Abscess in the oral cavity - purulent abscesses on the cheeks and palate: symptoms, types and treatment. Bleeding after tooth extraction

Painful, irritating mouth sores can appear at any time and have a variety of causes, but in most cases they form during periods of stress or illness.

Fortunately, it is quite easy to get rid of stomatitis on your own with the help of folk remedies.

However, if mouth ulcers cannot be removed at home, then it is better to seek medical help from specialists.

Causes of mouth ulcers

The most common cause of inflammation of the oral mucosa with the appearance of sores is stomatitis. It can be aphthous, herpetiform, fungal (candidiasis), allergic, traumatic. The disease occurs in acute and chronic form.

1. . This is an inflammatory disease of the oral cavity, which is characterized by the presence of painful aphthae - grayish-white ulcers with clear outlines.
2. Aphthous recurrent stomatitis. Refers to diseases of a chronic nature with periods of exacerbations. With a slight injury, small expressions appear on the mucosa - aphthae.
3. With herpetiform stomatitis there are many small ulcers in the mouth, resembling herpes simplex. This disease usually occurs in women under the age of 30.
4. With fungal stomatitis sores in the mouth are covered with a white coating and are caused by a fungal infection in the mouth.
5. Recurrent necrotizing periadenitis(Setton's aphthae) is characterized by the formation of a seal in the submucosa, then painful ulcers with raised and indurated edges form at this site, as well as the presence of an inflammatory infiltrate
6. Ulcerative stomatitis. The disease develops as a result of untreated simple, or catarrhal stomatitis.
7. Ulcerative gingivitis. The disease is characterized by the appearance of ulcers in the papillae between the teeth.
8. Chemical and radiation injuries. Multiple red and painful rashes appear as a reaction to radiation therapy. Accidental or intentional ingestion of chemicals into the oral cavity causes a burn with ulcerative manifestations.

Traumatic ulcers are also a common cause of oral lesions. They may result from:

• injuries with rough food;
• biting cheeks, lips;
• excessive brushing of teeth;
• inaccurate dental intervention.

In a young child, ulcers in the palate in the mouth can form due to thumb sucking (so-called Bednar's aphthae). Ulcers are yellowish in color and are located on the mucous membrane of the palate.

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Ulcers as a symptom of a general disease

Some serious diseases in the arsenal of their symptoms include mouth ulcers. Among the most common ailments are:

1. Tuberculosis of the oral mucosa. The first sign is small mounds, on the site of which ulcers form a little later, gradually growing. The ulcer is small, its bottom is formed by bleeding epithelial cells. The pain is sharp. The patient loses weight, the tongue is lined, the work of the sweat glands increases, the body temperature rises.
2. . This disease is characterized by round, painless red ulcers covered with a dark gray coating.
3. Gingivostomatitis in acute necrotic form provoked by a viral infection. Usually ulcers cover the cheeks, gums, soft palate, tonsils.
4. Crayfish . In such a situation, the ulcers that appear are distinguished by uneven thickened edges. They don't hurt, but they don't heal for a very long time.

The treatment of mouth ulcers can be quite lengthy if you use the drugs thoughtlessly. Remember that any disease has its own cause, which must be established without fail.

Symptoms of aphthous stomatitis

Aphthous stomatitis usually appears on the moving parts of the mouth, such as the tongue or the inside of the lips and cheeks, and at the base of the gums. Ulcers appear at first as small, oval or round, reddish lumps that usually appear during the day (see photo).

Ruptured ulcers are covered with a thin white or yellow membrane and surrounded by a red circle around the edge. In general, ulcers heal within two weeks without scarring. Fever is rare and ulcers are rarely associated with other diseases.

Usually, a person develops one or more ulcers at a time.

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Symptoms of herpetiform stomatitis

It is characterized by the appearance of multiple small ulcers. In appearance, it resembles the sores that occur with herpes simplex. They usually appear in young women under the age of 30.

Basically, herpetiform stomatitis appears on the lower surface of the tongue and in the oral cavity (see photo). This form of stomatitis is distinguished by a grayish base and does not have clear boundaries. The healing process ends in 7-10 days.

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Most often, a traumatic ulcer appears due to physical impact. It usually appears due to a deliberate or inadvertent bite of the mucosa. Damage from a toothbrush is also possible.

Dental treatment can also provoke a traumatic ulcer. This is usually due to careless use of tools.

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How to treat mouth ulcers at home

Traditional medicine has invented a huge number of recipes that allow you to treat mouth ulcers at home.

Here is some of them:

1. Make a paste of baking soda by adding a small amount of water and apply to the affected area. At the same time, you can stir some baking soda in water and rinse your mouth several times a day.
2. It is recommended to rinse your mouth with a decoction of calendula flowers, ordinary horseradish juice diluted in half with water, horse sorrel decoction, carrot juice, hydrogen peroxide. From the first day of illness, you need to take multivitamin teas.
3. Take 1 tbsp. leaves of calendula, pour it with 250 ml of boiling water, then hold the mixture on fire for 10 minutes. The decoction will need to be filtered and used as a mouthwash.
4. For 2 cups of boiling water, 5 tablets of furatsilina, a teaspoon of soda and salt. Use for rinsing.
5. Take the juice from the inside of the aloe vera leaves and apply it directly on the sores. Do this several times a day.
6. Lubricate the affected areas with sour cream with the addition of chopped garlic or onion, you can also use sea buckthorn oil.
7. After using the tea bag, place the wet tea bag in the refrigerator for a few minutes. After a while, take a chilled wet tea bag and gently place it on the sores for fifteen to twenty minutes.

In the event that all of the above home recipes do not help, you can try other ways to treat mouth ulcers:

1. Mix the contents of 2 ampoules of vitamin B12 and one ampule of dexamethasone, add 2 crushed nystatin tablets there. Soak small cotton flagella in the medicine and apply them for 10 minutes three or four times a day.
2. Inside, take antihistamines (loratadine, tavegil, suprastin) or desensitizers (fenkarol).
3. Treat ulcers with lidocaine gels.
4. Treat ulcers with dexamethasone gel.
5. Rinse your mouth with antiseptics from the pharmacy.
6. When ulcers appear on the red border of the lips, it is safe to diagnose “herpes” and use the ““ ointment.

To cauterize ulcers in the oral cavity, you can use hydrogen peroxide, a solution of furacilin, or ready-made chlorhexidine bought at a pharmacy.

Prevention

In order for the treatment of sores on the oral mucosa not to become a habit for you, you should follow some recommendations that will help minimize their appearance:

• treat your teeth in a timely manner, while choosing a careful dentist.
• take vitamins and immunostimulants.
• do not eat too hot food and drinks.
• avoid injury to the mouth.
• observe oral hygiene.
• avoid stress.

The appearance of ulcers on the oral mucosa is a common phenomenon and most have already experienced similar infections. It is a mistake to neglect the disease and wait until the sores heal on their own, it is important to detect the sore in time and hurry up with treatment, because sometimes a neglected disease can lead to tangible problems.

Dentistry is a branch of medicine that combines various diseases of the maxillofacial region, oral mucosa, teeth and neck.

Among all human ailments, the most common are dental lesions, the neglect of which leads to various inflammatory complications (abscess, phlegmon, osteomyelitis), threatening health, and in severe cases, human life.

With diseased teeth, in the absence of even a few, the act of mechanical processing of food is not perfect, which affects the state of the stomach and intestinal tract, contributes to the occurrence of gastritis, stomach ulcers, duodenal ulcers.

According to statistics, injuries are very high, including those of the face, where fractures of the facial skeleton predominate: the lower and upper jaws, the zygomatic bone, the nose, and the orbit. Properly rendered first aid - its methods are described in this chapter - will alleviate the fate of the victim and improve the prognosis of treatment.

The occurrence of tumor processes in the maxillofacial region is a common occurrence. Knowing their signs will allow you to turn to specialists even in the early period of tumor development and ensure a more favorable outcome.

Dentistry also affects very common, such alarming phenomena for a person as toothache, bad breath, bleeding from the gums and after tooth extraction - everything that violates the usual sense of health and beauty of the face.

A limited accumulation of pus in the tissues that occurs during inflammation. In the maxillofacial region, as a rule, it is a consequence of a complicated dental disease. It can also be caused by a furuncle, sore throat, damage to the skin or oral mucosa, the introduction of bacteria into the tissues with a syringe during anesthesia, etc. An abscess can also form as a result of infection by the blood or lymph flow during common infectious diseases (flu, etc.).

Symptoms and course. Usually an abscess is preceded by a toothache characteristic of periodontitis (see). It appears in the area of ​​​​a certain tooth, biting which causes increased pain. Soon there is swelling of the soft tissues and compaction, painful when touched. If an abscess develops under the oral mucosa, its swelling and redness can be seen on examination. When the abscess is located closer to the skin (face and submandibular region), the picture is similar.

The progression of the purulent process is accompanied by a deterioration in the general condition, an increase in body temperature, a violation of appetite, and sleep. To remove the focus of infection in a diseased tooth, and most importantly, to prevent its spread to the surrounding tissue and area, it is necessary to promptly open the abscess by a doctor. Otherwise, the possibility of developing a limited inflammation into a diffuse one with its transition into phlegmon is not excluded.

The development of an abscess can lead to a breakthrough of pus out or into the mouth. The outflow of pus relieves acute phenomena, pain subsides or disappears, normal contours of the face or oral mucosa are restored, general well-being is stabilized. Such an outcome should not be reassuring, as the process continues, but already in the chronic stage. In the future, it can become aggravated, and this is purulent discharge from the fistulous tract with bad breath, sensitization of the body with toxic decay products.

Treatment. The speed of the development of the process gives reason to strongly recommend not to postpone the visit to the dentist. Before that, as a relief measure, you can use painkillers, warm rinsing of the mouth, a thermal bandage.

Taking antibiotics and other strong drugs without a prescription is not recommended.

Below are the features of process recognition depending on the place of its occurrence and the most frequent localizations.

It is characterized by the appearance of redness in the sublingual region, and soon a seal, which is very painful when irritated while talking and eating. The tongue becomes less mobile, raised upward. Gradually, the swelling of the bottom of the mouth increases, the general condition worsens.

An independent breakthrough of pus into the oral cavity is possible, and although the acute phenomena then subside, at this moment the spread of pus into the peripharyngeal region and neck is extremely dangerous. Therefore, the expectation of spontaneous opening is unacceptable. Seeing a doctor is a must.

It usually occurs as a complication of periodontitis of the teeth of the upper jaw. The most common cause is the second incisor, canine, or second premolar. The disease begins with pain in the hard palate and redness of the mucous membrane. When it bulges, the pain acquires the greatest intensity.

Eating becomes difficult.

Spontaneous opening of the abscess is possible, after which there is relief. However, to prevent the possible spread of the abscess to a large area of ​​the hard palate and the development of osteomyelitis of the palatine plate of the bone, an abscess opening in a polyclinic is indicated.

Before contacting a doctor, you can use painkillers and warm rinses.

Depending on the depth of development of the process, swelling and redness will be more pronounced either from the skin of the cheek, or from the oral mucosa. The pain is mild, but worsens when opening the mouth. Violation of the general condition is expressed moderately. It is dangerous to spread the abscess to neighboring parts of the face.

It begins with the appearance of pain in the thickness of the tongue, which is growing rapidly.

The tongue increases in volume, as if raised, little mobile. The act of chewing, swallowing is sharply hampered, breathing is often disturbed, in rare cases to an extreme degree, when there is a feeling of suffocation.

Urgent hospitalization is indicated for urgent measures.

Inflammation of the jaw socket as a result of its infection after traumatic tooth extraction. In this case, damage to the hole itself and crushing of the surrounding gums are often observed. It can also develop as a result of a violation of the postoperative regimen, when a blood clot is washed out of the hole with an active mouth rinse, microbes penetrate into it, causing inflammation. The ingress of food into the hole, the lack of oral hygiene also contribute to the occurrence of alveolitis.

Symptoms and course. The disease begins more often on the 2nd-3rd day after the operation with the appearance of severe pain in the area of ​​the socket of the extracted tooth, an increase in body temperature to 37.5-38.5°C. Gradually, the pain intensifies, spreading to neighboring parts of the head.

There is a bad smell from the mouth. In the submandibular regions, the lymph nodes increase and become painful. The duration of the disease is up to two weeks.

Treatment. At home, before contacting a doctor, which is necessary when the symptoms described above appear, frequent rinsing of the mouth with a warm solution (3%) of hydrogen peroxide, baking soda (1/2 teaspoon per glass of water), painkillers is indicated.

Alveolitis can be complicated by osteomyelitis of the hole, which prolongs the time of illness and rehabilitation of the patient.

The causes of dislocation of the lower jaw can be varied: a blow, a strong opening of the mouth during yawning, screaming, vomiting, when a tooth is removed, when biting off a large and hard piece of food, etc. It occurs more often in women due to the shallower depth of the articular fossa and the severity of the bone tubercle, as a result of which the articular head of the lower jaw is more easily displaced. If this is an anterior displacement, then they speak of an anterior dislocation, if backward, then a posterior one, there are bilateral, which are common. Habitual dislocation is diagnosed when it is repeated repeatedly.

Symptoms and course. With a dislocation of the lower jaw, the picture is quite typical. The victim complains of pain, inability to close his mouth and eat, speech is difficult. Any attempt to close the mouth is unsuccessful and is accompanied by increased pain. Therefore, when the jaw is dislocated, one should not try to correct it by oneself, this will only torment the person.

Treatment. An emergency doctor is needed, who, using anesthesia, will apply knowledge of certain techniques. Refraining from timely measures is not worth it, since it will be much more difficult to set the jaws in the future.

Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the maxillary sinus resulting from the resulting communication of the maxillary sinus with the oral cavity after the removal of the molars or premolars of the upper jaw. Similar reports arise when, in some people, the roots of these teeth penetrate into the maxillary sinus and are separated from it only by a mucous membrane or a fusible bone plate. At the same time, even with a very careful operation, the integrity of both the bone plate and the mucous membrane that separates the maxillary sinus from the top of the tooth root is violated. Through such an anastomosis that has arisen after tooth extraction, bacteria penetrate from the oral cavity, causing inflammation of the sinus.

Attempts by dentists immediately after the formation of an anastomosis to take in the mucous membrane of the gums to close the message do not always end well. More often the fistulous course remains.

Its signs are very clear. When liquid food is taken, some of it enters the nasal cavity. If you exhale air through the nose, after closing the nostrils with your fingers, the air will enter the oral cavity through the fistulous opening. In addition, a clear or cloudy liquid is sometimes released from the fistula into the oral cavity - a product of inflammation of the maxillary sinus.

Treatment is only surgical in a hospital setting.

A type of stomatitis when the mucous membrane covering the alveolar process of the jaw is affected. In addition to the common causes that cause disease of the shell of a different localization (see Stomatitis), the most common is the dirty content of the oral cavity, the presence of dental plaque (see Tartar).

Symptoms. During the examination, redness, swelling of the gums are noticeable, while eating and brushing your teeth, its slight bleeding is possible. If oral hygiene is not observed, the gums become covered with plaque, ulcers, areas of tissue necrosis, and halitosis occur. The disease can spread to other parts of the oral mucosa.

Treatment: systematic dental care, rinsing, tartar removal, periodontitis treatment, sparing diet.

It occurs primarily due to unsystematic oral hygiene. Particles of food remaining after its intake in the interdental spaces, as well as in carious teeth, the deflated mucosal epithelium, are exposed to bacteria that are abundant in the oral cavity. There is a breakdown of food proteins and epithelium and their subsequent decay, which causes the appearance of a smell. In addition, it can be caused by an inflammatory process in the tissues surrounding the tooth (see Periodontitis), damage to the oral mucosa, tongue (see Gingivitis, Stomatitis), and, in rare cases, stomach disease (gastritis).

Preventing and getting rid of odor comes down mainly to regular oral care. In the morning and in the evening it is necessary to brush your teeth: the movement of the toothbrush should be both in the horizontal direction and in the vertical direction to thoroughly remove food debris from the interdental spaces. This is facilitated by the use of toothpicks and rinsing the mouth with water after eating. Effective use of solutions of smelling substances: mint, special deodorants.

With a disease of the oral mucosa, tissues around the tooth, as well as the stomach, special treatment is indicated.

Unpleasant and often unbearable sensations caused by irritation of sensitive nerves. The role of irritants can be a blow, burn, injection, inflammation, trauma, etc. It is usually a manifestation of a tooth disease.

In case of violation of the integrity of the hard tissues of the tooth (enamel, dentin), pain occurs only when taking cold or hot water, sour or sweet food. With the removal of these irritants (rinsing the mouth with warm water), the pain stops.

In those cases when it occurs on its own, often intensifies at night and spreads to the areas surrounding the tooth, acquiring a spilled character, it should be assumed that we are talking about the occurrence of acute inflammation of the dental pulp - the tooth pulp. The pain is prolonged and often excruciating. Count on its termination by taking painkillers - analgin, etc. - even in large doses, it is not necessary. Recommendations for the introduction of various means (alcohol, analgin, aspirin, etc.) into the cavity of a diseased tooth are also erroneous. The most that can be achieved is to slightly reduce its intensity.

It is possible that the pain itself will decrease or stop when destructive phenomena destroy the bridge between the carious cavity and the pulp chamber of the tooth. In this case, the acute period of inflammation of the pulp passes into the chronic stage, which is accompanied by subsidence or disappearance of pain. However, the pathogenic lesion continues, spreading to the entire dental pulp, including the pulp in the root canals of the tooth, and then to the surrounding tissue. The transition of purulent inflammation beyond the tooth is called acute periodontitis. At the same time, the pain sensation is characterized by independent occurrence, precise localization in the area of ​​the tooth, touching it, especially tapping, causes a sharp increase in pain. Painkillers can reduce it and even remove it. But it is impossible to count on a cure without the participation of a dentist, it is necessary, and in the coming days to prevent possible serious complications - an abscess, phlegmon, osteomyelitis.

Thus, being the most frequent signal indicating a tooth disease (see Caries, pulpitis, periodontitis), toothache at the same time can also be the result of an injury, when breaking off part of the crown exposes the dental pulp (pulp), rich in nerve endings. The slightest touch causes the most acute pain. Only a dentist can help with this.

It should be borne in mind that a swelling of the jaw, inflammation of the maxillary sinus, nerves, and a disease of the central nervous system can give the impression of a toothache. Therefore, pain in the dentoalveolar region should be evaluated by a doctor to identify its cause and not be considered only as dental.

More than 80% of people have dental deposits called "tartar". It consists of food residues, epithelium (deflated), bacteria, salts of phosphorus, calcium, etc. Its formation begins with the accumulation of soft plaque on the rough surface of the neck of the tooth, on which lime salts are deposited. Condensing, this formation "coupling" covers the gingival part of the tooth. Most often, the stone occurs on the teeth, which are less involved in the act of chewing, which makes their natural cleansing difficult.

Causes of tartar - non-observance of oral hygiene, the habit of taking only soft food, chewing on one side. Metabolic disorders, primarily salt metabolism, can be a common cause for dental plaque.

With a disease of the periodontal tissues (periodontitis), a stone forms under the gum: between the root of the tooth and the wall of the alveoli, which contributes to a more aggressive development of periodontitis (previously this disease was called alveolar pyorrhea).

If there is tartar, you should contact your dentist to have it removed. Otherwise, various complications are possible - the occurrence of a focus of chronic inflammation of the gums, bad breath, intoxication of the body.

Prevention comes down to hygienic measures, eating along with soft solid food (apple, carrot, cabbage, etc.).

A common disease that affects 95% of people. It is based on the destruction of the hard tissues of the tooth: enamel and the dentin under it. The reason has not been fully elucidated. However, irregular dental care is a predisposing factor.

Symptoms and course. Caries occurs gradually: a pigment spot appears on the surface of the enamel of a particular tooth (first white, and then yellow). It soon turns brown. Subsequently, the enamel is destroyed, and then the dentin. The process usually proceeds slowly, in more rare cases - quickly. The emerging cavity first in the enamel, and then in the dentin, progresses in depth and in width. The remains of food in it serve as a breeding ground for bacteria that are abundant in the oral cavity. The decay caused by them exacerbates its unhygienic condition. There is an unpleasant odor.

Tooth decay is accompanied by characteristic pain sensations. Quite acute pain occurs during the use of cold, hot, sour, sweet food. It quickly disappears after the elimination of these factors (rinsing the mouth with warm water). Man, unfortunately, adapts to the "conditions" of food, excluding temperature and chemical irritants. He has an erroneous belief about complete well-being, he considers going to the doctor unnecessary. At the same time, the destructive process continues, which leads to a significant destruction of the crown of the tooth and the spread of the process to the dental pulp - pulp. This, in turn, complicates the treatment of the tooth and reduces the possibility of saving it.

And this is extremely important. Destroyed or removed teeth not only distort the act of chewing, phonetics of speech, appearance, but also adversely affect the state of the stomach. Due to poorly chewed food, gastritis, stomach ulcers, etc. can occur.

Treatment. Timely contact with the dentist is absolutely necessary when signs of dental caries appear. Its functional efficiency will be restored: the destroyed tissue of enamel and dentin will be economically removed and the integrity of the crown will be restored with the help of filling material. In some regions of the world, where drinking water contains less than the norm of fluorine salts, there is a particularly active damage to the teeth by the carious process in the entire population. In such cases, measures are recommended aimed at the artificial introduction of fluorine salts into the human body by including them in food salt or centralized fluoridation of drinking water.

It usually occurs as a complication of a tooth disease, as a result of which a chronic inflammatory process develops at the apex of the tooth root with the formation of a cyst. In more rare cases, it arises from the shell of the follicle surrounding the crown of the tooth, in violation of the process of its eruption. Therefore, such a cyst is called follicular.

In contrast to it, the root occurs much more often, since the disease of the teeth many times exceeds the number of cases of their difficult eruption. The root cyst develops against the background of chronic inflammation (see Periodontitis), grows slowly but steadily. Increasing in volume, it constantly puts pressure on the surrounding bone tissue, which is forced to “retreat”, making room for a growing cyst.

Little, or not showing itself at all, the cyst is visible only when a protrusion of the jaw appears with a thinning of its outer dense bone plates, which the patient himself or those around him draws attention to. Often, when X-raying the jaws for one reason or another, the cyst is found as an accidental finding.

Its growth sometimes entails such significant destruction of the jaw bone, which leads to its spontaneous fracture. In addition, the penetration of pyogenic microbes into the cavity of the cyst can cause a severe inflammatory process involving the bone marrow of the jaw and the development of osteomyelitis. It is possible to degenerate the root cyst as a long-term process into a cancerous tumor.

Cyst treatment is surgical. With small sizes, it is permissible to perform the operation on an outpatient basis. Recommendation: periodic check-ups (1 time per year) of the dentoalveolar system using radiography.

Usually, surgical intervention is performed when therapeutic measures have not yielded the desired results, and the preservation of the tooth can cause an acute purulent inflammatory process. Destroyed, improperly erupted, highly mobile, etc. teeth are subject to removal. During the operation, damage occurs - rupture of blood vessels, which causes moderate bleeding from the hole of the extracted tooth and usually stops after 10-15 minutes after applying a gauze ball.

However, in some cases, bleeding can be significant, occurring immediately after surgery or some time later, as a result of complex removal, rough intervention, or expansion of small injured vessels, which sometimes happens after adrenaline is used for anesthesia. It can also be caused by a bleeding disorder. If bleeding occurs immediately after a tooth extraction, the doctor will find a way to stop it. It is more difficult when it occurs after a certain time, i.e. outside the clinic. The cause of such bleeding is a variety of circumstances: a violation of the regimen (rinsing the mouth, eating hot food), increased blood pressure, the breakdown of a blood clot.

First aid. You must try to stop the bleeding yourself. To do this, it is better to make a small tampon out of gauze, put it on the hole of the extracted tooth and bite, closing your teeth. The tampon should rise above the hole: the higher the tampon, the greater the pressure on the vessels when the teeth close. In a position with clenched jaws, you need to lie down or sit down, relax and calm down. If after 15-20 minutes the bleeding still continues, threatening with a large loss of blood, you need to see a doctor, and at night - to the surgical hospital on duty, where there is no dental hospital. An increase in blood pressure, the breakdown of a blood clot in the bulb as a cause of bleeding will require not only local, but also general methods of treatment.

The result of a disease of the mucous membrane of the gums and may be the result of not only local and general illness of the body.

Bleeding usually occurs when brushing teeth. Sometimes eating can cause blood to appear in the mouth. It expires from the edge of the gum during inflammation of its mucous membrane (see Gingivitis). Particular attention is required when oral care is sufficient, and vascular changes in the gums persist or reappear, and bleeding continues. The reason for this may be various diseases of a general nature: blood, endocrine, acute respiratory infections, influenza, beriberi, etc. Puffiness and an increase in the volume of the interdental papillae of the gums often accompany pregnancy.

In cases where the disease is aggravated, bleeding occurs even with a small injury, or even without it at all, on its own. Medical treatment and supervision is essential. At home, you should maintain oral hygiene.

Diseases of non-carious origin can be both the result of a malformation of the tooth, and its defeat after eruption. Violations in the development of teeth are manifested in the form of a different nature of changes in enamel: normal color, underdevelopment, its absence or, conversely, an excessive amount in the form of enamel drops. Manifestations can be on most teeth or on individual teeth. Anomalies in the shape of the teeth are often observed.

It happens that age spots or strokes appear on the enamel, more often on the incisors, less often on other teeth. Sometimes there are defects in the form of erosion of the enamel. The reason is an excess of fluorine salts in drinking water. Hence the name of the disease - fluorosis (in Latin, fluoro-fluorum). It is detected already in childhood on permanent teeth. Pigmented spots and stripes (strokes) create significant cosmetic inconvenience. And in cases of erosion, conditions arise for the destruction of the enamel cover of the tooth. The disease is often endemic, i.e. affects the population of a certain region, where one liter of water contains more than 1-1.5 mg of fluorine salts.

Centralized technologies have been developed to reduce their level in drinking water. Existing changes in tooth enamel are amenable to cosmetic treatment by a dentist.

With a wide variety of tumor processes affecting the maxillofacial region, it is advisable to distinguish two groups: benign and malignant. Such a division is conditional, given the frequent degeneration, when the tumor is "good" under the influence of the features characteristic of its localization, acquires the qualities of "evil" growth. Therefore, each neoplasm that has arisen on the face, neck, in the oral cavity should be the reason for the obligatory visit to the dentist and oncologist.

Benign processes can be localized on the skin of the face, on the mucous membrane of the oral cavity, lips, in the thickness of soft tissues and jaws. When superficially located, they are easily detected. The interstitial position creates an area of ​​bulging, asymmetry. Among the benign ones, the most common are papilloma, fibroma, atheroma, cyst, supragingival. A tumor in the oral cavity is subjected to constant trauma by a food bolus when chewing, teeth, and when talking. Its systematic irritation can give an incentive to degenerate into a malignant one. In itself, the formation protruding into the oral cavity creates inconveniences of both a functional and cosmetic order, but does not cause any disturbance in well-being. In rare cases, an increase in its size can injure some kind of nerve branch with moderate pain. Tumors that are located in the thickness of the jaw bones can thin them, deform, and sometimes cause a jaw fracture.

Malignant neoplasms of the maxillofacial region account for about 20% of the total number of cancers and sarcomas that affect a person. 90% of skin cancer occurs on the face. To date, there is no clear causal representation. However, it is quite obvious that a number of factors, acting on tissues, induce their cells to malignant growth. These include the habit of excessively hot or cold food, spicy or rough, smoking - active or passive (inhalation of tobacco smoke), prolonged mechanical irritation of the oral mucosa, tongue with the sharp edge of a decayed tooth or ill-fitting prosthesis, exposure to acid or alkali at work , chewing tobacco, etc. In some cases - long-term chronic inflammation (periodontitis, sinusitis, cyst), genetic prerequisites. The most common localization of a malignant neoplasm is the lip, oral mucosa, tongue.

Lip cancer. As a rule, it is located on the lower lip, more often in men. The precursor is often a crack that does not heal for a long time, which later takes the form of an ulcer that bleeds easily. At the same time, an infiltrate occurs, which tends to spread, due to which the lip increases in size. Her mobility is limited. The tumor eventually metastasizes to the bone of the lower jaw. Its cells are carried by lymph to the submental and submandibular lymph nodes. They increase, become inactive. The progression of the process leads to the emergence of new malignant foci in the lymph nodes of various parts of the patient's body.

Early recognition and treatment lead to the most favorable results.

It is necessary at the first signs (non-healing crack of the lip or tumor formation in its thickness) to immediately contact a dental surgeon or oncologist.

Cancer of the oral mucosa.

The tumor can develop on the mucous membrane of the cheeks, alveolar process, soft and hard palate. The first sign is often the appearance on the mucosa of the growth of the epithelium in the form of a brush, a wart; sometimes redness in a certain place, where erosion then occurs - a mucosal defect, and then an ulcer. When probing the area around it, tissue compaction is determined. Relatively early, cancer cells spread through nearby lymph nodes to surrounding tissues, including the tissue of the upper or lower jaw.

Leukoplakia deserves special attention - a lesion of the mucous membrane, which can suddenly disappear, and then reappear in the form of a whitish spot located on the mucous membrane of the cheeks, more often along the closure of the molars. Leukoplakia is a site of keratinization and desquamation of the epithelium of the mucous membrane and occurs due to constant irritation of it: when teeth are closed, injured by a prosthesis, smoking. Experience shows that the removal of these factors leads to the disappearance of the disease, the resumption - to its relapse. This is especially evident in people who smoke, when giving up a bad habit almost always saves them from leukoplakia, and returning to tobacco - to its repetition.

Leukoplakia is a benign disease, but for unknown reasons, against the background of the action of an irritant factor (tobacco, trauma), it degenerates into a malignant process with all the severe consequences.

Tongue cancer. It often occurs on the lateral surfaces and on the coccyx. That is, in those areas that are most actively exposed to mechanical irritation by the teeth, especially the sharp edges of the destroyed ones or those that stand separately from the stump of the arc. speaking towards the tongue.

The first manifestation of the tumor process is the growth of the epithelium of the mucous membrane of the tongue. Doctors often consider it as a papilloma - a benign tumor. However, the continued traumatization of the formation during conversation and eating accelerates its ulceration. The tumor spreads to the floor of the mouth, jaw. The presence of abundant microflora causes inflammation, aggravating the severity of the process, sometimes obscuring the true diagnosis of the disease. Self-medication is unacceptable. An urgent appeal to a specialist is necessary: ​​a dental surgeon, an oncologist.

The second most common disease of the dentoalveolar system after caries. After 30 years, most of the population suffers from it. This inflammatory process is localized in the tissues surrounding the root of the tooth: the ligamentous apparatus, with which it is held in the socket of the jaw, the alveolus and gums. The main signs are inflammation near the root of the tooth of the gum, suppuration from the alveolus, the formation of a pathological pocket between the alveolus and the root of the tooth, its loosening. The cause of the disease has not been fully elucidated. Among the proposed theories, some authors point to a general nature (vascular sclerosis, diseases of the nervous system, endocrine, etc.), others to local factors (tartar, microorganisms, poor oral care, etc.).

Symptoms and course. The first signs of periodontitis occur against the background of apparent well-being in the form of itching, burning, numbness in the gum area. Then swelling, redness can be traced, it seems to creep on the crown of the tooth and becomes cyanotic in color, there is a smell from the mouth. In the developing stage of periodontitis, the gum, on the contrary, "slides" towards the root, with pressure, pus is released from under it

Chronic disease is usually localized over a number of teeth, often frontal. The outcome is an increase in their mobility due to the destruction of the ligamentous apparatus and prolapse.

Treatment. There is no radical remedy. Even surgery does not guarantee success. Therefore, the prevention of the disease itself and measures that slow down the course of the process are very important. It is necessary to observe oral hygiene and contact the dentist at least twice a year for tartar removal and sanitation. In the event of a disease - strict implementation of the doctor's recommendations. Careless attitude towards oneself threatens with the rapid loss of many teeth.

In addition, the existence of purulent foci around the roots of the teeth, sometimes many and for a long time, the penetration of them into the body of alien decay products (proteins) contributes to the development of an allergic condition, negatively affects the function of a number of organs and systems. Therefore, in terms of the prevention of common diseases, it is important to maintain the state of the dento-jaw system in a healthy state.

Inflammation of the parotid salivary gland. In contrast to the epidemic ("mumps"), it develops, as a rule, on one side. Usually associated with the penetration of bacteria from the oral cavity into the salivary gland. Most often due to a decrease in salivation when a salivary stone, a foreign body enters the excretory duct of the gland, as well as the spread of the inflammatory process from the tissues surrounding the gland. Stagnation of saliva in the gland and its further infection can occur after major operations, with influenza, measles, typhoid, dysentery, etc. However, even with apparent general health, the dirty content of the oral cavity can be a sufficient basis for the development of an inflammatory process.

Symptoms and course. The disease begins with the appearance of swelling and pain in the area of ​​the parotid salivary gland, dry mouth, general malaise, fever. Characterized by increased pain when eating.

Treatment. Given the possibility of a severe course of parotitis and the occurrence of complications, a doctor's call is necessary. Before his arrival, frequent warm rinsing of the mouth with a solution of baking soda (1/2 teaspoon per glass of water), the use of salivary foods (lemon, cranberries) and a warming compress (camphor oil, petroleum jelly) are recommended. In some cases, hospitalization is indicated.

Among the injuries of the bones of the facial skeleton, fractures of the jaws are of the greatest importance. Of these, the predominant number falls on fractures of the lower jaw (70% of all fractures of the bones of the face).

Fractures of the upper jaw. When the upper jaw is fractured, its fragments are shifted downward, violating the usual ratio of the teeth of the upper and lower jaws and slightly lengthening the face. As a result, the victim cannot close his mouth, and the pain that occurs during a fracture increases with any attempt. The rupture of the gum fragments is accompanied by moderate bleeding.

Symptoms and course. Fracture, as a rule, occurs with a sufficiently strong blow. Loss of consciousness indicates a concussion, and acute pain caused by trauma can cause a state of shock. The most formidable combined injury occurs with a fracture of the base of the skull.

First aid. It is aimed at creating rest conditions for the injured bone. To this end, the lower jaw is brought as close as possible to the upper one and fixed in this position with a bandage, scarf, belt through the cranial vault. You can use a ruler, knife, plywood, which are superimposed in the transverse direction on the teeth of the upper jaw and also fixed with any material at hand. Given the possibility of complications (bleeding, difficulty breathing, loss of consciousness, etc.), the victim should be transported to the hospital without delay, preferably in a supine position.

Fracture of the lower jaw. With an injury to the lower jaw, double and triple fractures are more often observed, which is explained by the shape of its bone (horseshoe type). Concussion is a common complicating factor.

Symptoms and course. For a fracture of the lower jaw, pain is characteristic, which increases sharply when you try to move it. The mouth is half open. The correct ratio of the teeth of the upper and lower jaws is broken. Soon there is swelling of the soft tissues. When touched - a sharp pain in the area of ​​the fracture. Saliva is often stained with blood.

Due to the fact that a number of muscles that carry out its movement are attached to the bone of the lower jaw, their reflex contraction causes displacement of the jaw fragments, which increases pain, bleeding, and discomfort.

In severe injuries, profuse bleeding, the development of shortness of breath, and shock are possible.

First aid. Try to stop or reduce bleeding with improvised means (tampon, pressing the bleeding area), try to eliminate the cause of difficulty breathing (put the patient face down, move the tongue forward), in case of shock - artificial respiration. Calling an ambulance must be immediate.

In practice, there are cases of fracture of the lower jaw and without such severe consequences. Then the main task in providing assistance is to create relative rest for the damaged organ. To do this, the lower jaws, if possible, are carefully "brought" to the upper jaw and fixed in this position with a bandage (gauze, bandage, belt, handkerchief, etc.) through the cranial vault. Given the possibility of concussion, it is desirable to transport to the hospital in a supine position.

Patients with fractures of the lower jaw are absolutely shown to see a doctor, since self-treatment usually causes complications that lead to the destruction of the jaw bone itself.

Disease of the tissues surrounding the root of the tooth. As a rule, it is preceded by pulpitis (see) with its inherent pain. Refusal to treat it predetermines the penetration of bacteria through the root canal of the tooth beyond its limits, causing already in the new conditions an acute inflammation called acute periodontitis.

Symptoms and course. A characteristic sign is the appearance of independent pain, at first weak, then intensifying, acquiring the character of a pulsating one. Its difference from pain in pulpitis is that it is strictly localized, it becomes sharp with a mechanical load on the diseased tooth, especially in the form of tapping. The closing of the teeth is so painful that many refuse to take even liquid food. Perhaps a moderate increase in body temperature (up to 37.5 ° C). With these symptoms, the need for the help of a dentist in the very near future is extremely high. The use of home remedies, including pain relievers, warm rinses, and a bandage, may provide only occasional relief. Delaying the time of contacting a specialist is fraught with serious complications due to the development of a purulent process, first limited, and then spilled (see Abscess, Phlegmon, Osteomyelitis, ch. Dentistry and ch. Surgical diseases).

The resolution of this rapidly flowing acute process is possible with milder consequences. When finding the way out of pus from the focus of inflammation into the oral cavity (through the molten mucous membrane covering the alveolar process) or through the skin outward with the formation of a fistulous tract, acute periodontitis passes into the chronic stage. In this case, the threat of dangerous complications is reduced, but does not disappear at all.

Treatment. Desirable, it is quite possible to avoid the formation of a fistulous tract. Under the conditions of an outpatient clinic, an outflow of pus is artificially created from the focus of inflammation through the canal of the tooth and the pulp chamber, previously freed from decaying particles of decay of the pulp tissue. Then they are disinfected with subsequent filling of the channel and the chamber with filling material. With the narrowness of the root canals, the diseased tooth is forced to be removed.

Chronic periodontitis. The presence of affected teeth in the human oral cavity, which, in his opinion, "do not hurt", because there is no pain, is actually associated with not acute, but gradually unpredictable complications. This problem worries not only dentists, but also doctors of general diseases. The fact is that in chronic periodontitis, a focus of sluggish inflammation remains at the top of the tooth root - a kind of incubator for various bacteria. For their life, there are almost no barriers to reproduction or they are insignificant. At the same time, the waste products of bacteria, the harmful substances (toxins) produced by them, as well as the decay products of tissue cells, are by their protein nature alien to humans. Constantly, sometimes for many years, penetrating into the body of the "owner", foreign proteins sensitize (poison) it and distort natural reactions.

Considering that there can be several periodontitis teeth (which is often found), it is easy to imagine the massiveness of protein aggression. It has been established that as a result of such sensitization, severe general organ diseases may occur: the heart, kidneys, joints, eyes, etc. In addition, the perverted reactivity of the body aggravates and exacerbates the course of existing diseases. In this regard, chronic foci of inflammation in the periodontal tissues, despite their almost asymptomatic course, are subject to mandatory elimination in order to improve the body.

A plastic, hardening material that fills a defect formed in a tooth, a cavity in order to restore the anatomical and functional integrity of the tooth.

Seals are cement, metal, plastic, etc. The choice is made depending on the indications. So, cement or plastic is used for filling frontal teeth, since this material is more similar to the color of tooth enamel.

Metal ones are more resistant to mechanical factors when chewing food, but cosmetically they are not suitable for frontal teeth (by color). A very strong and durable amalgam filling, unfortunately, stains the entire tooth in a dark color. Composite fillings are currently the most promising.

This process is physiological and serves as an indirect indicator of the correct or impaired development of the child. As a physiological act, teething is not a painful phenomenon and cannot cause any diseases. It is in direct connection with the general state of health of the child - the timely growth of teeth in a certain sequence indicates the normal development of his body. Delayed dates may be due to rickets, infectious disease, prolonged bowel dysfunction and changes in metabolism. Earlier teething - endocrine disorders. The discrepancy in the time of the beginning of the eruption of the central incisors by 1-2 months from the conditional period cannot be considered as the effect of any pathology.

A newborn does not have a single tooth, although in rare cases their intrauterine development is observed. Between 6 and 8 months of age, the child begins to develop the central incisors of the lower jaw, and then the upper. By 8-12 months - lateral incisors, first on the lower, then on the upper jaws. By 12-16 months, the first molars erupt, by 16-20 months - fangs and by 20-30 months - the second molars, which complete the formation of the milk bite.

The eruption of milk teeth often affects the well-being of the child. In weakened children, this physiological process is accompanied by general malaise, poor sleep, restless behavior, crying, whim. Sometimes the temperature rises to 37.5 ° C, the nature of the bowel movements changes, short-term rashes on the body, reddening of the skin of the face are possible. The weight gain of the child is temporarily suspended, the immune defense is reduced. To establish the true cause of the ailment, a pediatrician's consultation is necessary.

At the age of 7, milk teeth are replaced by permanent ones, the time of eruption of which, as a rule, coincides with the resorption of the roots of milk teeth and their loss. Unlike them, the formation of a permanent occlusion begins with the appearance of the first molars of the lower jaw and normally ends by the age of 15-18. Central incisors (8-9 years), first premolars (9-10 years), canines (10-11 years), second premolars (11-12 years), second molars (12-13 years) are successively erupted. The third molars of the lower jaw, or as they are sometimes called "wisdom teeth", grow later, often after the age of 20-25 years (complications associated with their difficult eruption, see separately).

Correctly and timely formed bite plays an important role in the normal development of the child's body. Violation of the timing of teething (early or later), the order, as well as the absence of one or another tooth require the attention of a pediatrician and dentist, as they are evidence of pathology not only local, but often of a general nature (the result of diseases suffered by the mother during pregnancy, or some anomalies in the health of the child).

For various reasons, a number of deviations can occur in the structure of the teeth, their location and development: the absence of the rudiment of one or another tooth, the wrong position of the axis of the tooth (horizontal or oblique), which is why it erupts outside the arch of the dentition or remains in the thickness of the jaw bone. In addition, the incorrect formation of the tooth itself - size, shape, position, color, lack of enamel coating, etc. Such changes should be analyzed by a specialist.

Violation of normal eruption is most often observed with the eighth teeth of the lower jaw - the "wisdom" teeth. As a rule, it arises due to a lack of space in the lower jaw, since all the others have already appeared before the “wisdom” tooth, without “leaving” enough space for it. A delay in eruption creates conditions for the development of an inflammatory process that develops from a local focus into a diffuse one, fraught with serious consequences. The disease is associated with a permanent injury to the edge of the gums above the tubercles of the "wisdom" tooth, where an ulcer forms, which, with an abundance of bacteria in the oral cavity, causes inflammation. The process quickly spreads to the surrounding soft tissues, including the masticatory muscles involved in the movement of the lower jaw. The patient, due to pain, is unable to open his mouth even half a centimeter.

Symptoms and course. The disease is usually accompanied by general malaise, loss of appetite, decreased sleep, and an increase in body temperature, sometimes to high numbers (38 ° C and above). Since it is necessary to prevent the possibility of spreading the process to the surrounding bone tissue and fiber with the development of acute inflammation of the bone marrow (osteomyelitis) or soft tissues (phlegmon), it is very important to consult a dentist without relying on home remedies.

Before medical assistance, in order to alleviate the condition, it is permissible to take painkillers such as analgin (0.5 g) and rinse the mouth with a warm solution of boric acid (half a teaspoon per glass of water) or potassium permanganate (pink).

Acute inflammation of the dental pulp (pulp) due to the penetration of bacteria into it from the carious cavity of the tooth. As a result of the inflammatory process, the nerve endings, which are many in the pulp, are injured by its increased volume and waste products of bacteria (toxins), which causes acute pain. With the spread of the process to the entire pulp tissue and the appearance of pus, pain sensations become pulsating, especially (which is typical for acute pulpitis) intensifying at night with irradiation to various parts of the maxillofacial region.

Treatment. Pain management with home remedies is not very effective (see Toothache). Self-healing is impossible. The ongoing destructive process, destroying the bridge between the pulp chamber and the bottom of the carious cavity, creates conditions for free communication between them and thus for the unhindered outflow of pus from the pulp into the carious cavity, and then into the oral cavity. With the weakening of intrapulpal pressure on the nerve endings, the pain subsides, giving rise to an erroneous idea of ​​the end of the disease. And frivolous inattention to the fate of the tooth is a common cause of the occurrence, as a complication of pulpitis, of a new disease - acute periodontitis. Therefore, an unconditional appeal to the dentist, even if the pain disappears, will prevent the possibility of its development and increase the chances of saving the tooth.

Treatment of pulpitis consists in removing the diseased pulp, disinfecting the pulp chamber, as well as mechanical and drug treatment of the carious cavity, root canals and filling them with filling material.

Timely and correctly treated with pulpitis, a tooth can fulfill its purpose for many years.

The name of the state when a person feels unwell for a long period of time, fatigue, excessive sweating, loss of appetite, sleep disturbance. In addition, there may be pain in the region of the heart, rapid pulse, increased nervousness, headache, etc. Due to the mild manifestations of the disease, patients get used to this condition and find ways and means to adapt to it (painkillers, tonic, etc.), reassure yourself and consider this state the norm.

At the same time, as mentioned in the section "Periodontitis", these manifestations are associated with the presence of a chronic inflammatory process at the top of the roots, sometimes of many teeth. The waste products of bacteria, tissue decay and toxins, penetrating into the body, poison and change its sensitivity, reactivity to many factors (infection, cooling, trauma, overwork, etc.).

The condition that occurs as a result of an allergy focus nesting in the body (autoallergy) proceeds extremely slowly. However, against its background, it creates the possibility of developing such serious diseases as: inflammation of the inner lining of the heart (endocarditis), its muscles (myocarditis), kidneys, eyes, blood vessels, etc. It should be assumed that autosensitization, allergization can aggravate or contribute to the occurrence of many diseases.

Causal relationships are very complex, a qualified doctor can navigate them, one should not count on self-treatment, since the consequences can be the most unexpected and complicate the provision of medical care.

The name combines diseases of the oral mucosa of various origins and manifestations. The reason that caused it can be local and general. Local is associated with the participation of a direct factor - trauma, chemical, thermal, radiation exposure, and as a result of which redness, erosion, ulcers appear on the mucous membrane.

Treatment. It comes down to eliminating the cause and rinsing the mouth with an antiseptic solution. Recovery usually occurs within 7 days. However, some forms have the peculiarity of repeating after a certain period of time, for example, appearing in the spring-winter periods of the year. Others develop when taking certain foods (oranges, strawberries, etc.) or medicinal substances (sulfonamides, antibiotics, etc.). Particular attention should be paid to prostheses, sharp edges of teeth, which, creating conditions for constant long-lasting irritation, can thereby cause a tumor process in the mucous membrane.

The most common causes of stomatitis are general diseases. Among them: infectious (measles, scarlet fever, chicken pox, tuberculosis, syphilis, etc.), allergies, intoxication, diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, cardiovascular system, endocrine, blood, etc. Often, their first signs appear on the mucous membrane of the cavity mouth. Therefore, if a site of redness, erosion, ulcers, cracks appears on it, consultation of both the therapist and the dentist is necessary. Relying on self-medication is more than frivolous.

As hygiene measures are shown: brushing teeth, rinsing with solutions of boric acid, potassium permanganate, furacilin, hydrogen peroxide. Taking any medicines inside without a doctor's prescription is unacceptable. Food should be liquid, not irritating.

Establishing a connection between stomatitis and a common disease will allow you to start its treatment. At the same time, against the background of an improvement in general well-being, the normalization of the state of the oral mucosa is inevitable. The control terms for restoring its integrity range from 10 to 20-25 days. The lack of a tendency to healing gives cause for concern and a mandatory detailed study in order to exclude the oncological nature of the formation.

It can develop as a result of a number of local and general diseases. Local causes include: a surgical and chronic disease in which there is a decrease in saliva production, blockage of the gland duct by a salivary stone or compression by a tumor.

Common causes are: diseases - Mikulich, Sjogren, radiation, acute infectious diseases, diabetes, conditions after surgery on the abdominal organs, collagenosis, beriberi A, B, E, increased thyroid function, menopause, etc. In old age, the possibility of dryness increases in the mouth. Insufficient hydration by saliva of the oral cavity and tongue causes difficulty in eating and talking. The mucous membrane is highly injured, cracks, erosion, and inflammation occur. With a lack of saliva, plaque increases, the growth of microflora in the mouth is activated. The self-cleansing of her cavity during meals is seriously impaired due to illness, especially when eating hard and spicy foods.

Various anomalies of nasal breathing also exacerbate the phenomenon of "dryness" due to the increased evaporation of fluid when breathing through the mouth.

Treatment is to eliminate the cause of dry mouth, or at least to mitigate its effects. At home, they use products that protect the mouth and tongue from irritation. For this purpose, the mucous membrane is treated with peach, sunflower oil. A mixture of borax and glycerin (10% solution) gives a good result. The appointment of other drugs should be carried out by a doctor against the background of other types of treatment.

The appearance of a constant feeling of dry mouth is a symptom of a number of diseases, which requires a mandatory visit to a specialist.

An abscess in the mouth is dangerous and painful. It is a serious inflammation, accumulation of pus. With an abscess, the mucous membrane swells noticeably, it hurts to touch it. It is difficult not to notice the abscess, while the patient suddenly becomes very ill. The dentist diagnoses an abscess after he conducts an examination, assesses the state of the tissues. It is very important to provide assistance to the patient in a timely manner, otherwise everything may end badly. Most often, the dentist decides to open the abscess, conduct drug therapy. What provoked the infection? How dangerous is she? What can lead to?

The reasons

An abscess in the mouth is a purulent inflammatory process that affects the tongue, gums, cheeks, and palate. The disease is quite common in surgery, can develop at any age.

Often an abscess is a complication after dental treatment, jaw, during which the mucous membrane was damaged. Sometimes an abscess accompanies an infectious disease. It is important to cure it in a timely manner, otherwise it will become chronic, leading to serious complications - sepsis and phlegmon.

Purulent inflammation can be caused by an advanced form of periodontal disease, periodontitis. With it, periodontal joints are destroyed, periodontal pockets begin to form, and pathogenic microflora actively reproduces in them, leading to inflammation.

Sometimes an abscess of the oral cavity is a consequence of an infection introduced into the wound, a violation of the integrity of the mucosa. For example, an infection can be introduced with a syringe during anesthesia. In addition, boils on the face, staphylococcal and streptococcal tonsillitis lead to pathology. In some cases, an abscess of the oral cavity worries when a person is sick with the flu, he has a weakened immune system.

Types of abscesses

Dentists classify abscesses based on where they are located.

gum abscess

A common form of the disease, which manifests itself in the form of periodic exacerbations. It is characterized by bad breath, severe intoxication of the body.

Abscess under the tongue

Inflammation leads to unbearable pain when a person eats, talks. If the abscess spontaneously opens, the pus begins to flow into the neck, throat.

Sky abscess

The problem appears due to periodontitis affecting the upper teeth of the jaw. If the infection begins to affect the peritonsillar region, everything will end with osteomyelitis.

cheek abscess

The infection can affect the cheek inside and even go a little to the outside of the cheek. This is a very dangerous type of inflammation! Untimely assistance ends with the spread of infection to the nearest facial tissues.

tongue abscess

With a disease, the tongue swells greatly, it is very difficult for a person to speak, breathe, eat. A tongue abscess can cause a person to suffocate and die, so urgent hospitalization is necessary.

Symptoms

The abscess forms quickly enough, because of this, unbearable pain appears, which gives into the teeth and increases during meals. As a rule, the infected area swells up, thickens. Outwardly, the formation looks like a walnut. An abscess develops rapidly on the tongue, it significantly enlarges the organ. The patient in this case stops eating, constantly lies.

During the examination, the doctor notices redness and significant inflammation of the mucous membrane. At the same time, the patient's condition deteriorates sharply: body temperature rises, sleep and appetite are disturbed.

When the disease progresses, the abscess can break out. After the release of pus, the patient becomes much easier - the pain becomes less, there is no tumor, the body temperature is restored.

Attention! An abscess is dangerous because it can become chronic, then it will periodically disturb.

How to avoid complications? Do not hesitate, consult a doctor, he will prescribe the necessary treatment.

Diagnostic methods and therapy

After the doctor examines the patient, he draws conclusions and decides on the course of therapy. In no case do not try to open the abscess of the mouth yourself, prescribe antibiotics for yourself. To alleviate the symptoms, it is recommended to use painkillers, rinse the mouth with antiseptics as often as possible.

The only way to cure an abscess is through surgery. It prevents further infection. During surgery, the doctor opens the abscess, drains it and treats it with antiseptics. After the operation, as a rule, stitches are not applied, because the size of the incision is not considered large. After the pus is removed, the patient feels better for a while, the pain disappears. When the abscess affects a significant part of the oral cavity, treatment is delayed.

Required after surgery:

• Immunostimulants.


• Antihistamines.


• antibiotics.


• Vitamin and mineral complexes.

Additionally, physiotherapeutic procedures, fluctuorization, UHF therapy are prescribed. After the operation for a long time you can not eat solid food, eat well.

Forecast and prevention

How effective the treatment will be depends on when the help was provided, as well as the general well-being of the patient. It is important to start all treatment procedures in a timely manner.

We draw your attention so that you do not have to treat the disease, follow the basic rules of hygiene, chew food carefully to avoid injury to the shell. Also remember to wash vegetables and fruits before eating. It is important to treat stomatitis, herpes, leading to the formation of wounds in the oral cavity in a timely manner.

Always remember that an abscess will not go away on its own, it can lead to serious consequences. You can’t stay at home with a temperature and an abscess, go to the dentist and start treatment. Take good care of your health!

Many diseases of the oral cavity with improper treatment give a serious complication in the form of an abscess. This term refers to acute in soft tissues, in which the inflammatory fluid and decay products are localized in one place. The problem is characterized by a strong, high temperature and is fraught with problems for the whole organism. In any case, you should contact the dentist, who will perform a small operation and select the treatment technique.

Causes of inflammation in the mouth

The people call abscesses abscesses. In the oral cavity, they most often occur on the gums when the infection enters the root of the tooth. Less commonly, a focus is formed in the sky, on the inner surface of the cheek or tongue. Due to the active reproduction of bacteria, a seal forms under the skin or mucous membrane. It increases in volume and stretches the inflamed area, filling it with fluid. After maturation, it can go outside through the fistulous opening. In more complex situations, it enters through the capillaries, penetrates into various organs and muscles. High toxicity of decay products can cause death.

The main reason for the formation of such an abscess is pathogenic bacteria and microorganisms. They penetrate the oral cavity from the outside or through the lymphatic system from other organs. Getting on the wound or damaged area in the mouth, they actively form new colonies. Often the appearance of an abscess occurs with staphylococcal rashes on the face, purulent sore throat or diseases of the nasopharynx.

Any person in the mouth is a large number of bacteria, fungi and microbes. Doctors call them conditionally pathogenic microflora. With excellent immunity, the body inhibits their growth, but any hypothermia, nervous stress or poisoning leads to the formation of an abscess. At risk are people who:

An abscess on the upper gum often appears after suffering sinusitis. This is due to the proximity of the sinuses and the roots of the molars. Streptococci easily penetrate periodontal tissues and infect them. When diagnosing, at least 3 pathogens are usually detected, therefore it is necessary to treat the abscess along with the underlying disease.

Types of abscess in the oral cavity

There is a whole classification of this unpleasant pathology. It depends on the site of inflammation and indicates the cause of the disease:

• An abscess in the sky is most often the result of untreated sinusitis, tonsillitis or periodontitis of the upper row of teeth. It easily passes to the soft tissues of the gums and causes suppuration of the jaw.
• A gum abscess is always associated with a focus of inflammation in a particular tooth. A large amount of fluid tries to come out and forms in the form of a painful one.
• An abscess of the lower lip begins under the tongue. It appears after a sore throat or other infectious diseases of the throat. Delivers severe pain when talking or eating.
• An abscess of the tongue causes it to swell. The patient is afraid of suffocating in his sleep, so he is hospitalized and treated under constant medical supervision.
• A cheek abscess begins to form on the inside and often comes out, breaks through the skin on the face. The infection can get into the smallest wounds that remain when accidentally biting a tooth.

In any case, an examination of the oral cavity is necessary. If no measures are taken and the development of the abscess is not stopped, infection of neighboring tissues and bones will begin.

Abscess symptoms

Every third patient addresses a complaint with the formation of an inflamed area to the dentist. You can distinguish an abscess of the oral cavity from an ordinary abscess or fistula by some symptoms:

• there is no dense core, the swollen place is soft to the touch, and when you press on it, you feel the liquid rolling;
• a round formation appears on the gum, palate or inner surface of the cheek, which reaches a considerable size (sometimes an abscess the size of a walnut is diagnosed);
• the skin looks stretched, turns red and the entire area swells;
• the patient feels strong or, which increases with a bite or jaw movements;
• there is asymmetry of the face, one cheek or lower lip may increase.

Pus in the gums accumulates very quickly. The first signs resemble the manifestation of periodontal disease, there is a burning sensation and swelling near the teeth. In difficult situations, it becomes difficult for a person to swallow and speak, and a slight suffocation may begin. Often, symptoms are accompanied by high fever and general weakness, fever, and sleep disturbances.

How to treat an abscess

With the development of inflammation in the oral cavity, the bump can break out and a fistulous tract remains on the mucosa. Otherwise, the dentist needs to perform a small operation and open it with special tools. A drain is inserted into the incision site, through which the pus will come out for several days. In parallel, a thorough washing with antiseptics is carried out. Such an unpleasant procedure is carried out under local or general anesthesia, and at a high temperature, the patient is offered hospitalization in a hospital for several days.

Antibiotics will help minimize the dangerous consequences of the formation of an abscess. The doctor will advise how to treat a gum abscess only after laboratory diagnosis, when the causative agents of the disease become known. Most often recommended:

• Amoxicillin;
• Oxacillin;
• Lincomycin.

The duration of the appointment is calculated by the dentist and averages from 3 to 7 days. If the inflammation has spread to the jaw bones, droppers with Ceftriaxone or other potent antibiotics cannot be avoided. It is important to observe oral hygiene and rinse it thoroughly with special solutions with disinfectant and anti-inflammatory properties:

• Miramistin;
• Chlorophyllipt;

Processing should be carried out 3-4 times a day, be sure to rinse your mouth after any snack. It helps to relieve exacerbation and draw out pus from the wound with a solution of ordinary soda and water. To prepare it, a spoonful of powder is stirred in a glass of liquid. Before each procedure, a new portion is made.

Almost immediately after opening the inflamed area, pain and burning sensation subside, the patient feels much better. The usual oval of the face returns and the high temperature disappears. In order for the treatment to be complete and the disease not to recur, it is necessary to undergo a course of physiotherapy: electrophoresis with an antiseptic on the gums, UHF heating, silvering of teeth damaged by caries.

All this time, the patient must adhere to a diet: exclude solid vegetables and fruits, eat light and semi-liquid food, cereals, soups. Vitamin complexes, fresh juices with pulp and fermented milk products help to raise immunity. For the future, you should visit the dentist more often and treat any inflammation at an early stage.

An abscess in the oral cavity is an acute inflammatory process of soft tissues. In dental practice, doctors often have to open an abscess, treat complications associated with the spread of exudate over a large area.

An abscess often turns into a chronic form, provokes serious consequences. It is important to know what are the symptoms of an active inflammatory process. Patients of different ages will need information about the causes, methods of treatment of a dangerous disease.

general information

An abscess develops as a complication of various dental pathologies. Local or extensive inflammation of the gums, mucosa, palate, inner surface of the cheeks occurs with acute symptoms. A deep abscess is often accompanied by life-threatening complications.

Peculiarities:

• an abscess is a focus of inflammation filled with purulent contents;
• in the absence of competent treatment, non-compliance by the patient with recommendations, the abscess grows, the mucous membrane stretches;
• when a critical size is reached, the capsule breaks through, pus fills nearby tissues;
• with a spilled process, exudate with toxic decay products spreads with blood and lymph flow to important organs;
• in advanced cases, death is possible.

The outcome of the development of pathological changes is different: from self-healing with the formation of a scar to the breakthrough of an abscess, the appearance of phlegmon.

Causes

The causative agents of the pathological process are pathogens, more often staphylococci. Favorable conditions in the oral cavity accelerate the development of inflammation.

Infectious agents enter the body in two ways:

• from the inside - from the affected organs, tissues;
• outside - from the environment.

The inflammatory process develops under the influence of certain factors:

• infectious diseases of the oral mucosa, skin diseases;
• in case of injury to the mucous membranes (erosion, scratches, tissue damage during tooth extraction);
• non-compliance with sterility when injecting anesthetics;
• periodontitis. The inflammatory process from periodontal pockets spreads to other parts of the maxillofacial region.

Symptoms

The pathological process proceeds in the same way, regardless of the location of the focus. Symptoms are slightly different, but the main characteristics do not change.

Diagnosis is carried out on the basis of external signs, blood tests, cultures from the affected area. With a slight pain, small size of the abscess, differentiation with actinomycosis, neoplasms of various etiologies, tuberculous infiltrate is required.

Abscess development:

• penetration into the focus of inflammation of enzymes that melt decay products, dead tissues, the formation of purulent masses;
• the appearance of a granulation membrane that limits the outflow of pus. When the protective layer breaks, the exudate spills over a wide area;
• in the absence of treatment, a chronic process develops, a fistula is formed - a channel for the removal of pus; (Read more about the fistula on the gums in the article);
• sometimes the area of ​​inflammation is scarred.

Signs of the development of an active inflammatory process:

• soreness of the affected area;
• redness, swelling, fever up to 39–40 degrees;
• the mucosa is stretched, the gums, cheek, palate, and other tissues in the vicinity of the painful focus swell;
• the formation of an infiltrate with purulent contents. The surface is glossy, with pressure there is pain;
• headache;
• when the process is running, general weakness develops;
• facial asymmetry;
• discomfort during hygiene procedures, while eating.

Note! An abscess can be single or multiple. A severe form significantly impairs the patient's quality of life and causes dangerous complications. The penetration of pus into the heart muscle, meninges, maxillary sinuses, damage to the lymphatic system threatens life.

Kinds

Dentists distinguish several varieties of the inflammatory process. The classification is based on the location of the lesion with purulent contents.

tooth abscess

Inflammation with acute symptoms develops between the tooth or gum or near the root of the problem unit. The patient feels discomfort, it is difficult to eat, brush his teeth. In the absence of treatment, the affected tooth must be removed.

The reasons:

• infectious process;
• problems with teeth and gums: deep,;
• tooth injuries, chips, fractures;
• damage to gum tissue;
• poor quality dental care.

Symptoms of a tooth abscess:

• throbbing pain in the focus of inflammation;
• soreness, increased;
• putrid smell;
• tumor, facial asymmetry;
• gum edema, hyperemia;
• the appearance of an abscess or ulcer;
• enlarged lymph nodes in the neck;
• the temperature often rises, the state of health worsens.

Treatment:

• removal of pus from the inflamed area, washing with an antiseptic solution;
• in advanced cases, with a deep location of the abscess, tooth extraction is performed, drainage through an incision in the gum;
• antibiotic therapy is required. Anesthetics help to relieve pain;
• therapeutic rinses with Chlorhexidine, Rotokan, Miramistin are recommended. Effective herbal decoctions (chamomile, oak bark, sage, succession, calendula); (Instructions for the use of Chlorhexidine; Miramistin - page);
• After each meal, the patient must rinse his mouth. You need meticulous oral hygiene.

Oral pathology

Local tissue inflammation causes considerable discomfort to the patient, provokes complications. The fight against the focus of inflammation, the consequences of an abscess of the oral cavity is one of the most common situations in surgical dentistry. The inflammatory process develops at any age, regardless of the gender of the patient.

In the absence of adequate therapy, a life-threatening condition occurs. Self-medication is strictly prohibited.

The reasons:

• complication of advanced periodontal disease or periodontitis. Millions of microorganisms accumulate in periodontal pockets, active formation of pus occurs;
• infection by injection during anesthesia;
• mucosal injury, gums;
• complications in infectious diseases that suppress the immune system;
• purulent tonsillitis;
• furuncles in the facial area.

Most often, the inflammatory process develops with the complex action of several microorganisms. Gram-negative anaerobic bacteria interact with streptococci and staphylococci. Selection of antibiotics - strictly after a sensitivity test.

Kinds:

• abscess of the maxillary. Pathological changes develop as a complication of deep caries. In the later stages of purulent inflammation, the tissues of the maxillofacial zone are melted. The process progresses rapidly, there is asymmetry of the face, pain when swallowing, redness, poisoning of the body. A putrid odor is characteristic. Often develops phlegmon, inflammation of the infraorbital region, neck. Treatment - analgesics, antibiotics, removal of a purulent focus;
• gum abscess. The problem develops around the affected tooth. The variety is often found in dental practice. The lack of therapy provokes a transition to a chronic form or a diffuse abscess. Toxins poison the body, the state of health worsens, pus periodically flows out through the fistula;
• tongue abscess. One of the most severe types of pathology. It is difficult for the patient to swallow and speak. Often the breathing process is complicated due to a swollen tongue. At the first symptoms, hospitalization is required;
• palate abscess. A common complication of periodontitis of the upper jaw. Untimely treatment threatens with complications: the nasopharynx becomes infected, osteomyelitis of the palatal plate develops;
• cheek abscess. Dangerous soft tissue inflammation. The abscess is located on the mucous membrane or goes to the outer region of the cheek. If left untreated, inflammation covers nearby tissues, affects the infraorbital, parotid region.

How to treat an abscess? Treatment is standard:

• antibiotics;
• antiseptic rinses (pharmaceutical preparations, decoctions of medicinal herbs);
• removal of an abscess, drainage of the opened cavity, disinfection of adjacent tissues;
• taking vitamins, drugs to strengthen the immune system;
• physiotherapy.

Symptoms:

• dry mouth;
• high temperature (up to 39 degrees);
• the appearance of purulent masses in the mouth;
• sharp pain in the affected area;
• palpation of a dense formation;
• redness, swelling, feeling of "bursting" (a sign of the accumulation of purulent masses);
• it is difficult for the patient to open his mouth, swallow food;
• general weakness, intoxication of the body.

Treatment of salivary gland abscess:

• opening the focus of inflammation;
• withdrawal of exudate through the drainage hole;
• antibacterial therapy, taking into account the sensitivity of microorganisms to certain antibiotics;
• fortifying drugs;
• medicinal rinses.

Not always the patient can prevent the development of complications. Sometimes infection occurs through the fault of the dentist during the extraction of a tooth, injections to anesthetize a certain area.

Often, the patient himself provokes the development of dangerous inflammation: he does not undergo medical examinations at the dentist, he does not visit the dentist in time with severe toothache. Often people suffer pain with deep caries, inflammation of the gums, mucous membranes, they try to mask the symptoms with the help of ineffective homemade ointments, decoctions.

Simple measures will prevent the appearance of a purulent focus:

• careful oral hygiene, the use of high-quality paste, rinses;
• mandatory removal of soft plaque from the tongue;
• cleaning uncomfortable areas with dental floss, irrigator; (Read about the benefits of dental floss; the page is written about the irrigator);
• regular (every 6 months) visits to the dentist;
• timely treatment of dental diseases;
• the fight against infectious diseases of various organs in the early stages;
• refusal of self-treatment for inflammation of the gum tissue, severe pain in the tooth;
• strengthening immunity, quitting smoking, strong alcoholic beverages. Eat less chips, crackers, lollipops with sharp edges: microtrauma of the mucous membrane is one of the causes of inflammation in the oral cavity.

Folk methods, home recipes are an excellent addition to drug therapy. It is impossible to completely replace antibiotics, pharmacy solutions, dental gels with phytopreparations.

The danger of an abscess of the oral cavity is in the defeat of neighboring tissues, the penetration of purulent masses into various parts of the body. At the first symptoms of inflammation of the gums, mucous membranes, severe toothache, seek medical help. Inflammation of the palate, salivary glands, tooth abscess provokes complications. A timely visit to the dentist will save you from serious consequences.

Video. Details about tooth abscess: