Neck hurts. Causes of neck pain
The human skull is represented by a fixed articulation of bones. Allocate the brain and facial parts of the skull. Each of them has its own anatomical features, by which it is possible to determine the sex, age of a person, sometimes even race. For each person, there are options for the formation of bones, which are determined by hereditary data and the influence of external factors. Protrusions, depressions, erasure of the bone may appear, an occipital protuberance is formed on the back of the head. The shape of the skull changes for the following reasons:
- rickets suffered in childhood;
- acromegaly - elevated levels of somatotropin;
- trauma ();
- infectious lesions;
- benign and malignant tumors.
Anatomical features of the occipital bone
The large occipital foramen, the receptacle of the medulla oblongata, is formed by four elements of the occipital bone. In front of the opening is the basilar part. During childhood, the sphenoid bone joins with it through cartilage. By the age of 20, their fixed fusion is formed.
Inside the cranial cavity, the surface is smooth; the brain stem is located on it. Outside rough, with a protruding tubercle. On the lateral parts are two occipital condyles, each with its own articular surface. Together with the first vertebral bone, they form an articulation. At the base of the condyle, the bone perforates the hypoglossal canal.
The jugular notch, located on the lateral part, together with the formation of the temporal bone of the same name, constitute the jugular foramen. Through it pass the cranial nerves and vein. The occipital part is represented by scales. It performs a protective function. In the center there is an occipital protuberance. It is unmistakably defined through the skin. A ridge runs from the mound to the large hole. On the sides of it are paired nuchal lines - these are the points of muscle increment.
Occipital protuberance in an adult
The Neanderthal man had a characteristic feature - a protruding occipital bone. In this manifestation, it is now very rare. It may be a characteristic feature of the Australians, Lappids, among the inhabitants of the Lancashire region in Great Britain. In another concept, this definition is used to characterize the protruding part of the skull, which has any cause. The most likely are:
- injury;
- a bite of an insect;
- atheroma;
- hemangioma;
- osteoma.
Injury
Traumatic damage to the bone, accompanied by swelling and the appearance of growth. If a cold compress is applied immediately after an injury, the effects will be reduced. At the site of the injury, swelling develops, a tubercle appears, which hurts when you touch and turn the head. The condition does not require treatment, it goes away on its own.
A bite of an insect
The appearance of a bump is accompanied by unpleasant sensations in the form of itching, pain when pressed. Often this is a type of local allergic reaction. Depending on the reactivity of the organism, the tubercle can have a different size. To get rid of use antihistamines, ointments to eliminate itching.
Atheroma
Sometimes a solid painless formation appears under the skin, which tends to become inflamed when an infection enters. It is represented by clogged sebaceous glands. Treatment is carried out surgically.
Hemangioma
If there is a red bump on the back of the head with translucent vessels, then most likely it is formed by a benign vascular tumor. This is usually a feature of the intrauterine laying of blood vessels; with growing up, the tumor may begin to grow. There is a high risk of injury and bleeding. With the help of laser coagulation, surgical excision, cryodestruction, the tumor is removed. 
Lipoma
The appearance of a bump on the head in an adult may be due to the development of a lipoma - a benign proliferation of connective tissue. The wen grows slowly, does not pose a danger to life.
Osteoma
A long-growing benign tumor of bone tissue does not grow into neighboring tissues, it is not malignant. It is a hillock in the form of an even hemisphere. Affects young people, but grows over many years.
Osteoma can form an occipital protuberance in a person from a very dense tissue. It does not have a bone marrow and haversian canals penetrating ordinary bone tissue. Sometimes there are another type, in the form of a bone marrow formation, completely consisting of cavities. It is more often formed on the bones of the skull and skeleton, does not affect the ribs.
The tubercles may grow from the outer plates of the skull, then they do not give any brain symptoms. If the process started from the inside of the skull, epileptic seizures and memory impairment may occur.
The reasons for the development of bumps are not fully known. There is definitely a hereditary predisposition. Growth can be provoked by injuries, the presence of diseases such as rheumatism, gout, autoimmune processes, and foci of chronic infection.
Diagnosis and treatment
X-ray methods are used for examination. It is necessary to differentiate osteoma from osteomyelitis and sarcoma. Informative use, which will reflect the nature of education in layers. Histological analysis will show the absence of bone marrow, which is characteristic of an osteoma.
Treatment is carried out only surgically if the tubercle causes concern, causes pain. Sometimes this is only an aesthetic defect, when a person notices occipital protuberances in his mirror, in a photo, which reduces his self-confidence.
It is impossible to carry out preventive measures purposefully. A healthy lifestyle, prevention of infections, prevention of head injuries can eliminate the risk of osteoma.
The back of the head is called the back of the head, which is located above the neck. The lateral borders of the occiput can be considered the mastoid processes behind the ears, and this area does not have a clear upper border. The occiput usually protrudes backwards in the form of a tubercle. Its dimensions may vary. For example, in patients with Down syndrome and a number of other congenital pathologies, the back of the head does not protrude so much back, and it is more difficult to determine the place of its transition to the neck.
What structures are in the back of the head?
From the point of view of anatomy, the back of the head is called the back of the brain region of the skull. In this area there are various anatomical formations, each of which, under certain conditions, can cause sensation pain. It is most convenient to consider the anatomical structure of the occiput in layers, highlighting the blood supply and innervation separately. As a rule, with a specific pathology, a certain type of tissue is affected. Sometimes pain felt in the back of the head radiates from nearby areas ( upper neck, temporal region).From the point of view of anatomy, the following structures are located in the back of the head:
- subcutaneous tissue;
- muscular-aponeurotic layer;
- a layer of loose fiber;
- periosteum;
- occipital bone;
- shells of the brain;
- brain;
- vessels of the occipital region;
- nerves of the occipital region;
- neck muscles;
- upper spine.
Nape skin
According to its anatomical and physiological properties, the skin of the back of the head does not differ much from the skin of the crown and forehead. It is quite thick, covered with hair, contains a large number of sweat and sebaceous glands and few sensitive nerve endings. Actually, the skin rarely causes pain in the back of the head. More often the problem is inflammation of the skin glands or hair follicles.Subcutaneous tissue
subcutaneous tissue ( adipose tissue) is the second layer in the occipital region. It is located between the skin and the aponeurosis ( flat band of connective tissue). The fiber in this area is divided into separate lobules by connective tissue partitions. It contains superficial vessels and nerves. The main cause of pain at this level are subcutaneous inflammatory processes.Muscular-aponeurotic layer
The muscular-aponeurotic layer is a digastric muscle that stretches from the forehead to the back of the head. Its anterior abdomen is attached above the eye sockets. Further, it passes into the so-called tendon helmet. This is a flat band of connective tissue with great strength. This cord is not fixed tightly to the bones of the skull. That is why the skin and subcutaneous tissue located above it are relatively mobile. The connective tissue in this area is dense and performs, in part, a protective function. At the point of transition of the parietal bones into the occipital tendon helmet is attached to the posterior belly of the supracranial muscle. Actually, in the region of the nape under the skin, it is precisely the flat belly of this muscle that is located. Its contractions are controlled by branches of the facial nerve.Loose fiber layer
This layer lies deeper than the aponeurotic layer. Fiber at this level is distributed evenly and is not separated by connective tissue partitions. It contains fewer vessels and nerves. Both layers of fiber above and below the aponeurosis) are quite thin. The structure of the superficial soft tissues of the occiput ( over the bone) is important in the diagnosis and treatment of injuries in this area. In soft tissues, blood can accumulate when the vessels are damaged. With cuts or dissections of the skin, so-called scalped wounds are formed, which have their own characteristics.Periosteum
Periosteum or periosteum is a special dense layer of connective tissue that surrounds the bone. Normally, it is necessary for normal bone growth. Nutrients come from the periosteum. She also takes an active part in the healing of fractures and cracks in bones. Attachment of tendons and other fixed anatomical structures occurs at the level of the periosteum. For example, in the lower part of the occiput, a part of the tendons of the posterior abdomen of the supracranial muscle is attached to it.The periosteum consists of two main layers:
- adventitial layer. This layer is more superficial. It consists of fibrous connective tissue and contains a large number of nerve endings. Pain in the bones, as a rule, is caused precisely by the defeat of the adventitial layer of the periosteum.
- Bone-forming layer. This layer is internal and adjacent to the bone itself. It is responsible for the nutrition of bone tissue and contains special cells that stimulate its growth ( osteoblasts).
Occipital bone
The occipital bone is one of the most massive bones of the skull. It contains many departments and topographical elements. The main function of this bone is to fix the anatomical structures in the back of the head and protect the posterior parts of the brain.In the occipital bone, the following three sections are distinguished:
- Scales. Scales is called a thinner plate that connects to the parietal and temporal bones. On the outer surface of the scale ( approximately in the center of the occipital bone) is located external occipital protrusion, which can be felt through the skin. Down from it ( to the greater foramen magnum) is the external occipital crest. Of great importance is the inner surface of the scales. There are recesses in which the blood sinuses of the brain pass ( sagittal and transverse).
- Lateral masses. This is the name of the parts of the bone located on the sides of the large occipital foramen. They have special articular surfaces that provide a reliable connection of the first ( top) cervical vertebra with a skull. This connection is immovable. Also in this area there is a groove for the passage of the hypoglossal nerve ( XII pair of cranial nerves) and for the emissary vein.
- Body of the occipital bone. The body is located almost horizontally and takes part in the formation of the base of the skull. It is located anterior to the foramen magnum and is connected to the scales by means of lateral masses. The seam of the pharynx is attached to the body from below, fixing it to the base of the skull.
The occipital bone has connections with the following bones:
- parietal bones;
- temporal bones;
- atlas ( I cervical vertebra).
Shells of the brain
The human brain has several membranes that perform various functions. The shells separate the brain itself from the bones of the skull, enclosing the organ in a kind of case. They pass through the foramen magnum into the spinal canal. From the point of view of anatomy, moving from the occipital bone inward to the brain, there will be an alternation of the meninges of the brain and the spaces between them. In these spaces, various pathological processes can also occur, causing pain in the back of the head.Between the brain and the bones of the skull are the following membranes and spaces:
- Dura mater. This shell consists of fibers of dense connective tissue. It fuses directly with the bones of the skull, as if lining it from the inside. Protrusions of the dura mater protrude into the brain in some places, dividing its departments ( for example, the crescent of the brain separates its hemispheres). Also, the dura mater forms special sinuses. These are wide ducts through which venous blood leaves the brain. On the inner surface of the occiput pass the sagittal ( its posterior part, occipital and sigmoid sinuses). Difficulties in blood flow in these sinuses can cause headaches, including in the back of the head.
- subdural space. This is a narrow gap separating the solid ( from the outside) and cobweb ( from the inside) membranes of the brain. It normally contains a small amount of fluid.
- Arachnoid. This shell also consists of connective tissue, but it contains a large number of functional cells. She is responsible for maintaining a constant amount of CSF ( cerebrospinal fluid). The blood and lymphatic vessels that feed the brain are partially fixed to it.
- subarachnoid space. It is located between the arachnoid and pia mater of the brain. The cerebrospinal fluid circulates in this space. Its amount is usually constant, but may vary with some pathologies. Normally, liquor freely enters all cisterns of the brain and into the subarachnoid space of the spinal cord. An excess of fluid or a local narrowing in this space leads to a violation of the circulation of the cerebrospinal fluid, an increase. Changes in the composition of the cerebrospinal fluid toxins, infection, etc.) irritation of the meninges occurs, which is also accompanied by pain.
- soft shell. This shell is adjacent directly to the cerebral cortex, penetrating into all the convolutions. It is partially connected to the arachnoid. In the loose connective tissue that forms the soft shell, there are small vessels that feed the brain tissue.
Brain
The human brain is a collection of nerve cells that are closely interconnected. Actually, the brain tissue does not have pain receptors, so its diseases rarely cause pain in the back of the head. However, some pathologies can affect the meninges or lead to an increase in intracranial pressure, which will affect the patient's condition.In the back of the head are the following parts of the brain:
- occipital lobes of the cerebral hemispheres;
- cerebellum;
- cerebellar cortex;
- medulla ( passes through the foramen magnum).
Vessels of the occipital region
All vessels of the occipital region can be divided into two large groups - superficial, located in soft tissues on the outside of the skull, and internal, feeding the occipital lobes of the brain and cerebellum. The arteries of the occipital region originate from the vertebral arteries and external carotid arteries.The most important arteries supplying the occipital region are:
- occipital artery ( superficial);
- posterior auricular artery ( located behind the ear, but gives off branches to the back of the head);
- posterior cerebral artery ( internal, originates from the basilar artery, and that, in turn, from the vertebral);
- posterior branches of the middle cerebral artery.
A feature of the vessels of the skull ( including the occipital region) is a large number of branches and anastomoses ( compounds) between them. There are also vessels connecting the arterial and venous basins of the intracranial and external vessels. Because of this feature, some superficial infectious processes can spread into the cranial cavity without adequate treatment, leading to serious complications.
Nerves of the occipital region
There are few small nerve trunks inside the skull, since the brain itself is, in fact, an accumulation of nerve cells. The innervation of the skin of the back of the head and soft tissues of this area is somewhat more complicated.The most important are the following nerves:
- great occipital nerve ( from the second cervical nerve);
- lesser occipital nerve ( from the cervical plexus);
- posterior trunks of cervical nerves ( from spinal roots);
- closer to the ears are the posterior branches of the facial nerve.
Neck muscles
Often the cause of pain in the back of the head is the muscles of the neck. Most of them are responsible for raising the head, maintaining its balance and turning to the sides. The muscles of this area are attached to the scapula, thoracic spine and fascia ( connective tissue membranes) of the back on one side and to the occipital bone on the other. They seem to overlap each other.In the upper parts of the neck, the following muscles are distinguished(in order from outside - inside, to the spine):
- trapezius muscle;
- belt muscles of the head and neck;
- muscle that lifts the scapula;
- semispinalis muscle of the back;
- posterior and middle scalene muscles.
Upper spine
Strictly speaking, the vertebrae are not part of the back of the head. However, they are in close proximity to it and can cause some pathological processes. The cervical spine includes vertebrae I through VII. The first cervical vertebra, the atlas, is firmly fused to the occipital bone in the region of the foramen magnum. The second vertebra, epistrophy or axis, has a protruding part, the so-called "tooth", around which the atlas rotates. This connection provides increased mobility of the head. The rest of the cervical vertebrae do not differ much in structure. Between them are the so-called intervertebral discs. They provide mobility of the cervical vertebrae relative to each other, and also create a springy effect, reducing the load from the weight of the head.In the development of pain in the back of the head, the spinal roots are of the greatest importance. These are processes of the spinal cord passing through the vertebral bodies. These roots come out on the sides of the spine in both directions. With the curvature of the vertebrae or the deposition of salts between them, the root can be infringed, causing severe pain.
Causes of neck pain
Pain in the back of the head is a single symptom that can occur due to many different causes. In the vast majority of cases, this disorder occurs due to a disease of structures that are in close anatomical proximity to the occipital region, however, pain often also occurs due to pathologies that cover many more organs and systems. It must be understood that for every disease that can cause pain in the back of the head, a number of other manifestations are also characteristic, which can sometimes go unnoticed or underestimated ( especially against the backdrop of fairly intense pain). Therefore, if disturbing symptoms occur, you should consult a doctor who, based on laboratory tests and data obtained during the conversation, will be able to compare the facts and correctly determine the diagnosis.
Many diseases that cause pain in the back of the head are pathologies that, with proper treatment, are quite easily eliminated. However, some diseases can pose a certain threat to the health and even life of the patient. This is due primarily to a fairly large number of vital brain, nervous and vascular structures located in the back of the head and upper neck.
As mentioned above, pain in the back of the head can occur with a large number of pathologies. For a better understanding of this phenomenon, the possible causes should be divided into several groups depending on the affected structures or the underlying mechanism of the disease.
There are the following causes of pain in the back of the head:
- Diseases of the anatomical structures of the occipital region. When the muscles, bones, tendons, upper spine and other structures are affected, pain of varying intensity and duration can occur.
- neurogenic pain. Damage to the nerves and nerve endings located in this area can provoke a rather pronounced clinical picture. Treatment of this type of pain presents certain difficulties.
- Vascular pain. Pathological changes in the vessels of the brain, which can be both permanent and periodic ( depending on a number of other factors), can cause headaches of various localization.
- Injuries. Injuries to the occipital region are a fairly obvious and common cause of pain.
- Diseases of the skin. Infectious and traumatic lesions of the skin can cause quite severe pain, which, depending on the nature of the pathology, can be combined with many other symptoms.
- Diseases of the bones of the skull. Tumors, infections and degenerative pathologies of bone tissue can provoke many unpleasant symptoms.
- Infectious and inflammatory diseases. In many infectious and inflammatory diseases, damage to the muscles and skin of the occipital region can occur, which is fraught with quite severe pain. However, a number of infections can cause damage to the meninges ( meningitis), which will be accompanied by many severe symptoms, among which are extremely severe pains in the back of the head, which block the movements of the neck.
- Diseases of the internal organs. In some pathologies of the internal organs, the supply of blood, oxygen, nutrients to the neck area can be disrupted, and the fragile internal balance of the body can also be disturbed, which can provoke pain.
- Psychogenic pain in the neck. Often, against the background of psycho-emotional stress, the pain syndrome can be exclusively psychogenic in nature, that is, not have any organic pathology. At the same time, as the internal mental conflict is resolved, this symptom recedes.
- external reasons. External causes of pain in the back of the head include poisoning with various toxic substances, hypothermia, excessive physical activity and other factors that affect the body from the outside.
Diseases of the anatomical structures of the occiput
The most common cause of pain in the back of the head is a structural or functional change in the anatomical structures located there. It should be noted that often pain in the back of the head is a reflection of the pathological process, the focus of which is located in the neck.Diseases of the anatomical structures of the occiput
| Name of the disease | Mechanism of pain | Features of the disease | |
| Epidemic occipital myalgia | Muscles and tendons of the occipital region | The disease is one of the manifestations of an enterovirus infection caused by Coxsackie viruses. Pain sensation most likely occurs as a result of direct damage to muscle tissue by viral particles. Various muscle groups may be affected. The pain is aggravated by pressure and also by movement. Elevated temperature, which often reaches 40 degrees Celsius, can also provoke pain in muscle structures. | The disease is characterized by a sharp, sudden onset, manifested by severe pain in the muscles of the neck, abdomen and intercostal muscles. Fever develops, sometimes accompanied by upper respiratory symptoms ( coughing, sneezing, nasal congestion). Duration - about 4 - 6 days. |
| Spondylitis | cervical spine | There is a gradual and progressive destruction of the vertebral bodies, which is accompanied by a decrease in the intervertebral space with compression of the spinal nerves. The result is pain that worsens with movement and often radiates to other areas of the body ( limbs, torso), which is associated with inflammation and damage to the nerve fibers in this area. This pathology is characterized by a sluggish inflammatory reaction, which is responsible for the degeneration of bone tissue. The disease develops against the background of infectious diseases, as well as with damage to the connective tissue ( autoimmune process). | The destruction of the vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs leads to a significant decrease in the range of motion. In the later stages, the spinal column is severely deformed. |
| Disc herniation of the cervical spine | Intervertebral discs and spinal nerve roots | A vertebral hernia is a pathological condition in which a protrusion forms in the elastic intervertebral disc, compressing the spinal nerve root at the appropriate level. As a result, there is a pain syndrome associated with a disorder of sensory and motor function. | The pain usually only radiates to one side, involving one of the limbs. |
| Myositis or fibrositis | Muscles or their connective tissue membranes | Due to injuries of varying severity or under the influence of an infectious factor, an inflammatory reaction develops that covers the muscles of the neck. At the same time, immune cells are deposited in the tissues, edema occurs, and biologically active substances are released that provoke pain. In some cases, normal connective and muscle tissue is replaced by non-functional sclerotic tissue. | The disease is difficult to treat, and pathological changes ( foci of sclerosis in the muscles) are usually irreversible. |
| cervical migraine | Blood vessels and nerves of the neck | Against the background of an intervertebral hernia or other pathology ( increased pressure in the system of cerebral arteries, etc.) there is compression of the roots of the spinal nerves and sympathetic fibers ( are part of the autonomic nervous system responsible for the basic unconscious functions of the body). As a result, periodic headaches develop with predominant localization in the back of the head. As with a true migraine, pain can be accompanied by photophobia and noise phobia, as well as various sensitivity disorders. | The pain is usually unilateral. Its intensity may vary depending on the position of the head and neck. |
| Myogelosis of the cervical spine | Initially - blood vessels, later - the muscles of the back of the head | Against the background of impaired blood circulation ( most often due to atherosclerosis, however, congenital vascular pathologies are often the cause), there is a state of insufficient supply of oxygen to the muscles of the neck. As a result, a compensatory reaction occurs with the replacement of normal tissue with sclerotic tissue, more resistant to oxygen deficiency. Seals form in the muscles of the neck and neck, which compress the nerve endings and cause severe pain. Violation of the cervical spinal cord, combined with reduced blood supply to the brain, additionally cause dizziness and weakness. | In the neck area, you can feel small nodules located in the thickness of the muscles. When pressed, there is a sharp pain. |
| Prolonged muscle tension | Muscles of the neck and neck | To function properly, muscles need an adequate blood supply to deliver oxygen and nutrients and remove waste products, as well as adequate rest for recovery. With excessive load, the muscles cease to cope with the load and metabolic changes occur in them with the accumulation of acidic decay products ( lactic acid), which cause quite severe and prolonged pain. If the load on the muscles significantly exceeds their functional potential, a painful spasm may occur ( uncontrolled contraction) muscles with pain spreading to the back of the head and neck. | Light gymnastics and exercises for the neck can not only avoid the occurrence of these pains, but can also eliminate them. |
Neurogenic pain
Pain caused by direct damage to the nerve fibers and tissues of the spinal cord or brain is called neurogenic. In most cases, such a clinical course occurs against the background of trauma, infection, or a systemic disease of the connective tissue.Damage to the nerve structures of the occipital region
| Name of the disease | Affected anatomical structure | Mechanism of pain | Features of the disease |
| Occipital neuralgia | cervical nerve plexus | There is an inflammatory or any other ( depending on the original cause) damage to the nerve fibers that form the cervical plexus. This plexus provides innervation to the neck, ear, neck, shoulder girdle. With an isolated lesion of the occipital branch, pain can spread only to the occiput, but other nerve trunks are most often involved. | This pathology is rarely bilateral. Often there is a change in the skin with the development of redness, excessive sweating or, conversely, dryness. |
| Multiple sclerosis | Spinal cord | With this pathology, there are foci of damage to the myelin sheath of nerve cells in the spinal cord, which leads to disruption of the normal functioning of the central nervous system. Outgoing impulses can cover several nerve fibers, being transmitted along areas devoid of myelin sheath. As a result, uncoordinated muscle contractions can occur, leading to muscle fatigue and pain. | This disease is an autoimmune that is, caused by a malfunction in the work of one's own immune system). Usually it is accompanied by various disorders of the motor and sensory spheres. |
Vascular pain
In some cases, pain in the back of the head occurs due to functional or structural pathologies of the blood vessels. It should be noted that changes in the arteries and veins do not in themselves cause pain, while the subsequent pathological reaction of the surrounding tissues causes the main clinical manifestation.Pathology of the cerebral vessels
| Name of the disease | Mechanism of pain | Features of the disease |
| Migraine | Against the background of a number of predisposing factors, a pathological nervous reaction occurs in the brain, which provokes a change in blood vessels. As a result, cerebral vasodilation and the release of biologically active substances occur, which in combination create a clinical picture specific to migraine. Headaches are usually unilateral, predominantly in the forehead, but in some situations the pain can also spread to the back of the head. | During an attack, photophobia and noise phobia, nausea, vomiting can be observed. In some cases, there is a violation of sensitivity. Some people before the onset of a migraine attack experience the phenomenon of "aura" - there are various visual or sensory changes ( bright flashes, flying flies, noise). |
| Intracranial angioma | It is an area with pathologically altered vessels in the brain. By itself, angioma does not cause pain, however, with a significant size, it can compress the nerve trunks and meninges. If a hemorrhage develops, the pain increases significantly. | In addition to headaches, seizures may also occur. With hemorrhage, a progressive neurological deficit develops ( violation of movements, sensitivity, speech, vision, etc.). |
| Hypertonic disease | It is one of the most common pathologies among the population. It is a condition in which, due to many possible causes, the pressure in the arterial vascular system rises above 140/90. In this case, the vessels pathologically change and have a detrimental effect on the surrounding tissues. Many patients during an increase in blood pressure note a headache with predominant localization in the back of the head, accompanied by tinnitus. It should be noted that hypertension significantly increases the risk of stroke and intracranial hemorrhage. | Often this disease is asymptomatic. Manifestations depend on the level of pressure. |
| Atherosclerosis of cerebral vessels | Atherosclerosis is a pathology that affects all the vessels of the human body. With this disease, due to a violation of fat metabolism, cholesterol plaques form in the walls of blood vessels, which narrow the lumen of the arteries, which causes circulatory disorders. As a result, there is a state of oxygen starvation of the brain, which is manifested by fatigue, apathy, headaches. In addition, vessels with atherosclerotic changes are much more likely to be affected by blood clots, which can completely block the lumen and cause a stroke. | The disease also often develops without any symptoms. It is possible to assume it in the early stages only by the results of preventive blood tests. |
| Cerebral aneurysm | It is a pathological protrusion of a portion of a vessel within the brain. It develops after injuries, against the background of infection, with high blood pressure. When squeezing the meninges, it can cause pain in the back of the head. If the medulla is damaged, other neurological manifestations may occur. The main danger of aneurysms is their rupture and intracranial hemorrhage. | In most cases, brain aneurysms are discovered incidentally. |
| Rupture of cerebral aneurysm with intracranial hemorrhage | When an aneurysm ruptures, blood leaves the vascular bed and accumulates in the cranium, which is a closed cavity. As a result, intracranial pressure increases significantly, which leads to impaired blood supply to healthy areas, and compression of the brain tissue occurs. In addition, blood has an irritating effect on the meninges, thereby causing severe and sudden headaches. | It is a life threatening condition. Requires immediate medical attention. |
| Stagnation of blood in the veins of the brain | Circulatory disorders in the cerebral veins can occur both with their local damage, and with a systemic change in blood circulation ( heart failure, mediastinal tumors, constrictive pericarditis, etc.). As a result, the outflow of decay products and carbon dioxide from the brain is disrupted, which leads to headaches. | Usually accompanied by increased intracranial pressure and a number of other manifestations associated with heart failure. |
| Vertebrobasilar syndrome | This syndrome develops with insufficiency of blood vessels located at the base of the brain and forming its main supply network. Against the background of reduced blood supply, a headache occurs. | Accompanied by a disorder of motor and sensory function. |
External causes
Pain in the back of the head can also be caused by a number of external causes, that is, factors that affect the body from the outside and cause any response. In most cases, the time of exposure to these external causes is short, and they do not cause chronic or irreversible restructuring of the body. However, it should be borne in mind that some toxic substances begin to cause a clinical picture only after a sufficiently long exposure and their removal from the body requires special measures.External causes of neck pain
| Name of the disease | Affected anatomical structure | Mechanism of pain | Features of the disease |
| Poisoning with medicinal and toxic substances | The heart, kidneys, liver, lungs, brain, and other internal organs may be affected. | Under the action of toxic substances, the function of internal organs is disrupted, pathological decay products accumulate in the body, which adversely affect the functioning of the brain and other vital organs. Against the background of this process, weakness, apathy, severe headaches are observed. | The clinical picture varies greatly depending on the toxic substance. In most cases, there is nausea, vomiting, urinary retention, impaired consciousness. |
| Heat (sun)stroke | Central nervous system. | With this pathology, the whole organism suffers, as overheating occurs, with which the normal physiological mechanisms of thermoregulation are not able to cope. As a result, the work of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems is disrupted, and the central nervous system is also affected. There are various manifestations, among which a headache with localization in the back of the head may develop. | The main manifestation of the disease is redness of the skin, respiratory failure, disruption of the heart with the occurrence of fainting and weakness. Often there are disturbances of consciousness with hallucinations. |
Injuries
Injuries to the bones, soft tissues and medulla in the back of the head are one of the most obvious and common causes of pain in this part of the body. It should be noted that due to the proximity of vital nerve centers, a severe trauma to the occiput is not in all cases manifested by headaches, since very often patients experience a loss or a serious impairment of consciousness with the development of a neurological deficit. In this case, completely different symptoms occur, and the subjective sensation of pain, which the patient is not able to report, is excluded from the clinical picture.Usually, an injury to the back of the head occurs as a result of a blow with a blunt object, after a fall from a height, and also after traffic accidents. The strength, speed and direction of the impact, as well as the degree of tissue damage, play a decisive role in the prognosis of recovery after an injury.
Sequelae of neck injury
| Name of the disease | Affected anatomical structure | Mechanism of pain | Features of the disease |
| Brain concussion | Brain and meninges | With a concussion of the brain, swelling of the nervous tissue develops, which disrupts its function and leads to an increase in intracranial pressure. As a result, pressure on sensitive nerve endings increases and a severe headache occurs. | Nausea, vomiting, loss of consciousness may occur. |
| Subluxation of the cervical vertebrae | Cervical vertebrae | With subluxation, there is some displacement of the articular surfaces of the vertebrae relative to each other without a complete rupture of the ligamentous apparatus. In this case, the mobility of the neck is disturbed, there are severe pains in the area of dislocation, spreading to the back of the head. Pain is associated with irritation of the joint capsule, soft tissue edema, and compression of the spinal nerve roots. | The victim cannot turn his head, any movement in the cervical spine causes severe pain. To avoid further damage, the cervical region must be kept as still as possible, and at the first opportunity strengthened with a special collar. |
| Soft tissue injury | Muscles and tendons of the neck | When the muscles or tendons of the neck are torn or damaged, the occurrence of pain is associated with irritation of the nerve endings located in the thickness of these tissues. | There is local edema, the skin is in most cases damaged ( under the influence of a damaging factor). |
| broken bones | Bones of the skull or cervical spine | There is damage to the periosteum - a thin membrane covering the bones, in which there is a huge number of nerve endings. In addition, bone fragments have an irritating and traumatic effect on the surrounding soft tissues. | When probing the occipital part of the skull, it is possible to determine a bone defect corresponding to the area of the fracture. |
| intracranial hemorrhage | intracranial vessels | A severe head injury can cause one or more blood vessels to rupture, resulting in intracranial bleeding. At the same time, due to an increase in intracranial pressure and irritation of the meninges, a severe headache occurs, to which reflex immobility of the occipital region can join. | Bleeding is usually accompanied by focal impairment of neurological function ( changes in reflexes, visual disturbances, speech, movements). |
Local diseases
Diseases of the skin and soft tissues of the occipital region are also possible causes of the development of pain syndrome with localization in this region. In most cases, these diseases appear on the skin, have an acute and rapid course, and therefore are easily diagnosed.Pathology of the skin of the occipital region
| Name of the disease | Affected anatomical structure | Mechanism of pain | Features of the disease |
| Furuncle | hair follicle | There is a purulent-necrotic inflammation of the hair follicle and surrounding tissues with the formation of pus. Pain occurs under the action of pro-inflammatory biologically active substances, as well as due to the pressure exerted by the contents on the skin. | Usually located in the neck, but can occur in any area where there is hair. In most cases, it is caused by Staphylococcus aureus. |
| Abrasion | Superficial layers of the skin | Under the influence of a traumatic factor and increased friction, a defect occurs in the surface layer of the skin, in which a large number of nerve endings are located. | Diagnosis is not a problem, as the patient usually remembers the moment of injury when he received the abrasion. |
| Erysipelas of the scalp | Leather | With the penetration of infectious agents into the thickness of the skin, an infectious-inflammatory process occurs, accompanied by swelling and redness of the skin, fever, headaches. In severe cases, ulcers and blisters may form. | Caused by pyogenic streptococci. Requires competent antibacterial treatment, and in case of ineffectiveness or severe course - surgical intervention. |
Bone diseases
Congenital and acquired diseases of the bones of the skull are often manifested by pain, which can also be localized in the back of the head.Diseases of the bones of the skull
| Name of the disease | Mechanism of pain | Features of the disease |
| Tumors of the skull bones | Tumors are uncontrolled growth of a certain group of cells. In this case, some volumetric formation is formed, which extends to other areas and tissues. With tumors of the bones of the skull, compression of both the periosteum and the brain structures and meninges can occur, which is fraught with headaches. In addition, tumor processes are often accompanied by paraneoplastic syndrome, which occurs as a result of an immune reaction against tumor cells. With this syndrome, various neurological, metabolic, hormonal and electrolyte disorders can occur, which can also be accompanied by pain in the back of the head. | Primary tumors grow relatively slowly, but the disease is difficult to diagnose in the early stages. Sometimes during this period pain is the first and only symptom. |
| Paget's disease | Due to a violation of the processes of growth and organization of bone tissue, dystrophic deformation of the bones of the skull occurs. | Other bones in the body may also be affected. In most cases, the disease does not manifest itself in any way and is detected by chance. |
| Periostitis | With this disease, infectious agents affect the periosteum. In this case, an inflammatory reaction occurs, which causes pain. | Other symptoms are fever, chills, redness of the skin over the inflamed area, general weakness, malaise, sweating. |
infectious diseases
The group of infectious causes of pain in the back of the head should include serious contagious diseases that affect the nervous tissue or the membranes surrounding it. These diseases are extremely dangerous and require timely diagnosis and competent treatment.Infectious diseases accompanied by pain in the back of the head
| Name of the disease | Affected anatomical structure | Mechanism of pain | Features of the disease |
| Meningitis | Meninges | Infectious agents cause inflammation of the meninges, which leads to increased production of cerebrospinal fluid with increased intracranial pressure, which causes severe headache. In most cases, the pain covers the entire head. However, due to the reflex spasm of the muscles of the neck, pain in this area may be somewhat prominent ( especially when trying to tilt your head forward). | With damage to the meninges and brain, in addition to severe headache, nausea and uncontrolled vomiting, photophobia, and focal neurological symptoms ( vision, hearing, movement disorders, etc.). The most striking signs of damage to the meninges are the inability to press the chin to the chest, the inability to raise the straight leg while lying down, and pain when pressing on the pubic symphysis ( all these manipulations cause stretching of the meninges). |
| Encephalitis | medulla | With an infectious lesion of the medulla, the basis of the clinical picture is neurological symptoms, but after a while the same manifestations occur as with meningitis. In this case, pain in the back of the head also occurs due to muscle contraction. |
Psychogenic pain in the neck
Psychogenic pains are pains that do not have any organic cause and are associated solely with the psycho-emotional state of a person. Usually this type of pain syndrome occurs after severe stress or overwork. Previously, such diseases were classified as hysterical disorders, but at the moment they are defined more as conversion ( transmutation of repressed experiences through the unconscious level) or functional impairment. They are characterized by a variety of symptoms that can vary significantly not only in different patients, but also in the same patient in different situations. These pains disappear during sleep, in a state of hypnosis, and also when the human consciousness is distracted by something else.Despite the fact that these pains do not have a clear organic substrate, they should not be taken lightly. In most cases, people suffering from such functional disorders do it unconsciously and actually need medical help. However, it should be understood that with this ailment, conventional treatment and painkillers are ineffective. In most cases, treatment requires a course of psychotherapy.
Diseases of the internal organs
Not always pain in the back of the head is associated with pathologies of structures located in this region. Moreover, in some cases, pain syndrome occurs as one of the manifestations of the disease of internal organs. It should be understood that in this case, pain in the back of the head is only one, often quite uninformative sign.Pain in the back of the head can occur with the following diseases of the internal organs:
- Anemia. Anemia affects the red blood cells ( erythrocytes). In this case, either a quantitative defect occurs, or a qualitative one ( insufficient formation of hemoglobin). As a result, oxygen delivery to peripheral tissues is disrupted. In this case, there may be pain in the back of the head associated with insufficient oxygen supply to the brain and neck muscles.
- Heart failure. In heart failure, the pumping function of the heart muscle is impaired. At the same time, the rate of blood circulation decreases and a situation arises in which the tissues receive less blood, and therefore oxygen, than they need. The result is headaches, general malaise, and other more serious symptoms.
- Diabetes. In diabetes, headaches can occur due to the incorrect use of drugs aimed at lowering blood glucose levels. Too much decrease in sugar levels can provoke pain in the back of the head, clouding of consciousness, nausea, vomiting, sweating and other manifestations.
Diagnosis of the cause of neck pain
As noted above, neck pain can be caused by a variety of reasons. That is why the process of diagnosis, or, in fact, determining the cause of pain is perhaps the most important step. The more accurately the diagnosis can be made, the more effective the prescribed treatment will be. Since pain in the back of the head can accompany a variety of diseases, a lot of diagnostic tests may be required. In the process of diagnosis, doctors try to go from simple methods to complex ones. First, simple examinations are performed, which are done by a general practitioner in his office. According to this survey, other, more complex and expensive procedures are prescribed ( laboratory diagnostics, instrumental methods). At the very end, additional, narrowly focused tests may be needed to detect rare pathologies. The main diagnostic methods used to determine the causes of pain in the back of the head are:
- collection of anamnesis;
- physical examination;
- serological blood test;
- lumbar puncture;
- radiography;
Collection of anamnesis
Anamnesis is the information that the doctor receives by analyzing the patient's complaints and asking him various questions. With pain in the back of the head, this stage is very important, as it allows you to immediately assume or exclude some pathologies without additional research.When taking anamnesis, it is important to obtain the following information from the patient:
- age, as some diseases ( arteriosclerosis, hypertension) is more typical for older people;
- occupation, since pain may be associated with occupational factors ( contact with toxins, noise, hypothermia or overheating, etc.);
- moment of first onset of pain suddenly appeared or gradually increased);
- the nature of the pain pulsating, constant, periodic, bursting, etc.);
- concomitant symptoms, as they help to determine the underlying pathology ( swollen lymph nodes, pain in other parts of the body, fever, convulsions, etc.);
- provoking factors, which are especially noticeable in migraine ( pain appears after a sharp light, sound, etc., and the patient usually notices this connection himself);
- recent pathologies or chronic diseases.
Physical examination
The physical examination is a series of simple manipulations that do not require much time or the use of additional equipment. As a rule, they are carried out by a general practitioner during the initial examination of the patient, immediately after the collection of anamnesis.To determine the cause of pain in the back of the head, the following examination methods may be useful:
- occiput palpation. When feeling the back of the head, you can detect an increase in pain. Then we are most likely talking about trauma or soft tissue diseases. Also at this stage, they try to detect enlarged lymph nodes, neck muscle tension ( sometimes accompanied by meningitis).
- Nape examination. Careful examination of the scalp and upper neck helps detect scratches, bruises, and other soft tissue injuries. Sometimes it is possible to detect a boil in the stage of infiltration ( when the formation of pus has not yet occurred).
- Pressure measurement. Blood pressure is measured without fail. If it is higher than 140/90 mmHg, hypertension may be the cause of the pain. High pressure ( systolic more than 160 - 180 mm Hg. Art.) requires urgent measures to lower it, as the risk of heart attack or stroke is high.
- Temperature measurement. The presence of a high temperature usually indicates an inflammatory process. With meningitis, for example, the temperature rises rapidly and can reach 40 degrees or more. It is somewhat lower in other infectious diseases, as well as in suppuration in soft tissues.
- head tilts. The pain may be aggravated by tilting the head, if the problem is the infringement of the spinal roots in the cervical spine. Severe pain when bending head forward while lying down ( chin touches chest) is a sign of meningitis.
General blood analysis
A general blood test reflects the number of certain cells. Blood for this analysis is usually taken from a finger. Eating does not greatly affect the concentration of blood cells. This analysis is mandatory during hospitalization, as it provides general information about the work of the body. With pain in the back of the head, he is unlikely to make a final diagnosis, but will tell you what other studies are needed.The following indicators are of the greatest importance in the general blood test:
- RBC level. With a reduced level of red blood cells, anemia is diagnosed, which can cause pain in the back of the head.
- WBC level. A high level of white blood cells usually indicates an intense inflammatory process or infection.
- Platelet level. The ability of blood to clot depends on the level of platelets. Its increase indicates the possibility of a stroke.
- Sedimentation rate of erythrocytes ( ESR) . An increase in ESR above 15 mm / h ( for pregnant women, the norm is up to 25 - 30 mm / h) usually indicates an inflammatory process or infection.
Blood chemistry
A biochemical blood test determines the amount of various substances. It can vary greatly with various pathologies. In general, biochemical analysis reflects the work of internal organs. As noted above, some diseases can lead to pain in the back of the head. Therefore, in order to make an accurate diagnosis, it is important to know exactly which organ or system is affected.The following indicators play an important role in interpreting the result:
- Hemoglobin. Decreased hemoglobin level ( lower limit of normal in adults - 120 g / l) indicates anemia, which may be the cause of pain in the back of the head.
- transaminases and bilirubin. Alanine aminotransferase ( ALAT) and aspartate aminotransferase ( ASAT) are liver cell enzymes. An increase in their level above 38 and 42 U / l, respectively, may indicate a problem with the liver. Bilirubin, on the other hand, tends to directly irritate the lining of the brain, causing severe headaches. Its level is normal - up to 20 µmol / l.
- C-reactive protein. An increase in the level of C-reactive protein may indicate an acute inflammatory process. It will be increased, for example, with the formation of a carbuncle or other purulent diseases of the soft tissues of the head. It also rises with some infections ( e.g. purulent meningitis). Normally, the level of C-reactive protein is up to 0.5 mg / l.
- Uric acid and urea. The accumulation of uric acid and urea in the blood occurs when the kidneys fail. There is an intoxication of the body with its own metabolic products, which causes pain in the head in general and in the back of the head in particular.
- Ketone bodies and lactic acid. Not included in the standard analysis in many hospitals. They may increase with metabolic acidosis ( shift in blood pH to an acidic environment), which also irritates the membranes of the brain and causes headaches.
- Glucose. Elevated glucose levels indicate a predisposition to diabetes mellitus ( or actually about the disease). The norm is 3.88 - 5.83 mmol / l.
- Cholesterol and lipoprotein fractions. Elevated levels of cholesterol and low-density lipoproteins ( LDL) may indicate vascular problems ( deterioration of blood circulation in the vessels of the brain, aneurysms, high risk of stroke). The norm of cholesterol is 3 - 6 mmol / l, and LDL - 1.92 - 4.8 mmol / l.
- Methemoglobin. It is a modified hemoglobin that loses its ability to carry oxygen. Normally, it is absent in the blood, but it can appear when poisoned with certain chemicals ( e.g. pesticides).
Serological blood test
A serological blood test allows you to identify the antigens of various infections or antibodies to these antigens. This can confirm the diagnosis of some infectious diseases. Once the type of infection has been determined, appropriate antibiotics can be prescribed. This will reduce the inflammatory process in the meninges and eliminate pain.Lumbar puncture
Lumbar puncture is an injection between the lumbar vertebrae, in which the needle enters the subarachnoid space. The purpose of a diagnostic puncture is to obtain a sample of cerebrospinal fluid. Since it circulates freely in the cavities of the brain and spinal cord, this analysis can be used to draw conclusions about the pathological processes in the skull. A sample of cerebrospinal fluid is also subjected to serological, biochemical and microscopic examination.For pain in the back of the head, a lumbar puncture can provide the following information:
- Glucose level. The level of glucose in the cerebrospinal fluid is normally about 2.8 - 3.9 mmol / l, or half of the glucose content in the blood. With tuberculous meningitis, for example, the level of glucose in the cerebrospinal fluid drops.
- Protein level. The normal level of protein is 0.16 - 0.33 g / l. Its amount may decrease or increase depending on the type of pathological process.
- WBC level. Strongly increases with infectious processes in the brain. Lymphocytes increase with tuberculosis, a fungal or viral infection, and neutrophils with a bacterial infection ( meningococcal infection, neurosyphilis, etc.). Lymphocytes and neutrophils are types of leukocytes, white blood cells.
- RBC level. The detection of erythrocytes in the cerebrospinal fluid indicates the ingress of blood. This usually occurs when blood vessels rupture or after trauma to the skull or spine.
- Liquor transparency. Normally, the cerebrospinal fluid has no color and is only slightly cloudy. Pronounced turbidity, the acquisition of a yellowish tint, or the appearance of flakes of pus indicates an infection.
- Pressure in the spinal canal. If during the puncture the cerebrospinal fluid flows out under pressure ( when measuring more than 200 mm of water column), this speaks in favor of increased intracranial pressure or meningitis.
- Microscopic and serological analysis. It is carried out to detect microorganisms and their antigens. If bacteria or virus antigens are found in the cerebrospinal fluid, this may indicate an infectious process in the cranial cavity, which causes pain in the back of the head. In particular, meningococcal meningitis, tuberculous meningitis and other infections can be detected and confirmed this way.
Radiography
Radiography is the study of body tissues using x-rays. This study is very common, painless and quite safe ( the dose of radiation received does not cause any harm to a healthy person). Pictures are taken in direct and lateral projection.X-rays for pain in the back of the head can help identify the following pathologies:
- fissures of the occipital bone;
- fractures;
- formations in brain tissue tumors, hematomas);
- bone density ( may be impaired in some systemic or genetic diseases);
- curvature of the spine in the cervical region.
CT scan
CT scan ( CT) also uses X-rays. However, in this case, a series of images is taken in different projections, and the data obtained are processed using a computer. The result is a series of virtual slices. On the tomogram, in comparison with the radiograph, various anatomical formations are much better visible. With the introduction of special contrast agents, vascular aneurysms and other minor defects can be detected. Currently, there are a number of modifications of X-ray computed tomography, which can be prescribed in various situations.For pain in the back of the head, CT is prescribed if there is reason to assume formations in the cranial cavity, or in case of head injuries. Without indications, the appointment of CT is unreasonable due to the high cost and complexity of the study.
Magnetic resonance imaging
MRI is used in the same cases as CT, but allows visualization of other anatomical structures and with greater accuracy. The method is based on registration of the electromagnetic response of atomic nuclei ( usually hydrogen). Simply put, the tissues in the image are separated based on the amount of fluid in them.MRI allows you to evaluate not only the structure of tissues, but also the functioning of various systems. In particular, in some modes ( MR perfusion) you can set the degree of blood supply to a particular department. This study is very informative, but also very expensive. Therefore, it is prescribed only in cases where other diagnostic methods have not been able to detect the cause of pain, and empirical treatment ( assigned on the basis of available data) Does not help.
Doppler study
Cerebral Doppler is a study aimed at measuring the intensity of blood flow. It is completely painless and does not take much time. Special sensors are installed on the projection of the passage of large vessels, which measure the speed of blood flow using ultrasound. Based on the data obtained, conclusions can be drawn about vascular tone, the presence of oxygen starvation of tissues and other pathological processes. This research method is prescribed for suspected hypertension in the arteries of the brain, increased intracranial pressure, cerebral aneurysms, migraine.Electroencephalography
This method is aimed at studying the electrical activity of the brain. It is also painless and the cost is relatively low. Special sensors are placed on the patient's head to detect electrical vibrations in various projections. The data is processed by a computer, and the brain activity is recorded in a certain period of time. EEG is a completely safe and painless research method.Using this method, you can get the following data:
- assessment of the state of the brain after injury;
- disorders of blood circulation in the brain tissues;
- stroke risk assessment;
- inflammation in the brain meningitis, encephalitis);
- detection of neoplasms.
How to get rid of neck pain?
Treatment of pain in the back of the head is primarily aimed at eliminating the pain itself. The problem is that some pain ( such as migraine or high blood pressure) do not disappear when taking conventional painkillers. In these cases, the use of other medicines is required. Thus, in the treatment of pain in the back of the head, one should proceed primarily from the causes of these pains. At the first stage, the patient should contact the family doctor or therapist, who will first determine the cause. At the same time, they can try to relieve pain with conventional painkillers. Most often, it is these specialists who manage to understand the situation and help the patient. To prevent the occurrence of pain in the back of the head, more serious treatment may be prescribed in the future. Its task is not to eliminate the pain itself, but to eliminate the causes that cause it.
Most often in medical practice it is necessary to treat pain in the back of the head caused by the following reasons:
- hypertensive crisis;
- meningitis;
- migraine;
- increased intracranial pressure;
- concussion;
- heat or sunstroke;
Hypertensive crisis
All patients who have an increase in blood pressure are divided into 2 groups - uncomplicated hypertensive crisis and complicated. In both cases, pain in the back of the head of varying intensity may appear. To eliminate it, you need to reduce the pressure. Depending on the clinical manifestations, patients receive medical care in the appropriate amount.In the treatment of uncomplicated hypertensive crisis, the following tactics are followed:
- hospitalization is usually not necessary;
- hypertensive crisis is treated with oral medications ( pills);
- sources of strong irritants are eliminated ( noise, light, smells) and provide access to fresh air;
- it is desirable for the patient to take a semi-sitting position in bed;
- every 15-30 minutes blood pressure ( HELL) and heart rate ( pulse) are measured repeatedly until the general condition improves;
- it is recommended to reduce the pressure slowly, within 1 hour or two;
- if the blood pressure figures remain elevated, the medication is repeated after half an hour;
- after the condition improves, contact your doctor to prescribe adequate therapy with long-acting antihypertensive drugs.
Drug treatment of pain in the back of the head against the background of a hypertensive crisis
| Name of the drug | Composition and form of release | Dosage and regimen |
| Captopril
(Capoten) | Tablets 12.5 mg, 25 mg, 50 mg | Sublingual ( under the tongue), orally at 25, 50 mg. The effect develops in 10 - 15 minutes. The pressure is reduced for 4 - 5 hours. Contraindicated in pregnancy. |
| Nifedipine
(Cordaflex, Corinfar) | 10 mg tablets | Sublingually, orally, 5 or 10 mg. The pressure is reduced for 4 - 5 hours. May be used in pregnant women. Contraindicated in fast heart rate more than 80 beats per minute), symptoms of cerebrovascular accident, decompensation of heart failure. |
| Moxonidine
(Physiotens) | Tablets 0.2 mg, 0.3 mg, 0.4 mg | Sublingually, orally, 0.2 - 0.4 mg. |
| propranolol
(Anaprilin, Obzidan) | Tablets of 10, 40 mg | Indicated for fast heart rate more than 80 beats per minute) orally at 40 mg. The drug is contraindicated at heart rate less than 55 per minute. |
| Clonidine
(Clonidine) | Tablets 75 mcg, 150 mcg | Orally 150 mcg. |
With concomitant pain in the heart, nitroglycerin is used under the tongue. In order to reduce anxiety and excitability, you can take Corvalol ( 30 - 40 drops) or 20 drops of valerian root infusion, diluted in warm water.
Complicated hypertensive crisis is a life-threatening condition that requires urgent medical attention. Treatment of this pathology is carried out in a hospital, in the intensive care unit or intensive care unit, using parenteral administration of drugs ( injection form). Pain in the back of the head in this case fades into the background, as there is a threat to the life of the patient.
The following groups of pharmacological preparations are used:
- vasodilators ( sodium nitroprusside, nitroglycerin, enalaprilat);
- antiadrenergic drugs ( phentolamine);
- diuretics, or diuretics ( furosemide);
- neuroleptics ( droperidol).
A similar tactic for treating pain in the back of the head will be with hypertensive encephalopathy. The basis of the treatment of hypertensive encephalopathy is the normalization of blood pressure for a long time. Regular long-term use of antihypertensive drugs without sudden interruption of treatment is very important. Otherwise, the pain in the back of the head may return or intensify.
Antiplatelet therapy, nootropic drugs, drugs for the treatment of astheno-depressive syndrome are used. Medicines are prescribed in a complex, long courses of 1-3 months.
Antiplatelet therapy(for the prevention of thrombosis)includes the following drugs:
- acetylsalicylic acid ( aspirin) at a dose of 75 mg, 100 mg, 150 mg 1 time per day;
- clopidogrel ( Plavix, Lopirel) 75 mg 1 time per day;
- dipyridamole ( Curantyl) tablets 25 mg, 50 mg, 75 mg, 75 mg is used 3-4 times a day.
- piracetam ( Memotropil, Lucetam) tablets of 0.8 - 1.2 g 2 - 3 times a day;
- vinpocetine ( Cavinton) tablets of 5-10 mg 2-3 times a day;
- nicergoline ( Sermion) tablets 5-10 mg 3 times a day.
- amitriptyline ( Saroten retard) 25 mg 1-2 tablets at night;
- imipramine ( Melipramine) 25 mg 1-3 times a day;
- sertraline ( Zoloft, Stimuloton) 50 mg, 100 mg - 1 tablet per day.
Crack or fracture of the occipital bone
Treatment of an occipital bone injury depends on the type of injury, the age of the victim, and the symptoms that develop as a result of such injuries. The pain syndrome in this case is very strong, so they try to ease it as a matter of urgency. The victim must be hospitalized in the neurosurgical department. If consciousness is preserved, they are transported in a horizontal position, with the head fixed. In case of damage to soft tissues, an aseptic bandage is applied. If the victim is unconscious, he is laid in a half-turn position and his head is turned to one side. This position helps to avoid aspiration ( fluid inhalation) in case of vomiting.Depending on the severity of the injury, conservative or surgical treatment is required. When a doctor diagnoses an occipital bone fracture and there is no displacement of bone fragments, the treatment will be conservative. Mandatory are consultations of a neurologist, ENT doctor, ophthalmologist, surgeon. Strict bed rest is prescribed for 7-14 days, the head is given an elevated position. The load in the form of watching TV, reading, computer games is excluded.
The following medicines are used for treatment:
- Pain relief drugs. For pain relief, it is undesirable to use drugs from the group of non-narcotic analgesics ( painkillers) to prevent respiratory depression. The most commonly prescribed drugs are from the group of NSAIDs ( non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) . These include ketoprofen ( intramuscularly or intravenously) 50 mg or 2 ml three times a day, ketorolac ( Ketanov) intramuscularly 30 mg twice a day, diclofenac intramuscularly - 75 mg once a day.
- Antibacterial drugs. With cracks, a rupture of the dura mater is possible. Broad-spectrum antibiotics are prescribed to prevent purulent intracranial complications. The drugs are used for intramuscular, intravenous administration and endolumbally ( insertion in the form of a puncture into the spinal canal). The choice of a broad-spectrum antibiotic is made according to the situation.
- Dehydration therapy. Most often, a fracture of the occipital bone is accompanied by damage to the medulla ( concussion or injury) with the development of local cerebral edema. The drug of choice for dehydration therapy is diacarb, since its use reduces the production of cerebrospinal fluid. It is available in tablets of 250 mg. Assigned to 1 tablet 1 to 3 times a day. You can also use the diuretic drug furosemide in tablets of 40 mg 1 time per day or an injection form for intramuscular or intravenous administration of 20 mg.
Meningitis
All patients with suspected meningitis, regardless of the microorganism that caused it, must be hospitalized either in an infectious or in a specialized neuroinfectious department. At the prehospital stage, without examination of the cerebrospinal fluid, it is difficult to differentiate serous from purulent meningitis or exclude any complications. To eliminate pain in the back of the head with meningitis, it is necessary to reduce inflammation, normalize intracranial pressure, and lower body temperature. Therefore, the treatment will be complex.Treatment, depending on the developing symptoms and the patient's condition, is carried out in the following areas:
- antibacterial drugs;
- treatment of infectious-toxic shock;
- treatment of cerebral edema;
- relief of seizures.
If you suspect the most common, meningococcal meningitis, the following treatment is prescribed:
- To lower body temperature - metamizole sodium ( Analgin) 50% 0.1 ml / year in children, in adults - 2 ml; diphenhydramine 1% 0.1 ml / year in children, in adults 2 - 3 ml; papaverine 2% 0.1 ml/year in children, in adults 2 ml.
- Diuretics are prescribed to reduce intracranial pressure. Furosemide in children 1-2 mg / kg / 24 hours or 20 mg / 2 ml intravenously, for adults - 40 mg.
- To relieve seizures - diazepam 0.5% 2 - 4 ml solution, children 0.1 - 0.2 ml / year.
- With signs of cerebral edema, glucocorticoid drugs are prescribed. The most common are prednisolone ( 1 - 2 mg/kg) and dexamethasone ( 0.5 mg/kg). For adults - dexamethasone 20 - 24 mg.
- In severe cases, oxygen therapy may also be needed ( oxygen) to maintain breathing.
- dexamethasone 20 - 24 mg intravenously in adults, in children 5 - 10 mg / kg;
- chloramphenicol ( chloramphenicol- 1 g intravenously in adults, in children at a dose of 25 mg / kg, or cefotaxime 50 mg / kg in children and 1 - 2 g in adults;
- furosemide 20 mg / 2 ml intravenously, 40 mg in adults and 1-2 mg / kg in children;
- diazepam ( Relanium, Apaurin) 0.5% 2 - 4 ml solution in adults, and in children - 1 mg / kg;
- oxygen therapy.
Migraine
When the first signs of an approaching migraine attack appear, it is necessary to interrupt the effect of exciting factors. These annoying stimuli can be loud noises, bright lights, activities that are accompanied by excessive physical or mental stress. If possible, you need to stop work and create conditions under which you can remain in silence for several hours, and take the medicine on time. Very often, these measures are enough to successfully cope with an attack and return to their normal activities after 2 hours.The current recommendation is to use a stratified approach in the treatment of migraine. This method is based on assessing the degree of influence of migraine on daily activities and assessing the severity of the disease. All patients are divided into 4 groups, from group I with mild headache to group IV with severe maladjustment in everyday life and intense headache. Each group uses its own drugs.
For patients with mild migraine, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are usually effective ( NSAIDs) and paracetamol. They give a fairly quick and stable elimination of pain, provided that the irritating external factors mentioned above are eliminated.
The following drugs are most often used in the treatment of mild forms of migraine:
- paracetamol tablets 500 mg ( Panadol, Efferalgan, Daleron);
- ibuprofen tablets 400 mg ( Nurofen, Mig 400, Advil);
- diclofenac tablets, suppositories 50 mg, 100 mg ( Voltaren, Naklofen);
- ketorolac tablets 10 mg ( Ketanov, Ketolak);
- naproxen tablets 250 mg and 550 mg ( Nalgezin, Naproxen).
Of these combined drugs for the treatment of migraine, the following drugs are most common:
- caffetin;
- sedalgin;
- spazmoveralgin.
In situations where migraine is accompanied by pain of high intensity, triptans are used, and in some cases opioid analgesics are used.
Of the opioid analgesics, the following drugs are used in the treatment of severe migraine attacks:
- tramadol in tablets of 50 or 100 mg, injectable forms of 50 or 100 mg for intramuscular injection;
- combined preparations - tramadol with paracetamol ( Zaldiar, Ramlepsa), which give excellent results for the rapid improvement of the patient's condition.
Of the triptan drugs, the following are most effective:
- sumatriptan ( Imigran, Trimigren, Sumamigren) - used in the form of tablets, suppositories and nasal spray;
- eletriptan ( Relpax) tablets 40 mg;
- zolmitriptan ( Zomig) tablets 2.5 mg.
If severe attacks of migraine pain are accompanied by vomiting or nausea, the following antiemetics are recommended:
- domperidone ( Damelium, Motilium a) 10 mg tablets are taken 3 times a day;
- metoclopramide ( Cerucal) tablets of 10 mg 3 times a day.
Increased intracranial pressure
By and large, intracranial pressure is more of a syndrome than an independent disease. It usually develops against the background of other pathologies. Therefore, first of all, it is necessary to treat the underlying disease, the consequence of which is already an increase in intracranial pressure.There are a number of general recommendations that will reduce headaches in this pathology. It is necessary to reduce fluid intake, adhere to a diet with salt restriction, try not to overheat.
In parallel, the following symptomatic agents are used to lower the level of ICP (intracranial pressure) and maintain the normal functional state of the brain tissue:
- Diuretics. Diuretics remove excess fluid, which reduces the production of CSF and reduces ICP. Furosemide 40 mg 1 to 2 times a day or acetazolamide is recommended ( Diakarb) 250 mg 1-2 times a day. Potassium preparations are used with diuretics ( Asparkam, Panangin) 1 tablet 3 times a day.
- Nootropic drugs. Of this group of drugs, hopantenic acid is the most effective ( Pantogam) 250 - 500 mg 0.5 - 1 g 2 - 3 times a day, piracetam 800 mg - 1.2 g 2 - 3 times a day, cinnarizine ( Stugeron) 25 mg 3 times a day.
- Corticosteroids. Corticosteroids eliminate swelling of the brain tissue that occurs as a result of meningitis or tumors. For example, for dexamethasone, the average maintenance dose is 2-4.5 mg divided into 2 doses.
concussion
All victims with severe pain in the back of the head after a traumatic brain injury must be examined by a doctor - a neurosurgeon, a neuropathologist, an ophthalmologist. Only a doctor can competently determine the severity of the injury and, according to the results of the examination, prescribe treatment ( at home or in hospital). The main task is to create psycho-emotional peace. Bed rest is desirable to comply with 5 - 7 days. It is especially important to adhere to this recommendation in the first 24 hours after the injury, since complications most often develop in the first day. Watching TV, playing computer games, reading, listening to loud music should be avoided. A special diet for concussion is not required, but alcohol, caffeine, strong tea should be excluded, and consumption of sweet foods should be reduced.Medications are prescribed for the following purposes:
- Relief of pain syndrome is necessary only for severe pain. Otherwise, the pain may go away on its own in a few days. Of the drugs used paracetamol ( Panadol, Daleron, Efferalgan) - tablets 500 mg 4 times a day, ibuprofen ( Nurofen, Faspik) - tablets of 400 mg up to 3 times a day.
- Sedative drugs calm the patient, improve the restoration of the functions of the nervous system during sleep. In these mudflows, you can use an infusion of valerian root 20-30 drops 3-4 times a day, an infusion of motherwort 30-50 drops 3-4 times a day, phenobarbital 100 mg in tablets 1-2 at bedtime as anticonvulsant prophylaxis and for the treatment of insomnia.
- Nootropic drugs increase the resistance of the brain to trauma, hypoxia ( oxygen starvation), improve cerebral circulation and mental activity. The most effective are vinpocetine ( Cavinton) - tablets 5-10 mg 2-3 times a day, cinnarizine ( Stugeron) - tablets 25 mg 2 tablets 3 times a day, glycine - tablets 100 mg 2-3 times a day, piracetam ( Nootropil, Lucetam) - tablets 400 mg, 800 mg, 1200 mg, 1.2-2.4 g per day, divided into 2-3 doses.
Heat or sunstroke
Heat stroke and sunstroke are a medical emergency that requires immediate medical attention. The pain in the back of the head in this case will pass by itself after all the necessary medical measures have been taken. Pain medication is usually not required.- First of all, it is necessary to stop exposure to high temperatures. Move the victim away from a heat source or, if overheating occurred as a result of prolonged insolation ( solar exposure), in a shade or cool room.
- Lay the patient in a horizontal position on his back with his head elevated.
- Before the arrival of an ambulance, reduce body temperature. The patient must be freed from outer clothing and elements that squeeze it - a tie, belts, unbutton the shirt collar. You can wrap the victim in a damp sheet or wipe with cool water, turn on the fan.
- Dehydration is characteristic of all thermal damage, which requires restoration of the water-alkaline balance. With preserved consciousness, they give a drink a solution of rehydron or hydrovit ( 1 sachet of the drug is diluted per liter of boiled chilled water). In the absence of these funds, you can dilute 2 tablespoons of sugar in a liter of water and a teaspoon of salt and soda, stir until completely dissolved and drink the victim with this solution. You need to drink liquid in small sips so as not to provoke vomiting.
- If vomiting develops, the airways are freed from vomit, the head is turned to one side.
Furuncle
When choosing methods for treating a boil, it is necessary to be guided by the stage of its development, localization, the number of purulent elements and possible complications. A single uncomplicated boil is preferably treated on an outpatient basis, that is, in a clinic with a surgeon. With timely treatment, it is possible to limit the use of local preparations and avoid surgical intervention.In the treatment of boils before contacting a doctor, the following rules should be followed:
- do not use warm compresses or procedures to accelerate the maturation of the element, since such manipulations can lead to the spread of the process;
- boils should not be squeezed out, since in this case pus can penetrate deeper under the skin.
The following antibiotics are most effective in conservative treatment:
- mupirocin 2% ( Baktroban, Bonderm), which is used 2-3 times a day locally on the affected area of the skin;
- tetracycline ointment 3% topically 3-5 times a day;
- ointment with chloramphenicol Levomekol, Synthomycin).
When the furuncle passes into the purulent-necrotic stage, surgical treatment is indicated.
The operation is performed under local anesthesia ( Lidocaine, Trimecaine). The abscess is opened with the removal of purulent-necrotic masses, the wound is washed with a solution of hydrogen peroxide, antiseptic solutions ( Furacilin), the cavity is drained and a bandage with an antibacterial agent is applied. With the spread of the process or with deeper skin lesions, systemic antibiotics with antistaphylococcal activity are used.
For systemic use, the following drugs can be used:
- cephalosporins I - II generation - cefazolin ( 1 g 2 - 3 times a day intramuscularly), cefuroxime ( 1.5 mg 2 times a day intramuscularly);
- amoxicillin with clavulanic acid 875 mg 2 times a day);
- fluoroquinolones - levofloxacin ( Tavanik) 500 mg orally 1-2 times a day or intravenously and moxifloxacin ( Avelox, Moxin) orally or intravenously, 400 mg 1 time per day.
In general, the treatment of pain in the back of the head should be aimed at eliminating the cause of these pains. Sometimes the pain speaks only of temporary problems. Then it is easily removed with painkillers without any consequences. However, sometimes pain in the back of the head is the first symptom of serious diseases that can threaten the patient's life. Therefore, self-treatment especially prolonged, recurring and severe pain) Not recommended.
Features of pain in the back of the head
Why does the back of the head and eyes hurt?
In medical practice, quite often there are patients who have a combination of pain in the back of the head and in the eyes ( rarely in only one eye). The mechanism of occurrence of these pains usually affects any system ( circulatory or nervous). From an anatomical point of view, the connection between the eye and the back of the head is as follows. The cranial cavity communicates with the orbital cavity through a series of foramina. According to the law of communicating vessels, an increase in pressure in one cavity will increase and pressure in another. Accordingly, the causes of such pain are usually diseases that affect intracranial pressure.Possible causes of pain in the back of the head and in the eyes are the following pathologies:
- Hypertensive crisis. During a hypertensive crisis, blood pressure rises sharply. Among other symptoms often complain of pain in the head and eyes.
- Migraine. Pi migraine pain occurs due to a violation of the vascular tone of the brain. Pain can be localized in various places ( sometimes in the eye area), so the combination of the back of the head-eye ( or just one eye) are also possible.
- Head injury. After a head injury, even if there is no fracture or crack in the bones of the skull, a rupture of a small vessel may occur. Then a hematoma is formed in the cranial cavity and gradually increases - a cavity filled with blood. Gradually, the bleeding stops, but the hematoma resolves slowly. All this time, intracranial pressure remains elevated, causing pain.
- Neoplasms in the cranial cavity. With tumors of the skull, intracranial pressure also increases. The larger the tumor in these cases, the usually stronger the pain.
- Aneurysms. An aneurysm is a pathological expansion of a vessel in which blood stagnates. Growing aneurysm of the brain vessel, increasing, presses on the nervous tissue. Increases intracranial pressure, which can be transmitted to the eye sockets.
Why does the back of the head and neck hurt?
The back of the head and neck are closely spaced anatomical regions that share many structures from an anatomical point of view. For example, both of these areas are supplied with blood from the pool of some arteries ( we are talking about the soft tissues of the back of the head that cover the skull), innervated by the roots of the spinal nerves of the cervical region. Also under the skin are muscles that originate in the area of the shoulder blades and neck and are attached to the back of the head. Thus, pain in these areas is usually associated with diseases of the above anatomical structures, common to both the back of the head and the neck.A similar combination of pain can be caused by the following pathologies:
- furuncle or carbuncle- inflammation in soft tissues with accumulation of pus causes pain in the entire anatomical region;
- injury– in case of blows, scratches or abrasions ( especially if the skin lesions are infected) pain can be throughout the entire healing period;
- cervical osteochondrosis- salt deposits between the vertebrae leads to infringement of the spinal nerves;
- displacement of the cervical vertebrae or herniated discs- also causes infringement of the roots;
- epidemiological myalgia- pain in the muscles of the neck after some past infectious diseases;
- myositis or fibrositis- inflammation and gradual death of muscle cells.
In general, it can be concluded that combined pain in the neck and occiput is almost always the result of local rather than systemic pathological processes.
Why does the back of the head hurt and there is a temperature?
An increase in temperature with pain in the back of the head is a very important symptom in the diagnostic process. The fact is that fever often accompanies infectious diseases. The mechanism of its development is quite simple. Alien particles enter the bloodstream, which trigger a biochemical reaction. As a result of this reaction, pyrogens are formed - substances that can affect the thermoregulatory center in the brain. As a result, the body temperature rises.The most common causes of pain in the back of the head and fever are the following diseases:
- bacterial pneumonia;
- meningococcal infection;
- nerve cells) of this center can be compressed, which will lead to an increase in temperature. Such a fever is quite rare in medical practice, but it is a serious problem. The fact is that in these cases, most antipyretics are powerless.
Another possible cause of pain in the back of the head and fever are local inflammatory processes. For example, a furuncle in the back of the head or erysipelas cause both local pain and fever.
In any case, it is recommended to bring down the temperature with antipyretics ( paracetamol, nimesil, aspirin, etc.) if it reaches 38.5 degrees. You also need to see a doctor to clarify the diagnosis. Most often, the cause will be in an infectious disease.
Why does the back of the head hurt and there is a feeling of pressure in the head?
The feeling of pressure in the head is a subjective symptom, and not all patients understand the same sensation by it. Most often, this symptom develops due to increased intracranial pressure or pressure in the vessels. Pathologies that cause these processes are often accompanied by pain in the occipital region.Possible causes of pressure in the head and pain in the back of the head are:
- Hypertensive crisis. In a hypertensive crisis, the pressure in the arteries becomes more than 140/90 mmHg or more. This leads to hyperproduction of cerebrospinal fluid, partly affects intracranial pressure. Pain in the back of the head and a feeling of pressure in the head are just some of the possible symptoms of this disease.
- intracranial hemorrhage. After a head injury or rupture of an aneurysm of an artery, a hematoma may form in the skull. This is a pathological cavity that is filled with blood. The volume of this formation is growing, and the cranial cavity has a limited size. As a result, intracranial pressure is greatly increased.
- concussion. With a concussion, there is an accumulation of fluid in the intercellular space, changes in vascular tone. Until the fluid is resorbed, the pressure may remain elevated.
- Inflammation of the meninges. The inflammatory process at the level of the meninges often causes hyperproduction of cerebrospinal fluid. In addition, there is irritation of sensitive nerve endings.
- Aneurysm. As in the case of a hematoma, the formation of a cavity with blood takes place. However, in this case, this is a protrusion of the vessel wall or its expansion. This is due to the weakness of the vascular wall or a sharp increase in blood pressure. The mechanism of pain development is the same as with aneurysm.
Why does the neck and temples hurt?
The occipital and temporal regions border on each other, so some pathological processes can affect both of these zones. If the pain is one-sided, then most likely we are talking about a superficial inflammatory process. If both temples and the back of the head hurt, the cause is diseases of the anatomical structures inside the skull.Pain in the back of the head and temples can be caused by the following pathologies:
- Soft tissue inflammation. Scratches or abrasions in the back of the head can open the gates of infection. Then an inflammatory process develops in the thickness of the soft tissues, which is the cause of the pain. The pain is localized in this case only on one side.
- Neuralgia. The posterior branches of the facial nerve and the lesser occipital nerve pass at the border of the occipital and temporal regions. Inflammation of these nerves can also be a source of pain. In this case, the pain will also be one-sided, since bilateral inflammation of these nerves is a very rare coincidence.
- Meningitis. With bacterial or viral meningitis, the nerve endings in the meninges are irritated. The pain can be very severe and affect almost any part of the head.
- Migraine. With a migraine, pain appears due to a violation of vascular tone. It can also be localized in any area. The back of the head, and one or both temples can get sick.
- Muscle diseases. In some diseases, an inflammatory or degenerative process develops in the tissues of individual muscles. With myositis or fibrositis of the muscles on the surface of the skull, the pain will, as a rule, be one-sided, but with epidemic occipital myalgia, both temples can be captured.
- Bone diseases. Degenerative diseases of the bones of the skull can cause severe pain if the periosteum is affected. As a rule, pathological processes in the bones are local in nature, so only one side of the back of the head and one temple can hurt.
Can the neck hurt during pregnancy?
Pregnancy is a unique state of the human body, which is reflected to some extent on the work of all organs and systems. Physiological changes during this period can cause a variety of manifestations even in a healthy body. If there is a predisposition to any disease, there is a high risk of exacerbation or deterioration of the general condition. Pain in the back of the head can occur during pregnancy for several reasons. Most often, we are talking about pathologies that have not previously manifested themselves, but against the background of ongoing changes, they make themselves felt. Pain can be of varying duration and intensity, as well as respond differently to drug treatment.
The most important role in the appearance of pain in the back of the head is played by the following changes during pregnancy:
- Hormonal changes. Under the influence of sex hormones and pregnancy hormones, a complex chain of biochemical reactions is launched. Substances are produced that affect vascular tone, increasing the risk of migraine pain. Also, hormonal changes can affect the biochemical composition of bones, muscle tone. In the presence of pathology of these tissues, pain often appears.
- Weakened immune system. The immune system normally fights against foreign tissues and microbes that enter the body. The growing fetus can also be hit. Therefore, during pregnancy, the immune system works differently, somewhat weakening the body's defenses. This explains the frequent infectious diseases in pregnant women. The appearance of pain in the back of the head can be the initial symptom of an infection - from a cold to the flu, meningitis and other serious illnesses.
- Changes in vascular tone. Vascular tone and heart function can change under the influence of hormonal changes or against the background of fluid retention in the body. Most often, this is manifested by an increase in blood pressure, which causes pain in the back of the head. CSF production may also increase ( cerebrospinal fluid), an excess of which leads to an increase in intracranial pressure. Changes in pressure often cause migraine attacks of varying intensity.
- Autointoxication. Changes in metabolism in the body during pregnancy can cause the accumulation of any toxic substances. These substances are produced in the body as a result of normal life, but for some reason are not released. For example, when the bile ducts are clamped, liver function may be impaired. This will lead to the accumulation of the toxic substance bilirubin, which irritates the lining of the brain and causes headaches.
Therefore, when pain occurs in the back of the head, it is necessary to consult a specialist to identify the cause and prescribe qualified treatment. Self-management of pain in the back of the head can be dangerous, since during pregnancy, some painkillers are contraindicated, and the dose of those allowed changes. In order not to harm either the mother or the child, it is recommended to seek qualified medical help.
What to do if the lymph nodes on the back of the head hurt?
The groups of lymph nodes closest to the back of the head are located on the sides of the protruding tubercle of the occipital bone, about 3 cm behind the auricle. Below, on the sides of the neck, another group of lymph nodes is usually palpated. Normally, these anatomical formations are a kind of filters. Lymphatic vessels flow into them, collecting waste products of cells. The lymph node itself contains several types of cells. They are responsible for the delay and neutralization of foreign or toxic substances. When a pathogenic bacterium or other foreign agent enters the lymph node, it becomes inflamed, increases in size and can become painful to the touch. If these symptoms are pronounced, we are talking about lymphadenitis ( a disease that involves inflammation of the lymph node itself).With an increase in the occipital lymph nodes, it is necessary to consult a doctor. The fact is that this symptom indicates a pathological process near the brain. That is why it is necessary to determine the nature of this pathological process as soon as possible and begin treatment.
Possible causes of enlargement and soreness of the lymph nodes in the back of the head can be:
- Diseases of the teeth. Lymph from the molars of the upper jaw flows into the system of lymphatic vessels associated with the occipital lymph nodes. In this case, the process is one-sided, and the lymph nodes themselves hurt when pressed, if we are talking about purulent inflammation.
- Diseases of the outer ear. Purulent inflammation can also be localized in the area of the outer ear. From there, the outflow also goes to the behind-the-ear lymph nodes, which will also be enlarged. The process is also one-sided.
- Diseases of the soft tissues of the neck. For skin lesions ( scratches, scratches, bruises) in the back of the head, an infection can get under the skin. This often causes local inflammatory processes. As a result of inflammation in this area, more lymph is formed, and the occipital lymph nodes increase. The increase occurs from the side of the damage.
- Mononucleosis. Mononucleosis is a systemic viral infection that can affect the lymph nodes. Most often, the anterior groups of the cervical lymph nodes increase, but the occipital groups can also be affected. In this case, the process often proceeds on both sides in parallel. The lymph nodes are usually painless to the touch.
- AIDS virus ( HIV) . HIV infects the immune system, the cells of which are also located in the lymph nodes. At a certain stage, they increase ( occipital groups are affected relatively rarely). On palpation ( feeling) they are often painless, the process proceeds in parallel on both sides.
- Other infectious diseases. In many systemic infections, pathogens can enter the bloodstream and spread throughout the body. In this way they are transferred to any part of the body. If some of them stop at the level of the occipital lymph nodes, the latter will increase. The presence or absence of pain depends on the type of infection.
- Oncological diseases. In very rare cases, primary tumors or metastases are located in the occipital bone. Then the modified cells through the lymphatic system will get into the occipital lymph nodes and can cause their inflammation ( the structure of cancer cells differs from normal, and the body often perceives them as foreign tissue).
Treatment will consist of taking anti-inflammatory drugs and antibiotics ( if the cause is an infectious disease) or local impact on the affected area ( lotions, ointments in case of injuries or bruises). In rare cases, the focus of infection moves to the region of the lymph node, causing the accumulation of pus in it. Then a small surgical intervention may be required - emptying the purulent cavity. However, only a qualified specialist can choose which treatment is required in this particular case.
Why does the back of the head hurt when pressed?
Since the occipital region is represented mainly by a thick occipital bone, simple finger pressure usually does not lead to pain. If the pains appear only when pressed, and without it they quickly pass, this in itself is valuable diagnostic information. In this case, we are most likely talking about damage to the superficial soft tissues or the bone itself. Diseases of the brain or any anatomical structures located inside the skull are excluded. When feeling the back of the head, it is also important to note whether the whole area or a specific area hurts. Sometimes pain in the back of the head is confused with soreness of the occipital lymph nodes. On palpation ( in fact, feeling), it is important to check if they are enlarged. Lymph nodes are located on the sides, a few centimeters behind the auricles, and also below the back of the head, closer to the neck. Inflammation of the lymph nodes may indicate a pathological process ( infections) at the level of the skin, subcutaneous tissue or ( rarely) inside the cranial cavity.
In general, the appearance of a sharp pain when pressing on the back of the head can be caused by the following reasons:
- Skin damage. Scratches, bruises, abrasions and other soft tissue injuries usually cause pain when touched.
- Cracks and broken bones. These injuries are the result of a strong blow. Strong pressure is prohibited, as it can not only cause severe pain, but also cause displacement of bone fragments.
- Diseases of the occipital and cervical muscles. A number of muscles lie on top of the occipital bone, so they are well palpable. Sharp pain when pressed can be caused by a number of rare diseases - epidemic occipital myalgia, myositis, fibrositis, cervical myogelosis.
- Carbuncle, furuncle. A carbuncle is a large abscess, which is often located in the thickness of the soft tissues of the neck or neck. The pain is constantly present, but it is with touch that it can sharply intensify. A furuncle is an abscess, usually smaller, that occurs when pyogenic microbes enter the hair follicle.
- Bone diseases. In rare cases, cancer tumor) diseases affect the occipital bone. Then pressure causes severe local pain ( within the tumor). The tumor itself is not always palpable. This can only be a local change in the chemical and cellular composition with a deformation of the bone structure.
Why does the back of the head hurt during exercise?
In some cases, pain in the back of the head can be intermittent and appear only under certain conditions. Sometimes, for example, the pain is exacerbated by hard physical work. This may be due to several mechanisms. All pains in the back of the head have their origin, and an additional factor () reduces the range of searches for the underlying disease. Pain in the back of the head during exercise usually appears for the following reasons:
- Change in blood pressure. This reason is the most common. During physical activity, the muscles need increased blood flow. Therefore, the heart rate begins to rise, as does blood pressure. By itself, the growing pressure can already cause pain in the back of the head. This is especially true for a sharp increase in pressure (), since the vessels do not expand gradually and do not have time to adapt to new conditions. Such pressure drops can affect intracranial pressure. The formation of cerebrospinal fluid is growing, which begins to compress the nerve tissues and membranes of the brain. Finally, in people with migraine, changes in blood pressure and vascular tone can cause a sudden severe attack of pain.
- Muscle tension. Sometimes the cause of pain in the occipital region is the contraction of the muscles located in the upper part of the neck. If the load affects the muscles of the back, then this can affect the tone of the muscles of the neck and manifest itself as pain in the back of the head. As a rule, pains of this nature disappear quite quickly after the cessation of the load, and even more so after a relaxing massage. . Another cause of pain in the back of the head is pinching of the spinal roots in the cervical region. These roots partially innervate the neck and the lower part of the occiput ( soft tissues of the area). heavy physical activity ( e.g. lifting weights) can cause pinching or even disc herniation ( displacement of the vertebrae). This, in turn, is sometimes manifested by acute pain in the lower part of the occiput.
What to drink if the back of the head hurts?
Pain in the back of the head can appear for a variety of reasons and have different intensities. Rare aching pains in the evenings can be attributed to fatigue or lack of sleep, which deplete the nervous system. Longer and more intense pains require a responsible approach to treatment, as they can be manifestations of serious diseases. However, in any case, the first desire of the patient is not to find the cause of this symptom, but to actually eliminate or weaken it. Most often, patients in the prehospital stage ( before going to the doctor) resort to the most common groups of drugs that can be bought at most pharmacies without a prescription. Some of these drugs can actually relieve the pain, while others will not produce the desired effect.
Most often, the following drugs are used to relieve or relieve headaches in the back of the head:
- Acetylsalicylic acid ( Aspirin) . It is a blocker of the cyclooxygenase enzyme, which is involved in the development of inflammatory processes. This drug improves blood circulation, reduces inflammation and relieves pain. Standard doses are 75-150 mg once a day, but can be increased in certain pathological processes.
- Paracetamol. Also distributed under the trade names Panadol, Efferalgan, Daleron. The effect of taking it is similar to the action of acetylsalicylic acid, but the anti-inflammatory effect is weaker. But it effectively lowers the temperature, which can also be one of the causes of pain in the back of the head. You can take paracetamol at a dose of 500 mg ( maximum for an adult - 1 g at a time or 4 g per day).
- Ibuprofen. Common analogues are Nurofen, Mig 400, Advil. Belongs to the group of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ( NSAIDs). It has anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects. To relieve pain in the back of the head, a dose of 400 mg three times a day is usually sufficient.
- Diclofenac. Also available under the names Voltaren and Naklofen. Belongs to the group of NSAIDs. The daily dose is 100-150 mg and should be divided into 2-3 doses.
- Ketorolac. It is the active ingredient of the common drug Ketanov. Also refers to NSAIDs and has a similar therapeutic effect. Given in small doses 10 - 30 mg at a time), the maximum total dose is 90 mg / day.
- Pentalgin. It is a combination drug. Its active ingredients are paracetamol and phenobarbital ( from the group of barbiturates). It has a stronger analgesic effect than most NSAIDs.
If the pain persists or returns, you should immediately consult a doctor to identify their cause. Only a specialist can prescribe a remedy that can surely eliminate pain in the back of the head, as it will be directed against the disease, and not against the symptom.
Does massage help when the back of the head hurts?
The effectiveness of massage for pain in the back of the head depends entirely on the causes that caused these pains. In some cases, massage is not only useful, but also a full-fledged component of treatment. In other cases, on the contrary, it will be contraindicated, as it can lead to a serious deterioration in the condition. The reason for this dual influence is that different physiological mechanisms are involved in different diseases. Massage, as a rule, always has a similar effect. The main biological effects of massage are:
- increased blood circulation in soft tissues;
- muscle relaxation ( with slow massage) or giving them a tone ( fast paced massage);
- acceleration of metabolic processes in tissues;
- outflow of lymph and venous blood from the massaged area;
- mechanical movement ( with deep massage) anatomical structures relative to each other ( for example, forced movements in the intervertebral joints);
- normalization of physiological processes in the skin.
The effects of massage for pain in the back of the head against the background of various pathologies of the back of the head;
Thus, massage can be regarded as a means of treating pain in the back of the head only for certain pathologies. In case of problems with the cervical spine, it can reduce inflammation of the nerve roots by expanding the intervertebral spaces. Needs a deep enough massage. It should be performed only by a highly qualified massage therapist, chiropractor or vertebrologist, as there is a risk of even more pinched nerves and increased pain.
With a spasm of the neck muscles, several sessions of relaxing massage of the cervical-collar zone can improve blood circulation, normalize metabolism and relax the muscles. In this case, the pain will weaken, and over time it will disappear completely. Normalization of blood circulation can also be beneficial for pain caused by stagnation of blood and lymph.
What are folk remedies if the back of the head hurts?
Pain in the back of the head can have many different causes, so self-treatment of this symptom with the help of folk remedies is most often ineffective. Most medicinal plants that form the basis of such treatment can selectively act on blood vessels, the nervous system or inflammatory processes. However, by the nature of the pain alone, it is impossible to say what exactly is the cause. This requires a visit to a specialist and various studies ( analyses, instrumental examinations, etc.).However, folk remedies can sometimes help. This concerns, first of all, those patients who already know their diagnosis. Pain in the back of the head they appear periodically, and their cause is known. In this case, it is quite possible to choose a suitable tool.
Against pain in the back of the head, the following traditional medicine recipes may be effective:
- potato juice. Used freshly prepared no later than 15-20 minutes). Potatoes are peeled, washed thoroughly, and then juiced using gauze or a juicer. Drink it three times a day, half an hour before meals. At a time, you should drink 50 - 100 ml. If after 3-5 days the pain does not go away, then this remedy is considered ineffective. As a rule, potato juice can help with pain in the back of the head due to hypertension ( moderate increase in blood pressure).
- Decoction of St. John's wort. 1 tablespoon of dry grass pour 250 - 300 ml of boiling water and continue to cook on low heat for another 8 - 10 minutes. Then the resulting broth is decanted and allowed to brew for some time. It is taken half a glass 3 times a day.
- Elderberry infusion. For 1 tablespoon of Siberian elderberry flowers, 200 ml of boiling water is required. It is insisted for at least 20 minutes, after which the liquid is decanted. The infusion is drunk chilled to room temperature four times a day, 50 ml each.
- Infusion of coltsfoot. 1 tablespoon of dry leaves of this herb is poured with a glass of boiling water. The infusion lasts at least half an hour. Drink infusion 3 - 5 times a day, 1 tablespoon. The infusion can help with osteochondrosis of the cervical spine.
- Infusion of viburnum bark. 2 tablespoons of the bark is poured into 500 ml of warm water and heated in a water bath for half an hour. After that, the fire is turned off and the bark is allowed to brew for another 20 minutes. Decoction decanted and drink 1 tablespoon three times a day. The tool normalizes the tone of the vessels of the brain and can help with pain in the back of the head of a migraine character.
- European hoof rhizome infusion. For 1 teaspoon of dry rhizome, 2 cups of boiling water are needed. Infusion lasts 3 - 4 hours, during which the water is periodically stirred. The decoction is drunk 1 tablespoon twice a day for migraine. The drug is contraindicated in pregnant women and patients with chronic hypertension.
The occipital bone is considered the most massive in the skull, fixes the anatomical structures in the back of the head, and protects the posterior parts of the brain from damage.
There are many reasons for neck pain. This may be a consequence of nervous strain, overwork from excessive physical or mental stress, after a long stay in an uncomfortable position or strenuous exercise. It hurts in the back of the head with deformation of osteophytes in the cervical spine, the appearance of growths on the bones due to the deposition of salts or degeneration of the ligaments. The pain intensifies at the back of the head when turning the head, radiates to the neck, jaw, back of the head, eyes and ears when the neck muscles are tightened as a result of a violation of posture, severe nervous strain.
- Neuralgia of the occipital nerve. With the development of pathology in the cervical spine: osteochondrosis or spondylarthrosis, it hurts at the back of the head, dizziness, a feeling of stiffness and tightness in the shoulders appears. With trigeminal neuralgia, pain spreads to the lower jaw and ears, increases when turning the head, coughing, sneezing, pulsates at one point of the head, radiates to the back, jaw, temples, and hurts in the back of the head.
- Colds, hypothermia. There is a shooting pain when turning the head, sneezing, coughing.
- Arterial hypertension, in which it compresses, fetters the muscles, jaw and hurts in the back of the head.
- Cervical migraine, acute pain is manifested in the morning in the occipital and temporal parts, darkens in the eyes, makes noise in the ears, hearing worsens, dizziness. Migraine can be a genetic pathology and stay dormant for a long time, activated only against the background of provoking factors. It begins to progress rapidly, manifested by seizures, jumps in blood pressure after taking hormonal drugs in large doses, a sharp change in the weather gives it to the bone of the neck, jaw, back, overexertion after intense training or mental activity, excessive alcohol intake.
- Vertebrobasilar syndrome appears with osteochondrosis of the cervical spine, when it makes noise in the ears, hurts in the back of the head, and the eyes are covered with a veil. It seems, especially after an intense workout or taking large doses of alcohol, that everything around spins, rotates, doubles.
Many people are faced with the fact that it hurts in the back of the head all the time. Many factors can provoke occipital pain, often painful, long-term with a return to the jaw and not amenable to relief even with pills. Pathology is congenital, acquired or kinetic, when intracranial pressure jumps, which is often observed in women after 40 years.
Pain in the back of the head as a result of:
- hypertensive crisis;
- chronic stress;
- excessive muscle strain or staying in good shape for a long time;
- malocclusion;
- deformation of the temporomandibular joints, while feeling sick, dizzy, impaired hearing and coordination of movements. Even analgesics do not help, there is a shooting pain with a return to the bone in the neck and jaw;
- sprains of the neck muscles after intensive training, also in case of hypothermia, bruise, injury due to accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in a sore spot;
- post-traumatic intracranial pressure, concussion of the cerebellum, acute, shooting pain appears at one point, localizes the jaw and occipital part, but anesthetic tablets stop the pain well.
- smoking tobacco, drinking alcohol;
- constant stress;
- a sedentary lifestyle, being in an uncomfortable position or a long workout, which often happens during sleep.
Unfortunately, painkillers do not always help with pain in the back of the head. Serious systemic physiological changes occur in the body, requiring the establishment of the main cause that provoked pain in the back of the head, a comprehensive diagnosis, blood tests (general and biochemistry). Perhaps a malignant tumor has appeared in one of the brain structures, or the body is experiencing a pre-stroke state.
Pain at one point of the head is migratory, usually occurring suddenly with a duration of no more than 1-3 seconds. Point pain - rare, as a rule, does not pose a threat to human health. It hurts in the back of the head, it has an exact location, you can point with one finger where it hurts: in the temporal part or on the back of the head. Pain is noted more often in women after 40 years of age, suffering from migraine, paroxysmal headaches at one point. As a rule, special treatment of such pains is not required, it is enough to take painkillers: indomethacin, melatonin, nurofen, sedalgin, solpadein.
With migraine in the temporal part, the patient perceives pain as if at one point, which pulsates, swells. Before seizures observed:
- lacrimation;
- eye redness;
- sagging of the lower eyelid;
- constriction of the pupil of the eye on the painful side;
- swelling of the nasal mucosa;
- difficulty breathing;
- copious discharge from the nasal cavity.
During attacks of pain in one part of the bone at the back of the head, intramuscular administration of triptan preparations is indicated. For prevention, glucocorticoids are prescribed. In severe cases, radiofrequency ablation of the trigeminal ganglion to stimulate the occipital nerve in one of the back of the hypothalamus in the neck.
Pain in the neck and neck can be different and the causes are also different. Patients often complain that the pain manifests itself for a long time and cannot be treated with painkillers, however, any pain is a symptom and is dangerous, regardless of the cause of its occurrence.
Perhaps there was a pinched nerve or nerve endings in the cervical spine, compression or displacement of the vertebrae. It hurts in the back of the head and the right side of the head in the morning with arterial hypertension, compresses the temples and the head area, hearing and vision are reduced. With spasms of cerebral vessels, antispasmodics usually help. However, not all types of pain are subject to relief even with the strongest painkillers. It hurts in the back of the head from overexertion, stress, malnutrition, smoking, alcohol abuse, and pills do not always help. If unpleasant symptoms are not caused by a disease, then the best medicines are: relaxing acupressure, proper rest, normalization of nutrition, maintaining posture, placing a special cushion under the neck when sitting for a long time, for example, at a computer. This applies to office workers who often suffer from cervical migraines. You need to move more, sit less in one position for a long time, after work do a neck massage in the back of the head.
With chronic pain, head massage helps to stop attacks of headache in the back of the head. With cervical osteochondrosis, some folk remedies, homeopathic remedies are effective.
The help of specialists is required if there is pain in the back of the head. It is not recommended to self-medicate. Some folk remedies, warming ointments and gels can relieve unpleasant symptoms and alleviate the condition for a while, for example, after an intense and long workout, but this is not a way out. If the cause of pain is a disease, then it requires establishing the true root cause of the onset of the disease, undergoing a comprehensive examination, conducting CT, MRI, Dopplerography of the brain. An exception, when the help of doctors is really not required, is only the appearance of pain in the back of the head against the background of emotional or mental overstrain. It is advised to calm down, massage the neck area, carry out a relaxation procedure, and then take a contrast shower. It is possible, on the advice of a doctor, to temporarily wear a fixation device around the neck to relieve stress and tension on the muscles at the back of the head.
It is necessary to ventilate the room more often, with constant pain, apply warm compresses from infusions of medicinal herbs to the back of the head, drink more hot tea, arrive in the fresh air, avoid alcohol and smoking, dose sports activities, try to constantly keep the neck in the most relaxed state, do not overstrain the bone on neck and neck muscles, put an orthopedic roller under the head, jaw during sedentary work.
The treatment of many diseases, if it hurts in the back of the head and does not go away for a long time, requires a serious and professional approach. The complex of necessary measures includes many processes and actions. For this reason, actions aimed at preventing the occurrence of ailments are fundamental in the life processes of any person.
Sometimes, when it comes to pain in the back of the head, patients say that their occipital tubercles hurt, and they focus the attention of the doctor on this. What can this condition indicate, and which doctor should I contact if the occipital tubercles hurt? Most often, complex causes are involved in this: otogenic, vascular, associated with shell symptoms.
A bit of anatomy
In order to know why the occipital tubercles hurt, you need to remember their anatomical structure. The occipital tubercles themselves are usually simply bulges of the lateral surfaces of the unpaired occipital bone, from below and from the sides they are delimited by the mastoid processes of the temporal bones.
Occipital bone view from the inside
It is these processes that are responsible for the development of many variants of pain in the back of the head, especially if the occipital tubercle hurts on one side. This most often indicates inflammation, which is caused by a "problem" in the temporal bone.
Sometimes the pain occurs higher, in the very back of the head, which has a aching character. It was then that patients, in order to show the nature of diffuse and aching pain, simply put their hand on the back of the head. Thus, the pain is diffuse, and this is typical, for example, for a tension headache, and if patients show the place of pain with one finger, then this most often indicates otogenic causes.
Occiptalgia of otogenic origin
This tricky term is translated simply, namely: pain in the back of the head, which developed as a result of a diseased ear. As a rule, the patient is aware that he has chronic otitis, which has a habit of aggravating in cold, damp, and windy weather. Therefore, if the occipital tubercles hurt in the weather, this is one of the signs of chronic otitis media, as well as mastoiditis.
The thing is that in the mastoid process, both on the right and on the left, there are cavities filled with air, which can “belatedly” respond to changes in atmospheric pressure. Irradiation from these zones of chronic inflammation can be given back, and in this case, the subcutaneous nerve trunks can be involved in this process.
The photo shows the mastoid process Thus, there may be pain in the occiput, which is aggravated by pressure. This can be a means of differential diagnosis, with the difference between painful sensations arising from the ENT organs and neuralgia. What are the signs of neuralgia?
neurological pain
Most often, with neuralgia of the occipital nerves, and above all, the small occipital nerve, asymmetric tenderness occurs, but it is not associated with the mastoid processes, but rather associated with the neck. In the event that the patient has muscle compaction and rigidity in the region of the upper cervical spine, due to osteochondrosis, then there is a high chance of neuralgia.
Vascular occiptalgia
In addition to neuralgia, the source of pain impulses, for example, when the occipital tubercles hurt on one or both sides, are the vessels. And not venous, but arterial, which can change their lumen. These vessels have such a property - to sharply undergo spasm, which proceeds relatively asymptomatically and painlessly, and then expand compensatory, and more than it should. This is an extension and can cause pain, usually in one side of the head. This attack is characteristic of migraine, or hemicrania.
True, in this case, unilateral localization most often occurs, but there is such a situation that attacks of occipital migraine occur, which can be symmetrical.
If the occipital tubercles hurt, and this pain is of vascular origin, then what should I do? In this case, drugs that again help narrow the vessels usually help. These drugs include, for example, caffeine sodium benzoate, Cofitsil, Askofen, Caffetamine, Caffetin, Citramon, that is, all drugs that contain caffeine.
Finally, the occiputs hurt and during an attack of high blood pressure, this can be a symptom of a crisis. Often it is with pain in the back of the head that a hypertensive crisis begins. If the occiput hurts, especially at the end of the working day, then this may be a signal to measure the level of blood pressure.
What if intracranial pressure rises?
This reason can also be quite weighty. But in the event that hypertensive-hydrocephalic syndrome was the cause of pain, then this pain soon spreads throughout the head. After all, an increase in cerebrospinal fluid pressure causes the receptors of the meninges to react, and as a result we get a diffuse headache, the characteristic companions of which are usually photophobia, or photophobia, intolerance to loud sounds and, in general, all stimuli.
In conclusion, we can list a few more reasons. So, headache and heaviness in the back of the head is characteristic of tension headache, for the syndrome of infectious intoxication in the event that the pathogen has a pronounced neurotropic effect, for example, with influenza. And sometimes patients who have a sedentary lifestyle may simply report to doctors, for example, that they have "swollen and painful occiputs." As a rule, this secondary symptom occurs against the background of an exacerbation of cervical osteochondrosis. But in the event that you complete a course of massage, go swimming, and undergo several sessions of physiotherapy, then this pain recedes.
Diagnosis and treatment
With such pain, only a qualified specialist can prescribe the correct treatment. If these pains are caused by neuralgia, then self-medication is contraindicated. In this case, the following diagnostic methods are assigned:
- computed and magnetic resonance imaging;
- radiography.
Depending on the causes of the disease, the doctor determines what to do if the occipital tubercles hurt, then there may be a method of nerve blockade, drug treatment, taking antidepressants, massage and other popular methods of treating affected areas of the nerve and surrounding soft and bone tissues.
Every person is familiar with a headache and knows firsthand what it is. Absolutely anyone can confirm how excruciating the state of constant tormenting pain. And what can spasm indicate, and why does it appear? With problems headaches can be experienced episodically, and you can live for years. To date, there are a large number of drugs for this disease. You can take a pill and forget about what bothered you 15 minutes ago.
It is necessary to respond to any signal of the body, and do it competently . This symptom may indicate about the course of various human diseases, which he may not even know about.
If the headaches are solitary, then this may be the result of overwork, fatigue, stress, stagnation in an uncomfortable position, sleep disturbance, etc. As soon as the source of pain is eliminated, it will stop. In this case, there is no reason to worry and visit a specialist. Another thing is if the symptoms are permanent and prolonged.
The cause of any persistent headache is pathology of the vascular systems, neuralgia or spine. Here, a visit to a specialist and further prescription of treatment are required.
Occipital protuberances
The occiputs are bulges on the occipital bone and delimited by the mastoid processes of the temporal bones. That is why, when the processes of the temporal bones become inflamed, there is a spasm in the occiput. Sometimes the pain is aching and then it is located in the upper part, and sometimes it is distributed throughout the back of the head. If a spasm overcomes a person locally, then this indicates otogenic causes.
When the patient has chronic otitis media, then it worsens in cold and frozen weather. Therefore, if his occipital tubercles are sick, then this is a sign of his aggravated disease or the appearance of mastoiditis. This happens as a result of a difference in atmospheric pressure, to which the mastoid process reacts. When you press the bumps, the pain intensifies.
Headaches due to diseases
Consider below the most common diseases in which there is pain in the head of the occiput:
Diagnosis and treatment
Before starting treatment headache in the back of the head, you need to see a doctor and undergo an examination to find out the causes of the disease. Self-treatment for neuralgic diseases is extremely dangerous for health, and it is simply impossible to identify the cause on your own. When contacting a specialist, he will prescribe the following research methods:
- computer and magnetic resonance imaging of the head;
- radiography.
If the disease is in the occiput, then the doctor may recommend a nerve block, drug treatment, taking antidepressants, massage, and much more. Let's take a look at a few activities. to relieve or relieve spasms occipital protuberances and occipital region.
