An interesting word starting with the letter a. Spelling difficult words
Content:Complex words in Russian are a special subject for an ordinary person, and especially for a speaker. Their appearance in the text causes some tension and uncertainty. Which ultimately can lead to a “disturbed” rhythm and “stumbling” in speech, and in special cases to stuttering. To prevent this from happening, you should systematically, regularly, clearly pronounce and practice complex words. After a few lessons, you will be able to feel how difficult words turn into the most common ones. Below you will find a list of some difficult to pronounce words that may cause you difficulty.
Why do we need difficult words?
Recently, the Russian language has been rapidly expanding with new words. Most of them are complex words. They are called that not only because a person has difficulty writing them. But also because they consist of several roots. Compound words are very convenient in the language. Because they allow you to name an object or phenomenon more clearly and concisely. For example: “railroad”, “agricultural”. But why are such words so difficult to spell?
Often, complex words in the Russian language are formed by combining two words into a phrase. People have difficulty distinguishing between a phrase and a complex word formed from it. For example: "meaningless"And "insignificant".
They should be distinguished not only by meaning, but also by intonation: a complex word does not have stress on the first word. In addition, words in a phrase can be swapped and moved to another place in the sentence. In this case, in order to understand that this is a phrase, you can find a dependent word by asking a question about the word. If compound words are formed from two nouns, then the resulting word should be written with a hyphen. Eg: "dress-suit", « launch vehicle"and others.
Most often, complex words are formed by adding full or shortened stems. They are usually written together: “kindergarten”, “water pipes».
Some of the most difficult words are adjectives, which are formed by addition. They can be written either together or with a hyphen:
1. Using this sign, adjectives denoting color are written: “emerald green".
2. Words formed from nouns that are written with a hyphen: “northeastern".
3. Parts of a word that are not related to each other: “scientific and technical".
But these rules do not apply to all words. Many complex words are also complex in spelling. Because it is difficult to understand whether to write them separately, together or with a hyphen.
Why is this so? Basic spelling rules were developed in the mid-20th century. But after that, a fair number of new words were formed in the Russian language. There's a new explanation for the hyphenation in these difficult words. Scientists have noticed that if the first part of a word has a suffix, then a hyphen is placed after it. Eg: "meadow-steppe", "fruit and berry".
Compound words are also the longest in the Russian language. They can contain more than 20-30 letters, unlike ordinary words, which contain no more than 10. In most cases, the longest words are different terms and special concepts. For example: "integral-differential».
There are especially many very long words in chemistry:"Trihydradmethylchloride acid." But among the commonly used ones there are such long ones:"private", « humanoid». These words are difficult not only to spell, but also to pronounce. Because not everyone can pronounce them the first time.
It happens that complex words that are formed by combining several stems are abbreviated. They are called compound abbreviations. They are usually written in capital letters. Eg: "UN", "KVN", "OPEC".
List of difficult words
Naob at m – [B,m]
G A call – [B]
Zap And falling down - [V, p]
Previous e existing – [H, w]
P e rvogo – [V, p]
Vosp O used – [H, w]
Uch A existing – [H, w]
Sp at tnikova – [V, p]
Improve e tions – [H, w]
State Court A literal – [B, s]
Right And telstvo – [V, t]
Cover And acted – [H, w]
Oblagod e translated – [V, d, t]
Novovodol A Shsky – [V, sh]
Galley e e – [G, p]
Legit And many – [G, t]
Adjut A nt – [D, t]
Dej at rn – [F]
Zhr e biy – [F, r]
Priest – [F, r, c]
Zhr And tsa – [F, r, c]
Magazine And stakh– [F, x]
Passage And ry – [F, p]
Self-response e zeal – [F, r]
International O bottom fin A national institution e nia – [F, v, d]
Unprecedented e nt incident e nt – [Z, c, d, t]
Shallow And bernymi – [K]
Inexhaustible A derivable – [K, s]
Electroen e rgy – [K, t, r]
Correspondent e tion – [K, r, n, ts]
Appeals O nnym – [L, n]
Memory A linen – [M, p]
Point – [P, k]
Nothing to do with it - [P, h]
Enterprise I ie – [P, p]
Prir O bottom – [P, r]
Instilled e giya – [P, l]
Published O howl – [P, v]
Oposr e given subsidy And roving – [P, r]
Shaft e riy – [P, v]
Razr e zka – [R, z]
A address – [R, s]
T And gra – [P, g]
Director – [R, f]
In pereper s ve – [P, f]
Pober e zhe – [R, f]
Allow e nie – [R, w]
Laboratory O ria – [R, t]
R Yu rick – [R, k]
Tr And hundred tr And twenty three – [R, t]
University e t – [P, v]
Energy e tika – [R, f]
Discharge A tsya – [R, w]
Route at tu – [R, w]
Razris O howl – [P, v]
Pearl at trovy – [R, p, t]
Approved e nia – [R, g, d]
D Yu rer – [R]
Compromising And roaring – [R, sch]
Transform And controlled – [P, f]
Demonstration And to rove – [R, t]
Uncompromising And ours – [P, p]
Register And roval – [R, t]
Restoration And being controlled – [P, v]
Archive A riusov – [R, k]
Microparadise O nah – [R, k]
Reverber A torus – [P, v]
Uregul And financing A NS KR And zisa – [R, k, v, z]
R A Yiner Mar And I R And lke – [R]
Differential And roved e nta – [R, f, c]
Jer A rhiya – [P, x]
Expropri And to rove – [R, p]
Territories A linen ts e density – [P, t, s]
Surreal And zm – [R, s]
Regener And raging – [R, sch]
Wed e dstva – [S, v]
Lawsuit at proper – [S, t]
Reply e responsibility – [S, t, v]
For years at- [T]
Chairman A tel – [T, p]
Transport And controlled – [T,r]
Constitution O nal – [T, s]
Backhand – [T, w]
Nen A styny – [T]
Exalt And levelness – [T, r]
Pretender e ntki – [T, n]
Inform A tion – [F, c]
February A l – [F, v]
Fixed And roved – [F, w]
Multifunctional A linen – [F, c]
Half-assed O ta – [F, b, t]
Confidentiality A linen – [F, w]
Not And presenting – [F, sch]
Constant And roved – [F, w]
Crystallization A lice – [F, w]
Hood O feminine tv O quality – [X, f, r, v]
Move A tacit – [X, t, v]
Expedient A sultry – [C]
Examination O nal – [C]
Reconnaissance O vka – [C, r]
Demunicipalization And to rove – [C]
From e honest – [H, v]
Chet s re – [H, r]
Polit And ical – [H, p]
Physical And chesical – [Ch, f]
Psychologist And chelic – [H, x, p]
Teacher And ical – [H, g, p]
Pathet And cheskaya – [H, t]
Vz I precision – [H, v]
Specific And chelic – [Ch, f]
Dramat And chelic – [H, t]
Astrologer And logical forecast O z – [H, s, g, z]
Pessimist And chelic – [H, t]
Publicist And checheskogo – [Ch, ts]
Emphasized – [H, t]
Cher e shna – [H, sh]
Adj And honoring – [H, w]
Dentist And chelic – [H, t]
Cello And st – [H, t]
Sanit A hygienic And che- [H, g]
Czech And Russian – [Ch, sh]
Sanit A epidemiologist And chesical – [H, n]
Complete And existing – [Ш, в]
Isch e those who knew – [Shch, f]
On O feel – [Ш]
Conclusion
Nowadays we cannot do without complex words. That is why it is very important to know how to spell and pronounce them correctly.
From two or even three words you can form a new word. This method of forming new words is called addition, and the words themselves are called complex. To understand where the roots are in a complex word, you must first correctly determine its meaning. For example, a steamship is not one that sails in pairs, but a ship that sails in pairs. Or a mousetrap is not a dexterous mouse, but a trap for mice.
There are words that look like complex words, but in fact they only have one root, and it emerges clearly after finding the meaning of the word. For example, yellowish is not yellow wool, but slightly yellow, the root is one (yellow), and ovat is a suffix. Or the greatest is not great tea, but simply very great.
Let's work on determining the meaning of words with two roots
Vacuum cleaner: A machine for removing dust by sucking it in with a stream of air.
Rhinoceros: A large southern mammal with one or two horns on the front of the muzzle.
Dump truck: A truck with a mechanically tipping body.
Scooter: Early 20th century: military name for a bicycle, a mechanical vehicle.
Scooter: Now: For children: a bar for riding with a standing handle on wheels or rollers.
Helicopter: A heavier-than-air aircraft with vertical take-off and landing, with a horizontal rotor “propeller”.
Airplane: A heavier-than-air aircraft with a power plant and a wing that produces lift.
(Interpretation taken from Ozhegov’s Explanatory Dictionary)
Otherwise, a vacuum cleaner is something that sucks dust. Roots dust, suck.
Rhinoceros is an animal with a horn on its nose. Roots nose, horn.
A dump truck is a machine that dumps its own cargo. The roots themselves and the shaft. The C in front of the second root is a prefix.
A scooter is a device that rolls itself. Roots yourself, cat.
A helicopter is a vehicle that flies vertically. Roots vert, years.
An airplane is a device that flies itself. Root yourself, fly.
Examples of words with two roots and connectives o, e
Motorcade, motor rally, concrete mixer, chainsaw, water pipe, waterfall, water strider, all-terrain vehicle, helicopter, diver, trapper, starfall, digger, cook, bark beetle, icebreaker, lumberjack, centipede, mousetrap, meat grinder, oil pipeline, steamship, vacuum cleaner, machine gun, pedestrian, esophagus, bird catcher, fisherman, samovar, airplane, scooter, dump truck, steel worker, snowfall, glass cutter, diesel locomotive, camera, bread maker, electric locomotive.
The connecting vowel -e is written after the stems on the consonant soft, hissing and c (pedestrian, heartbeat, agriculture, etc.). There is an exception: after the stem, a soft consonant can also have a vowel -o. For example, a hitching post, (though a horse), a range finder, (even though there is a distance). The spelling of such words is most often determined by the dictionary.
The connecting vowel -o is written after the stem on a hard consonant.
Examples of compound words with a connecting vowel -e-
kashEvar (porridge + cook)
birdsCatch (bird + catch)
pedestrian (walking + walking)
rain gauge (rain + measure)
vacuum cleaner (dust + suction)
poultry factory (poultry + factory)
oil pipeline (oil + conduct)
vegetable storage (vegetable + store)
journey (path + walk)
mousetrap
navigator
mudTreatment
becameEvar
shipwreck
surveyor
FreshFrozen
everywhereGod
ubiquitous
solstice
Examples of compound words with a connecting vowel -o-
samovar (yourself + cook)
waterfall (water + fall)
iceOkol (ice + crush)
languageOved (language + know)
SnowFall (snow + fall)
helicopter (vertical + fly)
glass cutter (glass + cut)
concreteMixer (concrete + mix)
ZverOlov (beast + catch)
houseSidden (at home + sit)
camera
autoColumn
Light-emitting diode
electric saw
testStirrer
Another list of difficult words with two roots and even three
Has its own rules.
What are compound words?
Such words are formed in two ways - improper and proper. The spelling of complex words here depends on many factors. Proper addition - when the parts are connected by the vowels “e” or “o”, the vowels “i” or “a” do not occur, for example: earthquake, waterfall, chant, song creation.
Improper addition is done without connecting vowels. For example: crazy,(and the letter "a" is not a connecting letter here!) selfishness, Constantinople. Words where one part is not-, neither-, most- also have an improper way of addition. For example: never, never, failure, best.
Spelling of continuous and compound compound words
It is customary for philologists to divide complex words into several types, where the principle of division is the way they are written: fused words and compound ones. Of course, continuous ones are written together, and compound ones are written with a hyphen. For example: sofa bed And natural history.
General rules for spelling complex words also provide for the following.
In compound words, both parts of the compound are usually inclined, but there are exceptions: with house-museum, for example, nothing bad happens from declination, but major general will be offended if he is rejected in all parts, and it is impossible to hear that he was, for example, in raincoat, here the declension of the first part of the compound word is clearly superfluous: in raincoat he was. The rules for spelling complex words are precisely this: there are always a sufficient number of exceptions.
Complex and compound abbreviations
If the stem of the first part of the word ends in a hard consonant, then the letter “o” is used for the connective, but if the ending is soft, hissing or “ts,” then the connecting vowel is “e.” For example: breakwater, amphibians, steam locomotive And bird catcher, vegetable store, travel. There are cases when this rule is violated: Dalnerechensk - exception, Gornozavodsk - rule.
The spelling of complex and compound words does not end there. Words in which there is no connecting vowel are also written together; this can be observed in a word with the original first part: pastime, cotyledon. Words - former phrases that have formed into one word, are also written together: weak-minded, insane, compound, gold-containing.
Numerals
Spelling complex words requires a separate rule about numerals and genitive case. If they form the first part of a complex word, then they are certainly written together. Examples: five-star, six-wing. Here the exceptions will be some numerals - more precisely, derivatives from “thousand”, “hundred”, “ninety”, “one”. For example: homogeneous, thousandfold, hundred-horsepower, ninety-year-old.
Numerals that make up a compound word ("two" and "three") have different forms of use. For example, from the numeral “two” we get two-, And two-, and from the numeral “three” - three-, three- And three-, For example: two-phase, three-kilometer, two-legged, trident, far away. The numeral "one and a half" has the form one and a half-, For example: one and a half kilogram. The nominative case is characteristic of the numeral "quarter" - quarterfinals.
Photo, cinema, radio, stereo and something else
It is always necessary to write complex noun words, where the part is one of the following elements: agro-, auto-, aero-, bicycle-, bio-, helio-, hydro-, geo-, zoo-, cinema-, iso-, meteo-, macro-, micro-, mono-, moto-, paleo-, neo-, stereo-, radio, photo, television, electrical and many others. Examples: TV program, microbiology, macro photography. The element avia- retains the ending: airmail, air service.
Compound contraction and verb stem
If we are always guided by the basic rule, which dictates the assignment of complex words (connecting vowels “o” and “e”), then some words could become an exception, but there are too many of them. Therefore there is a separate rule. If the first part of a compound noun is a verb ending in a vowel, then the letter “and” is not a connective, it is part of this verb. For example: redstart, keep your mouth, daredevil. And this is not without exceptions. Tumbleweed written with a hyphen. A foreigner, for example, has to remember a lot of rules. The Russian language is also rich in this. The spelling of complex words demonstrates this quite clearly.
Compound words are always written together, except in cases discussed below. The bulk of compound words are written like this: physical education, district executive committee, social security, trade union committee, deputy dean, bridge construction and so on. But the hyphen is used by complex nouns that do not have a connecting vowel, denoting political, technical, scientific terms. Diesel power plant, major general, sofa bed, emergency brake and others. However, if the first part is board or the last part is graph, then the spelling is clearly combined: flight engineer, topographer.
Hyphen
Using a hyphen, you need to write complex nouns that do not have a connecting vowel and that have block or press in the first part, for example: press conference, block mechanism. If the components represent the names of supporters of political parties: national democrat, radical liberalism. If compound nouns denote cardinal directions: southwest, northeast.
But it is recommended to check foreign words in dictionaries, because: yacht Club, But yachtsman. P pas de quatre, for example, it may be padecatrom, even dictionaries are confused in the readings. In such cases, the rules for spelling complex words depend on the taste of the user. Hyphens are used in cases where precise measurements are necessary: tonne-kilometer, man-day(exceptions labor hour, workday).
More guidelines for the hyphen
Complex nouns also use a hyphen if their first part is vice-, chief-, life-, staff-, non-commissioned-, ex-, for example: ex-president, chief lieutenant. Complex names containing a conjunction or a verb are also written with a hyphen: coltsfoot, tumbleweed. Synonyms or antonyms used to convey emotional coloring of speech or containing an assessment of a phenomenon also use a hyphen: buy-sell, sadness-longing, miracle squirrel, dump house, unfortunate mechanic.
Also, words that are repeated to enhance the emotional load are written with a hyphen: very, very, barely, just about, walking, walking, ah-ah, well, well. The same applies to the phrase zero zero, as well as purely pronominal words, again increasing the emotional load: someone who, but not you; somewhere, somewhere, but in this country it’s always warm. The following repetitions written with a hyphen are also expressive in nature: tower-teremok, day-to-day, darkness-darkness, alone, clever-wise, martyr-torment, willy-nilly, hocus-pocus, little things.
Paired constructions
If the first part of a complex word contains a semi- fragment, the word is written together, but if a pair construction is made, a hyphen is required: half-Russian-half-German, half-dream-half-reality, half-city-half-village, half-joking-half-seriously, half-military-half-civilian, half-lying-half-sitting. However, a comma is also possible between fragments of these constructions: half smile, half cry.
Also, correlative combinations or words with similar meanings are written through a hyphen: bread and salt, cat and mouse, way and road, one and only, alive and well. And if you need to indicate quantity or time, a hyphen is also added: a week or two, two or three times, in March-April, five or six days, eighteen to twenty people.
A hyphen is needed if a letter is used in the first part of a compound noun, for example, a Greek letter: gamma radiation, alpha male. You can use several parts of the first fragment to one part of the last in complex words: photo and film documents; bicycle, motorcycle and auto racing. In these cases, a trailing hyphen is used.
Here are the basic rules for spelling complex words. The table above organizes them.
In recent years, the Russian language has been actively replenished with new words. And most of these words are complex. They are so called not only because people have difficulty writing them, but because they consist of several roots.
They are very convenient in language because they allow you to more accurately and concisely name an object or phenomenon, for example: “24-hour”, “pale-faced”, “car repair”. Why are these words so difficult to spell?
Most often, complex languages are formed by merging two words into a phrase. The difficulty in this case is caused by the inability to distinguish between a phrase and a complex word formed from it, for example, “potent” and “potent.”
They need to be distinguished not only by meaning, but also by intonation: a complex word does not have stress on the first word. In addition, words in a phrase can be swapped and moved to another place in the sentence. In this case, in order to understand that this is a phrase, you can ask a question about the word and find the dependent word.
If compound words are formed from two nouns, then the resulting word will be written with a hyphen. For example: “sofa bed”, “chef” and others. But most often, complex words are formed by adding complete or truncated stems. Usually such words are written together: “power station”, “kindergarten”.
The most difficult words are adjectives formed by addition. They can
written both together and with a hyphen. Using a hyphen, adjectives are written that denote color - “pale blue”, words formed from nouns that are written with a hyphen - “social democratic”, parts of words that are not related to each other - “gardening”. But these rules do not apply to all words. Many complex words are also difficult to spell, since it is difficult to understand whether to write them together, separately or with a hyphen.
Why is this happening? Basic spelling rules were created in the middle of the 20th century, but after that a huge number of new words were formed in the Russian language. There's a new explanation for writing hyphens in compound words. Scientists have noticed that if the first part of a word has a suffix, then a hyphen is placed after it, for example: “fruit and berry”, “northern Russian”.
Compound words are the longest in the Russian language. If ordinary words do not exceed 10 letters, then in complex words the number of letters is 20-30, and sometimes more. Most often, the most are different terms and special concepts, for example, “literary-linguistic”. There are especially many very long words in chemistry. But even among the commonly used ones there are long ones: “misanthropy”, “private enterprise”. These words are difficult not only to spell, but also to pronounce: rarely does anyone pronounce them without hesitation the first time.
Sometimes complex words formed by adding several stems are abbreviated and called compound abbreviations. These are usually written in capital letters, for example: “MGU”, “KVN”.
Nowadays we cannot do without complex words, so it is very important to know how to spell them correctly.
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Spelling difficult words
The basic principle of continuous and separate writing is highlighting words in writing. Parts of words are written together, words are separated by spaces. The application of this rule is complicated by the fact that the language does not always clearly contrast word combinations and whole words (for example, combinations with the particle Not and words with a prefix Not?, combinations of nouns with prepositions and adverbs formed from such combinations).
There is a third type of spelling - hyphenated, or semi-fluid. A hyphen can separate a word into parts (for example, firebird, light green, in a new way, because of, all-in, firstly, someone) and, conversely, to connect parts of a phrase (for example, science fiction writer, cunning, cunning, unexpectedly, two or three).
The basic rules of this section are divided into general and related to individual parts of speech.
General rules
The following categories of words are written together
1. Words with prefixes , For example:
A) with Russian prefixes: trouble-free, cashless, along the coast, extracurricular, intraspecific, appeal, run out, finish reading, scream, interlibrary, interregnum, greatest, non-specialist, unpleasant, not uninteresting, talented, subhuman, misunderstand, depose, deforest, weaken, near-literary, stepson, stronger, post-perestroika, ancestral home, prehistory, overtone, resist, superman, ultra-distant, co-editor, Mediterranean, loam, striped, excessive;
b) with prefixes of foreign origin: illogical, avantitol, anticyclone, anti-historical, archivally, hyperinflation, dismantling, disintegration, disproportion, immoral, international, infrastructure, irrational, counter-offensive, metalanguage, parapsychology, post-Soviet, protohistory, reevacuation, offal, superliner, transcontinental, ultra-left, extraterritorial, extraordinary.
Words with a prefix the ex- in the meaning 'former' ( ex-champion, ex-Soviet etc.) are written with a hyphen. The word is spelled the same way rear admiral, where is the prefix counter- has special meaning.
Complex words with initial parts, Russian and foreign, close to prefixes are also written together, for example: all-forgiveness, comprehensive, monthly, alien, foreign national, pseudoscience, pseudo-socialist, national, generally accepted, crescent, half-sweet, half-lying, half-joking, self-sufficient, self-medication; Pan-American, quasi-scientific, pseudo-gothic, pseudo-folk.
2. Compound words, the first part of which coincides with the form of the numeral (two-, three-, five- etc.), as well as words with the first parts two-, three-, many-, few-, For example: two-month, three-ton, four-percent, pentagonal, six-story, seven-mile, octahedron, nine-point, decathlon, eleven-year-old, twelve-hour, twenty-ton, thirty-degree, forty-bucket, fiftieth anniversary, ninety-year, hundred-year-old, two-hundred-ruble, one-and-a-half-year-old, one-and-a-half-year-old, dual power, three-fingered; two-sided, tripod, polynomial, multi-stage, little people, little snow, little attractive .
3. Compound words with the first foreign language (international) part ending in a vowel . List of the main parts of compound words:
With the end O : auto-, agro-, astro-, audio-, aero-, baro-, benzo-, bio-, bicycle-, vibration-, video-, hecto-, helio-, geo-, hetero-, hydro-, homo -, dendro-, zoo-, iso-, kilo-, cinema-, cosmo-, macro-, meteo-, micro-, mono-, moto-, neuro-, neuro-, neo-, ortho-, paleo-, pyro-, pneumo-, porno-, psycho-, radio-, retro-, seismo-, socio-, spectro-, stereo-, thermo-, turbo-, phyto-, phono-, photo-, evaco-, exo- , eco-, electro-, endo-, energy-;
With final a, e, and : avia-, deca-, mega-, media-, tetra-; television; deci-, milli-, poly-, centi- .
Examples: autobiography, automobile plant, agro-soil, astrophysics, audio technology, aerovisual, pressure chamber, gasoline engine, biosphere, cycle track, vibration measuring, video technology, hectowatt, heliogravure, geopolitics, heterotransplantation, hydraulic turbine, homosexual, arboretum, veterinary, isobars, isothermal, kilometer, film, cosmovision, macroworld, weather service, microbiology, microcomputer, monoculture, motorcycle racing, neuropathologist, neuropsychic, neorealism, orthocenter, paleo-Asian, pyrotechnics, pneumosclerosis, porn film, psycholinguistics, radioactive, radio receiver, retro fashion, earthquake-resistant, sociocultural, spectroprojector, stereo effect, heat-resistant, turbogenerator, phytoplankton, phonochrestomathy, camera, evacuation hospital, exothermic, ecosystem, electric-intensive, endothermic, energy-intensive;
airmail, aerochemical, decameter, megarelief, media company, tetrasubstituted; telephoto lens, telefilm, teleKVN, tele-controlled; decigram, millivolt, polyvalent, multivitamin, centigram;
With two or more of these parts: aerial photography, hydrogeochemical, weather radiosonde, radio telecontrol, spectroheliogram, photographic filming, electrical radio equipment; automotocycle racing, astrospectrophotometry, paleophytogeographic.
4. Compound words with the first part ending in i , For example: time calculation, time pulse, name creativity, cotyledon, semen purifier, selfishness, selfish.
The following word categories are written with a hyphen
1. Combinations that are repetition of a word (often for the purpose of reinforcement), for example: blue-blue, tightly-strongly, a lot-a-lot, barely, very-very, quite-quite, just, a little bit, ah-ah, woof-woof, pah-pah, just about, they go- they walk and ask and ask; the combination is also spelled zero zero .
This includes repetitions of pronominal words everything, everything, who, what(in different cases), where, where etc., for example: Everyone has arrived! She is happy about everything. Who has never visited him! It’s someone else, and she’s happy with him. Something is missing here! Something, something, but this will not happen! Somewhere, somewhere, but in this house it’s always fun. Anywhere, but he won’t refuse to go to Moscow.
2. Expressive combinations-repetitions (often intensifying) character, in which one of the parts is complicated by a prefix or suffix, as well as combinations of elements varying in sound composition, For example: beauty-beautiful, clever-wise, wolf-wolf, tower-teremok, grief-sorrowful, day-day, torment-torment, darkness-darkness, blue-blue, washed-washed, glad-radeshenek, one-alone, white- white, early, early, a long time ago, little by little, little by little, tightly, crosswise, willy-nilly, any, after all, just, hop-hop, wait-wait, chubby, sickly, sickly, insofar as(adverb), all right, passion-face, hocus-pocus, tricky things, shurum-burum, tyap-blunder, tara-bara, trawl-vali, not hukhry-mukhry, shaher-maher, shur-mury.
3. Paired constructions consisting of words with the first part semi-, For example: half-city, half-village, half-German, half-Russian, half-fairy tale, half-fable, half-dream, half-reality; half-military-half-civilian, half-mocking-half-sympathetic, half-joking-half-seriously, half-lying, half-sitting.
Between parts of such paired constructions it is possible (in some syntactic conditions: when enumerating, separating) a comma, for example: Accept the collection of motley chapters, / Half funny, half sad...(P.); Her eyes are like two fogs, / Half smile, half cry(Sick.).
4. Combinations correlative or similar words in meaning, For example: sadness-longing, path-road, life-being, geese-swans, vegetables-fruits, bread-salt, fir-trees-sticks, cat-mouse(a game), spoons-forks, arms-legs, one and only, alive and well, in good health, unexpectedly, at the very least, at any cost, sewn-covered, walks-wanders, once upon a time, drink-eat, drink- feed, this and that, this and that, back and forth.
5. Combinations meaning an approximate indication of the amount or time of something , For example: a day or two, a week or two, he will write a letter or two, a year or two, two or three hours, three or four times, twelve to fifteen people, two or three boys, two or three; He will be back in March-April .
If in such constructions the quantity is indicated by numbers, a dash, rather than a hyphen, is placed between them, for example: people 12–15; she is 30–35 years old; rubles 200–300; this was in 1950-1951.
6. Complex words with the first part – a letter or sound abbreviation, For example: VHF transmitter, MV oven, HIV infection, DNA-containing .
Nouns
Common nouns
The following categories of nouns are written together
1. Nouns whose continuous spelling is determined by general rules: words with prefixes and initial parts like false-, semi-, self- , compound words with the first part coinciding with the form of the numeral, compound words with initial parts like auto, air , compound words with the first part ending in -I , For example: superman, pseudoscience, three-ton, airstrike, biosphere, cotyledons .
2. compound words, For example: artillery shelling, military doctor, state trade, international passport, spare parts, cyberspace, Communist Party, machinery bureau, payment in kind, pedagogical institute, political emigrant, socialist realism, special issue, special vocational school, wall newspaper, dance floor, trans agency, household goods; collective farm, trade union, Komsomol, trade mission, destroyer.
3. Compound nouns with connecting vowels o and e, For example: water supply, farmer, forest-steppe, poultry farm, vegetable storehouse, new building, South Americans, sound image, syllabonics; with two or more initial components: forest peat mining, steam and water supply, glass-reinforced concrete, gas-water-oil saturation.
4. Compound nouns with the first part ending in -i or -ь , coinciding with the imperative form of the verb: hemlock, whirlytail, whirligig, gouge-eye, adonis, derzhidrevo, derzhimorda, skewed, hoarder, daredevil, shumigolova, robberarmy. Exception: Tumbleweed.
5. Nouns formed from hyphenated proper names (consisting of two parts with initial capital letters), for example: Addisabebians, Almaty residents(from Addis Ababa, Almaty), Buenos Aires, Yoshkarolins, Costa Ricans, Los Angeles, New Yorkers, Orekhozuyevo, Ulanuden, Ust-Kamenogorsk(names of residents of cities and states); Saint-Simonism, Saint-Simonist(from Saint-Simon).
6. (as well as ordinal numbers as nouns), if these forms begin with a consonant, except l , For example: half a bottle, half a bucket, half a house, half a meter, half an hour; half past one, half past ten, half past six and so on.
The following categories of nouns and combinations of nouns are written with a hyphen.
1. Combinations of two nouns in which the first part has an independent declension :
a) repetition combinations of various types, paired constructions, combinations of correlative or similar words, for example: clever-wise, wolf-wolf, grief-misfortune, half-dream-half-reality, friend-buddy, first name-patronymic, purchase and sale;
b) combinations with single-word applications following the defined word, for example: Baba Yaga, Vanka-Vstanka, hero city, flying carpet, fiber flax, mother heroine, hornbill, hermit crab, parrot fish, self-assembled tablecloth(stable combinations); a new building, an international journalist, an emigrant writer, a medical student, a sniffer dog, a recruit soldier, an amateur gardener, a first-year student, an old mother, a beautiful girl, Masha the frolic(free combinations); with the second part unchanged: parade alle, lottery allegri, maximum program, minimum program.
c) combinations with single-word applications preceding the word being defined, for example: old father, beautiful daughter, smart son, hero pilot, sage writer, naughty monkey, tyrant stepmother, hard worker investigator, layman editor, rogue manager. Such applications are evaluative in nature.
Combinations of this type with proper names are usually written separately: old man Derzhavin(P.), baby Tsakhes(character from Hoffmann's story of the same name), simpleton Vanya and so on.; But: Mother Rus'(Necr.).
2. Combinations with applications in which the first part is an indeclinable noun , For example: automatic cafe, single canoe, mezzo-soprano, cape coat, revue operetta, relay station, free carriage.
These also include:
a) combinations of note names with words sharp, flat, becar: C-sharp, G-sharp, E-flat, A-flat, A-becar and so on.;
b) combinations with the first parts gross, net, solo: gross weight, net balance, solo bill and so on.;
c) names of production brands and product types Tu-104, Il-18 .
3. Compound words with an indeclinable first part expressed by a noun in the nominative singular case with an ending , For example: aga khan, would-be hunter, amusement park, miracle hero, echo impulse .
This also includes terms with Greek letter names as initial elements, for example: alpha particle, beta decay, gamma radiation, delta wood, kappa factor, lambda characteristic, sigma function, theta rhythm .
4. Compound words with an indeclinable first part expressed by a noun in the nominative singular without an ending (null-terminated), for example: address-calendar, mizzen-mast, business class, boy-woman, fire-girl, major general, jazz orchestra, diesel engine, doping control, firebird, internet project, caravanserai, march- throw, online survey, PR campaign, raincoat, Rh factor, rock ensemble, sex bomb, transfer agent, king fish; names of units of measurement, e.g.: ampere-second, watt-second, hectowatt-hour, kilowatt-hour, kilogram-force; foreign names of intermediate countries of the world: south-west, south-east, north-west, north-east.
There are many exceptions to this rule. According to tradition, all the names of chemical compounds of this structure are written together, for example: bromoacetone, butyl rubber, vinyl acetylene, methylbenzene, methyl rubber, chloroacetone, chlorobenzene, ethylbenzene, ethylcellulose. Examples of other continuous spellings: pennant, costutil, lotline, plankarta, folding device, quarter-final, storm ladder, yalbot .
5 . Words with the first parts of disco - (music), maxi-, midi-, mini- , For example: disco club, disco music, maxi fashion, midi skirt, mini dress, mini tractor, mini football, mini computer.
6. The following groups of nouns formed with connecting vowels :
a) names of complex units of measurement, for example: bed, parking space, passenger-kilometer, ton-kilometer, plane-flight, machine-hour, man-day;
b) Russian names of intermediate countries of the world: northeast, northwest, southeast, southwest, and north-northeast, north-northwest, south-southeast, south-southwest.
7. A group of words denoting primarily positions and titles, with the first parts vice-, chamber-, counter-, life-, chief-, stats-, non-commissioned-, wing-, headquarters-, staff-, as well as ex- (meaning ‘former’), for example: vice-governor, vice-chancellor, vice-consul, vice-president, vice-premier, vice-champion; chamberlain cadet, chamberlain page; rear admiral; life guards, life hussars, life dragoons, life medic; Chief Burgomaster, Chief Master, Chief Officer, Chief Prosecutor; lady of state, secretary of state; non-commissioned officer; aide-de-camp; headquarters, headquarters doctor, headquarters officer, headquarters captain; staff captain; ex-president, ex-minister, ex-director, ex-champion, ex-vice prime minister .
Words extraterritorial And expatriation, where is the prefix the ex- has a different meaning and is written together. Musical terms are written in the same way. overtone And underton.
8. Names in the form of phrases with a function word (since they consist of three parts, they are written with two hyphens): Ivan-da-Marya, mother-and-stepmother, don’t-touch-me(plants), love-not-love(a game).
9 . Combinations with gender forms. noun case (as well as ordinal numbers as nouns), if these forms begin with a vowel or a consonant l, For example: half a turn, half a window, half an orange, half a knot, half a hut, half a diocese, half a tree, half a screen, half a yurt, half an apple, half a lemon, half a leaf, half eleventh .
10. Nouns formed from hyphenated common nouns , For example: vice-presidency, general government, chamber cadet, private docent, trade unionism, non-commissioned officer, non-commissioned officer(from vice-president, governor-general, chamberlain, privat-docent, trade union, non-commissioned officer).
Exceptions : southwester, ping pongist, somersault, chess player, yacht club member.
In all other cases, the continuous or hyphenated spelling of nouns is regulated in dictionary order.
Groups of nouns of similar structure, written both with a hyphen and together.
1. Compound nouns , in which the first part represents:
A) the complete basis of an independently used noun that has nominative singular ending (non-null);
b) truncated stem of a self-used noun or adjective .
Examples of hyphens:
A) admiralty board, wardroom, manufactory board, postal director, press attaché, yacht club ;
b) audience hall, ordinary doctor, CD, commercial college, conference room, private assistant professor, justice college; The names of political parties and movements and their supporters are also written, for example: social democracy, social democrat, national socialism, national socialist, radical extremism .
Examples of continuous spellings:
A) watch parade, sixth chord, seventh chord;
b) bulwark.
2. Compound nouns, the first part of which occurs only in compound words.
Examples of hyphens: art salon, beat group, berg college, pennant braid, web page, grand hotel, Dalai Lama, dance hall, content analysis, cruise bearing, lawn tennis, music hall, pop music, subaltern officer, top model, tryn-grass .
Examples of continuous spellings: arcsine, rear stage, mezzanine, bildapparat, Bundeschancellor, water machine, military uniform, marshal at the quintessence, cold cream, cabinet of curiosities, leitmotif, landlord, Reich Chancellor, field marshal, schmutztitul .
3. Nouns consisting of two or more elements, separately in Russian (as independent words or repeating parts of complex words) not used.
Examples of hyphens: alma mater, boeuf-breze, boogie-woogie, jiu-jitsu, lend-lease, lula-kebab, know-how, papier-mâché, ping-pong, Turkish delight, tête-à-tête, weekend, fife-o-clock, fata morgana, happy ending, cha-cha-cha .
Examples of continuous spellings: underground(And underground), rearguard, bel canto, beef stroganoff, bibabo, blancmange, beau monde, bonmeaux, bundestag, free verse, prodigy, judo, dixieland, ginseng, quiproquo, kickapoo, crossword, landwehr, mastersinger, head waiter, notabene, sedan chair, price list, tom-tom, theremin, backgammon, orange blossom, hula hoop, teaword, charivari.
Words with the first part are spelled differently pa- (correlative with a separately used indeclinable noun): cf. pas de deux, pas de trois And padegras, padecatr, padepatiner, padespan .
