Respiratory infections of the upper respiratory tract. Upper respiratory tract antibiotics list, list of antibiotics

The respiratory system is one of the most important "mechanisms" of our body. It not only fills the body with oxygen, participating in the process of respiration and gas exchange, but also performs a number of functions: thermoregulation, voice formation, smell, air humidification, hormone synthesis, protection from environmental factors, etc.

At the same time, the organs of the respiratory system, perhaps more often than others, are faced with various diseases. Every year we endure acute respiratory viral infections, acute respiratory infections and laryngitis, and sometimes we struggle with more serious bronchitis, tonsillitis and sinusitis.

We will talk about the features of diseases of the respiratory system, the causes of their occurrence and types in today's article.

Why do diseases of the respiratory system occur?

Diseases of the respiratory system are divided into four types:

• infectious- they are caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi that enter the body and cause inflammatory diseases of the respiratory system. For example, bronchitis, pneumonia, tonsillitis, etc.
• allergic- appear due to pollen, food and household particles, which provoke a violent reaction of the body to some allergens, and contribute to the development of respiratory diseases. For example, bronchial asthma.
• Autoimmune diseases of the respiratory system occur when the body fails, and it begins to produce substances directed against its own cells. An example of such an impact is idiopathic hemosiderosis of the lungs.
• hereditary- a person is predisposed to the development of certain diseases at the gene level.

Contribute to the development of diseases of the respiratory system and external factors. They do not directly cause the disease, but they can provoke its development. For example, in a poorly ventilated room, the risk of getting ARVI, bronchitis or tonsillitis increases.

Often, this is why office workers get sick with viral diseases more often than others. If air conditioning is used in offices in the summer instead of normal ventilation, then the risk of infectious and inflammatory diseases also increases.

Another mandatory office attribute - a printer - provokes the occurrence of allergic diseases of the respiratory system.

The main symptoms of diseases of the respiratory system

You can identify a disease of the respiratory system by the following symptoms:

• cough;
• pain;
• dyspnea;
• suffocation;
• hemoptysis

Cough is a reflex protective reaction of the body to the mucus accumulated in the larynx, trachea or bronchi. By its nature, cough can be different: dry (with laryngitis or dry pleurisy) or wet (with chronic bronchitis, pneumonia, tuberculosis), as well as constant (with inflammation of the larynx) and periodic (with infectious diseases - SARS, influenza).

Coughing may cause pain. Pain also accompanies those suffering from diseases of the respiratory system when breathing or a certain position of the body. It may vary in intensity, localization and duration.

Shortness of breath is also divided into several types: subjective, objective and mixed. Subjective appears in patients with neurosis and hysteria, objective occurs with emphysema and is characterized by a change in the rhythm of breathing and the duration of inhalation and exhalation.

Mixed shortness of breath occurs with pneumonia, bronchogenic lung cancer, tuberculosis and is characterized by an increase in respiratory rate. Also, shortness of breath can be inspiratory with difficulty in inhaling (diseases of the larynx, trachea), expiratory with difficulty exhaling (with bronchial damage) and mixed (pulmonary embolism).

Choking is the most severe form of shortness of breath. Sudden attacks of suffocation can be a sign of bronchial or cardiac asthma. With another symptom of diseases of the respiratory system - hemoptysis - when coughing, blood is released with sputum.

Allocations can appear with lung cancer, tuberculosis, lung abscess, as well as with diseases of the cardiovascular system (heart defects).

Types of diseases of the respiratory system

In medicine, there are more than twenty types of diseases of the respiratory system: some of them are extremely rare, while others we encounter quite often, especially during cold seasons.

Doctors divide them into two types: diseases of the upper respiratory tract and diseases of the lower respiratory tract. Conventionally, the first of them are considered easier. These are mainly inflammatory diseases: ARVI, acute respiratory infections, pharyngitis, laryngitis, rhinitis, sinusitis, tracheitis, tonsillitis, sinusitis, etc.

Diseases of the lower respiratory tract are considered more serious, as they often occur with complications. These are, for example, bronchitis, bronchial asthma, pneumonia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), tuberculosis, sarcoidosis, pulmonary emphysema, etc.

Let us dwell on the diseases of the first and second groups, which are more common than others.

Angina

Angina, or acute tonsillitis, is an infectious disease that affects the palatine tonsils. The bacteria that cause sore throats are especially active in cold and damp weather, so most often we get sick in autumn, winter and early spring.

You can get a sore throat by airborne or alimentary routes (for example, when using one dish). Particularly susceptible to angina are people with chronic tonsillitis - inflammation of the palatine tonsils and caries.

There are two types of angina: viral and bacterial. Bacterial - a more severe form, it is accompanied by severe sore throat, enlarged tonsils and lymph nodes, fever up to 39-40 degrees.

The main symptom of this type of angina is a purulent plaque on the tonsils. The disease is treated in this form with antibiotics and antipyretics.

Viral angina is easier. The temperature rises to 37-39 degrees, there is no plaque on the tonsils, but cough and runny nose appear.

If you start treating viral sore throat in time, you will be on your feet in 5-7 days.

Symptoms of angina: Bacterial - malaise, pain when swallowing, fever, headache, white plaque on the tonsils, enlarged lymph nodes; viral - sore throat, temperature 37-39 degrees, runny nose, cough.

Bronchitis

Bronchitis is an infectious disease accompanied by diffuse (affecting the entire organ) changes in the bronchi. Bacteria, viruses, or the occurrence of atypical flora can cause bronchitis.

Bronchitis is of three types: acute, chronic and obstructive. The first is cured in less than three weeks. A chronic diagnosis is made if the disease manifests itself for more than three months a year for two years.

If bronchitis is accompanied by shortness of breath, then it is called obstructive. With this type of bronchitis, a spasm occurs, due to which mucus accumulates in the bronchi. The main goal of treatment is to relieve spasm and remove accumulated sputum.

Symptoms: the main one is cough, shortness of breath with obstructive bronchitis.

Bronchial asthma

Bronchial asthma is a chronic allergic disease in which the walls of the airways expand and the lumen narrows. Because of this, a lot of mucus appears in the bronchi and it becomes difficult for the patient to breathe.

Bronchial asthma is one of the most common diseases and the number of people suffering from this pathology is increasing every year. In acute forms of bronchial asthma, life-threatening attacks may occur.

Symptoms of bronchial asthma: cough, wheezing, shortness of breath, suffocation.

Pneumonia

Pneumonia is an acute infectious and inflammatory disease that affects the lungs. The inflammatory process affects the alveoli - the end part of the respiratory apparatus, and they are filled with fluid.

The causative agents of pneumonia are viruses, bacteria, fungi and protozoa. Pneumonia is usually severe, especially in children, the elderly, and those who already had other infectious diseases before the onset of pneumonia.

If symptoms appear, it is best to consult a doctor.

Symptoms of pneumonia: fever, weakness, cough, shortness of breath, chest pain.

Sinusitis

Sinusitis is an acute or chronic inflammation of the paranasal sinuses, there are four types:

• sinusitis - inflammation of the maxillary sinus;
• frontal sinusitis - inflammation of the frontal paranasal sinus;
• ethmoiditis - inflammation of the cells of the ethmoid bone;
• sphenoiditis - inflammation of the sphenoid sinus;

Inflammation in sinusitis can be unilateral or bilateral, with damage to all the paranasal sinuses on one or both sides. The most common type of sinusitis is sinusitis.

Acute sinusitis can occur with acute rhinitis, influenza, measles, scarlet fever and other infectious diseases. Diseases of the roots of the four rear upper teeth can also provoke the appearance of sinusitis.

Sinusitis symptoms: fever, nasal congestion, mucous or purulent discharge, deterioration or loss of smell, swelling, pain when pressing on the affected area.

Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis is an infectious disease that most often affects the lungs, and in some cases the genitourinary system, skin, eyes, and peripheral (visible) lymph nodes.

Tuberculosis comes in two forms: open and closed. With an open form of mycobacterium tuberculosis, there is in the patient's sputum. This makes it contagious to others. With a closed form, there are no mycobacteria in the sputum, so the carrier cannot harm others.

The causative agents of tuberculosis are mycobacteria, transmitted by airborne droplets when coughing and sneezing or talking with the patient.

But you don't necessarily get infected through contact. The likelihood of infection depends on the duration and intensity of contact, as well as the activity of your immune system.

Symptoms of tuberculosis: cough, hemoptysis, fever, sweating, deterioration in performance, weakness, weight loss.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a non-allergic inflammation of the bronchi that causes them to narrow. Obstruction, or more simply, deterioration of patency, affects the normal gas exchange of the body.

COPD occurs as a result of an inflammatory reaction that develops after interaction with aggressive substances (aerosols, particles, gases). The consequences of the disease are irreversible or only partially reversible.

Symptoms of COPD: cough, sputum, shortness of breath.

The diseases listed above are only part of a large list of diseases that affect the respiratory system. We will talk about the diseases themselves, and most importantly their prevention and treatment, in the following articles of our blog.

For updates, we will send interesting materials about health directly to your mail.

Preferanskaya Nina Germanovna
Art. Lecturer, Department of Pharmacology, MMA them. THEM. Sechenov, Ph.D.

The duration of treatment is halved when starting treatment in the first 2 hours after the first clinical signs of an acute inflammatory process appear, while starting treatment after only a day from the first symptoms of the disease increases both the duration of treatment and the number of drugs used. Topical drugs show a faster initial effect than systemic drugs. The use of these drugs allows early treatment, they also affect the prodramal period of the disease and have a preventive effect on patients. Recently, the effectiveness of these drugs has significantly increased, the spectrum of their activity has expanded, the selective tropism and bioavailability have improved, while maintaining their high safety.

Drugs with mucolytic and expectorant action

The evacuation of accumulated sputum and the relief of breathing are facilitated by herbal preparations containing active substances from thermopsis, marshmallow, licorice, creeping thyme (thyme), fennel, anise oil, etc. Currently, combined preparations of plant origin are especially popular. Widely used drugs: containing thyme - bronchicum(elixir, syrup, lozenges), tussamag(syrup and drops), stoptussin syrup, bronchitis; containing licorice, syrups - doctor MOM, linkas; containing guaifenesin ( ascoril, coldrex-broncho). Pertussin, has expectorant and cough softening properties: it enhances the secretion of the bronchi and accelerates the evacuation of sputum. Contains liquid thyme extract or liquid thyme extract 12 parts each and potassium bromide 1 part. Prospan, Gedelix, Tonsilgon, contain ivy leaf extract. In the assortment of pharmacies there are lozenges with sage, lozenges with sage and vitamin C. Fervex cough medicine containing ambroxol. Tussamag balm for colds, contains pine bud and eucalyptus oil. It has anti-inflammatory and expectorant action. Apply for rubbing into the skin of the chest and back 2-3 times a day.

Erespal is produced in the form of coated tablets containing 80 mg of fenspiride hydrochloride and syrup - 2 mg of fenspiride hydrochloride per 1 ml. The preparation contains licorice root extract. Erespal counteracts bronchoconstriction and has an anti-inflammatory effect in the respiratory tract, involving various interested mechanisms, has a papaverine-like antispasmodic effect. It reduces swelling of the mucous membrane, improves sputum discharge and reduces sputum hypersecretion. For children, the drug is prescribed in the form of a syrup at the rate of 4 mg / kg of body weight per day, i.e. children weighing up to 10 kg 2-4 teaspoons of syrup (10-20 ml) per day, more than 10 kg - 2-4 tablespoons of syrup (30-60 ml) per day.

These drugs are used for productive cough, for acute respiratory viral infections and influenza, as well as for complications (tracheitis, bronchitis) and for chronic obstructive respiratory diseases.

Drugs with analgesic, anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic action
Falimint, Toff plus, Agisept, Fervex, Dr. Theiss with echinacea extract and etc.

Coldrex LariPlus, a combination drug of prolonged action. Chlorpheniramine has an anti-allergic effect, eliminates lacrimation, itching in the eyes and nose. Paracetamol has an antipyretic and analgesic effect: it reduces the pain syndrome observed in colds - sore throat, headache, muscle and joint pain, reduces high temperature. Phenylephrine has a vasoconstrictive effect - reduces swelling and hyperemia of the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract and paranasal sinuses. Preparations similar in composition and pharmacological action Coldrex, Coldrex Hotrem, Coldex Teva.

Rinza contains 4 active ingredients: paracetamol + chlorpheniramine + caffeine + mezaton. Has a wide range of action. It is used for colds of the upper respiratory tract, accompanied by fever, headache, runny nose.

Preparations with antibacterial, antimicrobial action

Bioparox, Ingalipt, Grammidin, Hexaral, Stopangin and etc.

Among antibacterial drugs, Locabiotal (Bioparox) in the form of an aerosol, a combined drug Polydex assigned to children from 2.5 years.

Gramicidin C(grammidin) polypeptide antibiotic, increases the permeability of the microbial cell membrane and disrupts its resistance, which leads to the death of microbes. Increases salivation and cleansing of the oropharynx from microorganisms and inflammatory exudate. When taking the drug, allergic reactions are possible, before use it is necessary to check for sensitivity.

Ingalipt aerosol for topical application containing soluble sulfonamides - streptocide and norsulfazol, which have an antimicrobial effect on gram "+" and gram "--" bacteria. Eucalyptus oil and peppermint oil, thymol have a softening and anti-inflammatory effect.

For the prevention of influenza and viral rhinitis, oxolinic ointment is used. 0.25% ointment lubricates the nasal mucosa in the morning and evening during the influenza epidemic and in contact with patients, the duration of use is set individually (up to 25 days).

Pharyngosept contains in 1 tablet 10 mg ambazone monohydrate, applied perlintually (sucking). The tablet dissolves slowly in the mouth. The optimal therapeutic concentration in saliva is achieved when taking 3-5 tablets per day for 3-4 days. Adults: 3-5 tablets per day for 3-4 days. Children 3-7 years: 1 tablet daily 3 times a day. Used to treat diseases of the ENT organs. It has a bacteriostatic effect on streptococci and pneumococci, has antimicrobial activity, without affecting Escherichia coli.

Preparations with antiseptic action

Geksoral, Yoks, Lizobakt, Strepsils, Sebidin, Neo-angin N, Grammidin with an antiseptic, Antisept-angin, Astrasept, Fervex for sore throat, etc.

Septolete, lozenges for complete resorption containing benzalkonium chloride, which has a wide spectrum of action. Effective primarily against gram-positive bacteria. It also has a powerful fungicidal effect on Candida albicans and on some lipophilic viruses, pathogenic microorganisms that cause infections of the mouth and throat. Benzalkonium chloride contains the drug Tantum Verde.

Laripront for the treatment of inflammation of the mucous membranes of the mouth, throat and larynx. The composition of the drug includes two active ingredients: lysozyme hydrochloride and dequalinium chloride. Thanks to lysozyme, a natural mucosal protective factor, the drug has antiviral, antibacterial and antifungal effects. Dequalinium is a local antiseptic that increases the sensitivity of infectious agents to lysozyme and facilitates the penetration of the latter into tissues. Assign adults 1 tablet, children 1/2 tablet every 2 hours after meals, keep the tablets in the mouth until completely resorbed. Apply until the symptoms of the disease disappear. For the purpose of prevention, the dose of the drug is reduced to half or up to 1, twice a day.

original classic version Strepsils(Strepsils), containing amylmetacresol, dichlorobenzyl alcohol and oils of anise, peppermint, is available in lozenges. Has an antiseptic effect. Strepsils with honey and lemon soothes irritation in the throat. They produce Strepsils with vitamin C and Strepsils without sugar with lemon and herbs. Using a combination of menthol and eucalyptus soothes a sore throat and reduces nasal congestion.

Drugs with local anesthetic action

Strepsils plus, is a combination preparation containing the anesthetic lidocaine for rapid pain relief and two broad-spectrum antiseptic agents to treat infection. Lozenges provide long-lasting local anesthetic effect - up to 2 hours, effectively relieve pain, while suppressing the activity of respiratory pathogens.

Pastilles Drill, indicated for use in adults and children over 12 years old, contain in one lozenge tetracaine hydrochloride 200 mcg as an anesthetic that soothes pain and chlorhexidine bigluconate 3 mg as an anesthetic to suppress infection.

Drugs with anti-inflammatory effect

Faringomed used as a symptomatic remedy for acute and chronic inflammatory diseases of the upper respiratory tract (tonsillitis, pharyngitis, tonsillitis). The drug reduces the severity of disorders such as sore throat, swelling of the mucous membranes, itching and irritation in the nose; facilitates nasal breathing. Take one caramel - keep in your mouth until completely dissolved. Children under 5 years of age should take the drug no more than four times a day, the rest - no more than six. In case of exacerbation of chronic tonsillitis or pharyngitis, not accompanied by high fever and acute sore throat, 2 doses of the drug per day are enough - one caramel in the morning and in the evening for 7-10 days.

Sea buckthorn, Dr. Theiss lozenges, have general strengthening properties. They contain calcium and magnesium to normalize energy metabolism, the process of formation of enzymes in the body. Blackcurrant, Dr. Theiss lozenges, have a beneficial effect on throat irritation, supplement the daily intake of vitamin C. Contain natural blackcurrant extract. Phytopastiles with Dr. Theiss honey, have a beneficial effect on coughs, throat irritation, hoarseness, upper respiratory tract colds. Refresh the mouth.

Strepfen- a drug for sore throat containing the anti-inflammatory agent flurbiprofen 0.75 mg in lozenges. Reduces the inflammatory process of the mucous membrane of the throat, eliminates pain. The duration of the effect is 3 hours.

Having a mixed, combined effect

Pharyngosept, Carmolis, Solutan, Faringopils, Carmolis lozenges, Foringolid, Travesil and etc.

The complex bronchosecretolytic drug Bronchosan contains essential oils that have an antiseptic and anti-inflammatory effect, and anise and fennel oils enhance the expectorant effect of Bromhexine, increasing the activity of the ciliated epithelium and the evacuation function of the respiratory tract.

Anti-angin, has a bactericidal, antifungal, local anesthetic and general tonic effect due to its active components: chlorhexidine is an antiseptic from the group of bis-biguanides that have a bactericidal effect against a wide range of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria (streptococci, staphylococci, pneumococci, corynebacteria, influenza bacillus, klebsiella). Chlorhexidine also suppresses some groups of viruses. Tetracaine is an effective local anesthetic that quickly relieves or reduces the sensation of pain. Ascorbic acid plays an important role in the regulation of redox processes, carbohydrate metabolism, blood clotting, tissue regeneration, is involved in the synthesis of corticosteroids, collagen, and normalizes capillary permeability. It is a natural antioxidant, increases the body's resistance to infections.

The arsenal of drugs used for topical use in diseases of the upper respiratory tract is quite diverse and the sooner the patient starts using them, the faster he will cope with the infection without possible subsequent complications.

Bacteria, respiratory illness, URTI… All these concepts mean one thing - diseases of the upper respiratory tract. The list of their causes and manifestations is quite voluminous. Consider what a respiratory tract infection is, the treatment and drugs used in therapeutic methods, which medicine is the most effective, how viral and bacterial infections of the respiratory tract differ.

Respiratory diseases are the most common reasons for visiting general practitioners and pediatricians. This disease is mostly seasonal. The peak incidence for such an ailment as viral and bacterial infections of the respiratory tract occurs in the autumn-winter months. Diseases of the upper respiratory tract are both common and life-threatening.

In the vast majority of cases, respiratory diseases (acute infectious diseases) occur in children. But there is also an infection in adults, mainly of viral origin. Even in the absence of complications, the drugs of first choice are often antibiotics. One of the reasons for their use in children and adults is to meet the requirements of the patient or the parents of the child, aimed at the best and most effective treatment.

It is clear that antibiotic therapy should be used for bacterial infections. It is estimated that approximately 80% of antibiotics are used to treat acute respiratory infections and respiratory diseases. It is more dangerous for children. Approximately, in 75% of cases, drugs from the group of antibiotics are prescribed for inflammation of the upper respiratory tract.

However, the so-called prophylactic antibiotic therapy. It is used for upper respiratory infections, but it does not prevent possible complications that occur later. Therefore, in most cases, people without immunological disorders or other risk factors, without the presence of underlying chronic diseases, symptomatic therapy is recommended.

Upper respiratory infections symptoms and treatment

In cases where the course of the disease is confirmed by the results of analyzes of the selected biological material, and antibiotics are prescribed for inflammation.

In uncomplicated upper respiratory tract infections and in immunocompetent individuals, symptomatic treatment is the mainstay of treatment. Acute rhinitis, sinusitis, otitis media, pharyngitis and laryngitis in 80-90% of cases are caused by viruses. Antibiotic therapy has practically no effect on their clinical course. In cases where the course of the disease is confirmed by the results of analyzes of the selected biological material, and antibiotics are prescribed for inflammation.

In addition, when a high temperature is maintained for a long time (longer than a week), the involvement of bacteria can be recognized. With common pathogens - Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Mycoplasma pneumonie a Chlamydia pneumonie - aminopenicillins or cotrimoxazole, macrolides or tetracycline preparations are prescribed.

Upper respiratory tract infection: treatment of complications

Acute epiglottitis with bacterial etiology and streptococcal angina are diseases that require penicillin antibiotics. In particular, in the case of epiglottitis, hospitalization with parenteral administration of a broad-spectrum penicillin or a 2nd or 3rd generation cephalosporin is appropriate. Therapy is supplemented with corticosteroids.

Lower Respiratory Infections

Similar recommendations apply for the treatment of lower respiratory tract infections such as tracheobronchitis and acute bronchitis. Viral etiology is the most common and accounts for up to 85% of cases. But even in these cases, antibiotic treatment in both children and adults is not necessary, it is considered only in case of a serious course of the disease or in a person with immunodeficiency.

If the presence of intracellular pathogens (mycoplasma pneumoniae, chlamydia pneumoniae) is proven during a long and severe illness, macrolides, cotrimoxazole or doxycycline are the first choice drugs.

The most common infectious respiratory attacks include acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Although it is known that exacerbations can be caused by several non-infectious causes, in practice antibiotics are also administered in these cases. The etiological agent, according to many studies, in COPD can be detected in 25-52% of cases.

However, there are doubts whether pneumococcus bacteria or Haemophilus influenzae, which chronically colonizes the respiratory tract (breathing difficulties) and leads to pathogenic exacerbations of the disease, causes the disease.

If upper respiratory tract infections occur, symptoms include increased production of colored purulent sputum, difficulty breathing and shortness of breath along with bronchitis symptoms, and sometimes high fever. The introduction of antibiotics is indicated in the detection of inflammatory markers, including C-reactive protein, leukocytes, sedimentation.

Procalcitonin is a sensitive acute phase reagent for distinguishing between bacterial and non-infectious causes of inflammation. Its value increases within 3-6 hours, peak values ​​are reached after 12-48 hours from the moment of infection.

The most commonly administered antibiotics include aminopenicillin, tetracycline, macrolide generation - clarithromycin, azithromycin. Quinolone drugs are suggested in the treatment of infections in which bacterial agents have been demonstrated. The benefit of macrolides is a broad antibacterial spectrum, high antibiotic concentration in bronchial secretions, good tolerability and relatively low resistance.

Despite these positive aspects, macrolides should not be administered as the first choice of antibiotics. Equally important are factors such as the relatively low cost of treatment. Therapy usually lasts 5-7 days. Its effectiveness and safety are comparable.

Flu

Influenza is a viral infectious, highly contagious disease that affects all age groups. Both a child of any age and an adult can get sick. After an incubation period, that is, from 12 to 48 hours, fever, chills, headache, muscle and joint pain, and a feeling of weakness appear. The disease is accompanied by cough, upset stomach and can cause other serious secondary infectious complications.

In adults who already suffer from some chronic diseases, the course of influenza can be complicated. Young children and the elderly are the most vulnerable group. It is estimated that, on average, about 850,000 cases occur during the flu season. Symptomatic treatment with bed rest is necessary. In the case of secondary complications or patients at serious risk, antibiotics are administered.

Pneumonia

The main criteria for diagnosing pneumonia and its difference from lower respiratory tract infections are as follows:

• acute cough or significant worsening of chronic cough;
• dyspnea;
• rapid breathing;
• high fever lasting more than four days;
• new infiltrates on chest x-ray.

Many studies have shown that consistently the most common cause of community-acquired pneumonia in European countries is pneumococcus, followed by Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, staphylococcus, and, less often, gram-negative bacteria.

In the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia, two approaches are used, which are based on the findings of retrospective studies. We are talking about combination therapy with a beta-lactam antibiotic together with macrolides or doxycycline, or quinolone monotherapy.

In the first variant, the immunomodulatory effect of macrolides is positively used, which are also effective in cases of simultaneous infection with mycoplasma pneumonia, chlamydia pneumonia, legionella.

Mixed infection with the presence of more pathogenic microorganisms occurs in 6–13% of cases. If after three days there is no improvement in the clinical condition or progression of radiological findings, the original option should be reconsidered and antibiotic treatment changed.

New samplings of biological material from the respiratory tract, including bronchoscopic aspirates, can prevent this condition so that the treatment is fully targeted. In these cases, it is necessary to cover not only the usual bacterial spectrum, but also often resistant strains - pneumococcus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and anaerobic bacteria.

With nosocomial pneumonia, in which the infectious agent comes from the hospital environment, it is most often about enterobacteria - Pseudomonas aeruginosa, pneumococcus, staphylococcus, anaerobic bacteria. In this case, early treatment within four hours is very important, which is initially untargeted. Typically, therapy includes a combination of aminoglycosides to cover Gram-negative bacterial populations and drugs effective against anaerobic pathogens and fungi.

Complications and risks of respiratory infections

Typically, therapy includes a combination of aminoglycosides to cover Gram-negative bacterial populations and drugs effective against anaerobic pathogens and fungi.

Epiglottitis is one of the most serious and life-threatening complications. In severe cases, choking may occur. Pneumonia is another serious illness that comes with symptoms that affect the entire body. In some cases, a serious condition develops very quickly, requiring hospitalization.

Pleurisy is a common complication of pneumonia. In the case of these complications, the pain subsides, breathing worsens, as the lungs become oppressed by the fluid that has formed between the pleural sheets. In some cases, pneumonia is accompanied by a lung abscess, rarely gangrene in immunocompromised patients, or extensive bacterial infection.

Severe pneumonia can lead to sepsis and so-called septic shock. In this case, fortunately, a rare complication, severe inflammation of the whole organism occurs with the risk of multiple organ failure. In this case, artificial ventilation of the lungs, the introduction of a combination of very strong antibiotics and the maintenance of vital functions are necessary.

It should be expected that the course of relatively mild respiratory infections may be complicated by the adverse effects of several risk factors. The most common include chronic smoking, including passive smoking, age over 65 years, alcohol abuse, contact with children, pets, poor social conditions, poor oral hygiene.

In some people, chronic diseases - diabetes, coronary heart disease, liver disease, kidney disease, immunosuppressive therapy for other diseases - are a serious risk factor that can seriously complicate the situation in respiratory diseases and lead to a life-threatening condition.

Influenza vaccination

Voluntary vaccination and vaccination of risk groups remains the only effective preventive measure. There are currently three main types of influenza vaccines. They differ in composition, depending on the content of either inactivated virus, inactivated viral particles, or only hemagglutinin and neuraminidase antigens. Another difference lies in reactogenicity and immunogenicity.

The most commonly used is an inactivated vaccine made from trivalent inactivated viral particles. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that the trivalent vaccine be used for only two subtypes of influenza A and one influenza B. Subtype selection is made annually by WHO, in particular for the northern and southern hemispheres.

Vaccination against pneumococcal infection

The primary source of pneumococcal infection is pneumococcal bacteria, there are more than 90 serotypes. Invasive pneumococcal infection is considered dangerous, which causes pneumococcal pneumonia, meningitis, otitis media, sepsis, and arthritis. Risk groups are people over 60 years old, as well as children under the age of 5 years. The source of infection is a sick person or a carrier of the pathogen. The disease is transmitted by droplets. The incubation time is short, within 1–3 days.

Vaccination against pneumococcal infection with a polysaccharide vaccine is carried out for persons in medical institutions and nursing homes, as well as for long-term patients. In addition, immunization against pneumococcal infection is indicated for patients suffering from chronic respiratory diseases, diseases of the heart, blood vessels, kidneys, and insulin treatment of diabetes. Organ transplant patients, people with cancer, long-term immunosuppressive therapy should be vaccinated.

For vaccination, the most commonly used 13-valent conjugate vaccine containing serotype 13 polysaccharide, or 23-valent vaccine.

Finally

Respiratory infections are very common and affect almost all categories of the population. The majority of casualties are being treated on an outpatient basis and this trend is expected to continue in the future.

One of the most important points in deciding on therapeutic methods is to determine whether it is reasonable to conduct only symptomatic treatment, or antibiotic treatment is a must.

In the case of infections of the upper respiratory tract and acute bronchitis without a visible bacterial agent, a combination of antipyretic drugs, plenty of fluids and vitamins is especially effective. The impact of this therapy is underestimated.

The individual's risk factors and the possible occurrence of complications should be taken into account. Currently, a variety of antibacterial drugs are used to treat bacterial infections. In addition to the undoubted advantages of such treatment, adverse effects should also be expected. They are individual, and for each person can have different manifestations.

In addition, the ongoing risk of spreading antibiotic resistance and the increase in the number of initially susceptible pathogens must be taken into account.

Skillful use of antibiotics can reduce the problem and prevent the devaluation of these drugs. Vaccination, a healthy lifestyle, and reducing the risk factors mentioned above will reduce the incidence and risk of complications of respiratory infections.

Respiratory diseases are more common during the cold season. More often they affect people with a weakened immune system, children and elderly pensioners. These diseases are divided into two groups: diseases of the upper respiratory tract and lower. This classification depends on the location of the infection.

According to the form, acute and chronic diseases of the respiratory tract are distinguished. The chronic form of the disease occurs with periodic exacerbations and periods of calm (remission). The symptoms of a particular pathology during periods of exacerbation are absolutely identical to those observed in the acute form of the same respiratory disease.

These pathologies can be infectious and allergic.

They are more often caused by pathological microorganisms, such as bacteria (ARI) or viruses (ARVI). As a rule, these ailments are transmitted by airborne droplets from sick people. The upper respiratory tract includes the nasal cavity, pharynx and larynx. Infections that enter these parts of the respiratory system cause diseases of the upper respiratory tract:

• Rhinitis.
• Sinusitis.
• Angina.
• Laryngitis.
• Adenoiditis.
• Pharyngitis.
• Tonsillitis.

All these ailments are diagnosed year-round, but in our country the increase in incidence occurs in mid-April and September. Such respiratory diseases in children are most common.

Rhinitis

This disease is characterized by inflammation of the nasal mucosa. Rhinitis occurs in acute or chronic form. Most often it is caused by an infection, viral or bacterial, but various allergens can also be the cause. In any case, a characteristic symptom is swelling of the nasal mucosa and difficulty breathing.

The initial stage of rhinitis is characterized by dryness and itching in the nasal cavity and general malaise. The patient sneezes, the sense of smell is disturbed, sometimes subfebrile temperature rises. This state can last from several hours to two days. Further, transparent discharges from the nose join, liquid and in large quantities, then these discharges acquire a mucopurulent character and gradually disappear. The patient gets better. Breathing through the nose is restored.

Rhinitis often does not manifest itself as an independent disease, but acts as an accompaniment to other infectious diseases, such as influenza, diphtheria, gonorrhea, scarlet fever. Depending on the cause that caused this respiratory disease, treatment is directed to its elimination.

Sinusitis

It often manifests itself as a complication of other infections (measles, rhinitis, influenza, scarlet fever), but can also act as an independent disease. There are acute and chronic forms of sinusitis. In the acute form, a catarrhal and purulent course is distinguished, and in a chronic form, it is edematous-polypous, purulent or mixed.

Typical symptoms for both acute and chronic forms of sinusitis are frequent headaches, general malaise, hyperthermia (fever). As for the discharge from the nose, they are plentiful and have a mucous character. Can be observed only on one side, this happens most often. This is due to the fact that only some of the paranasal sinuses become inflamed. And this, in turn, may indicate a particular disease, for example:

• Aerosinusitis.
• Sinusitis.
• Etmoiditis.
• Sphenoiditis.
• Frontit.

Thus, sinusitis often does not manifest itself as an independent disease, but serves as an indicative symptom of another pathology. In this case, it is necessary to treat the root cause, i.e. those infectious diseases of the respiratory tract that provoked the development of sinusitis.

If nasal discharge occurs on both sides, this pathology is called pansinusitis. Depending on the cause that caused this disease of the upper respiratory tract, the treatment will be aimed at eliminating it. The most commonly used antibiotic therapy.

If sinusitis is caused by chronic sinusitis, when the acute phase of the disease passes into the chronic phase, punctures are often used to quickly eliminate undesirable consequences, followed by washing with the drug "Furacilin" or saline of the maxillary sinus. This method of treatment in a short period relieves the patient of the symptoms that torment him (severe headache, swelling of the face, fever).

Adenoids

This pathology appears due to hyperplasia of the tissue of the nasopharyngeal tonsil. This is a formation that is part of the lymphadenoid pharyngeal ring. This tonsil is located in the nasopharyngeal vault. As a rule, the inflammatory process of the adenoids (adenoiditis) affects only in childhood (from 3 to 10 years). The symptoms of this pathology are:

• Difficulty breathing.
• Mucus discharge from the nose.
• During sleep, the child breathes through the mouth.
• Sleep may be disturbed.
• Annoyance appears.
• Possible hearing loss.
• In advanced cases, the so-called adenoid facial expression appears (smoothness of the nasolabial folds).
• There are laryngospasms.
• Twitching of individual muscles of the face may be observed.
• Deformation of the chest and skull in the front part appears in especially advanced cases.

All these symptoms are accompanied by shortness of breath, cough and, in severe cases, the development of anemia.

For the treatment of this disease of the respiratory tract in severe cases, surgical treatment is used - removal of the adenoids. At the initial stages, washing with disinfectant solutions and decoctions or infusions of medicinal herbs is used. For example, you can use the following collection:

All ingredients of the collection are taken in equal parts. If some component is missing, then you can get by with the composition that is available. The prepared collection (15 g) is poured into 250 ml of hot water and boiled over very low heat for 10 minutes, after which it is insisted for another 2 hours. The medicine prepared in this way is filtered and used in a warm form to wash the nose or instill 10-15 drops into each nostril.

Chronic tonsillitis

This pathology occurs as a result of the inflammatory process of the palatine tonsils, which has become chronic. Chronic tonsillitis often affects children, in old age it practically does not occur. This pathology is caused by fungal and bacterial infections. Other infectious diseases of the respiratory tract, such as hypertrophic rhinitis, purulent sinusitis, and adenoiditis, can provoke the development of chronic tonsillitis. Even untreated caries can become the cause of this disease. Depending on the specific cause that provoked this disease of the upper respiratory tract, treatment should be aimed at eliminating the primary source of infection.

In the case of the development of a chronic process in the palatine tonsils, the following occurs:

• The growth of connective tissue.
• Dense plugs form in the lacunae.
• The lymphoid tissue softens.
• The keratinization of the epithelium may begin.
• Lymphatic outflow from the tonsils is difficult.
• Nearby lymph nodes become inflamed.

Chronic tonsillitis can occur in a compensated or decompensated form.

In the treatment of this disease, physiotherapeutic procedures (UV irradiation) give a good effect, rinsing with disinfectant solutions (Furacilin, Lugolevy, 1-3% iodine, Iodglycerin, etc.) is applied topically. After rinsing, it is necessary to irrigate the tonsils with disinfectant sprays, for example, Strepsils Plus is used. Some experts advise vacuum suction, after which the tonsils are also worked out with similar sprays.

In the case of a pronounced toxic-allergic form of this disease and the absence of a positive effect from conservative treatment, surgical removal of the tonsils is performed.

Angina

The scientific name for this disease is acute tonsillitis. There are 4 types of angina:

1. Catarrhal.
2. Follicular.
3. Lacuna.
4. Phlegmous.

In the pure version, these types of angina are practically not found. There are always at least two varieties of this disease present. So, for example, with a lacuna, white-yellow purulent formations are visible in the mouths of some lacunae, and with a follicular, festering follicles shine through the mucous membrane. But in both cases, catarrhal phenomena, redness and enlargement of the tonsils are observed.

With any type of angina, the body temperature rises, the general condition worsens, chills appear and an increase in the lymphatic regional nodes is observed.

Regardless of the type of angina, rinsing with disinfectant solutions and physiotherapy are used. In the presence of purulent processes, antibiotic therapy is used.

Pharyngitis

This pathology is associated with the inflammatory process of the pharyngeal mucosa. Pharyngitis can develop as an independent disease or concomitant, for example, with SARS. This pathology can be provoked by eating too hot or cold food, as well as inhaling polluted air. Allocate acute pharyngitis and chronic. Symptoms that are observed in acute pharyngitis are as follows:

• Sensation of dryness in the throat (in the region of the pharynx).
• Pain during swallowing.
• On examination (pharyngoscopy), signs of an inflammatory process of the palate and its posterior wall are revealed.

The symptoms of pharyngitis are very similar to the signs of catarrhal angina, but, unlike it, the general condition of the patient remains normal, and there is no increase in body temperature. With this pathology, as a rule, the inflammatory process does not affect the palatine tonsils, and with catarrhal tonsillitis, on the contrary, signs of inflammation are present exclusively on them.

Chronic pharyngitis develops with an untreated acute process. Other inflammatory diseases of the respiratory tract, such as rhinitis, sinusitis, as well as smoking and alcohol abuse, can also provoke a chronic course.

Laryngitis

In this disease, the inflammatory process extends to the larynx. It can affect individual parts of it or capture it completely. Often the cause of this disease is voice strain, severe hypothermia or other independent diseases (measles, whooping cough, influenza, etc.).

Depending on the localization of the process on the larynx, separate areas of the lesion can be identified, which become bright red and swell. Sometimes the inflammatory process also affects the trachea, then we are talking about a disease such as laryngotracheitis.

There is no clear boundary between the upper and lower airways. The symbolic boundary between them runs at the intersection of the respiratory and digestive systems. Thus, the lower respiratory tract includes the larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs. Diseases of the lower respiratory tract are associated with infections of these parts of the respiratory system, namely:

• Tracheitis.
• Bronchitis.
• Pneumonia.
• Alveolitis.

Tracheitis

This is an inflammatory process of the mucous membrane of the trachea (it connects the larynx with the bronchi). Tracheitis can exist as an independent disease or serve as a symptom of the flu or other bacterial disease. The patient is concerned about the symptoms of general intoxication (headache, fatigue, fever). In addition, there is a sore pain behind the sternum, which is aggravated by talking, inhaling cold air and coughing. In the morning and at night, the patient is disturbed by a dry cough. In the case of a combination with laryngitis (laryngotracheitis), the patient's voice becomes hoarse. If tracheitis is manifested in combination with bronchitis (tracheobronchitis), sputum appears when coughing. With the viral nature of the disease, it will be transparent. In the case of a bacterial infection, the sputum has a gray-green color. In this case, antibiotic therapy is mandatory for treatment.

Bronchitis

This pathology manifests itself as inflammation of the bronchial mucosa. Acute respiratory diseases of any localization very often accompanies bronchitis. So, in case of inflammatory processes of the upper respiratory tract, in case of untimely treatment, the infection falls lower and bronchitis joins. This disease is accompanied by a cough. In the initial stage of the process, it is a dry cough with sputum difficult to separate. During treatment and the use of mucolytic agents, sputum liquefies and is coughed up. If bronchitis is bacterial in nature, antibiotics are used for treatment.

Pneumonia

This is an inflammatory process of the lung tissue. This disease is mainly caused by pneumococcal infection, but sometimes another pathogen can also be the cause. The disease is accompanied by high fever, chills, weakness. Often the patient experiences pain in the affected area when breathing. With auscultation, the doctor can listen to wheezing on the side of the lesion. Diagnosis is confirmed by x-ray. This disease requires hospitalization. Treatment is with antibiotic therapy.

Alveolitis

This is an inflammatory process of the terminal parts of the respiratory system - the alveoli. As a rule, alveolitis is not an independent disease, but a concomitant of another pathology. The reason for this may be:

• Candidiasis.
• Aspergillosis.
• Legionellosis.
• Cryptococcosis.
• Q fever.

Symptoms of this disease are a characteristic cough, fever, severe cyanosis, general weakness. Fibrosis of the alveoli can become a complication.

Antibacterial therapy

Antibiotics for respiratory disease are prescribed only in case of a bacterial infection. If the nature of the pathology is viral in nature, then antibiotic therapy is not applied.

Most often, for the treatment of diseases of the respiratory system of an infectious nature, drugs of the penicillin series are used, such as medicines "Amoxicillin", "Ampicillin", "Amoxiclav", "Augmentin", etc.

If the selected drug does not give the desired effect, the doctor prescribes another group of antibiotics, for example, fluoroquinolones. This group includes drugs "Moxifloxacin", "Levofloxacin". These drugs successfully cope with bacterial infections that are resistant to penicillins.

Antibiotics of the cephalosporin group are most commonly used for the treatment of respiratory diseases. For this, drugs such as Cefixime (its other name is Suprax) or Cefuroxime Axetil are used (analogs of this drug are the drugs Zinnat, Aksetin and Cefuroxime).

Antibiotics of the macrolide group are used to treat atypical pneumonia caused by chlamydia or mycoplasmas. These include the drug "Azithromycin" or its analogues - the medicines "Hemomycin" and "Sumamed".

Prevention

Prevention of respiratory diseases is reduced to the following:

• Try not to be in places with a polluted atmosphere (near highways, hazardous industries, etc.).
• Ventilate your home and workplace regularly.
• In the cold season, with bursts of respiratory diseases, try not to be in crowded places.
• Good results are given by tempering procedures and systematic physical exercises, morning or evening jogging.
• If you feel the first signs of malaise, you should not wait for everything to go away on its own, you need to seek medical help.

By following these simple rules for the prevention of respiratory diseases, you can maintain your health even during seasonal outbreaks of respiratory diseases.

Diseases of the upper respiratory tract are common throughout the world and occur in every fourth inhabitant. These include tonsillitis, laryngitis, pharyngitis, adenoiditis, sinusitis and rhinitis. The peak of diseases falls on the off-season, then cases of inflamed processes take on a massive character. The reason for this is acute respiratory diseases or the influenza virus. According to statistics, an adult suffers up to three cases of the disease; in a child, inflammation of the upper respiratory tract occurs up to 10 times a year.

There are three main reasons for the development of various kinds of inflammation.

1. Virus. Influenza strains, rotoviruses, adenoviruses, mumps and measles, when ingested, cause an inflammatory reaction.
2. bacteria. The cause of a bacterial infection can be pneumococcus, staphylococcus, mycoplasma, meningococcus, mycobacteria and diphtheria, as well as whooping cough.
3. Fungus. Candida, aspergillus, actinomycetes cause a local inflammatory process.

Most of the listed pathogenic organisms are transmitted from humans. Bacteria, viruses are unstable to the environment and practically do not live there. Some strains of the virus or fungus can live in the body, but only manifest themselves when the body's defenses are reduced. Infection occurs during the period of activation of "sleeping" pathogenic microbes.

Among the main methods of infection should be distinguished:

• airborne transmission;
• household way.

Virus particles, as well as microbes, enter through close contact with an infected person. Transmission is possible when talking, coughing, sneezing. All this is natural in diseases of the respiratory tract, because the first barrier to pathogenic microorganisms is the respiratory tract.

Tuberculosis, diphtheria and Escherichia coli more often enters the host's body through the household route. Household and personal hygiene items become the link between a healthy and infected person. Anyone can get sick, regardless of age, gender, financial condition and social status.

Symptoms

The symptoms of inflammation of the upper respiratory tract are quite similar, with the exception of discomfort and pain, which are localized in the affected area. It is possible to determine the place of inflammation and the nature of the disease based on the symptoms of the disease, but it is really possible to confirm the disease and identify the pathogen only after a thorough examination.

For all diseases, an incubation period is characteristic, which lasts from 2 to 10 days, depending on the pathogen.

Rhinitis

Known to everyone as a runny nose, it is an inflammatory process of the nasal mucosa. A characteristic of rhinitis is exudate in the form of a runny nose, which, when microbes multiply, profusely goes outside. Both sinuses are affected, as the infection spreads rapidly.
Sometimes rhinitis may not cause a runny nose, but, on the contrary, manifest itself as severe congestion. If, nevertheless, discharge is present, then their nature directly depends on the pathogen. The exudate can be presented as a clear liquid, and sometimes purulent discharge and green color.

Sinusitis

Inflammation of the sinuses resolves as a secondary infection and is manifested by difficulty breathing and a feeling of congestion.
Swelling of the sinuses causes headaches, has a negative effect on the optic nerves, and the sense of smell is disturbed. Discomfort and pain in the region of the bridge of the nose indicates a running inflammatory process. The discharge of pus is usually accompanied by fever and fever, as well as general malaise.

Angina

The inflammatory process in the region of the palatine tonsils in the pharynx causes a number of characteristic symptoms:

• pain when swallowing;
• difficulty in eating and drinking;
• elevated temperature;
• muscle weakness.

Angina can occur due to the ingestion of both a virus and a bacterium. At the same time, the tonsils swell, a characteristic plaque appears on them. With purulent tonsillitis, yellow and greenish overlays envelop the palate and mucous membrane of the throat. With a fungal etiology, a white coating of a curdled consistency.

Pharyngitis

Inflammation of the throat is manifested by perspiration and dry cough. Breathing may be difficult from time to time. General malaise and subfebrile temperature is a non-permanent phenomenon. Pharyngitis usually occurs against the background of influenza and acute respiratory infection.

Laryngitis

Inflammation of the larynx and vocal cords also develops against the background of influenza, measles, whooping cough and parainfluenza. Laryngitis is characterized by hoarseness and cough. The mucous membrane of the larynx swells so much that it interferes with breathing. Without treatment, in the form of stenosis of the walls of the larynx or muscle spasm. Symptoms without treatment only get worse.

Bronchitis

Inflammation of the bronchi (this is the lower respiratory tract) is characterized by sputum or a strong dry cough. In addition, general intoxication and malaise.
At the initial stage, symptoms may not appear until the inflammation reaches the nerve processes.

Pneumonia

Inflammation of the lung tissue in the lower and upper parts of the lung, which usually cause pneumococci, always general intoxication, fever and chills. Progressing, the cough with pneumonia intensifies, but sputum may appear much later. If non-infectious, symptoms may not appear. The symptoms are similar to a running cold and diseases are not always diagnosed on time.

Therapy Methods

After clarifying the diagnosis, treatment is started in accordance with the general condition of the patient, the cause that caused the inflammation. There are three main types of treatment:

• pathogenetic;
• symptomatic;
• etiotropic.

Pathogenetic treatment

It is based on stopping the development of the inflammatory process. For this, immunostimulating drugs are used so that the body itself can fight the infection, as well as auxiliary treatment that suppresses the inflammatory process.

To strengthen the body take:

• Anaferon;
• Amexin;
• Neovir;
• Levomax.

They are suitable for children and adults. It is pointless to treat diseases of the upper respiratory tract without immune support. If a bacterium has become the causative agent of inflammation of the respiratory system, treatment is carried out with Immudon or Bronchomunal. For individual indications, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs can be used. They relieve general symptoms and suppress the pain syndrome, this is important, especially if you treat a child who
hard to bear the disease.

Etiotropic method

Based on the suppression of the pathogen. It is important to stop the reproduction of the virus and bacteria in the upper sections, as well as to prevent their spread. The main thing is to accurately establish the strain of the virus and the etiology of pathogenic microbes in order to choose the right regimen and start treatment. Antiviral drugs include:

• Remantadine;
• Relenz;
• Arbidol;
• Kagocel;
• Isoprinosine.

They help only when the disease is caused by a virus. If it cannot be killed, as is the case with herpes, you can simply suppress the symptoms.

Bacterial inflammation of the respiratory tract can only be cured with antibacterial drugs, the dosage should be prescribed by a doctor. These medicines are very dangerous if used carelessly and can cause irreparable harm to the body.

For a child, such treatment can lead to complications in the future. Therefore, when choosing a drug, special attention is paid to the age of the patient, his physiological characteristics, and also conduct a test for the presence of allergic reactions. Modern pharmacology offers effective drugs for the treatment of macrolides, beta-lactams and fluoroquinolones.

Symptomatic treatment

Since antibiotic or antifungal treatment has a gradual effect in most cases of the disease, it is important to suppress the symptoms that cause discomfort to the person. For this, there is a symptomatic treatment.

1. Nasal drops are used to suppress a runny nose.
2. Broad-spectrum anti-inflammatory drugs or topical herbal sprays are used to relieve sore throat as well as reduce swelling.
3. Symptoms such as cough or sore throat are suppressed with expectorants.

With severe swelling of the upper and lower parts of the lungs, symptomatic treatment does not always have the desired result. It is important not to use all known methods of treatment, but to choose the right scheme based on the complex elimination of symptoms and the causative agent of inflammation.

Inhalation will help to relieve puffiness, suppress cough and soreness in the upper parts of the throat, as well as stop a runny nose. And alternative methods of treatment can improve breathing and prevent oxygen starvation.

The main thing is not to self-medicate, but to undergo it under the supervision of a specialist and follow all his recommendations.