negative result and even contribute to the further spread of inflammation due to the mechanical movement of pathogens, so it is necessary to wash the vaginal vestibule with the genital slit open so that the solution used immediately pours out. Under no circumstances should solutions be poured under pressure.
After irrigation and cleansing, the mucous membrane is lubricated with Vishnevsky's liniment, streptocide emulsion, iodoform, xeroform, creolin, ichthyol or other ointment. Powdered preparations, especially those insoluble in water, do not give positive results: during urination and together with exudate, they are quickly removed. The ointment prevents the fusion of surfaces exposed from the epithelial cover; located in a layer on the mucous membrane or on its damaged area, it replaces the bandage that protects the focus of inflammation from additional infection. With severe soreness, dikain (1-2%) should be added to conventional ointments. Ulcers, wounds and erosion after their cleaning are cauterized with lapis, a 5-10% iodine solution. As an aid, ichthyol swabs deserve attention. Tamponation should be repeated after 12-24 hours.
Treatment for postpartum vaginal eversion and uterine prolapse
It comes down to the fastest repositioning of the prolapsed organ after its thorough toilet, which is more expedient to carry out as cold as possible with a 0.1% concentration of tannin, weak solutions of potassium permanganate or furacillin. In order to reduce the volume of the uterus before reduction, oxytocin can be used in the form of injections into the thickness of the uterus in various places, 1-2 ml each, with a total dose of 50 IU. After repositioning the vagina or uterus, measures must be taken to securely fix them.
Fixation methods using nylon threads, rollers, metal wire are ineffective and eventually lead to rupture of the vulva at the suturing site. The most reliable and justified is the method of fixation with a wide bandage. To carry out fixation, it is necessary to sharpen Pean or Kocher tweezers in the form of a wide needle on a grinding unit and use it to pierce the wall of the vulva, followed by capture with a bandage and suturing. Before suturing, one of the antiseptic preparations is injected into the uterus.
Weak contractions and pushing
This pathology causes the lengthening of the birth act. Initially, conservative treatment is carried out. The cow is injected intramuscularly with 4-5 ml of a 1% oil solution of sinestrol (1 ml per 100 kg of body weight) and subcutaneously with 30-40 IU of oxytocin or pituitrin. 100-120 ml of a 10% solution of calcium chloride (calcium gluconate) and 150-200 ml of a 40% glucose solution are injected intravenously. After 1.5-2 hours, it is advisable to introduce one of the preparations of prostaglandin F-2 alpha (estrofan at a dose of 2 ml or enzaprost at a dose of 5 ml).
In case of weakness of labor activity, manifested by an increase in the duration of the labor act, low-intensity laser radiation (LILI) can be used by the transrectal method in exposure modes of 3-5 minutes, pulse rate of 64-512 Hz, if the Rikta-MV apparatus is used and the same exposure time during treatment with the STP device. If after 1-2 hours there is no effect, then the irradiation is repeated. The effectiveness of the laser beam in lengthening the birth act is explained by the fact that laser irradiation has mitonic and analgesic effects.
If there is no effect in the next 3-4 hours, proceed to operative delivery in compliance with the rules of asepsis and antisepsis. After surgery, tricillin is injected into the uterine cavity in the form of a powder - 18-24 g or a mixture of antimicrobial drugs in the following combinations:
Furacilin - 1 g, furazolidone - 0.5 g, neomycin - 1.5 g, penicillin - 1 g, norsulfazol - 5 g or oxytetracycline - 1.5 g, neomycin - 1.5 g, polymyxin-M - 0, 15 g and norsulfazol -5 g. In the absence of these nitrofuran, antibiotic and sulfanilamide preparations, their analogues can be used in the same combination, as well as neofur, metromax, exuter, hysteroton and other preparations in the form of sticks and suppositories.
With complicated childbirth, in order to prevent postpartum complications, cows are prescribed sinestrol in combination with oxytocin or pituitrin. You can also use a 0.5% solution of prozerin, a 0.1% solution, carbacholin at a dose of 2-2.5 ml or one of the preparations of prostaglandin F-2 alpha, as well as colostrum taken from the puerperal in the first 4- 6 hours after the birth of the fetus. Colostrum is injected subcutaneously with a sterile syringe at a dose of 20-25 ml. The cow is examined for mastitis before colostrum collection by one of the rapid mastitis tests.
Detention of the placenta
If after 6-8 hours after the birth of the calf the afterbirth has not separated, then proceed to conservative treatment for its separation.
1. Introduction into the uterine cavity using a Janet syringe and a rubber adapter of a solution consisting of 3 ml of hellebore tincture and 97 ml of boiled water. Perhaps intravenous administration of hellebore tincture at a dose of 2-3 ml once in order to enhance the motility of smooth muscles.
2. Parenteral administration in the first hours after calving of prostaglandin preparations: estrofan, superfan, aniprost, clatraprostin - at a dose of 2 ml or enzaprsta at a dose of 5 ml intramuscularly or subcutaneously once. The introduction is designed for resorption of the possibly delayed corpus luteum of pregnancy as a blocking link in the contractile activity of the uterus and strengthening its contractions.
3. Injection of a double dose of prostaglandin with the addition of 1.5 g of polyvinylpyrrolidone. The latter prolongs the action of prostaglandin.
4. To enhance uterine motility, enter: subcutaneously carbacholin 0.1% or prozerin 0.5% in the form of an aqueous solution at a dose of 2-2.5 ml every 4-6 hours; intravenously 150-200 ml of 40% glucose solution, 100-200 ml of calcium gluconate or calcium chloride.
5. Instillation of 2-3 ml of a 1% oil solution of sinestrol or folliculin, followed by the introduction of 50 IU of oxytocin or pituitrin after 12 hours. Oxytocin is more directed and active against the background of estrogens.
6. Subcutaneous injection with 3-hour intervals in increasing doses (30-40-50 IU) of oxytocin or pituitrin.
Recently, drug-free methods of treating retained placenta in cows have been actively used. A good therapeutic and prophylactic effect is achieved when using an electronic placenta separator for cattle. The device is a compact sealed capsule. After the conventional preparation of the external genital organs of the cow, the capsule is introduced into the uterine cavity, into the horn-fetus between the uterine wall and the delayed placenta. Upon contact with the wet surface of the uterine mucosa, amniotic fluid, the device turns on and delivers short current pulses according to a given program for about 30 minutes, after which it turns off. Therapeutic efficiency is 50-90%. The device is easy to handle, does not require special storage methods and is absolutely electrically safe.
Also noteworthy is the use of a device for electrical neurostimulation ETNS-100-1V for therapeutic and prophylactic purposes when retaining the placenta in cows. It is a fabric belt with electrodes applied to the lumbar region in the region of the 4th sacral vertebra. The device gives impulses with a frequency of 5-10 Hz and an amplitude of 50-80. Within 3-5 minutes. With proper use of the device, the service period is reduced to 45-50 days.
If there is no effect from the methods used, a day after the fetus is removed, 200-300 ml of a 10% solution of ichthyol is injected into the uterine cavity (amniotic membranes), and 10 ml of a 10% solution or 100 ml of 1 % solution of novocaine (trimecaine). You can also use the suprapleural novocaine blockade according to V.V. Mosin. It is advisable to combine injections of anesthetics with oxytocin or pituitrin in doses of 40-50 units.
In case of non-separation of the placenta within 36-48 hours from the birth of the fetus, they proceed to the operational (manual) separation of it using the "dry" method. At the same time, special attention is paid to the thorough processing and disinfection of hands, as well as external genital organs. The introduction of any disinfectant solutions into the uterine cavity, either before or after separation of the placenta, is not allowed. After manual separation of the afterbirth, in order to prevent the development of subinvolution of the uterus and endometritis, the cow is injected subcutaneously for 2-3 days with oxytocin at 40-50 units or any other myotropic agent, 150-200 ml of a 40% glucose solution and 100-120 ml are injected intravenously 10% solution of calcium chloride (calcium gluconate), intrauterine administration of broad-spectrum antimicrobials. With a belated separation and putrefactive decomposition of the placenta, a full course of complex preventive therapy is carried out as with endometritis.
Surgical intervention with strong attempts in a cow is carried out against the background of low sacral anesthesia (introduction of 10 ml of a 1-1.5% solution of novocaine into the epidural space) or novocaine blockade of the pelvic nerve plexus according to A. D. Nozdrachev.
Subinvolution of the uterus
Treatment of cows with delayed reverse development of the uterus should be comprehensive and aimed at restoring its contractile function and retraction ability, freeing the uterine cavity from accumulated and decomposing lochia, preventing the development of microflora, increasing the overall tone and defenses of the animal's body. When choosing treatment regimens, it is necessary to take into account the severity of the course of the pathological process.
In the acute form of the course (5-10 days after birth), cows are injected twice with a 24-hour interval with a 1% solution of sinestrol at a dose of 4-5 ml and within 4-5 days they are injected with 40-50 IU of oxytocin or pituitrin, or 5-6 ml of a 0.02% solution of methylergometrine or a 0.05% solution of ergotal, or 2-2.5 ml of a 0.5% solution of prozerin, or a 0.1% solution of carbachol. (Table No. 2)
Along with this, one of the means of pathogenetic or general stimulating therapy is used: novocaine therapy, vitamin therapy, ichthyolotherapy or hemotherapy or UHF, laser therapy and laser puncture.
Of the methods of novocaine therapy, suprapleural novocaine blockade of the celiac nerves and sympathetic border trunks according to V.V. Mosin or perirenal novocaine blockade (300-350 ml of a 0.25% solution of novocaine is administered), or intra-aortic or intraperitoneal administration of a 1% or 10% solution of novocaine (trimecaine), respectively, at a dose of 100 or 10 ml. Injections are repeated 2-3 times with an interval of 48-96 hours.
During ichthyol therapy, a 7% sterile solution of ichthyol, prepared in a 0.85% sodium chloride solution, is injected into cows six times, subcutaneously with a 48-hour interval, starting from the first day of treatment, in increasing-decreasing doses: 20, 25, 30, 35, 30, 25 ml.
To prevent the development of endometritis, it is advisable to introduce broad-spectrum antimicrobial drugs once or twice into the uterine cavity (clause 5.4.).
In the subacute form of the course of subinvolution of the uterus, the same means and treatment regimens are used, with the only difference being that a 1% solution of sinestrol is administered only once at a dose of 3-4 ml (0.6-0.7 ml per 100 kg of body weight), and antimicrobial drugs intended for administration into the uterine cavity are not used.
In chronic subinvolution and atony of the uterus, along with means of pathogenetic general stimulating therapy (ichthyolo-hemotherapy, tissue therapy) and myotropic drugs, prostaglandin F-2 alpha preparations and gonadotropic hormones are also prescribed. In the presence of functioning corpus luteum or luteal cysts in the ovaries, at the beginning of the course of treatment, estufalan is administered at a dose of 500 mcg or clathroprostin 2 ml. Repeated prostaglandins at the same dose are administered on day 11 in combination with a single injection of FFA gonadotropin at a dose of 2.5-3 thousand i.e. With subinvolution of the uterus, accompanied by hypofunction of the ovaries, prostaglandins (estuphalan, clathroprostin, gravoprost, gravoclatran) are administered to cows once at the beginning of the course of treatment. On the 11th day, only FFA gonadotropin is injected into the animals at a dose of 3-3.5 thousand IU.
In all cases of dysfunction of the uterus, treatment of cows should be carried out against the background of the organization of daily active exercise, rectal massage of the uterus lasting 2-3 minutes (4-5 sessions), communication of cows with probe bulls. In the presence of medical indications, vitamins (A, D, E, C, B), caiodine and other mineral preparations are prescribed.
Postpartum is the period from the separation of the placenta to the end of the involution of the genital organs. In practice, it ends with a new pregnancy or infertility. In the process of involution, the edema of the vulva disappears, the cervix gradually closes, the volume decreases and the muscle fibers of the uterus shorten, the lumen of the blood vessels narrows. By the 5-8th day, colostrum turns into milk. Lochia are abundantly allocated. They include the remains of amniotic fluid and the placenta, blood cells (erythrocytes and leukocytes) and later - the secret of epithelial cells, uterine and vaginal glands.
uterine prolapse (Prolapsus uteri)
It occurs in cows, goats, pigs, dogs, cats as a result of forced extraction of a delayed placenta or a large fetus during prolonged labor and dryness of the birth canal. Predispose to loss of overstretching of the uterus, as well as trauma to the birth canal. The prognosis depends on the time of prolapse and the degree of damage to the mucous membrane.
Before the beginning of the reduction of the uterus in cows, attempts are removed using epidural-sacral anesthesia, then the remains of the placenta are removed, necrotic tissue areas, wounds and erosion are treated with iodine glycerin. The mucous membrane of the uterus is irrigated with a 3% cold solution of alum, covered with a sheet or bandaged.
The prolapsed uterus is adjusted with the palms, starting from the part adjacent to the upper edge of the vulva; after reduction, the mucosa is treated with an emulsion of synthomycin or streptocide. The vulva is fixed with a purse-string suture. Treatment is carried out as with endometritis.
UTERINE SUBINVOLUTION (Subinvolutio uteri)
The delay in the involution of the uterus after childbirth occurs in the absence of active exercise, inadequate diets and is often accompanied by a violation of the functions of internal organs and systems. Its main causes are atony of the uterus, the allocation of lochia in small portions or their delay, the expiration of liquid brown lochia for more than 4 days after childbirth, and an increase in the timing of separation of lochia.
The accumulation of liquid dark brown lochia in the uterus leads to a lochiometer and the formation of toxins. Intoxication of the body with decay products of lochia causes mastitis. Violated sexual cycles.
Treatment.
It is necessary to remove lochia from the uterus with a vacuum pump or by subcutaneous injection of ergot, oxytocin, sinestrol, or colostrum preparations. Irrigation of the vagina with cold hypertonic saline solutions is allowed. If there is no intoxication, rectal massage of the uterus and ovaries is effective. Useful novocaine therapy and autohemotherapy. Neofur, hysteroton, metromax, exuter or furazolidone sticks are injected intrauterine; intravenously - a solution of glucose with ascorbic acid.
Maternity paresis (Paresis puerperalis)
It is a nerve disease found in ungulates. It is characterized by paralysis of the limbs, digestive and other organs. General depression is accompanied by a loss of sensitivity and a decrease in the activity of metabolic processes in the body.
The cause of paresis is considered to be a decrease in the level of calcium and sugar in the blood due to an increase in the flow of insulin, a hormone of the pancreas, into the blood.
Symptoms.
Restlessness, unsteadiness, trembling of the muscles. The animal lies on its stomach, bending its limbs under itself. The neck is curved in an 8-shape, the gaze is absent, the pupils are dilated, there is no appetite. The bases of the horns, limbs and the surface of the body are cold. The body temperature decreases, the pulse is rare, weak, arrhythmic, breathing is slow, hoarse, paralysis of the tongue and pharynx, clouding of the cornea, lacrimation, tympania, the head is thrown to the side, the limbs are extended. Death occurs from paralysis of the respiratory center and tympania.
Treatment.
A 20% solution of caffeine is injected subcutaneously, air is pumped into the udder with the Evers apparatus, having previously treated the nipples with alcohol. The nipples are tied with a bandage for 15-20 minutes. The area of the sacrum and lower back is rubbed, warm wraps are made. If necessary, the pumping of air is repeated after 6-8 hours. Calcium gluconate or calcium chloride is injected intravenously, and vitamin D3 is injected subcutaneously.
Prevention.
Animals are given sweet water, a diet, mineral supplements, vitamin D are prescribed, concentrates are excluded.
Eating Afterbirth and Newborns
In meat-eating and omnivorous animals, eating the placenta does not lead to severe disorders of the digestive function, however, in ruminants, tympania and colic are possible. The phenomena of gastroenteritis are accompanied by diarrhea. Eating offspring is possible in pigs, dogs, cats, rabbits and fur animals. It is believed that the main cause of this defect are violations in protein and mineral nutrition. Preceding the eating of litter is the eating of the afterbirth, dead fetuses, tail cannibalism, and the consumption of large amounts of animal products.
Farrowing, lambing, whelping should be controlled. Rations must be balanced in terms of amino acid, mineral and vitamin composition. Mothers are provided with warm clean water.
INJURIES OF THE BIRTH CANAL
There are spontaneous and violent injuries. Spontaneous ruptures are possible in the area of the upper body of the uterus as a result of a strong tension of the walls. Violent ones are applied with an obstetric instrument, nylon ropes, fetal bones, with excessive traction. Possible ruptures of soft tissues, contusions of the nerve plexuses, sprain of the pelvic ligaments, etc.
The main diagnostic sign of a rupture is bleeding. Establish the location and severity of damage. Tears and perforations are found on the cervix and body of the uterus, in the vagina and vulva.
POSTPARTUM Vaginitis, Cervicitis, Endometritis (Vagini.tis, Cervicitis, Endometritis)
Vaginitis, or colpitis - inflammation of the mucous membrane of the vagina. By the nature of the inflammatory process, serous, purulent-catarrhal, phlegmonous and diphtheric are distinguished. The causes of their occurrence are trauma during childbirth or other diseases of the genital organs, for example, cervicitis, endometritis and their associated associations of pathogenic microorganisms.
Symptoms.
Depending on the severity of the disease, the symptoms are different: from swelling and hyperemia of the mucous membranes, banded hemorrhages to cyanosis, necrosis, tissue destruction, bleeding, abscesses and phlegmon in the paravaginal tissue.
In the differential diagnosis, it is necessary to distinguish vestibulovaginitis with the presence of vesicles on the mucous membrane. So, trichomoniasis vaginitis is characterized by roughness of nodules ranging in size from millet grain to a pea; campylobacteriosis - the formation of uneven elevations on the mucous membrane with a diameter of about 2-3 mm; infectious - a rash of smooth vesicles from dark red to gray-yellow in color, located in rows around the clitoris, and, finally, a vesicular rash - small red vesicles on the lower corner of the vulva, upon opening of which mucopurulent exudate is released.
Treatment.
If the damage to the mucous membrane is minor and there is no intoxication of the body, then the vagina is douched with solutions of soda, furacilin, rivanol, hydrogen peroxide or iodinol. In case of significant damage, tampons impregnated with bactericidal emulsions or ointments (synthomycin, streptocidal, furatsilin, naftalan, Vishnevsky, ichthyol, zinc, etc.) are introduced into the vagina. Erosions are treated with iodoglycerin (1: 3) or a 3% solution of lapis; abscesses and phlegmons are opened. Useful means of general and pathogenetic therapy.
Cervicitis is an inflammation of the cervix. The reason is damage to the mucous membrane of the cervical canal or muscular membrane after ruptures.
Symptoms.
Hyperemia and swelling of the mucosa, changes in the configuration of the organ, bleeding, soreness, the presence of adhesions, polyps, the cervical canal is half-closed, fistulas are possible, leading to peritonitis, the presence of connective tissue scars and neoplasms.
Treatment.
After the toilet of the external genital organs, the vagina is irrigated with Lugol's solution or potassium permanganate (1: 1000) to free the vagina from the accumulated exudate and the cervical canal is plugged with xeroform, ichthyol or iodoform-tar ointment on fish oil. Erosions are treated with a 1% solution of protargol, pyoctanine or brilliant green. The use of bactericidal suppositories, mud therapy is not excluded.
Endometritis is an inflammation of the endometrium (the lining of the uterus). Causes of acute endometritis: trauma to the endometrium during childbirth and obstetrics, complications after retention of the placenta and subinvolution of the uterus, non-compliance with veterinary and sanitary rules during childbirth, prolapse of the uterus. Predisposing causes are beriberi, lack of exercise, a decrease in the overall resistance of the body. Differentiate endometritis by the nature of the inflammatory process or exudate.
Symptoms.
With catarrhal endometritis, the exudate is mucous, and with purulent - purulent, with fibrinous - with the presence of fibrin films. Rectally establish fluctuation of the uterus, soreness, increased local temperature. Later, signs of intoxication are determined: atony of the scar, increased heart rate and respiration, diarrhea, loss of appetite and weight loss, milk production, etc. The cervical canal is usually ajar, a characteristic exudate is released from it.
Treatment.
A sick animal is isolated from healthy ones. Improve the conditions of keeping and feeding. Using a vacuum pump, the contents are pumped out of the uterus, after introducing a 2% cold solution of vagotil or Lugol's solution into its cavity.
Antimicrobial boluses, emulsions and liquids are used depending on the sensitivity of the microflora to antimicrobial agents (septimethrin, metromax, neofur, endoxer, furazolidone sticks, lefuran, iodoxide, iodismutsulfamide, exuter). Neurotropic drugs, vitamin A, ergot preparations (ergotal, ergometrine, ergotoxin) are injected subcutaneously. Autohemotherapy, blockade according to Mosin and perirenal, general therapy are effective.
POSTPARTUM SEPSIS (Sepsis)
It occurs as a result of coccal forms of microorganisms, clostridia and their toxins entering the blood against the background of a decrease in the body's resistance and barrier functions of the genital organs in the postpartum period. A factor predisposing to sepsis is a violation of the integrity of the mucous membranes, blood vessels, nerves, muscle and serous membranes of the vulva, vagina and uterus after childbirth, as well as difficult and pathological childbirth, the consequences of fetotomy, fetal emphysema, uterine prolapse, placental retention and complications caused by these abnormalities. . The spread of infection is hematogenous and lymphogenous routes. A significant role is played by the absence of a protective barrier in the affected organ, impaired trophic function, accumulation of toxic products, their entry into the blood and lymph and spread throughout the body with symptoms of general intoxication. As a result, destructive changes develop in the liver, spleen, kidneys, heart, lungs, and central nervous system.
Clinically, 3 forms of sepsis are distinguished: pyemia - sepsis with metastases; septicemia - continuous intake of toxins into the blood; septicopyemia - mixed form.
Symptoms.
The state of depression, diarrhea or constipation, refusal to feed, cardiac arrhythmia, weak pulse, shallow breathing, frequent, high temperature. With pemia - fever of a remitting type, i.e. temperature fluctuates. A brown putrid exudate accumulates in the uterus. The walls of the uterus thicken, painful. Oophoritis, salpingitis, peritonitis develop.
With septicemia, blood pressure drops sharply, the pulse is very rapid, barely perceptible, icterus and hemorrhages of the mucous membranes; general weakness, protein in the urine, purulent-necrotic or anaerobic tissue damage develops in the primary septic focus.
Treatment.
Surgical treatment of the primary focus. novocaine therapy. Topically applied antimicrobial agents; shown autohemotherapy. Intravenously injected liquid according to Kadykov, cardiac agents, solutions of calcium or borogluconate, urotropin, soda, 20% alcohol. Broad-spectrum antibiotics are used with prolongators that have not been previously used by the animal. Uterine means are used; aminopeptide or hydrolysin through a dropper subcutaneously into different parts of the body up to 500 ml per day for large animals, as well as vitamins, sulfanilamide preparations. To improve digestion, give artificial or natural gastric juice, pepsin.
Prevention.
Females should receive adequate feeding. It is necessary to observe the hygiene of childbirth and the postpartum period; provide qualified assistance during childbirth, injuries of the birth canal; timely and correctly treat retention of the placenta, subinvolution of the uterus, endometritis; prevent postoperative peritonitis. The course of treatment of animals is maintained completely.
Vartolinitis (Bartolinitis)
This is an inflammation of the ducts of the Bartholin glands and the glands themselves, located caudally from the opening of the urethra in the thickness of the mucous membrane of the side walls of the vestibule of the vagina.
Etiology.
The causes of the disease can be injuries and infection of the mucous membrane of the vestibule of the vagina during obstetrics, gross vaginal examination, artificial insemination. The disease can develop as a result of vestibular vaginitis of infectious and invasive origin.
Symptoms.
The lack of effective treatment of vestibulitis creates the prerequisites for the development of a chronic course of the disease, in which the narrowing and blockage of the excretory ducts of the Bartholin glands stretches the walls of the gland with an accumulating secret or exudate. The secret of the mucous membrane forms cysts, and the purulent exudate forms abscesses, so single or multiple formations appear on the side walls of the vestibule of the vagina. Large cysts protrude outward, simulating an incomplete eversion of the vagina. The mucous membrane of the vestibule of the vagina is reddened, painful, has overlays of exudant residues.
Treatment.
Clarify the diagnosis, excluding vaginal eversion, neoplasms, abscess, and eliminate the underlying disease. Abscesses are opened, pus is removed, the cavity is irrigated with a solution of potassium permanganate at a dilution of 1:2000, an antiseptic emulsion, ointments (syntomycin, streptocide, Vishnevsky, etc.) are applied to the mucous membrane of the vestibule of the vagina. In severe cases, pathogenetic therapy with the use of whole-vocaine and other restorative agents is necessary. Cysts are also opened, the cavity is extirpated.
Prevention.
Eliminate the causes of vestibulovaginitis, provide timely and effective assistance.
Gartneritis (Gartneritis)
Chronic inflammation of the area of the gartner glands with the formation of cysts is observed in cows and pigs as a complication of chronic vaginitis.
Symptoms.
Cord-like thickening of the lower lateral walls of the vagina, reaching the cervix. When cysts occur, elastic, poorly fluctuating cysts. There may be abscesses.
Treatment.
Eliminate vaginitis, open abscesses and pack with antiseptic ointments.
VESTIBULOVAGINITIS (Vestibulitis et vaginitis)
Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the vestibule of the vagina and the vagina along the course is acute and chronic; by the nature of the process - serous, catarrhal, purulent, phlegmonous, diphtheritic and mixed forms; by origin - non-contagious, infectious, invasive.
Etiology.
The causes are injuries of the mucous membranes, nonspecific microflora and specific pathogens (infectious follicular vestibulitis, blistering rash of the vestibule of the vagina, campylobacteriosis, trichomoniasis), as well as the consequences of infectious rhinotracheitis, chlamydia, fungal infections and other infectious diseases.
Symptoms.
Acute serous vestibulovaginitis is characterized by serous exudate; mucous membranes are hyperemic, edematous, with pinpoint or banded hemorrhages. Acute catarrhal inflammation is characterized by the separation of a mucous cloudy viscous exudate into the connective and muscle tissues, for purulent - white, yellow or yellow-brown exudate. The animal is restless, combing the root of the tail, arching its back, pushing; vaginal examinations are associated with soreness.
Acute phlegmonous vestibulovaginitis is characterized by the spread of purulent exudate into the submucosal connective tissue with the formation of abscesses in the paravaginal tissue, areas of necrosis and tissue decay. Crusts of purulent exudate accumulate at the root of the tail. The animal is depressed, there is no appetite, body temperature is elevated, pyemia and septicopyemia often develop.
Acute diphtheritic vestibulovaginitis is accompanied by the release of a putrid brown liquid mixed with blood and particles of necrotic tissue. The mucous membrane of the vagina is earthy gray, swollen, unevenly dense, painful; in areas of decay and rejection of dead tissues, deep ulcers form. The animal is depressed, there is no appetite, the body temperature is high, tenesmus is observed (a futile urge to urinate and defecate).
In chronic catarrhal and purulent-catarrhal vestibulovaginitis, the mucous membrane of the affected organs is pale with a bluish tinge, thickened, with dense nodules, ulcerations. A liquid or thick mucopurulent exudate is released from the vulva. On the basis of purulent, phlegmonous and diphtheritic vestibulovaginitis, adhesions are often formed, powerful cicatricial growths that cause a narrowing of the vagina.
Infectious follicular vestibulovaginitis is characterized by redness and swelling of the mucous membrane of the vestibule of the vagina and the formation of dense smooth nodules on it with millet grain. They are located in rows or groups around the clitoris.
A blistering rash of the vaginal vestibule is accompanied by a large number of small red spots and nodules in the lower corner of the vulva, around the clitoris and on the tops of the mucous membrane folds of the vaginal vestibule. The nodules turn into purulent vesicles and open up, and erosions and ulcers form in their place.
A characteristic feature of trichomoniasis vestibulovaginitis are multiple nodules on the mucous membrane of the vestibule and vagina with a rough surface. On palpation of the vagina, a feeling of a grater is created. Microscopy of vaginal mucus reveals Trichomonas. Females abort or remain unfertilized.
With campylobacteriosis (vibrious) vestibulovaginitis at the onset of the disease, hyperemia, swelling, pinpoint and striped hemorrhages of the mucous membrane in the depths of the vagina and accumulation of bloody mucus near the cervix occur.
Under the mucous membrane in the clitoral region and in other places, slightly elevated dense and non-bleeding areas with uneven edges (nodules) ranging in size from 0.1x0.2 to 0.3x0.4 cm are found
Treatment.
The sick animal is isolated. They clean the root of the tail, the vulva from dirt, exudate crusts. With serous, catarrhal and purulent vestibulovaginitis, the organ cavity is douched with a warm solution of furacilin (1:5000), ethacridinalactate (1:1000) or a 2% solution of bicarbonate of soda. Antiseptic liniments (synthomycin, gramicidin, streptocid, Vishnevsky) are applied to the mucous membranes. The sores are cauterized with a 5% iodine solution. Useful tamponade of the vagina with 10% aqueous tincture of garlic, onion or garlic gruel with an exposure of 20 minutes to 8 hours, depending on the individual reaction of the animal to this drug.
With phlegmonous and diphtheritic vestibulovaginitis, up to 1% of novocaine in powder is added to antiseptic emulsions. Tenesmus is removed by epidural-sacral anesthesia with 1% solution of novocaine between the 1st and 2nd tail vertebrae up to 10-15 ml in large animals or presacral novocaine blockade according to Isaev with the addition of 1 ml of benzylpenicillin to a 0.5% solution of novocaine and streptomycin sulfate. Use symptomatic agents.
With trichomoniasis vestibulovaginitis, the vagina is douched with a 1% solution of acetic acid or a 5% solution of lactic acid. Effective use of Trichopolum.
With campylobacteriosis vestibulovaginitis, intramuscular administration of 4 thousand units per 1 kg of benzylpenicillin 2 times a day in a 0.25% solution of novocaine is mandatory for 4 days in a row.
Prevention.
Strictly observe sanitary and hygienic conditions and rules of childbirth, natural and artificial insemination and gynecological procedures. They keep the premises and the animals themselves clean, carry out disinfection, isolation of patients and their rational treatment at an early stage in a timely and high-quality manner.
CHRONIC ENDOMETRITS (Endometritis chronica)
With this long-term inflammation of the uterine mucosa, its stable changes develop, not only functional, but also structural. According to the nature of the exudate and clinical manifestations, chronic endometritis is divided into catarrhal, catarrhal-purulent and latent.
Etiology.
In most cases, the disease is a continuation of acute postpartum or postabortal endometritis, subinvolution of the uterus. Sometimes inflammation passes to the uterus from the vagina, cervix or oviducts. Microorganisms can enter the uterus through hematogenous, lymphogenous or semen.
Symptoms.
In females, infertility is observed, sexual cycles become arrhythmic or stop. With catarrhal endometritis, exudate is released in the form of cloudy flaky mucus, with purulent-catarrhal it can be liquid or thick, cloudy with streaks of pus, and with purulent - creamy yellowish-white. The horns of the uterus are enlarged 1.5-3 times, their wall is thickened, painful on palpation, contractility is reduced, fluctuation is sometimes detected. The state of the animal is not changed, with a long course of the process, signs of chronic intoxication of the body may appear.
Complications of chronic endometritis are the accumulation in the uterus of a large amount of pus (pyometra), watery (hydrometer) or mucous (myxometer) content, sometimes mixed with blood. This occurs when the cervical canal is closed or significantly narrowed, so there is practically no outward exudation. Palpation of the organ feels fluctuation, the presence of a corpus luteum on the ovary.
The basis of this pathology is a disorder in the relationship between estrogenic hormones and progesterone. Their symptomatology is different and refers to glandular cystic hyperplasia. With estrogen hypersecretion, a mixometra or hydrometer occurs, and against the background of hyperluteinization due to a delayed corpus luteum on the ovary, a pyometra. Irreversible changes develop in the wall of the uterus, sometimes uterine ruptures and peritonitis with sepsis are possible.
With latent endometritis, there are no outflows of exudate in the period from one estrus to another. On the other hand, during oestrus, mucus discharge from the uterus is abundant, with an admixture of greyish-white, yellowish, sometimes filiform streaks of pus. Insemination or coating of such females is ineffective and is contraindicated.
Treatment.
To exacerbate the process and remove exudate from the uterus, warm solutions of 6-10% sodium chloride, 4% ichthyol, 0.1% iodine, 2% vagotyl are used in small quantities. The solution is immediately removed from the uterus with a liquefied exudate using an irrigator V.A. Akatova. Then, antimicrobial preparations are introduced into the uterine cavity, taking into account the sensitivity of microflora to them in the form of emulsions, suspensions.
The most effective use of iodine preparations (Lugol's solution, iodosol, iodoxide, iodismutsulfamide). At the same time, estrogenic drugs are prescribed to stimulate uterine contractions (2% sinestrol solution subcutaneously for 2 days in a row), and then oxytocin, pituitrin, hyphotocin, ergometrine, brevikolin and other uterine agents.
To increase the tone of the uterus and activate the function of the ovaries, a rectal massage of the uterus and ovaries is performed by stroking and kneading them for 3-5 minutes after 1-2 days again. In order to normalize metabolic processes, they organize full-fledged feeding, walks, insolation, vitamin therapy; ichthyolotherapy, autohemotherapy are effective.
With a purulent process (pyometra), uterine massage is contraindicated. To remove the exudate, it is necessary to open the cervical canal by novocaine blockades (low epidural-sacral, preacralpa according to S.T. Isaev, pelvic plexus according to A.D. Nozdrachev) and exudate is removed with a drilling movement of the fingers using vacuum devices. In some cases, in order to enhance uterine contractions, myotropic preparations or 2 ml of hellebore tincture should be added to intrauterine devices. In the following days, treatment is continued according to the generally accepted scheme. Of the patented intrauterine devices, rifapol, rifatsiklin, iodismutsulfamide are effective. Of the traditional remedies, Konkov's ointment is used with the addition of antiseptics, synthomycin liniment, lefuran, deoxyfur, iodinol, Lugol's solutions, ichthyol, ASD-2 fraction, etc. The course of treatment requires at least 2-4 injections at intervals of 48-72 hours. In females and cats resort to amputation of the uterus.
Prevention.
Acute forms of endometritis are treated in a timely manner. Observe the rules of asepsis during insemination. Correctly perform therapeutic techniques for vestibulitis and cervicitis. Carry out measures that ensure high resistance of the body to the disease.
OVARIAN HYPOFUNCTION (Hypofunctio ovariorum)
The weakening of the hormonal and generative function of the ovaries, accompanied by inferior sexual cycles or anaphrodisia, is most often observed in first-calf heifers in the winter and spring months.
Etiology.
The causes of the disease can be inadequate feeding and unsatisfactory conditions of detention (poor lighting of the premises, lack of active walks, stress). One of the reasons for the anovulatory sexual cycle is the hypofunction of the thyroid gland, due to insufficient intake of iodine in the body of the animal. The basis of the causes of ovarian hypofunction is a violation of the neurohormonal regulatory mechanisms of the sexual cycle of the hypothalamus-pituitary gland-ovaries-uterus system.
Symptoms.
Violation of the rhythm, weak manifestation or absence of the phenomena of the sexual cycle (anaphrodisia). This condition can last up to 6 months or more.
Treatment.
They eliminate the causes, improve the conditions of keeping and feeding, treat animals with residual inflammatory processes in the genitals in a timely manner. It is recommended to use serum gonadotropin intramuscularly. It is advisable to combine it with a 0.5% solution of prozerin or a 0.1% solution of carbachol, which are administered subcutaneously 2-3 times every 2 days. It is recommended to use an oil solution of progesterone at a dose of 100 mg for 2 days in a row in combination with an analogue of prostaglandin F-2-alpha (estrophan) intramuscularly one day after the administration of progesterone.
With an anovulatory sexual cycle during estrus, chorionic gonadotropin or luteinizing or surfagon is used. Serum gonadotropin can be used on the 12-13th day of the sexual cycle.
Prevention.
Vitamin deficiency in feed is compensated by fortification, especially in the period 2 months before childbirth and 1 month after them. Pathological processes in the body of the female are eliminated in a timely manner on the basis of gynecological medical examination of animals.
PERSISTENT BODY YELLOW
(Corpus luteum persistens)
This is a corpus luteum that lingered in the ovary of a non-pregnant female longer than the physiological period (more than 4 weeks).
Etiology.
The reasons are errors in keeping and feeding, pathological processes in the uterus and violations of neurohormonal regulation between the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland, the pituitary gland and the ovaries, the ovaries and the uterus. Maceration, mummification of the fetus, retention of the placenta, subinvolution of the uterus and endometritis block the formation of proetaglandins, and therefore there is no regression of the corpus luteum. The persistent corpus luteum maintains a high level of progesterone in the female's body and inhibits the development of follicles in the ovaries.
Symptoms.
Prolonged absence of the phenomena of the sexual cycle (anaphrodisia). A rectal examination of large animals (cows, mares) in one of the ovaries reveals a corpus luteum. To clarify the diagnosis, they are examined again after 2-4 weeks, during which time the behavior of the animal is observed. The ongoing anaphrodisia and the presence of the corpus luteum in the same size gives grounds, in the absence of pregnancy, to make a diagnosis of a persistent corpus luteum. The uterus during this period is atonic, the horns hang down into the abdominal cavity, there is no fluctuation.
Treatment.
Eliminate the reasons for the retention of the corpus luteum and prescribe means to ensure its involution. Often, after creating optimal conditions for feeding, keeping and operating the animal, involution of the corpus luteum and restoration of sexual cyclicity occur. In some cases, 2-3 sessions of ovarian massage with an interval of 24-48 hours are enough to separate the corpus luteum. A single intramuscular injection of prostaglandin F-2-alpha and enzaprosta-F or estrofan gives a good effect. After the appearance of hunting, the females are inseminated, and in its absence, the injections are repeated after 11 days and inseminated on the 14-15th day. In the absence of these drugs, a 1% solution of progesterone can be injected subcutaneously daily for 6 days, and 48 hours after progesterone injections - serum gonadotropin.
Prevention.
Strict implementation of measures that exclude possible causes of the disease.
FOLLICULAR OVARIAN CYSTS
(Cystes follicularum ovariorum)
The formation of follicular cysts is preceded by an anovulatory sexual cycle. Cysts occur due to fluid stretching of Graafian vesicles that do not ovulate. Protein overfeeding, hereditary factors, lack of micro- and macroelements, vitamins, the use of excessive doses of synthetic estrogens (sinestrole, stilbestrol), FFA, folliculin, inflammation of the uterus, reticulopericarditis, ketosis, poisoning predispose to cyst formation.
Symptoms.
An excess amount of estrogen is released into the cyst cavity, and the animal is in a state of hunting for a long period (nymphomania). Deep depressions form between the root of the tail and the buttocks. Establish an increase in the size of the ovary, a pronounced rounded shape, fluctuation, thinning of the walls and rigidity of the uterus. Vaginally, hyperemia of the vaginal mucosa is found, the cervical canal is ajar, and mucus is contained at the bottom of the cranial part of the vagina. A long-term functioning cyst causes glandular cystic hyperplasia of the endometrium. Nymphomania is replaced by a long period of anaphrodisia, when luteinization of the inner surface of the cyst capsule occurs. The wall of such a cyst is thick and slightly stressed.
Treatment.
Before prescribing treatment, it is necessary to organize a full-fledged feeding and optimal maintenance, use vitamin supplements in the diet, trace elements, especially iodine, cobalt, manganese. Operative, conservative and combined methods are used. The simplest operative tool is the crushing of the cyst by hand through the wall of the rectum. Often after that, after 5 days. cysts recur. If the cysts are not amenable to crushing, then they are limited to massage, resorting to the next attempt in 1-2 days.
On the second, third attempt, the cyst is crushed quite freely. Another surgical method is a cyst puncture through the pelvic wall or vaginal vault with the removal of the contents and the introduction of a 2-3% tincture of iodine or a 1% solution of novocaine into the vacated cavity.
For greater effectiveness of treatment, along with crushing or puncture of cysts, medications should be used: an oil solution of progesterone for 10 days. Of the conservative agents, the most effective parenteral use of chorionic gonadotropin (CG), and after 10 days of estrofan or enzaprosta-F. Instead of hCG, you can use luteinizing hormone (LH), gonadotropin-releasing hormone, surfagon (intramuscularly). With a cyst caused by hypofunction of the thyroid gland, it is advisable to intramuscularly administer a 5% aqueous solution of potassium iodide for 5 days in a row in increasing doses.
In the treatment of cysts, potassium iodide (kayoda) should be given simultaneously to animals inside for 7-8 days.
Prevention.
Eliminate the causes that cause a cycle without ovulation, normalize the sugar-protein ratio in diets.
CYST OF THE YELLOW BODY (Cysta corporis lutei)
The cyst is a cavity in the delayed corpus luteum of the ovary.
Symptoms.
Prolonged absence of clinical manifestation of the phenomena of the sexual cycle. The uterus is atonic, the horns hang over the edge of the pubic bones of the pelvis into the abdominal cavity. The ovaries are triangular-oval in shape.
Treatment.
The use of analogues of prostaglandin F-2-alpha (estrofan, estrumate, enzaprost), which have a luteolytic effect, is effective. Crushing the cyst is impractical.
Prevention.
Measures are taken to prevent the occurrence of a persistent corpus luteum on the ovary.
OOPHORITHES AND PERIOOPHORITHES
(Oophoritis and perioophoritis)
Ovariitis, or oophoritis, is inflammation of the ovaries; perioophoritis - inflammation of the upper layer of the ovary, accompanied by its fusion with nearby tissues.
Etiology.
Aseptic inflammation of the ovaries is a consequence of trauma caused by squeezing the corpus luteum or crushing the cyst. Purulent oophoritis is the result of the action of microflora in salpingitis and endometritis. Chronic oophoritis develops from acute after unqualified and untimely treatment as a result of prolonged intoxication. The main cause of perioophoritis is the spread of the inflammatory process from the deeper parts of the ovary to its periphery or from the oviducts, peritoneum or other adjacent organs.
Symptoms.
The animal is depressed, the body temperature is elevated, the ovary is enlarged, painful, there are no sexual cycles. In chronic inflammation, the affected ovary is hard, bumpy, deformed, painless. Perioophoritis is characterized by immobility of the ovary, the presence of adhesions.
Treatment.
Heat is shown on the sacrum and lumbar region, antibiotics and sulfa drugs, pathogenetic therapy, suprapleural novocaine blockade according to V.V. Mosin or perirenal according to I.G. Frost, intra-aortic injection of a 0.5% solution of novocaine with antibiotics sensitive to microflora. Morphological changes in the ovaries characteristic of perioophoritis are not amenable to treatment due to the irreversibility of the process, and females are rejected.
Prevention.
Eliminate the causes of injury to the organ.
HYPOPLASIA, HYPOTROPHY AND OVARIAN ATROPHY
(Hypoplasia, Hypotrophia et Atrophia ovariorum)
Ovarian hypoplasia is the underdevelopment of ovarian tissue during embryonic development. Ovarian hypotrophy is a violation of the process of growth and development of the ovaries due to malnutrition. Ovarian atrophy - a decrease in the volume of the ovaries with a weakening of their functions.
Etiology.
Hypoplasia is observed in heterosexual twins that have anastomoses between the placental vessels, when the hormones of the male gonads, which are formed in males earlier than in females, penetrate the fetus of the female and suppress the development of her genitals. Ovarian hypotrophy is most common in young females whose mothers received inadequate diets during pregnancy, or can be caused by non-contagious, infectious and parasitic diseases (dyspepsia, gastroenteritis, bronchopneumonia, paratyphoid fever, coccidiosis, dictyocaulosis and others), as well as the result of closely related mating.
Ovarian atrophy is widespread due to malnutrition. Unilateral atrophy is possible with cystic degeneration of the ovary and the development of scar tissue in it on the basis of the previous inflammatory process. Bilateral ovarian atrophy often develops as a result of chronic, long-term diseases and age-related changes.
Symptoms.
Ovarian hypoplasia results in underdevelopment of the vagina and uterus, secondary sexual characteristics, and the birth of freemartins. With hypotrophy of the ovaries, genital infantilism is noted. Ovarian atrophy is manifested by a cycle without ovulation, the ovaries are small, compacted, without growing follicles and corpus luteum, the uterus is atonic, reduced in size.
Treatment.
If the causes are pronounced alimentary in nature and are not accompanied by profound changes in the tissues of the ovary and uterus, then feed containing the required amount of essential amino acids, carbohydrates, vitamins, micro- and macroelements is introduced into the diet. To accelerate the normalization of the reproductive function, drugs are prescribed that are used for ovarian hypofunction.
Prevention.
The primary task is high-quality and complete feeding of pregnant animals and young animals born from them.
Ovarian sclerosis (Sclerosis ovariorum)
Growth of connective tissue in place of the glandular tissue in the ovaries.
Etiology.
Pathology occurs due to small cysticity and persistence of corpus luteum, prolonged intoxication, chronic diseases and age-related changes.
Symptoms.
Ovaries of stony consistency, tuberous, painless, sometimes of indeterminate form. There are no sexual cycles.
Treatment.
Does not work, females are culled.
Prevention.
Eliminate factors that can cause the disease.
Salpingites (Salpingites)
Inflammation of the oviducts (fallopian tubes).
Etiology.
The disease is a consequence of the translation of the ampullar part of the oviduct, squeezing the corpus luteum, crushing ovarian cysts and the spread of the inflammatory process from nearby organs and tissues.
Symptoms.
In the ligaments between the ovary and uterus, rectal palpation determines a fluctuating cord (hydrosalpings), there is no pain. An acute purulent process is accompanied by oophoritis and a sharp soreness of the organ, and a chronic one is accompanied by a thickening of the isthmic and ampullar parts of the oviduct to the size of a student's pencil and the presence of adhesions. Obstruction of the oviduct makes it difficult to transport a fertilized egg and zygote to the uterus, an ectopic pregnancy is possible.
Treatment.
In acute salpingitis, the cause of the disease is eliminated, antibiotics and broad-spectrum sulfonamides are used. Rest, warmth in the area of the sacrum and lower back. A 0.5% solution of novocaine with antibiotics is injected into the aorta, intramuscularly - a 7-10% solution of ichthyol in a 20% glucose solution or a 0.85% solution of sodium chloride with an interval of 48 hours. Injections of 5% - th solution of ascorbic acid intramuscularly c.
Prevention.
When conducting a rectal examination and massage of the uterus and ovaries, the established norms and techniques are strictly observed.
INFERTILITY (Sterilitas)
Temporary or permanent violation of the ability of a mature organism to fertilization, i.e. loss of the ability of an adult organism to reproduce.
Etiology.
The causes of infertility are mainly of congenital and acquired origin. Congenital include infantilism, freemartinism, hermaphroditism. Acquired infertility is divided into alimentary, climatic, operational, senile, but it can be the result of violations in the organization and conduct of artificial insemination, pathology in the reproductive organs, and biological processes.
Prevention.
To find out the causes of infertility and eliminate them, a comprehensive analysis of economic conditions is necessary, which includes the state of the forage base; the level and nature of feeding throughout the year, taking into account the data of the biochemical analysis of feed; conditions for keeping animals.
In case of liver diseases (hepatitis), hypovitaminosis A, D, E, violation of phosphorus-calcium metabolism, acidosis, the service period is lengthened. Prolonged anestrus occurs against the background of ovarian hypofunction and persistence of corpus luteum, a sharp decrease in hemoglobin in the blood (less than 9.8 g per 100 ml), as the hormonal function of the pituitary gland and ovaries is weakened.
obstetric surgery
Fetotomy, caesarean section and amputation of the uterus are of the greatest practical importance.
Fetotomy - dissection of a dead fetus in the birth canal. Indications for fetotomy: large fetus, deformities, abnormal articulation. Fetotomy is carried out using an embryotome or fetotomy and other instruments. They do it in two ways: open (cutaneous) and closed (subcutaneous - after skin preparation with a spatula). The head is amputated when it does not go along with the limbs, the limbs are amputated with a fetotome or torn off with an extractor to reduce the shoulder or pelvic girdle. In the process of fetotomy, trauma to the mucous membrane of the vagina and cervix is not allowed.
A cesarean section is indicated on a live fetus with narrowing of the cervical canal, narrowness of the birth canal, twisting of the uterus, and fetal emphysema.
Amputation of the uterus is indicated for ruptures and tumors, and in small animals - if obstetric care was unsuccessful.
