How does mitotic cell division occur? Mitosis

Nikolai Alekseevich Zabolotsky (Zabolotsky)(April 24 [May 7], Kizicheskaya Sloboda, Kaimarsky volost of the Kazan district of the Kazan province - October 14, Moscow) - Russian Soviet poet.

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How does mitotic cell division occur? Mitosis - meaning and stages The Silver Age gave the world a galaxy of amazing poets. Akhmatova, Mandelstam, Tsvetaeva, Gumilyov, Blok... Either the time was so extraordinary, or the universe hesitated for a moment, and the probability theory missed this incredible coincidence. But one way or another, the beginning of the twentieth century is the time of fireworks, festive fireworks in the world of Russian poetry. The stars flared up and went out, leaving behind poems - famous and not so famous. Known unknown Zabolotsky One of the most underestimated authors of that time is the poet N. Zabolotsky. Everyone knows that Akhmatova is a genius, but not everyone can quote her poems. The same applies to Blok or Tsvetaeva. But almost everyone knows the work of Zabolotsky - but many have no idea that this is Zabolotsky. “Kissed, bewitched, with the wind in the field…”, “The soul is obliged to work…” and even “Kotya, kitty, kitty…”. All this is Zabolotsky Nikolai Alekseevich. The poems belong to him. They went to the people, became songs and lullabies for children, the name of the author turned into an extra formality. On the one hand - the most sincere declaration of love of all possible. On the other hand, it is a blatant injustice towards the author. prose poet The curse of underestimation affected not only the poet's poems, but also his own life. She has always been "out of character". Did not meet the standards, ideas and aspirations. For a scientist, he was too much of a poet, for a poet too much of a layman, for a man in the street too much of a dreamer. His spirit did not match his body in any way. Blond of medium height, chubby and prone to fullness, Zabolotsky gave the impression of a solid and sedate person. A respectable young man of a very prosaic appearance in no way corresponded to the ideas of a true poet - sensitive, vulnerable and restless. And only people who knew Zabolotsky closely understood that under this external sham importance lies a surprisingly sensitive, sincere and cheerful person. The endless contradictions of Zabolotsky Even the literary circle, in which Nikolai Alekseevich Zabolotsky found himself, was “wrong”. Oberiuts - shameless, funny, paradoxical, seemed the most inappropriate company for a serious young man. Meanwhile, Zabolotsky was very friendly with Kharms, and with Oleinikov, and with Vvedensky. Another paradox of inconsistency is Zabolotsky's literary preferences. Famous left him indifferent. He also did not like Akhmatova, highly valued by the near-literary environment. But the restless, restless, ghostly surreal Khlebnikov seemed to Zabolotsky a great and profound poet. The worldview of this man painfully contrasted with his appearance, his way of life and even his origin. Childhood Zabolotsky was born on April 24, 1903 in the Kazan province, Kizichesky settlement. His childhood was spent on farms, in villages and villages. Father is an agronomist, mother is a rural teacher. They first lived in the Kazan province, then moved to the village of Sernur Now it is the Republic of Mari El. Later, many noted the characteristic northern dialect that broke through in the poet's speech - after all, it was from there that Nikolai Zabolotsky was born. The biography of this man is closely intertwined with his work. Love for the land, respect for peasant labor, a touching affection for animals, the ability to understand them - all this Zabolotsky took out of his village childhood. Poems Zabolotsky began to write early. Already in the third grade, he "published" a handwritten magazine in which he published his own works. Moreover, he did this with diligence and diligence inherent in his character. At the age of ten, Zabolotsky entered the real school of Urzhum. There he was fond of not only literature, as one might expect, but also chemistry, drawing, and history. These hobbies later determined the choice made by Nikolai Zabolotsky. The biography of the poet has preserved traces of creative throwing, the search for himself. Arriving in Moscow, he immediately entered two and historical and philological studies. Later, however, he chose medicine and even studied there for a semester. But in 1920 to live in the capital without outside help student was difficult. Unable to bear the lack of money, Zabolotsky returned to Urzhum. Poet and scientist Later, Zabolotsky nevertheless graduated from the institute, but already Petrogradsky, at the rate of "Language and Literature". He wrote poetry, but he was not considered talented. Yes, and he himself spoke of his works of that period as weak and imitative through and through. People around him saw him more as a scientist than a poet. Indeed, science was the area that Nikolai Zabolotsky was always interested in. The biography of the poet could have turned out differently if he had decided to engage not in versification, but in scientific research, to which he always had a penchant. After training, Zabolotsky was drafted into the army. During his service, he was a member of the editorial board of the regimental wall newspaper and was very proud later that it was the best in the district. Zabolotsky in Moscow In 1927, Zabolotsky nevertheless returned to Moscow, from which he left seven years ago in great disappointment. But now he was no longer a student, but a young poet. Zabolotsky plunged headlong into the seething literary life of the capital. He attended debates and dined in famous cafes, where Moscow poets were regulars. During this period, Zabolotsky's literary tastes were finally formed. He came to the conclusion that poetry should not be simply a reflection of the author's emotions. No, in verses you need to talk about important things, about the right things! How such views on poetry were combined with love for Khlebnikov's work is a mystery. But it was him that Zabolotsky considered the only poet of that period worthy of the memory of his descendants. Zabolotsky surprisingly combined the incongruous. He was a scientist at heart, practical and pragmatic to the core. He was interested in mathematics, biology, astronomy, read scientific works on these disciplines. The philosophical works of Tsiolkovsky made a huge impression on him, Zabolotsky even entered into correspondence with the author, discussing cosmogonic theories. And at the same time, he was a subtle, lyrical, emotional poet, writing poetry, infinitely far from academic dryness. First book It was then that another name appeared in the lists of OBERIU members - Nikolai Zabolotsky. The biography and work of this man were closely connected with the circle of innovative poets. The absurd, grotesque, illogical style of the Oberiuts, combined with Zabolotsky's academic thinking and his deep sensitivity, made it possible to create complex and multifaceted works. In 1929, Zabolotsky's first book, "Columns", was published. Alas, the result of the publication was only the ridicule of critics and dissatisfaction with the official authorities. Fortunately for Zabolotsky, no serious consequences this occasional conflict with the regime had not. After the publication of the book, the poet published in the Zvezda magazine and even prepared material for the next book. Unfortunately, this collection of poems was never signed for publication. A new wave of bullying forced the poet to abandon his dreams of publication. Nikolai Alekseevich Zabolotsky began working in the genre in publications supervised by Marshak himself - at that time in the literary world a figure of exceptional significance. Translator's job In addition, Zabolotsky began to translate. "The Knight in the Panther's Skin" is still familiar to readers in Zabolotsky's translation. In addition, he translated and arranged for children's editions of Gargantua and Pantagruel, Til Ulenspiegel and one section of Gulliver's Travels. Marshak, the country's No. 1 translator, spoke highly of Zabolotsky's work. At the same time, the poet began to work on a translation from the Old Slavonic "The Tale of Igor's Campaign". It was a huge job, done with unusual talent and care. Translated by Zabolotsky and Alberto Saba, an Italian poet little known in the USSR. Marriage In 1930, Zabolotsky married Ekaterina Klykova. Oberiut friends spoke of her extremely warmly. Even the caustic Kharms and Oleinikov were fascinated by the fragile, silent girl. The life and work of Zabolotsky were closely connected with this amazing woman. Zabolotsky was never rich. Moreover, he was poor, sometimes simply poor. The meager earnings of a translator barely allowed him to support his family. And all these years, Ekaterina Klykova did not just support the poet. She completely handed over to him the reins of government of the family, never arguing with him or reproaching anything with him. Even family friends were amazed at the woman's devotion, noting that there was something not quite natural in such dedication. The way of the house, the slightest economic decisions - all this was determined only by Zabolotsky. Arrest Therefore, when the poet was arrested in 1938, Klykova's life collapsed. She spent all five years of her husband's imprisonment in Urzhum, in extreme poverty. Zabolotsky was accused of anti-Soviet activities. Despite lengthy exhausting interrogations and torture, he did not sign the indictments, did not acknowledge the existence of an anti-Soviet organization, and did not name any of its alleged members. Perhaps this is what saved his life. The sentence was camp imprisonment, and Zabolotsky spent five years in Vostoklage, located in the Komsomolsk-on-Amur region. There, in inhuman conditions, Zabolotsky was engaged in a poetic transcription of "The Tale of Igor's Campaign". As the poet later explained, in order to preserve himself as a person, not to sink to that state in which it is no longer possible to create. Last years In 1944, the term was interrupted, and Zabolotsky received the status of an exile. For a year he lived in Altai, where his wife and children also came, then he moved to Kazakhstan. These were difficult times for the family. Lack of work, money, eternal uncertainty about the future and fear. They were afraid of being re-arrested, they were afraid that they would be kicked out of temporary housing, they were afraid of everything. In 1946 Zabolotsky returned to Moscow. He lives with friends, works as a translator, life begins to slowly improve. And then another tragedy happens. The wife, an infinitely faithful devoted wife, who courageously endured all the hardships and hardships, suddenly leaves for another. He does not betray out of fear for his life or the life of his children, he does not run away from poverty and adversity. Just at forty-nine years old, this one is for another man. This broke Zabolotsky. The proud, conceited poet painfully experienced the collapse. Zabolotsky's life gave a roll. He rushed about, frantically looking for a way out, trying to create at least the appearance of a normal existence. He offered his hand and heart to an unfamiliar, in fact, woman, and, according to the recollections of friends, not even in person, but by phone. He hastily married, spent some time with his new wife and broke up with her, simply deleting his second wife from his life. It was to her, and not at all to his wife, that the poem “My Precious Woman” was dedicated. Zabolotsky went to work. He translated a lot and fruitfully, he had orders, and finally he began to earn decent money. He was able to survive the breakup with his wife - but he could not survive her return. When Ekaterina Klykova returned to Zabolotsky, he had a heart attack. He was ill for a month and a half, but during this time he managed to put all his affairs in order: sorted out poems, wrote a will. He was a thorough man in death as well as in life. By the end of his life, the poet had money, popularity, and readership. But that couldn't change anything. Zabolotsky's health was undermined by the camps and years of poverty, and the heart of an elderly man could not withstand the stress caused by experiences. Zabolotsky died on 10/14/1958. He died on his way to the bathroom, where he went to brush his teeth. Doctors forbade Zabolotsky to get up, but he was always a neat person and even a little pedant in everyday life.
Citizenship:	Russian empire, THE USSR
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Biography

Zabolotsky was fond of painting by Filonov, Chagall, Brueghel. The ability to see the world through the eyes of an artist remained with the poet for life.

After leaving the army, the poet fell into the situation of the last years of the NEP, the satirical image of which became the theme of poetry early period, who compiled his first poetic book - "Columns". In 1929, it was published in Leningrad and immediately caused a literary scandal and mocking reviews in the press. Rated as a "hostile sortie", she, however, did not cause direct "organizational conclusions" - orders in relation to the author, and he (through Nikolai Tikhonov) managed to establish special relations with the magazine Zvezda, where about ten poems were published that replenished Stolbtsy during second (unpublished) edition of the collection.

Zabolotsky managed to create surprisingly multidimensional poems - and their first dimension, which is immediately noticeable, is a sharp grotesque and satire on the topic of petty-bourgeois life and everyday life, dissolving a personality in itself. Another facet of the "Columns", their aesthetic perception, requires some special preparedness of the reader, because for those who know, Zabolotsky wove another artistic and intellectual fabric, a parody. In his early lyrics, the very function of parody changes, its satistic and polemical components disappear, and it loses its role as a weapon of intra-literary struggle.

In "Disciplina Clericalis", (1926) there is a parody of Balmont's tautological eloquence, ending with Zoshchenko's intonations; in the poem "On the Stairs" (1928), through the kitchen, already Zoshchenko's world, "Waltz" by Vladimir Benediktov suddenly appears; The Ivanovs (1928) reveals its parody-literary meaning, evoking (hereinafter in the text) the key images of Dostoevsky with his Sonechka Marmeladova and her old man; lines from the poem "Wandering Musicians" (1928) refer to Pasternak, etc.

The basis of Zabolotsky's philosophical searches

From the poem "The signs of the zodiac fade" begins the mystery of the birth of the main theme, the "nerve" of Zabolotsky's creative searches - the Tragedy of Reason sounds for the first time. The "nerve" of these searches in the future will force its owner to devote much more lines philosophical lyrics. Through all his poems runs the path of the most intense implantation of individual consciousness in mysterious world being, which is immeasurably wider and richer than the rational constructions created by people. On this path, the poet-philosopher undergoes a significant evolution, during which 3 dialectical stages can be distinguished: 1926-1933; 1932-1945 and 1946-1958.

Zabolotsky read a lot and with enthusiasm: not only after the publication of "Columns", but also before, he read the works of Engels, Grigory Skovoroda, the works of Kliment Timiryazev on plants, Yuri Filipchenko on the evolutionary idea in biology, Vernadsky on bio- and noospheres, covering all living things and intelligent on the planet and extolling both as great transformative forces; read Einstein's theory of relativity, which gained wide popularity in the 1920s; "Philosophy of the common cause" Nikolai Fedorov.

By the publication of The Columns, their author already had his own concept of natural philosophy. It was based on the idea of the universe as unified system, which unites living and non-living forms of matter, which are in eternal interaction and mutual transformation. The development of this complex organism of nature occurs from primitive chaos to the harmonic orderliness of all its elements, and the main role here is played by the consciousness inherent in nature, which, in the words of the same Timiryazev, “smolders dully in lower beings and only flares up like a bright spark in the human mind.” Therefore, it is Man who is called to take care of the transformation of nature, but in his activity he must see in nature not only a student, but also a teacher, for this imperfect and suffering "eternal winepress" contains the beautiful world of the future and those wise laws by which man should be guided.

Gradually, the position of Zabolotsky in the literary circles of Leningrad was strengthened. Many poems from this period received favorable reviews, and in 1937 his book was published, including seventeen poems ("Second Book"). On Zabolotsky's desktop lay the begun poetic transcription of the Old Russian poem "The Tale of Igor's Campaign" and his own poem "The Siege of Kozelsk", poems and translations from Georgian. But the prosperity that followed was deceptive.

In custody

« The first days they did not beat me, trying to decompose mentally and physically. I was not given food. They were not allowed to sleep. The investigators succeeded each other, but I sat motionless in a chair in front of the investigator's table - day after day. Behind the wall, in the next office, from time to time someone's frantic screams were heard. My legs began to swell, and on the third day I had to tear off my shoes, as I could not bear the pain in my feet. Consciousness began to become clouded, and I strained all my strength in order to answer reasonably and prevent any injustice against those people about whom I was asked ..."These are Zabolotsky's lines from the memoirs" The History of My Imprisonment "(published abroad on English language in the city, in last years Soviet power printed in the USSR, c).

He served his term from February 1939 until May 1943 in the Vostoklag system in the area of Komsomolsk-on-Amur; then in the Altaylaga system in the Kulunda steppes; A partial idea of his camp life is given by the selection prepared by him "One Hundred Letters 1938-1944" - excerpts from letters to his wife and children.

From March 1944, after being released from the camp, he lived in Karaganda. There he completed the arrangement of The Tale of Igor's Campaign (begun in 1937), which became the best among the experiments of many Russian poets. This helped in 1946 to obtain permission to live in Moscow.

In 1946, N. A. Zabolotsky was reinstated in the Writers' Union. A new, Moscow period of his work began. Despite the blows of fate, he managed to return to unfulfilled plans.

Moscow period

The period of return to poetry was not only joyful, but also difficult. In the poems “Blind” and “Thunderstorm” written then, the theme of creativity and inspiration sounds. Most of the poems from 1946-1948 have been praised by today's literary historians. It was during this period that "In this birch grove" was written. Outwardly built on a simple and expressive contrast of a picture of a peaceful birch grove, singing orioles-life and universal death, it carries sadness, an echo of the experience, a hint of personal fate and a tragic foreboding of common troubles. In 1948, the poet's third collection of poems was published.

In 1949-1952, the years of extreme tightening of ideological oppression, the creative upsurge that manifested itself in the first years after the return was replaced by a creative decline and an almost complete switch to literary translations. Fearing that his words would again be used against him, Zabolotsky restrained himself and did not write. The situation changed only after the XX Congress of the CPSU, with the beginning of the Khrushchev thaw, which marked the weakening of ideological censorship in literature and art.

He responded to new trends in the life of the country with the poems “Somewhere in a field near Magadan”, “Opposition of Mars”, “Kazbek”. Over the last three years of his life, Zabolotsky created about half of all the works of the Moscow period. Some of them have appeared in print. In 1957, the fourth, most complete of his lifetime collection of poems was published.

The cycle of lyrical poems "Last Love" was released in 1957, "the only one in Zabolotsky's work, one of the most poignant and painful in Russian poetry." It is in this collection that the poem “Confession” is placed, dedicated to N. A. Roskina, later revised by the St. Petersburg bard Alexander Lobanovsky ( Enchanted bewitched / Once wedded with the wind in the field / All of you are chained as if in chains / You are my precious woman ...).

Family of N. A. Zabolotsky

In 1930, Zabolotsky married Ekaterina Vasilievna Klykova. In this marriage, the son Nikita was born, who became the author of several biographical works about his father. Daughter - Natalya Nikolaevna Zabolotskaya (born 1937), since 1962 the wife of virologist Nikolai Veniaminovich Kaverin (born 1933), academician of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, son of writer Veniamin Kaverin.

Death

Creation

The early work of Zabolotsky focused on the problems of the city and populace, it is influenced by V. Khlebnikov, it is marked by the objectivity inherent in futurism, and the variety of burlesque metaphors. The confrontation of words, giving the effect of alienation, reveals new connections. At the same time, Zabolotsky's poems do not reach such a degree of absurdity as those of other Oberiuts. Nature is understood in Zabolotsky's poems as chaos and prison, harmony as a delusion. In the poem "The Triumph of Agriculture", the poetics of futuristic experimentation is combined with elements of an 18th-century heroic-comic poem. The question of death and immortality determines the poetry of Zabolotsky in the 1930s. Irony, manifested in exaggeration or simplification, outlines a distance in relation to the depicted. The later poems of Zabolotsky are united by common philosophical aspirations and reflections on nature, the naturalness of the language, devoid of pathos, they are more emotional and musical than the previous poems of Zabolotsky, and closer to tradition (A. Pushkin, E. Baratynsky, F. Tyutchev). An allegorical image is added here to the anthropomorphic depiction of nature (Thunderstorm, 1946).

Zabolotsky-translator

Nikolai Zabolotsky is the largest translator of Georgian poets: D. Guramishvili, Gr. Orbeliani , I. Chavchavadze , A. Tsereteli , V. Pshavely . Peru Zabolotsky owns the translation of the poem by Sh. Rustaveli "The Knight in the Panther's Skin" (- the latest edition of the translation).

Chukovsky wrote about Zabolotsky’s translation of The Tale of Igor’s Campaign that he was “more accurate than all the most accurate interlineators, since it conveys the most important thing: the poetic originality of the original, its charm, its charm.”

Zabolotsky himself reported in a letter to N. L. Stepanov: “ Now, when I entered the spirit of the monument, I am filled with the greatest reverence, surprise and gratitude to fate for bringing this miracle to us from the depths of centuries. In the desert of centuries, where no stone was left after wars, fires and fierce destruction, stands this lonely, unlike anything, cathedral of our ancient glory. Terrible, terrible to approach him. The eye involuntarily wants to find in it familiar proportions, the golden sections of our familiar world monuments. Wasted labor! There are no such sections in it, everything in it is full of a special tender wildness, another, not by our measure, the artist measured it. And how touchingly the corners crumbled, crows sit on them, wolves prowl, and it stands - this is a mysterious building, not knowing its equals, and will stand forever, as long as Russian culture is alive» . He also translated the Italian poet Umberto Saba.

Addresses in Petrograd - Leningrad

1921-1925 - residential cooperative building of the Third Petrograd Association of Apartment Owners - Krasnye Zor Street, 73;
1927-1930 - tenement house - Konnaya street, 15, apt. 33;
1930 - 03/19/1938 - the house of the Court Stable Department - Griboyedov Canal Embankment, 9.

Addresses in Moscow

1946-1948 - in the apartments of N. Stepanov, I. Andronikov in Moscow and in Peredelkino at the dacha of V. P. Ilyenkov
1948 - October 14, 1958 - Khoroshevskoe highway, 2/1 building 4, apartment No. 25. The place of life, work and death of the poet. The house was included in the register of cultural heritage, but was demolished in 2001 (see). During the summer months, N. Zabolotsky also lived in Tarusa.

Memory

Nikolay Zabolotsky

Russian Soviet poet, translator; member of the Writers' Union of the USSR

short biography

Nikolai Alekseevich Zabolotsky (Zabolotsky)(May 7, 1903, Kizicheskaya Sloboda, Kaimar Volost, Kazan Uyezd, Kazan Province - October 14, 1958, Moscow) - Russian Soviet poet, translator; member of the Writers' Union of the USSR.

Born not far from Kazan - on a farm of the Kazan provincial zemstvo, located in close proximity to the Kizicheskaya Sloboda, where his father Alexei Agafonovich Zabolotsky (1864-1929) - an agronomist - worked as a manager, and his mother Lidia Andreevna (nee Dyakonova) (1882 (?) - 1926) - a rural teacher. Baptized on April 25 (May 8), 1903 in the Varvara Church in Kazan. He spent his childhood in the Kizicheskaya settlement near Kazan and in the village of Sernur, Urzhum district, Vyatka province (now the Republic of Mari El). In the third grade of a rural school, Nikolai "published" his handwritten journal and placed his own poems there. From 1913 to 1920 he lived in Urzhum, where he studied at a real school, was fond of history, chemistry, and drawing.

In the early poems of the poet, the memories and experiences of a boy from the village were mixed, organically connected with peasant labor and native nature, impressions of student life and colorful book influences, including the dominant pre-revolutionary poetry - symbolism, acmeism: at that time Zabolotsky singled out Blok's work for himself.

In 1920, after graduating from a real school in Urzhum, he came to Moscow and entered the medical and historical-philological faculties of the university. Very soon, however, he ended up in Petrograd, where he studied at the Department of Language and Literature of the Herzen Pedagogical Institute, which he graduated in 1925, having, by his own definition, "a voluminous notebook of bad poems." IN next year he was called up for military service.

He served in Leningrad, on the Vyborg side, and already in 1927 he retired to the reserve. Despite the short-term and almost optional military service, the collision with the “turned inside out” world of the barracks played the role of a kind of creative catalyst in Zabolotsky’s fate: it was in 1926-1927 that he wrote the first real poetic works, found his own voice, unlike anyone else , at the same time he participated in the creation of the OBERIU literary group. At the end of his service, he got a place in the children's book department of the Leningrad OGIZ, which was led by S. Marshak.

Zabolotsky was fond of painting by Filonov, Chagall, Brueghel. The ability to see the world through the eyes of an artist remained with the poet for life.

After leaving the army, the poet found himself in the situation of the last years of the NEP, the satirical image of which became the theme of the poems of the early period, which made up his first poetic book - "Columns". In 1929, she was published in Leningrad and immediately caused a literary scandal and negative feedback in the press, accusing the author of foolishness over collectivization. Rated as a "hostile sortie", she, however, did not cause direct "organizational conclusions" - orders in relation to the author, and he (with the help of Nikolai Tikhonov) managed to establish special relations with the Zvezda magazine, where about ten poems were published that replenished Stolbtsy during second (unpublished) edition of the collection.

Zabolotsky managed to create surprisingly multidimensional poems - and their first dimension, which is immediately noticeable, is a sharp grotesque and satire on the topic of petty-bourgeois life and everyday life, dissolving a personality in itself. Another facet of the "Columns", their aesthetic perception, requires some special preparedness of the reader, because for those who know, Zabolotsky wove another artistic and intellectual fabric - a parody. In his early lyrics, the very function of parody changes, its satirical and polemical components disappear, and it loses its role as a weapon of intra-literary struggle.

In "Disciplina Clericalis" (1926) there is a parody of Balmont's tautological eloquence, ending with Zoshchenko's intonations; in the poem "On the Stairs" (1928), through the kitchen, already Zoshchenko's world, "Waltz" by Vladimir Benediktov suddenly appears; The Ivanovs (1928) reveals its parody-literary meaning, evoking (hereinafter in the text) the key images of Dostoevsky with his Sonechka Marmeladova and her old man; lines from the poem "Wandering Musicians" (1928) refer to Pasternak, etc.

The basis of Zabolotsky's philosophical searches

From the poem "The signs of the zodiac fade" begins the mystery of the birth of the main theme, the "nerve" of Zabolotsky's creative searches - the Tragedy of Reason sounds for the first time. The "nerve" of these searches in the future will force its owner to devote much more lines to philosophical lyrics. Through all his poems, the path of the most intense implantation of individual consciousness into the mysterious world of being, which is immeasurably wider and richer than the rational constructions created by people, runs. On this path, the poet-philosopher undergoes a significant evolution, during which 3 dialectical stages can be distinguished: 1926-1933; 1932-1945 and 1946-1958

Zabolotsky read a lot and with enthusiasm: not only after the publication of Stolbtsy, but also before, he read the works of Engels, Grigory Skovoroda, the works of Kliment Timiryazev on plants, Yuri Filipchenko on the evolutionary idea in biology, Vernadsky on bio- and noospheres, covering all living things and intelligent on the planet and extolling both as great transformative forces; read Einstein's theory of relativity, which gained wide popularity in the 1920s; "Philosophy of the Common Cause" by Nikolai Fedorov.

By the publication of The Columns, their author already had his own concept of natural philosophy. It was based on the idea of the universe as a single system that unites living and non-living forms of matter, which are in eternal interaction and mutual transformation. The development of this complex organism of nature occurs from primitive chaos to the harmonic orderliness of all its elements, and the main role here is played by the consciousness inherent in nature, which, in the words of the same Timiryazev, “smolders dully in lower beings and only flares up like a bright spark in the human mind.” Therefore, it is Man who is called to take care of the transformation of nature, but in his activity he must see in nature not only a student, but also a teacher, for this imperfect and suffering "eternal winepress" contains the beautiful world of the future and those wise laws by which man should be guided.

In 1931, Zabolotsky got acquainted with the works of Tsiolkovsky, which made an indelible impression on him. Tsiolkovsky defended the idea of a variety of life forms in the Universe, was the first theorist and propagandist of human exploration outer space. In a letter to him, Zabolotsky wrote: “... Your thoughts about the future of the Earth, humanity, animals and plants deeply concern me, and they are very close to me. In my unpublished poems and verses, I did my best to resolve them.

Further creative path

Collection "Poems. 1926-1932", already typed in the printing house, was not signed for printing. The publication of the new poem "The Triumph of Agriculture", written to some extent under the influence of "Ladomir" by Velimir Khlebnikov (1933), caused a new wave of persecution of Zabolotsky. Threatening accusations in critical articles (formalism, mysticism, primitivism, physiology, idealism, etc.) convinced the poet more and more that he would not be allowed to establish himself in poetry with his own, original direction. This gave rise to his disappointment and creative decline in the second half of 1933, 1934, 1935. This is where it came in handy life principle poet: “We must work and fight for ourselves. How many failures are yet to come, how many disappointments and doubts! But if at such moments a person hesitates, his song is sung. Faith and perseverance. Labor and honesty…” And Nikolay Alekseevich continued to work. Livelihood was provided by work in children's literature - in the 30s he collaborated with the magazines "Hedgehog" and "Chizh", which were supervised by Samuil Marshak, wrote poetry and prose for children (including retold for children "Gargantua and Pantagruel" by Francois Rabelais (1936))

In custody

On March 19, 1938, Zabolotsky was arrested and then convicted in the case of anti-Soviet propaganda. As accusatory material in his case, malicious critical articles and a slanderous review "review" appeared, which tendentiously distorted the essence and ideological orientation of his work. From death penalty he was saved by the fact that, despite being tortured during interrogations, he did not admit to the charges of creating a counter-revolutionary organization, which supposedly included Nikolai Tikhonov, Boris Kornilov and others. At the request of the NKVD, critic Nikolai Lesyuchevsky wrote a review of Zabolotsky's poetry, where he pointed out that "Zabolotsky's 'creativity' is an active counter-revolutionary struggle against the Soviet system, against the Soviet people, against socialism."

« The first days they did not beat me, trying to decompose mentally and physically. I was not given food. They were not allowed to sleep. The investigators succeeded each other, but I sat motionless in a chair in front of the investigator's table - day after day. Behind the wall, in the next office, from time to time someone's frantic screams were heard. My legs began to swell, and on the third day I had to tear off my shoes, as I could not bear the pain in my feet. Consciousness began to become clouded, and I strained all my strength in order to answer reasonably and prevent any injustice against those people about whom I was asked ..."These are Zabolotsky's lines from the memoirs" The History of My Imprisonment "(published abroad in English in 1981, in the last years of Soviet power they were also printed in the USSR, in 1988).

He served his term from February 1939 to May 1943 in the Vostoklag system in the Komsomolsk-on-Amur region; then in the Altaylaga system in the Kulunda steppes; A partial idea of his camp life is given by his selection of "One Hundred Letters 1938-1944" - excerpts from letters to his wife and children.

Since March 1944, after being released from the camp, he lived in Karaganda. There he completed the arrangement of The Tale of Igor's Campaign (begun in 1937), which became the best among the experiments of many Russian poets. This helped in 1946 to obtain permission to live in Moscow. He rented a house in the writer's village of Peredelkino from V.P. Ilyenkov.

In 1946, N. A. Zabolotsky was reinstated in the Writers' Union. A new, Moscow period of his work began. Despite the blows of fate, he managed to return to unfulfilled plans.

Moscow period

In 1949-1952, the years of extreme tightening of ideological oppression, the creative upsurge that manifested itself in the first years after the return was replaced by a creative decline and an almost complete switch to literary translations. Fearing that his words would again be used against him, Zabolotsky restrained himself and did not write. The situation changed only after the 20th Congress of the CPSU, with the beginning of the Khrushchev thaw, which marked the weakening of ideological censorship in literature and art.

The cycle of lyrical poems "Last Love" was published in 1957, "the only one in Zabolotsky's work, one of the most poignant and painful in Russian poetry." It is in this collection that the poem “Confession” is placed, dedicated to N. A. Roskina, later revised by the Leningrad bard Alexander Lobanovsky ( Enchanted bewitched / Once wedded with the wind in the field / All of you are chained as if in chains / You are my precious woman ...).

Family of N. A. Zabolotsky

In 1930, Zabolotsky married Ekaterina Vasilievna Klykova (1906-1997). E. V. Klykova experienced a short-term romance (1955-1958) with the writer Vasily Grossman, left Zabolotsky, but then returned.

Son - Nikita Nikolaevich Zabolotsky (1932-2014), candidate of biological sciences, author of biographical and memoir works about his father, compiler of several collections of his works. Daughter - Natalia Nikolaevna Zabolotskaya (born 1937), since 1962 the wife of the virologist Nikolai Veniaminovich Kaverin (1933-2014), academician of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, son of the writer Veniamin Kaverin.

Cousin - children's writer and poet Leonid Vladimirovich Dyakonov (1908-1995).

During the departure of E. V. Klykova, Zabolotsky lived with Natalya Alexandrovna Roskina (1927-1989), the daughter of A. I. Roskin.

Death

Although before his death the poet managed to receive both wide readership and material wealth, this could not compensate for the weakness of his health, undermined by prison and camp. According to N. Chukovsky, who knew Zabolotsky closely, family problems (the departure of his wife, her return) played a final, fatal role. In 1955, Zabolotsky had his first heart attack, in 1958 - the second, and on October 14, 1958 he died.

The poet was buried at the Novodevichy cemetery.

Creation

The early work of Zabolotsky is focused on the problems of the city and the masses, it is influenced by V. Khlebnikov, it is marked by the objectivity inherent in futurism and the variety of burlesque metaphors. The confrontation of words, giving the effect of alienation, reveals new connections. At the same time, Zabolotsky's poems do not reach such a degree of absurdity as those of other Oberiuts. Nature is understood in Zabolotsky's poems as chaos and prison, harmony as a delusion. In the poem "The Triumph of Agriculture", the poetics of futuristic experimentation is combined with elements of an 18th-century heroic-comic poem. The question of death and immortality determines the poetry of Zabolotsky in the 1930s. Irony, manifested in exaggeration or simplification, outlines a distance in relation to the depicted. The later poems of Zabolotsky are united by common philosophical aspirations and reflections on nature, the naturalness of the language, devoid of pathos, they are more emotional and musical than the previous poems of Zabolotsky, and closer to tradition (A. Pushkin, E. Baratynsky, F. Tyutchev). An allegorical image is added here to the anthropomorphic depiction of nature (Thunderstorm, 1946).
Wolfgang Cossack

Zabolotsky-translator

Nikolai Zabolotsky is the largest translator of Georgian poets: D. Guramishvili, Gr. Orbeliani, I. Chavchavadze, A. Tsereteli, V. Pshavely.

Peru Zabolotsky owns the translation of the poem by S. Rustaveli "The Knight in the Panther's Skin" (1957 - the last edition of the translation, in addition, in 1930, a version of the translation "The Knight in the Panther's Skin" adapted for youth, made by Nikolai Zabolotsky, was also published, republished. "Library World Literature for Children, Volume 2, 1982).

Edited for children the translation of F. Rabelais "Gargantua and Pantagruel".

He also translated the Italian poet Umberto Saba.

Addresses

in Petrograd-Leningrad

1921-1925 - residential cooperative building of the Third Petrograd Association of Apartment Owners - Krasnykh Zor Street, 73;
1927-1930 - tenement house - Konnaya street, 15, apt. 33;
1930 - 03/19/1938 - the house of the Court stable department ("writer's superstructure") - Griboyedov Canal Embankment, 9.

in Karaganda

1945 - Lenin street, 9;

in Moscow

1946-1948 - in the apartments of N. Stepanov, I. Andronikov in Moscow and in Peredelkino at the dacha of V. P. Ilyenkov
1948 - October 14, 1958 - Khoroshevskoe highway, 2/1 building 4, apartment No. 25. The place of life, work and death of the poet. The house was included in the Register cultural heritage, but in 2001 it was demolished. During the summer months, N. Zabolotsky also lived in Tarusa.

Awards

Order of the Red Banner of Labor (04/17/1958) - for outstanding services in the development of Georgian art and literature

Memory

A memorial plaque was erected in Kirov to Nikolai Zabolotsky.
In Komsomolsk-on-Amur, on the building of the former "sharashka", where N. Zabolotsky worked as a draftsman for 5 years, a memorial plaque was erected (sculptor Nadezhda Ivleva).
In the Soviet-Danube Shipping Company (Izmail Ukraine) there was an ore-carrier named after Nikolai Zabolotsky.
On July 11, 2015, the first Russian monument to Nikolai Zabolotsky was unveiled in Tarusa, Kaluga Region. It was installed near the house where the poet lived the last two summers of his life.

Research

M. Guselnikova, M. Kalinin. Derzhavin and Zabolotsky. Samara: Samara University, 2008. 298 p., 300 copies,
Savchenko T.T. N. Zabolotsky: Karaganda in the fate of the poet. - Karaganda: Bolashak-Baspa, 2012. - S. 132.

Bibliography

Columns / Region M. Kirnarsky. - L .: Publishing house of writers in Leningrad, 1929. - 72 p. - 1,200 copies.
Mysterious city. - M.-L.: GIZ, 1931 (under the pseudonym I. Miller)
Second book: Poems / Per. and the title of S. M. Pozharsky. - L .: Goslitizdat, 1937. - 48 p., 5,300 copies.
Poems / Ed. A. Tarasenkov; thin V. Reznikov. - M.: Sov. writer, 1948. - 92 p. - 7,000 copies.
Poems. - M.: Goslitizdat, 1957. - 200 p., 25,000 copies.
Poems. - M.: Goslitizdat, 1959. - 200 p., 10,000 copies. - (B-ka of Soviet poetry).
Favorites. - M.: Sov. writer, 1960. - 240 p., 10,000 copies.
Poems / Edited by Gleb Struve and B. A. Filippov. Introductory articles by Alexis Rannita, Boris Filippov and Emmanuel Rice. Washington, D.C.; New York: Inter-Language Literary Associates, 1965.
Poems and poems. - M.; L.: Soviet writer, 1965. - 504 p., 25,000 copies. (B-ka poet. Large series).
Poems. - M.: Fiction, 1967
Favorites. - M.: Children's literature, 1970
Snake apple. - L .: Children's literature, 1972
Selected works: In 2 volumes - M .: Khudozh. literature, 1972.
Favorites. - Kemerovo, 1974
Favorites. - Ufa, 1975
Poems and poems. - M.: Sovremennik, 1981
Poems. - Gorky, 1983
Collected works: In 3 volumes - M., Khudozh. literature, 1983-1984., 50,000 copies.
Poems. - M.: Soviet Russia, 1985
Poems and poems. - M.: Pravda, 1985
Poems and poems. - Yoshkar-Ola, 1985
Poems. Poems. - Perm, 1986
Poems and poems. - Sverdlovsk, 1986
Laboratory of Spring: Poems (1926-1937) / Engravings by Yu. Kosmynin. - M.: Young Guard, 1987. - 175 p. - 100,000 copies. (In younger years).
How mice fought with a cat / Fig. S. F. Bobylev. - Stavropol: Stavropol Prince. publishing house, 1988. - 12 p.
Cranes / Art. V. Yurlov. - M.: Sov. Russia, 1989. - 16 p.
Poems. Poems. - Tula, 1989
Columns and poems: Poems / Design by B. Tremetsky. - M.: Arts. literature, 1989. - 352 p., 1,000,000 copies. - (Classics and contemporaries: Poetic library).
Columns: Poems. Poems. - L.: Lenizdat, 1990. - 366 p., 50,000 copies.
Selected writings. Poems, poems, prose and letters of the poet / Comp., enter. article, note. N. N. Zabolotsky. - M.: Arts. literature, 1991. - 431 p. - 100,000 copies. (B-ka classics).
History of my imprisonment. - M.: Pravda, 1991. - 47 p., 90,000 copies. - (B-ka "Spark"; No. 18).
How mice fought with a cat: Poems / Hood. N. Shevarev. - M.: Malysh, 1992. - 12 p.
Columns. - St. Petersburg, North-West, 1993
Fire flickering in a vessel…: Poems and poems. Letters and articles. Biography. Memoirs of contemporaries. Analysis of creativity. - M. Pedagogy-Press, 1995. - 944 p.
Columns and poems. - M.: Russian book, 1996
Signs of the Zodiac fade: Poems. Poems. Prose. - M.: Eksmo-Press, 1998. - 480 p. - (Home Library of Poetry).
Poetic translations: In 3 volumes - M .: Terra-Book Club, 2004. - V. 1: Georgian classical poetry. - 448 p.; Vol. 2: Georgian Classical Poetry. - 464 pages; T. 3: Slavic epic. Georgian folk poetry. Georgian poetry of the XX century. European poetry. Eastern poetry. - 384 p. - (Masters of translation).
Poems. - M.: Progress-Pleyada, 2004. - 355 p.
Do not let the soul be lazy: Poems and poems. - M.: Eksmo, 2007. - 384 p. - (Golden Poetry Series).
Lyrics. - M.: AST, 2008. - 428 p.
Poems about love. - M. Eksmo, 2008. - 192 p. - (Poems about love).
I was brought up by harsh nature. - M.: Eksmo, 2008. - 558 p.
Poems and poems. - M.: De Agostini, 2014. - (Masterpieces of world literature in miniature).

Sources

Cossack V. Lexicon of Russian literature of the XX century = Lexikon der russischen Literatur ab 1917 / [trans. with him.]. - M.: RIK "Culture", 1996. - XVIII, 491, p. - 5000 copies.

“In general, Zabolotsky is an underestimated figure. This is a brilliant poet... When you re-read this, you understand how to work further,” the poet Joseph Brodsky said back in the 80s in an interview with the writer Solomon Volkov. The same underestimated Nikolai Zabolotsky has remained to this day. The first monument with public money was opened in Tarusa half a century after the death of the poet.

“A repressed talent, physically ousted during his lifetime, after death, actually ousted from the literary platform, he created a new direction in poetry - literary critics call it the “Bronze Age” of Russian poetry ... The concept of the “Bronze Age” of Russian poetry is well-established, but it belongs to my late friend, Leningrad poet Oleg Okhapkin. So for the first time in 1975 he formulated it in his poem of the same name ... Zabolotsky was the first poet of the Bronze Age, - said the ideological inspirer of the opening of the monument, philanthropist, publicist Alexander Shchipkov.

The Tarusa sculptor Oleksandr Kazachok worked on the bust for three months. He drew inspiration from the work of Zabolotsky himself and from the memories of those close to him. He strove to understand the character, in order not only to document facial features, but also to reflect the state of mind in the image. A half-smile froze on the lips of the poet.

“He was such a person inside, not outside, outside he was gloomy, but inside he was a pretty clear person. The singer of our Russian poetry, who loves Russia, loves the people, loves its nature,” sculptor Alexander Kazachok shared his impression.

The people's love for Zabolotsky was also manifested in the desire of the Tarusians to rename the city cinema and concert hall in honor of the poet, and in the summer festival “Roosters and Geese in the City of Tarusa”, beloved by the children, named after a line from the poem “The Town” by Nikolai Zabolotsky.

Who should cry today
In the city of Tarusa?
There is someone in Tarusa to cry -
Marusa girl.

Optotiles Maruse
Roosters and geese.
How many go to Tarusa
Jesus Christ!

The monument to Nikolai Zabolotsky found a place at the intersection of Lunacharsky and Karl Liebknecht streets - next to the house where the poet spent the summers of 1957 and 1958 - the last in his life. The ancient provincial town on the Oka was destined to become the poetic homeland of Zabolotsky.

The poet settled here on the advice of the Hungarian poet Antal Gidash, who lived in the Soviet Union at that time. In Tarusa, he happened to rest with his wife Agnes. Mindful of Zabolotsky’s brilliant translation into Russian of his poem “The Danube Moans”, Gidash wanted to get to know the poet better, to continue the communication that began in 1946 in the house of creativity of Soviet writers in Dubulty on the Riga seaside.

Dacha found personally. Having opted for a house with two cozy rooms overlooking the terrace courtyard and a well-groomed garden. Nikolai Zabolotsky came here with his daughter Natasha. The poet immediately fell in love with Tarusa, recalling the city of his youth Urzhum: over the gardens and roofs of the houses a river was visible, roosters, chickens and geese were pushing in front of the house. Speaking in his own lines, here he lived "the charm of the past years."

Nikolai Zabolotsky with his wife and daughter

House of Nikolai Zabolotsky in Tarusa

Nikolai Alekseevich completely went into writing. Two seasons in Tarusa became perhaps his most intense creative period. The poet wrote more than 30 poems. I read some of them in Rome that same year during a trip with a group of Soviet poets.

In the evenings, Zabolotsky met with the Gidash, talked with artists strolling along the banks of the Oka. He was an excellent connoisseur of painting, he drew well himself.

In a letter to the poet Alexei Krutetsky on August 15, 1957, Zabolotsky himself said: “... I have been living for the second month on the Oka, in the old provincial town of Tarusa, which once even had princes of its own and was burned by the Mongols. Now it is a backwater, beautiful hills and groves, a magnificent Oka. Polenov once lived here, artists are drawn here in droves.

Tarusa is a rare phenomenon for Russian culture. Since the 19th century, it has become a mecca for writers, musicians and artists. The names of Konstantin Paustovsky, Vasily Polenov and Vasily Vatagin, Svyatoslav Richter, the Tsvetaev family are associated with it.

Here the writer Konstantin Paustovsky handed Zabolotsky his recently published Tale of Life, signing: “Dear Nikolai Alekseevich Zabolotsky - as a sign of deep admiration for the classical power, wisdom and transparency of his poems. You are just a sorcerer!” And in a letter to Veniamin Kaverin, Paustovsky wrote: “Zabolotsky lived here in the summer. Wonderful, amazing person. The other day I came, read my new poems - very bitter, completely Pushkin-like in brilliance, power of poetic tension and depth.

On next summer Zabolotsky returned to Tarusa. The poet David Samoilov, who visited him, recalled: “He lived in little house with high terrace. For some reason, now it seems to me that the house was colorfully painted. It was separated from the street by a high fence with boarded gates. From the terrace, over the fence, the Oka was visible. We sat and drank Teliani, his favorite wine. He was not allowed to drink, and he was also not allowed to smoke.

Zabolotsky fell in love with Tarusa so much that he began to dream of buying a dacha here and living on it. all year round. I even noticed a new log house on a quiet green street overlooking a ravine overgrown with forest.

The plan was not destined to come true: soon his heart disease worsened, and on the morning of October 14, 1958, the poet died. Later, in the archives of Zabolotsky, a plan of the house was found, which he so hoped to acquire in Tarusa.

"The Glass Bead Game" with Igor Volgin. Nikolay Zabolotsky. Lyrics

"Copper pipes. Nikolay Zabolotsky»

How does mitotic cell division occur? Mitosis - meaning and stages

Known unknown Zabolotsky

prose poet

The endless contradictions of Zabolotsky

Childhood

Poet and scientist

Zabolotsky in Moscow

First book

Translator's job

Marriage

Arrest

Last years

Biography

The basis of Zabolotsky's philosophical searches

In custody

Moscow period

Family of N. A. Zabolotsky

Death

Creation

Zabolotsky-translator

Addresses in Petrograd - Leningrad

Addresses in Moscow

Memory

short biography

The basis of Zabolotsky's philosophical searches

Further creative path

In custody

Moscow period

Family of N. A. Zabolotsky

Death

Creation

Zabolotsky-translator

Addresses

in Petrograd-Leningrad

in Karaganda

in Moscow

Awards

Memory

Research

Bibliography

Sources