Chemical industry what. Russian chemical industry: industries, major centers
Designed to showcase the industry's most outstanding achievements. Representatives of the largest centers of the chemical industry will take part in the event. Enterprises will present their best products and the latest developments that have not yet entered mass production. Consumers will be able to evaluate these new products, and manufacturers based on feedback will draw conclusions about their new products. The exposition is held in an international format. It will combine the industry and research industry. The largest suppliers of chemicals, equipment, and the latest technologies will meet in one place with consumers of their products in order to assess the significance and level of development of the chemical segment today.
The assortment of the chemical industry includes over 80 thousand items. The sales market for this segment is metallurgical, textile, automotive industry, agriculture.
The largest chemical complexes of the Russian Federation
The chemical industry in Russia is at a decent level of development. The share of exports in total production reaches 20%. Russian industry is a huge number of factories, each of which specializes in a particular product. All chemical enterprises can be divided into 2 groups. The first is enterprises whose activities relate to basic chemistry, that is, mineral-based products are produced (fertilizers for soil, acids, alkalis, soda, etc.). The second group includes enterprises engaged in organic chemistry, that is, those that produce fibers, resins, synthetic rubber, rubber, polymeric materials, etc.
The centers of the chemical industry are concentrated mainly in the areas of their raw material and energy supply. The problem is that most of them are far removed from their consumer market. But now, thanks to the availability of highways and various modes of transport, this difficulty is no longer of decisive importance. So, in the Central region, the chemical centers are the cities of Yaroslavl and Ryazan. The factories located there specialize in the manufacture of fertilizers and plastics. In the Volga region, the cities of Balakovo, Nizhnekamsk and Volzhsky can be distinguished. The factories of these cities produce rubber and synthetic fibers. In the North-Western region, the centers are St. Petersburg and Novgorod. Fertilizers and household chemicals are produced there.
Thus, we can conclude that the majority of chemical enterprises are concentrated in the European part of the Russian Federation. Siberia is not so rich in chemical industry plants, although it has a significant share of resources that have not yet been fully explored and developed.
World chemical industrial centers: their activities and location
The chemical sector is inextricably linked with the scientific and technical sphere and the degree of its development. This is what determined the high level of the chemical industry in the West and in the United States. In developed countries, this area has been improved and brought to a new level. On a global scale, there are 4 main areas where the chemical sector is most developed. In the first place are European countries: Germany, England, France, Italy, the Netherlands. These countries provide about 25% of world exports. Germany is the leader among these countries.
The second area is North America, namely the USA. This power is one of the world's largest suppliers of chemical products. It accounts for more than 20% of world exports.
In third place are the countries of East Asia, among which Japan stands out the most. China and Korea follow. The fourth place is deservedly occupied by Russia. The share of export products on a global scale is about 5%.
In 1793 (near Paris), in Great Britain in 1823 (Liverpool), in 1843 (Schoenebeck on the Elbe), in Russia in 1864 (Barnaul). In the middle of the 19th century artificial factories appeared: in Great Britain (1842), in (1867), in Russia (1892). Extensive raw material ties with many countries of the world, and the early emergence of an advanced industry, ensured Great Britain a leading position in chemical production during the first three quarters of the 19th century. By the end of the 19th century dominance goes to . The fast process in the chemical industry, the high level of scientific and technological development, the strengthening of the patent monopoly, the active trade policy led to the conquest of the world market. Up until the First World War of 1914-18, it retained a monopoly on the production of organic and semi-products. In the United States, the chemical industry began to develop much later than in European countries, but by 1913 the United States had taken first place in the world in terms of production of chemical products (the presence of rich resources, developed transport, a capacious domestic market, and the use of advanced experience from other countries). ).
In pre-revolutionary Russia, the chemical industry was backward, with a weak technical and raw material base, and was largely dependent on foreign capital. In 1913 there were 349 predominantly small handicraft enterprises with 43,000 workers. the production of chemical products was (thousand tons): (in terms of 100% nutritional) 17, 145, 152, 51, 9. In terms of production of chemical products, Russia ranked 8th in the world. In 1915, the first plant was built and "" (Orekhovo-Zuyevo). In 1916, the first plant from . During the years of World War I (1914-18), the chemical industry developed at a faster pace, which was explained by the increased needs of the army, especially in .
After the October Revolution of 1917, Sov. the state considered the development of the chemical industry as one of the most important tasks. The GOELRO plan provided for the accelerated growth of the chemical industry. In 1932, the output of the chemical industry increased 4.7 times as compared to 1913, while the gross output of the entire industry increased 2.7 times. Large enterprises were built for the production of synthetic and (Chernorechensky chemical plant in 1927, Bereznikovsky in 1932, Novomoskovsky in 1933, Gorlovsky in 1933), (Voskresensky in 1931, Nevsky in 1931), and threads (Mogilevsky in 1930, Klinsky in 1931, Leningradsky in 1930). To increase production, the Okhta Chemical Combine (1931), the Kemerovo Plant "" (1932) were expanded. In 1931, the mining and chemical plant "" (based on the Khibiny deposit) began to produce products, which made it possible to abandon the import of phosphate raw materials and begin exporting it to many countries. On the basis of the Verkhnekamsk potash deposit discovered in 1925, the Solikamsk potash plant was built. By 1940, the production of chemical and petrochemical products had increased 18 times since 1913, and the chemical industry of the USSR had taken fifth place in the world.
During the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945, the chemical industry suffered great damage. In 1941, production capacities were lost by 77%, by 50%, by 83%. The total volume of production of chemical products has decreased. The war demanded to restructure the work of enterprises. To meet the needs of the front, part of the factories was relocated to the east of the country, where new production facilities were created. Since 1943, the output of chemical and petrochemical products began to increase and in 1949 it was 1.5 times higher than the output of 1940. In 1951-1960, production increased mainly due to the reconstruction and expansion of existing enterprises. The production of new types and durable ones was mastered. In 1960, the Kursk, Engelsk and Ryazan factories for the production of . Of great importance for the development of the chemical industry was the resolution of the Plenum of the Central Committee of the CPSU (May 6-7, 1958) "On accelerating the development of the chemical industry and especially the production of synthetic materials and products from them to meet the needs of the population and the needs of the national economy." During 1961-70, capital investments in the chemical and petrochemical industries increased. Their volume amounted to 19.7 billion rubles. Shchekinsky (1961), Nevinnomyssky (1962), Kedainsky (1962), Cherkassky (1965), Navoi (1965), Polotsk (1968) chemical plants were built; Fergana (1962), Grodno (1963), Ionavsky (1964), Dorogobuzh (1965) factories; Chardzhou (1960), Sumgait (1961), Uvarov (1966), Dzhambul (1968) superphosphate plants; Cherkassky (1961), Chernigov (1962), Kirovakansky (1962), Balakovo (1963), Daugavpilssky (1963), Svetlogorsky (1964), Rustavsky (1964), Volzhsky (1966) plants, etc. New sources of mining and chemical raw materials were mastered . The 1st, 2nd and 3rd Soligorsk potash plants (1963, 1965, 1969) were put into operation on the basis of the Starobinskoye deposit (Minsk region), and the Stebnikovsky potash plant (1966) was put into operation on the basis of the Stebnikovskoye deposit (Lvov region). , Kingisepp deposit (Leningrad region) - Kingisepp mine and plant "", a large deposit in the Carpathians (Lvov region) - Yavoriv mining and chemical plant (1970). The production of chemical equipment increased, the costs of research and development increased 3.3 times, which led to a significant increase in the volume of production of chemical industry products (see Table 1).
Tab. 1. - Production of the most important types of chemical products in the USSR
| Plant protection chemicals (in 100% of calculations based on the current principle), thousand tons | ||||||
In 1971-75, the chemical industry and the petrochemical industry developed at a faster pace. Their share in the country's industrial output increased from 6.0% in 1970 to 6.9% in 1975. As a result of an intensive increase in output capacities, the USSR came out on top in the world (1973).
The chemical industry is an industry with a high material and energy intensity, relies on a powerful raw material and fuel and energy base: unique deposits on the Kola Peninsula, large reserves in South Kazakhstan (Karatau), Leningrad Region. and other areas; potash reserves in the Urals, in Belarus and Ukraine, a number of deposits - raw materials for the chlorine and soda industries, etc. Petrochemical raw materials - processed products, are also widely used.
The chemical industry exists in all major economic regions of the country and is represented by a significant number of large production associations, which are based on the complex processing of raw materials or the combination of successive stages of product processing: mining and chemical - "" and "Karatau", "Uralkali" and "Beloruskali"; for production - Nevinnomysskoye, Novomoskovsk, Voskresenskoye.
The basis for the creation of large specialized enterprises for the production, and threads, processing, and served as a comprehensive automation and mechanization, the introduction of units of large unit capacity (see Chemical and petroleum engineering). The industry organized the release of products, and. Large associations for the production of threads have also been created. In 1971-75, many progressive technological processes were developed, improved and introduced, the unit capacity of units for the production of certain important products increased 2-5 times. Research, design and experimental work has expanded almost 1.5 times, and their efficiency has increased. The level of mechanization and automation of production has also increased, and automated control systems have been introduced at a number of enterprises. The quality and assortment of chemical products improved, for example, the average content of nutrients in products increased from 29% in 1970 to 36% in 1975; etc.
The average annual growth rate of labor productivity in the chemical industry was higher than in the industry as a whole. The lead rate for 1971-75 was 1.47. The share of production growth due to an increase in labor productivity in the industry over the same period amounted to 82%. More than 70% of the overall increase in labor productivity has been due to scientific and technological progress.
In foreign socialist countries, great successes have also been achieved in the development of the chemical industry (see Table 2).
Tab. 2. - Production of the most important types of chemical products in some socialist countries (1976), thousand tons
| tea (100%) | Plasti- | cie fibers |
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| Bulgaria | ||||||
| Czechoslovakia |
In most of them, the chemical industry began to develop intensively after the establishment of people's power. In 1976, compared with 1950, the volume of chemical production increased 86 times in Bulgaria, 38 times in Hungary, 10 times in the GDR, 33 times in Poland, 118 times in Rumania, and 20 times in Czechoslovakia. The chemical industry in the socialist countries has come to the fore among the leading branches of industry. Its accelerated development is accompanied by significant structural changes - a significant increase in the share of organic chemicals and those based mainly on petrochemical raw materials.
Among the economically developed capitalist countries, the main producers of chemical products are the USA, Japan, the FRG, Great Britain and Italy (see Table 3).
Tab. 3. - Production of the most important types of chemical products in some capitalist countries (1975)
| Chemistry |
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They account for about 3/4 of the capitalist production of chemical products. The development of the chemical industry is very uneven, so there are significant changes in the ratio of the manufacturing industries of these countries. In the postwar years, the share of the United States, leading in the capitalist world in the production of chemical products, decreased from 54% in 1950 to 35% in 1973. In the 1960s, Japan and Germany (see. Chemical monopolies). Lit .: Materials of the XXV Congress of the CPSU, M., 1976; Plan for the electrification of the RSFSR, 2nd ed., M., 1955; Lukyanov P. M., A Brief History of the Chemical Industry of the USSR, M., 1959; Lelchuk V.S., Creation of the chemical industry of the USSR, M., 1964; Dedov A. G., Chemical industry of Germany, M., 1965; Fedorenko N. P., Economics of the industry of synthetic materials, 2nd ed., M., 1967; Soviet chemical science and industry. 50 years. [Sat. articles], M., 1967; Chemical Industry USA, M., 1972; Borisovich G. F., Vasiliev M. G., Dedov A. G., The Ninth Five-Year Plan of the Chemical Industry, M., 1973; Chemical industry of the CMEA countries, M., 1973; Kostandov L. A., Chemical Industry of the USSR for the XXV Congress of the CPSU, M., 1976. It has received the greatest development in the XX century. The degree of its development shows the level of modernization of the country's economy. The chemical industry consists of the following branches: mining chemistry (extraction of raw materials), basic chemistry (production of mineral fertilizers, inorganic acids and soda) and chemistry of organic synthesis (production of polymeric materials). The main areas of organic chemistry gravitate towards oil refining areas: The south of the United States (especially the coastal states of Texas and Louisiana), the Lower Rhine from (Germany) to Rotterdam (Netherlands), and is located on the inland coast, on about. Honshu. The leadership in the chemical industry belongs to the United States, in the last decade Germany and Japan have come in second place. Their main competitors in Western Europe ~ Great Britain, France, Italy, Holland (Netherlands), Belgium,. An important place is occupied by basic chemistry in many countries, including the mining and chemical industry. Major sulfur producers are the USA, Japan, France, Mexico, Germany,. Sulfur is used to produce sulfuric acid and mineral fertilizers. The largest producers of sulfuric acid are the USA (40 million tons), Ukraine and Russia (27 million tons). Salt is an important raw material for the chemical industry. Its major producers are the USA, Russia, Germany, Ukraine, Great Britain, France, Canada, Mexico, Holland. Salt is widely used to make soda. The main raw materials for the production of nitrogen fertilizers are natural gas and industrial gas. Manufacturers of nitrogen fertilizers - USA, Russia, India, France, Canada, Japan, Italy, the Netherlands, Germany, Ukraine. Microbiology is a young branch of the chemical industry. At present, it is widely used for the production of feed biological protein substances, the production of feed yeast (from raw materials of plant origin), as well as furfural, which is obtained by hydrolysis of wood and agricultural plant waste. In general, it is necessary to single out highly developed countries - the USA, Canada, European countries, Japan, Australia. The chemical industry is a branch of the national economy that produces chemicals for all types of industry and. It consists of industries - basic, mining, organic synthesis, petrochemistry, pesticides, and plastics, synthetic rubber, chemical fibers, paint and varnish, aniline, chemical-pharmaceutical, chemical reagents and high-purity chemicals. People working in the chemical industry come into contact with a variety of chemicals, most of which are more or less toxic. Getting into the body in the form of vapors, gases, aerosols and hydrosols through the respiratory tract, through intact skin, less often through the digestive tract, they can cause acute or chronic occupational poisoning, weaken the body's resistance. A number of chemicals cause burns. The simultaneous presence of other factors - unfavorable meteorological conditions, noise, physical stress - enhances the impact of chemical industrial poisons. The task of occupational health in the chemical industry is to provide optimal working conditions for workers, to prevent prof. poisoning, prevent the harmful effects of chemicals on the population living near chemical plants. Chemical production should be separated from housing (see), determined by the sanitary standards for the design of industrial enterprises (CH 245-71). Sanitary and hygienic working conditions in the chemical industry are determined by: features of the technological process, which can be continuous or periodic; applied equipment and communications; room layout, ventilation efficiency and many other conditions. Technology using continuous processes with remote control (control panel) has advantages over a periodic scheme. The most dangerous are the selection of technological samples, leakage of equipment and packaging of the finished product. The contact of workers with chemicals can be significant when loading raw materials, reloading semi-finished products, drying, etc. All sources of harmful emissions must be equipped with shelters with local ventilation, the air must be cleaned before being released into the atmosphere. Labor-intensive work must be mechanized. Repair work requires special attention. Of great importance is the rational layout of workspaces - the isolation of more harmful processes, the prevention of the entry of polluted air into rooms with less polluted air, as well as the finishing of workspaces that prevents the sorption and desorption of toxic substances. All working premises must be provided with natural lighting and ventilation, as well as equipped with mechanical supply and exhaust ventilation. There should be constant monitoring of compliance with the maximum permissible concentrations of toxic substances in the air of working premises. At the enterprises of the chemical industry, they are equipped (see) in accordance with the requirements of building codes and regulations (SNiP P-M 3-68); workers are provided with overalls and protective devices. All workers entering the chemical industry are instructed on, and persons in contact with toxic substances are subjected to preliminary and periodic. Employees working in the chemical industry are provided with benefits depending on the harmfulness of their work (shortened working hours, additional leave, therapeutic and prophylactic special nutrition, treatment in dispensaries, etc.). The chemical industry is a branch of the national economy that produces chemical raw materials, chemical products and fertilizers for agriculture. The chemical industry is of great importance in the development of the productive forces, in the technical progress of the most important branches of industry and in agriculture (to increase its productivity and control pests). Among the chemical industries, the following main groups can be distinguished: Essentially chemical are many industries of the chemical-pharmaceutical industry, coke chemistry, wood chemistry, etc. The development of the chemical industry, its technical progress is associated with the introduction of new technological processes, a large number of new chemicals, the use of continuous technological processes, more modern equipment, automation, mechanization, etc. Working conditions in chemical industries are characterized by the impact on the body of a complex set of professional and hygienic factors: chemical, dust factors, adverse meteorological conditions, noise, vibration, ionizing radiation and ultrasound. But with all the variety of the production environment, the chemical factor retains the dominant role in the hygienic assessment of working conditions. In chemical industries, chemical pollution is found not only in the air of working rooms, but also in the building materials of the boxes of industrial buildings, on equipment, etc. Chemical air pollution (in gaseous, vaporous and aerosol state) of working rooms are usually complex in nature, i.e. There are several chemicals in the air at the same time. The level and concentration of these contaminants are very dynamic, which is mainly due to the stages of the technological process, the performance of individual work operations, etc. The sources of chemical contaminants entering the air are mainly apparatuses and communications, then waste, raw materials, etc. The entry of chemicals into the air of working premises is associated with leaks in the equipment, discontinuity of the technological process, violations of its regulations, performance of manual work operations (loading apparatuses, measuring level, sampling), corrosion phenomena, etc. The ability of chemicals to enter the air of industrial premises largely depends on the melting point, boiling point, volatility and elasticity of their vapors. Quite a few chemicals, being in the air, undergo significant changes, which leads to a change in their chemical structure and, as a result, to a change in their biological activity. These changes are mainly due to the fact that many substances interact with oxygen, moisture, carbon dioxide contained in the air. Sunlight, in particular ultraviolet radiation, has a great influence. At the same time, the phenomena of hydrolysis, oxidation, polymerization, etc. are observed. Various elements of the production environment and, above all, the air of working premises must be subjected to systematic control. Sanitary and chemical control is carried out by employees of sanitary and epidemiological stations, factory laboratories and gas rescue stations. At the same time, the use of automatic control methods and express methods is of great importance. Sanitary-chemical control is carried out taking into account the stages, phases of the technological process, work operations, etc. Since in chemical industries toxic contaminants enter the body of workers not only through the respiratory tract, but also through the skin, sanitary-chemical control is also carried out in regarding chemical contamination of the skin and overalls. The data of sanitary and chemical control make it possible to identify the most unfavorable in terms of pollution levels of workshops, departments, workplaces and justify the implementation of various measures aimed at combating chemical pollution of the air, skin, workwear, etc. Technological progress, the systematic implementation of a large number of health measures from year to year have contributed to the reduction of chemical pollution and the improvement of working conditions in the chemical industry. At the same time, the introduction of new, more rational continuous technological processes, sealed equipment was of great importance; mechanization of many manual operations; use of automation equipment, remote control of devices, materials resistant to corrosion; rational planning of working premises; the use of materials that absorb little chemicals; the device of rational ventilation of chemical industries with the widespread use of local exhausts, rational shelters for dusty and gas hazardous equipment. Of greater importance was the improvement of the air basin of the factory sites of chemical production through the use of installations for the purification of emissions of tail gases into the atmosphere and ventilation air. At the same time, the use of rational methods of cleaning, decontamination of working premises, the use of personal protective equipment, etc., played a significant role. For example, the concentrations of sulfur dioxide in the furnace departments of sulfuric acid production, the concentration of chlorine in the electrolysis shops of chlorine production, the concentration of aniline in its production, the concentration of tetraethyl lead in the production of ethyl liquid and tetraethyl lead, etc., have been significantly reduced. Workers of all branches of the chemical industry undergo preliminary and periodic medical examinations. inspections, receive safety briefings, enjoy various benefits in connection with work with toxic hazardous substances in accordance with existing legislation (shortened working hours, additional leave, therapeutic and preventive nutrition, widespread use of dispensaries, sanatoriums, etc.). See also Aniline industry, Chemical fibers. Coke production, Solvents, Rubber production. This industry plays a decisive role in the development of scientific and technological progress and in increasing the efficiency of social production through chemicalization. Using the achievements of science and technology, products of metallurgy, electric power, fuel and forestry industries, it ensures the production of textile (fiber), food (additives) industries, construction and mechanical engineering (plastics, paints, varnishes), an increase in agricultural productivity (fertilizers). Products of the chemical industry can be divided into items for industrial purposes, the output of which is about 60% (group "A"), and items for long-term or short-term personal use - 40% (group "B"). The chemical industry has maintained production volumes, having managed to adapt to the needs of the external market, adapting to significant changes in the internal one. The approximate composition of products manufactured by the most important branches of the chemical industry is as follows: The chemical industry itself: caustic soda, synthetic resins, plastics, paints and varnishes, etc.; Mineral fertilizer industry: nitrogen, phosphorus, potash fertilizers, as well as chemical plant protection products; Petrochemical industry: synthetic rubbers, ethylene, propylene, benzene and others. By the degree of influence of individual factors on the location of chemical production they can be divided into several groups. AT first group includes industries gravitating towards sources of raw materials. This is typical for many chemical industries that consume a large amount of raw materials per unit of output or low-transportable raw materials (for example, sulfuric acid). These industries are usually located as close as possible to the sources of raw materials. These include the production of potash fertilizers, caustic and soda ash, synthetic dyes, certain types of plastics and synthetic rubbers. In second group combine industries gravitating towards fuel and energy resources. They are characterized by a large consumption of fuel, heat or electricity per 1 ton of products. These are the production of calcium carbide and cyanamide, many types of chemical and synthetic fibers, methanol, etc. AT third group includes industries gravitating towards areas where labor resources are concentrated. These industries are characterized by a high labor intensity of their products and, as a social factor, should contribute to the fullest employment of the population in small and medium-sized cities. Such industries include enterprises for the processing of plastics, the production of rubber products and tires, viscose and nylon fibers. fourth group make up industries gravitating towards areas of consumption. These include industries producing low-transportable products (acids, sponge rubber, hollow plastic products), as well as low-concentration substances (ammonia, liquid fertilizers, superphosphate and products for completing finished products). Fifth group combines production of mixed orientation, producing products for general consumption and using a variety of raw materials and materials. The placement of such industries is possible both near the raw material base and in the areas of product consumption. It should be noted that this division is conditional, since many chemical industries can be attributed to different groups. In addition, when locating most chemical industries, it is necessary to take into account the availability of water resources and environmental factors. The location of the chemical industry is influenced by the industrial relations of the industry: intra- and inter-industry. The specificity of these relations is that the share of intra-industry consumption is quite high (40%), while the products of chemical industries are used in almost all areas of the national economy. The established production units, which are based on the chemical industry, include Kazan, Nizhny Novgorod, Volgograd, Kemerovo, Ufa, Salavat-Sterlitamak, Bereznikovsko-Solikamsk units. Sulfuric acid industry. Sulfuric acid is widely used in the production of mineral fertilizers, in the metallurgical, oil refining, textile and food industries. The raw material for the production of sulfuric acid is sulfur pyrite (pyrite) and sulfur. Sulfuric acid is also produced from sulfur dioxide captured during the smelting of sulfide ores, the processing of sour crude oil, and the desulfurization of coke and natural gas. Sulfuric acid plants are located in places of consumption due to the fact that the acid is not very transportable. In a number of regions, the production of sulfuric acid is combined with the main industries based on the use of their waste. For example, sulfuric acid is produced at the Sredneuralsk copper smelter, Chelyabinsk zinc, Volkhov aluminum and other non-ferrous metallurgy plants. The sulfuric acid industry is developed in almost all economic regions. The most important enterprises for the production of sulfuric acid are located in the central regions (Voskresensky, Shchelkovsky, Novomoskovsky, Chernorechensky (Dzerzhinsk) plants) and in the Urals (Bereznikovsky, Perm plants). soda industry. Its products are used in the glass and chemical industries, as well as in non-ferrous metallurgy, the pulp and paper industry, textiles and in everyday life. It is located in the Perm region (Bereznikovsky plant), in Bashkortostan (Sterlitamak plant), in the Altai region (Mikhailovsky soda plant). Production of mineral fertilizers (phosphorus, potash and nitrogen). It is an important branch of the chemical industry. The main raw materials for the production of superphosphate are apatites and phosphorites. The largest enterprises of the superphosphate industry include the following chemical plants and combines: Apatit (Kola Peninsula), Voskresensky (Moscow Region), Nevsky (St. Petersburg). Much attention is paid to the production of superphosphate in granular form, the production of concentrated phosphate fertilizers. A feature in the location of the superphosphate industry is that most of the superphosphate plants operate on Khibiny apatite. This leads to the transportation of huge quantities of raw materials over long distances. However, it should be borne in mind that Khibiny apatites, even in Siberia, are a cheaper raw material than local phosphorites. The production of potash fertilizers is carried out by the Solikamsk and Berezniki plants in the Urals. nitrogen industry. This industry has a wider distribution area. In the production of nitrogen fertilizers, the main raw material is ammonia, the initial elements for which are hydrogen and nitrogen. There are several ways to obtain synthetic ammonia. The production of ammonia by the coke conversion method requires a large amount of coal, while the production by the electrical method requires a large amount of energy. In this regard, enterprises producing ammonia used to be located in areas of coal deposits or near sources of cheap electricity. Currently, the nitrogen industry uses natural gas as a feedstock (the technology for producing ammonia from natural gas is being widely introduced). This will make it possible to ensure the most rational distribution of the nitrogen fertilizer industry throughout the country, bring production closer to consumption areas, and use local types of raw materials and cheap energy. Such regions as the Volga region, Western Siberia, and the North Caucasus have very favorable conditions for the development of this branch of industry. Large nitrogen fertilizer enterprises have been built in the most important coal and metallurgical centers. On the basis of the use of low grades of coal, the Berezniki chemical plant in the Perm region and the Novomoskovsk chemical plant in the Tula region were built. On the basis of coke oven gas, nitrogen-fertilizer enterprises were built in Kuzbass (Kemerovo Chemical Plant) and in the Urals. In combination with ferrous metallurgy, Lipetsk and Cherepovets also became centers for the production of nitrogen fertilizers. A nitrogen-fertilizer plant was put into operation in the North Caucasus (Nevinnomyssk). Manufacture of synthetic rubber and rubber products, plastics and chemical fibers is the most important branch of the chemistry of organic synthesis. Enterprises for the production of synthetic rubber and rubber are located in St. Petersburg ("Red Triangle"), Moscow ("Rubber"), a number of large plants have been built in Voronezh, Omsk, Krasnoyarsk and other cities. A rubber-asbestos plant was created in Yaroslavl. Plastics are widely used in a wide variety of industries as substitutes for metals, as well as glass, wood and other materials. For the production of plastics, various hydrocarbon raw materials are used, obtained in the oil refining and coal processing industries, coke production, gas shale and wood chemical industries. Large plastics plants have been built in the Central Economic Region (Moscow, Vladimir, Orekhovo-Zuevo) and in the North-West (St. Petersburg). New large bases for the plastics industry were organized in the Volga region (Kazan, Volgograd), in the Urals (Nizhny Tagil, Ufa, Salavat, Yekaterinburg), in Western Siberia (Tyumen, Kemerovo, Novosibirsk), in the North Caucasus (Grozny) and in other regions of the country . The geography of synthetic rubber production includes both old (Voronezh, Efremov, Yaroslavl) and new centers (Omsk, Krasnoyarsk, Sterlitamak, Volzhsk, Nizhnekamsk, Perm). The production of artificial and synthetic fibers is concentrated in the Central and Northwestern regions. Plants for their production are located in Tver, Ryazan, Balakovo (Saratov region), Barnaul; factories of synthetic fibers - in Kursk, Krasnoyarsk, Volzhsky, Saratov. | ||||||||||
