Plague- a particularly dangerous infectious disease. is highly resistant to environmental factors (survives in soil for up to 7 months, on clothes for 5–6 months, in milk for up to 90 days, at a temperature of 60 °C it dies after 30 minutes, and at 100 °C in a few seconds).

Symptoms of the disease: general weakness, chills, headache; pain in the glands in the neck, armpits and groin, where abscesses later form; unsteady gait, slurred speech, vomiting, delirium, high temperature, blackout. In the pulmonary form - chest pain, severe cough with large amounts of sputum.

First aid: bed rest, immediately isolate the patient from other family members, give an antipyretic for high temperatures, give a headache remedy for severe pain and call a doctor. Before the doctor arrives, you can use a folk remedy: ripe figs cut in half are tied to the sore spot.

Cholera– an acute infectious disease of humans only.

Symptoms of the disease: diarrhea, vomiting, convulsions, temperature drop to 35 ° C. First aid: bed rest, immediately isolate the patient from healthy people, cover with hot bottles, wrap in a warm blanket. Put a warming compress of vodka or a poultice of bran, boiled in peel and mashed potatoes on your stomach. If available, it is good to give Botkin cholera drops internally: 15–20 drops every two to three hours. You can also give half a glass of a weak (pink) solution of potassium permanganate several times. If you have camphor alcohol, you can give it 8 drops with sugar every 10 minutes, especially when the patient begins to get cold. You can also give hot, strong coffee, tea with rum or cognac. Drink and give as much fluid as possible.

anthrax– an infectious disease of humans and animals. The anthrax bacterium can survive environmental influences for a very long time. Having formed a spore, it can even withstand boiling for 10–15 minutes. Symptoms of the disease: in the skin form, itchy spots first appear on the arms, legs, neck and face. These spots turn into bubbles with a cloudy liquid, over time the bubbles burst, forming ulcers, and there is no sensitivity in the area of the ulcer. In the pulmonary and intestinal form, similar ulcers form in the lungs and stomach. With all three forms, there may be general intoxication of the body. First aid: bed rest, isolate the patient from others, bandage the patient’s mouth, nose and yourself with a gauze mask, call a doctor. Antibiotics, gamma globulin and other drugs are usually used for treatment.

Glanders– an infectious disease of animals (usually horses) and humans. The bacterium is very stable in the external environment; it survives in water for up to 30 days, and in rotting products for up to 25 days. When heated to 55 O C it dies in 10 minutes, when boiled - instantly.

Table 1 - Duration of the incubation period of infectious diseases

Instructions for behavior during the spread of infectious diseases and epidemics. Rules of conduct for the population in case of infectious diseases

To prevent the introduction of infection from outside, the exchange of goods is stopped and borders are closed.

2.2. CHOLERA ASIAN ( Cholera asiatica )

An acutely contagious infectious disease characterized by severe intoxication and pronounced gastroenteritis, which leads to disruption of water-salt metabolism. The endemic focus of cholera is India, where it has been known since ancient times. When cholera is introduced into other countries, it can cause serious epidemics, even pandemics. Cholera epidemics have claimed tens of thousands of lives in the past. For the period from 1817 to 1925. There were 6 pandemics as a result of the penetration of cholera from India into other countries, including Russia.

Etiology and epidemiology.

The causative agent of cholera - Vibrio cholerae and Vibrio El Tor - was discovered by Koch in 1883 in the feces of patients. The cholera embryo has the shape of a comma with a flagellum at the end, which ensures its mobility; it grows well in ordinary alkaline nutrient media with access to oxygen. The stability of Vibrio cholerae in the external environment depends on various conditions. It usually dies when dried and exposed to sunlight, instantly dies when boiled, and is unstable to disinfectants - bleach, Lysol, sublimate. In a humid environment, vibrio can remain viable for a long time. It survives in feces for up to 150 days, on the surface of oil for up to 30 days, in vegetables for up to 8 days, in dairy products it remains viable for up to 14 days, in boiled water for up to 39 hours, in open water bodies for up to several months. It is also resistant to low temperatures. The source of infection is a sick person or a bacteria carrier. The patient excretes the causative agent of cholera with feces and sometimes vomit throughout the disease. The ways of spreading the infection are different: through hands contaminated with secretions of a cholera patient, through food. Flies are carriers of the causative agent of cholera, but the spread of cholera through water is of greatest epidemiological significance. Water epidemics are explosive.

Clinic.

Infection occurs through the mouth. Vibrio cholerae, having penetrated the small intestine, vigorously multiplies in it and partially dies. When it dies, endotoxin is released, intoxication quickly sets in, an inflammatory process develops in the mucous membrane of the small intestine, the activity of the cardiovascular system and respiratory organs is disrupted, metabolism and heat regulation are disrupted. The incubation period lasts 2-3, less often 6 days, sometimes it is calculated in hours. The clinical picture of cholera is varied - from mild diarrhea to an extremely severe course, sometimes ending in death with lightning speed. The disease occurs acutely. The initial stage of cholera is diarrhea - diarrhea, which can only occasionally be preceded by mild abdominal pain. Then loose stool appears. Bowel movements become more frequent and become more abundant each time. Weakness is growing. Body temperature is normal. The stool quickly becomes watery and resembles rice water in appearance and color. Later vomiting occurs, repeated and very profuse. The combination of diarrhea and vomiting leads to significant loss of water from the body: in a few hours, patients lose up to 7 liters of fluid with vomit and up to 30 liters with feces. Due to the large loss of fluid, the skin gathers in folds. Convulsions are possible. The voice becomes hoarse and sometimes disappears completely. There is intense thirst. There may be shortness of breath.

Treatment.

Treatment is complex. Measures are primarily aimed against dehydration and desalination. The patient is injected intravenously and subcutaneously with saline solution heated to 39-40. The infusion should be plentiful - up to 2-3 liters per injection, continuous or repeated, from 3 to 6 times a day. Intravenous infusion of a 5% glucose solution is also used. Antibiotic therapy is administered (tetracyclines, chloramphenicol). A patient with cholera should receive extensive cardiovascular therapy. Careful care. During vomiting, the patient's head should be supported. The disease is accompanied by a significant decrease in body temperature

Infectious diseases. Rules of conduct for the population

According to the World Health Organization, more than 1 billion people worldwide suffer from infectious diseases every year. Large numbers of people can become infected within a short period of time. Thus, El Tor cholera, which began in 1960. in Indonesia, by 1971 it had covered all countries of the world. The fourth pandemic (an epidemic covering a group of countries and continents) of influenza in two years () affected about 2 billion people on all continents and claimed about 1.5 million lives. No, no, yes, and there are patients with plague, cholera, and brucellosis. The incidence of acute dysentery, typhoid fever, diphtheria, viral hepatitis, salmonellosis, and influenza is still high. Their occurrence is especially dangerous in enterprises, educational institutions, and military groups, where one person can infect everyone.

That is why it is very important to know the signs of infectious diseases, ways of their spread, methods of prevention and rules of behavior.

EMERGENCE OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES

November 1990. The taiga city of oil producers Laigepas (Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug) turned into a huge hospital. More than 2,000 people went to the hospital with an intestinal infection, more than 100 were hospitalized, of which 13 were in very serious condition. What is the reason? The fact is that the water and sewer pipes were laid side by side, in the same trench. As a result, fecal water began to penetrate into the water supply network.

Another example. In the Rodnik campsite, located on the outskirts of Stavropol, at the end of July 1990, 45 of its settlers fell ill with cholera. A critical situation arose, because 733 people visited the camp in a short time. They had to be found, isolated and treated. Carriers of Vibrio cholerae were discovered in Barnaul, Perm, Krasnodar and many other cities. Only emergency measures prevented the spread of infection. The culprit was a spring near the campsite. Landslides damaged the sewer network, and sewage entered the spring water.

We must remember that pathogens of infectious diseases, penetrating into the body, find there a favorable environment for development. Reproducing rapidly, they secrete toxic products (toxins) that destroy tissue, leading to disruption of the body's normal vital processes. The disease usually occurs within a few hours or days from the moment of infection. During this period, called incubation, microbes multiply and toxic substances accumulate without visible signs of disease. Their carrier infects others or contaminates various objects of the external environment with pathogens.

There are several ways of spread: contact, when there is direct contact between a patient and a healthy person; contact-household - transmission of infection through household items (linen, towel, dishes, toys) contaminated with the patient’s secretions; airborne - when talking, sneezing; water. Many pathogens remain viable in water for at least several days. In this regard, the transmission of acute dysentery, cholera, and typhoid fever can occur through it very widely. If the necessary sanitary measures are not taken, water epidemics can lead to dire consequences.

How many infectious diseases are transmitted through food?! In the Tula region in November 1990, five cases of brucellosis were detected. Cause? Neglect of veterinary requirements of II norms: the state farm sent 65 heads of cattle sick with brucellosis to a meat processing plant, the products of which infected people.

Today, salmonellosis has acquired leading importance. Its incidence has increased 25 times. This is one of the common gastrointestinal diseases. Carriers can be a variety of animals: cattle, pigs, horses, rats, mice and poultry, especially ducks and geese. Such infection is possible from a sick person or a salmonella carrier.

Patients who do not consult a doctor in a timely manner pose a great danger to others, since many infectious diseases are mild. But at the same time, there is an intensive release of pathogens into the external environment.

The survival times of pathogens vary. Thus, on the smooth surfaces of celluloid toys, the diphtheria bacillus survives less than on soft toys made of wool or other fabric. Pathogens can live for a long time in ready-made dishes, meat, and milk. In particular, milk is a favorable nutrient medium for typhoid and dysentery bacilli.

In the human body, protective barriers stand in the way of penetration of pathogenic microbes - skin, gastric mucosa, and some components of the blood. Dry, healthy and clean skin releases substances that lead to the death of microbes. Mucus and saliva contain a highly active enzyme - lysozyme, which destroys many pathogens. The lining of the respiratory tract is also a good protector. A reliable barrier to microbes is the stomach. It secretes hydrochloric acid and enzymes that neutralize most pathogens of infectious diseases. However, if a person drinks a lot of water, then the acidity, diluting, decreases. In such cases, microbes do not die and enter the intestines with food, and from there into the blood.

It should be noted that protective forces are more effective in a healthy, hardened body. Hypothermia, lack of personal hygiene, trauma, smoking, radiation, and alcohol intake sharply reduce its resistance.

RECOGNITION OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES

The most typical signs of an infectious disease are: chills, fever, fever. This causes headache, pain in muscles and joints, malaise, general weakness, weakness, sometimes nausea, vomiting, sleep disturbances, and loss of appetite. With typhus, meningococcal infections, a rash appears. For influenza and other respiratory diseases - sneezing, coughing, sore throat. Sore throat and diphtheria cause sore throat when swallowing. With dysentery - diarrhea. Vomiting and diarrhea are signs of cholera and salmonellosis.

Let us briefly consider the most common infections, ways of their spread and methods of prevention.

Respiratory tract infections are the most numerous and common diseases. Every year, up to 15-20% of the total population suffers from them, and during epidemic outbreaks of influenza - up to 40%. Pathogens are localized in the upper respiratory tract and spread by airborne droplets (Fig. 1).

Fig.1. Spread of infectious agents
diseases when the patient coughs and sneezes.

Microbes enter the air with saliva and mucus when the patient talks, sneezes, or coughs (the highest concentration is at a distance of 2-3 m from the patient). Large droplets containing pathogens settle rather quickly, dry out, forming microscopic nucleoli. With dust they rise into the air again and are transferred to other rooms. When they are inhaled, infection occurs. With high indoor air humidity, insufficient ventilation and other violations of sanitary and hygienic rules, pathogens persist in the external environment longer.

During natural disasters and major catastrophes, people usually gather, the norms and rules of the community are violated, which causes the spread of influenza, diphtheria, tonsillitis, and meningitis.

Flu. His virus can infect a significant number of people within a short time. It is resistant to freezing, but quickly dies when heated, dried, under the influence of disinfectants, or under ultraviolet irradiation. The incubation period lasts from 12 hours to 7 days. Characteristic signs of the disease are chills, fever, weakness, severe headache, cough, sore throat, runny nose, soreness behind the sternum, hoarse voice. In severe cases, complications are possible - pneumonia, inflammation of the brain and its membranes.

Diphtheria is characterized by an inflammatory process in the pharynx and toxic damage to the cardiovascular and nervous systems. Pathogen

disease - diphtheria bacillus. The entry points for infection are most often the mucous membranes of the pharynx, larynx and nose. Transmitted by airborne droplets. The incubation period is from 5 to 10 days. The most characteristic manifestation of the disease is the formation of films in the upper respiratory tract. Toxic damage to the patient's body by the poisons of diphtheria bacilli poses a danger to life. When they spread, breathing problems may occur.

Cholera, dysentery, typhoid fever, salmonellosis, infectious hepatitis - all these acute intestinal infections take second place after airborne infections. In this group of diseases, pathogens enter the body through ingested food or water.

The destruction of water supply and sewer networks, poor sanitary standards, carelessness and carelessness in the use of open water bodies leads to the occurrence of these epidemics.

Acute bacterial dysentery. The causative agents are dysentery bacteria, which are excreted in the patient’s stool. In the external environment they persist for 30-45 days. The incubation period is up to 7 days (usually 2-3 days). The disease is accompanied by fever, chills, fever, general weakness, and headache. It begins with cramping pain in the abdomen, with frequent loose stools, in severe cases - with an admixture of mucus and blood. Sometimes there is vomiting.

Typhoid fever. The source of infection is patients or bacteria carriers. The typhoid and paratyphoid bacillus is excreted in feces and urine. They can survive in soil and water for up to four months, in feces for up to 25 days, and on wet underwear for up to two weeks. The incubation period lasts from one to three weeks. The disease develops gradually: well-being worsens, sleep is disturbed, and the temperature rises. On the 7-8th day, a rash appears on the skin of the abdomen and chest. The disease lasts 2-3 weeks and can be complicated by intestinal bleeding or perforation of the intestine at the site of one of the many ulcers formed.

BASICS OF PROTECTION AND RULES OF CONDUCT OF THE POPULATION

Infectious diseases arise under three main factors: the presence of a source of infection, favorable conditions for the spread of pathogens, and a person susceptible to the disease. If you exclude at least one link from this chain, the epidemic process stops. Therefore, the goal of preventive measures is to influence the source of infection in order to reduce contamination of the external environment, localize the spread of microbes, and also increase the population’s resistance to diseases.

Since the main source of infection is a sick person or a bacteria carrier, early detection, immediate isolation and hospitalization are necessary. With a mild course of the disease, people, as a rule, go to the doctor late or do not do so at all. Door-to-door visits can help in identifying such patients as quickly as possible.

The premises where the patient is located must be regularly ventilated. Select a separate room for it or fence it off with a screen. Operating personnel must wear protective gauze masks (Fig. 2).

Fig.2. Isolation of an infectious patient.

Emergency and specific prevention is important to prevent the development of infectious diseases.

Emergency prevention is carried out when there is a danger of mass diseases, but when the type of pathogen has not yet been precisely determined. It consists of the population taking antibiotics, sulfonamide and other medications. Means of emergency prevention, when used in a timely manner according to predetermined schemes, can significantly prevent infectious diseases, and if they occur, alleviate their course.

Specific prevention - the creation of artificial immunity (immunity) through protective vaccinations (vaccinations) - is carried out against some diseases (smallpox, diphtheria, tuberculosis, polio, etc.) constantly, and against others - only when there is a danger of their occurrence and spread.

It is possible to increase the population's resistance to infectious agents through mass immunization with protective vaccines, the introduction of special serums or gamma globulins. Vaccines are pathogenic microbes killed or weakened by special methods, and when introduced into the body of healthy people, they develop a state of immunity to the disease. They are administered in different ways: subcutaneously, cutaneously, intradermally, intramuscularly, through the mouth (into the digestive tract), by inhalation.

To prevent and mitigate infectious diseases in the form of self-help and mutual assistance, it is recommended to use the products contained in the first aid kit of an individual AI-2.

If a source of infectious disease occurs, quarantine or observation is declared in order to prevent the spread of disease.

Quarantine is introduced when particularly dangerous diseases occur (smallpox, plague, cholera, etc.). It can cover the territory of a district, city, or group of settlements.

Quarantine is a system of regime, anti-epidemic and treatment and preventive measures aimed at completely isolating the outbreak and eliminating diseases in it (Fig. 3).

Fig.3. Quarantine zone.

The main security measures when establishing quarantine are: protecting the source of the inspection disease, populated areas in it, infectious disease isolation centers and hospitals, and checkpoints. Prohibition of entry and exit of people, entry and exit of animals, as well as removal of property. Prohibition of transit passage of transport, with the exception of rail and water. Separation of the population into small groups and limitation of communication between them. Organization of delivery to apartments (houses) of food, water and basic necessities. Stopping the work of all educational institutions, entertainment institutions, and markets. Termination of production activities of enterprises or their transfer to a special mode of operation.

Anti-epidemic and treatment and preventive measures under quarantine conditions include: the use of medications by the population, protection of food and water, disinfection, disinfestation, deratization, sanitization, strict adherence to personal hygiene rules, active identification and hospitalization of infectious patients.

Observation is introduced if the type of pathogen is not particularly dangerous. The purpose of observation is to prevent the spread of inspection diseases and eliminate them. For this purpose, essentially the same treatment and preventive measures are carried out as during quarantine, but during observation the isolation and restrictive measures are less strict.

The period of quarantine and observation is determined by the duration of the maximum incubation period of the disease, calculated from the moment of isolation of the last patient and the end of disinfection in the outbreak.

People located in the area of the outbreak of an infectious disease should use cotton-gauze bandages to protect their respiratory organs. For short-term protection, it is recommended to use a scarf, a towel or a scarf folded in several layers. Safety glasses won't hurt either. It is advisable to use capes and raincoats made of synthetic and rubberized fabrics, coats, padded jackets, rubber shoes, shoes made of leather or its substitutes, leather or rubber gloves (mittens).

The protection of food and water consists mainly of creating conditions that exclude the possibility of their contact with a contaminated atmosphere. All types of tightly closed containers can be reliable means of protection. Water from taps and artesian wells can be used freely, but it must be boiled.

In the outbreak of an inspection disease, it is impossible to do without disinfection, disinfestation and deratization.

Disinfection is carried out with the goal of destroying or removing microbes and other pathogens from environmental objects with which a person may come into contact. For disinfection, solutions of bleach and chloramine, Lysol, formaldehyde, etc. are used. In the absence of these substances, hot water with soap or soda is used.

Disinsection is carried out to destroy insects and ticks - carriers of infectious diseases. For this purpose, various methods are used: mechanical (beating out, shaking out, washing), physical (ironing, boiling), chemical (use of insecticides - chlorophos, thiophos, DDT, etc.), combined. To protect against insect bites, repellents are used, which are applied to the skin of exposed parts of the body.

Deratization is carried out to exterminate rodents that carry pathogens of infectious diseases. It is most often carried out using mechanical devices and chemicals.

Strict adherence to the rules of personal hygiene plays an important role in the prevention of infectious diseases: washing hands with soap after work and before eating; regular washing of the body in a bathhouse, bath, or shower with a change of underwear and bed linen; systematic cleaning and shaking out of outer clothing and bedding; maintaining clean living and working premises; cleaning from dirt and dust, wiping shoes before entering the room; eating only proven products, boiled water and milk, fruits and vegetables washed with boiled water, thoroughly cooked meat and fish.

The success of eliminating an inspection outbreak is largely determined by the active actions and reasonable behavior of the entire population. Everyone must strictly follow the established regime and rules of behavior at work, on the street and at home, and constantly follow anti-epidemic and

v Plague- a particularly dangerous infectious disease.

First aid: bed rest, immediately isolate the patient from the rest of the family, give an antipyretic for high temperatures, give a headache remedy for severe pain and call a doctor. Before the doctor arrives, you can use a folk remedy: ripe figs cut in half are tied to the sore spot.

v Cholera– an acute infectious disease of humans only.

First aid : bed rest, immediately isolate the patient from healthy people, cover with hot bottles, wrap in a warm blanket. Put a warming compress of vodka or a poultice of bran, boiled in peel and mashed potatoes on your stomach. If available, it is good to give Botkin cholera drops internally: 15–20 drops every two to three hours. You can also give half a glass of a weak (pink) solution of potassium permanganate several times. If you have camphor alcohol, you can give it 8 drops with sugar every 10 minutes, especially when the patient begins to get cold. You can also give hot, strong coffee, tea with rum or cognac. Drink and give as much fluid as possible.

v anthrax– an infectious disease of humans and animals.

First aid: bed rest, isolate the patient from others, bandage the patient’s mouth, nose and yourself with a gauze mask, call a doctor. Antibiotics, gamma globulin and other drugs are usually used for treatment.

v Tularemia– an acute bacterial infectious disease of humans and some rodents.

First aid : bed rest, isolate from others, give an antipyretic, a headache remedy and call a doctor.

v Meningitis- This is a dangerous infectious disease that causes inflammation of the brain and spinal cord. It is dangerous due to complications and consequences, in particular, dementia can persist for life.

First aid: exposing the patient, a cold compress on the head, wiping the body with a damp cloth, blowing with a household fan, antipyretics (aspirin, amidopyrine, etc.), headache remedies (analgin, etc.), call an ambulance or a doctor.

v Diphtheria – a dangerous infectious disease that leads to toxic damage to the cardiovascular and nervous systems.

First aid: give a laxative, gargle with a strong solution of table salt or vinegar - both of these remove the films. Cold compresses are applied to the neck, changing them frequently. If swallowing is difficult, then give ice a little at a time, but if the cervical glands are swollen, then this should not be done. Then you need to call an ambulance or a doctor. Before the doctor arrives, you should not lubricate the throat yourself, since if pus gets into the blood, it may become infected.

v Dysentery- a dangerous infectious disease that affects the large intestine.

First aid: bed rest, water-tea diet for 8–10 hours, drinking plenty of fluids(5 percent glucose solution, sodium chloride solution, rosehip decoction, antibiotics), at high temperatures give antipyretics, call a doctor.

v Flu - an infectious disease that is dangerous due to complications of the central nervous system and respiratory organs.

First aid: rest, bed rest, hot milk, alkaline drink, mustard plasters on the front surface of the chest, drink 3-4 liters of fluid per day (especially Borjomi water), take vitamins C, eat protein-rich foods, as well as lean fish, seafood, walnuts, sauerkraut, onions, garlic, call a doctor.

v Pulmonary tuberculosis- a dangerous infectious disease.

First aid: rest, bed rest. For better expectoration of sputum, the patient is placed in a position that facilitates drainage. For severe coughs, antitussives are given: codeine tablets, expectorants. Mustard plasters and circular jars make things easier.

v Viral hepatitis type A – infectious disease. It affects the liver.

Prevention. Avoid drinking unboiled drinking water from open reservoirs, observe personal hygiene rules and avoid contact with people with hepatitis.

First aid. Isolation of the patient, bed rest, diet (proteins, carbohydrates, trace elements potassium, magnesium, iron, vitamins). Call a doctor or an ambulance.

v Tetanus – acute infectious disease.

Prevention and first aid . Prevention – vaccination (tetanus toxoid). Prevention of the disease is achieved by removing foreign bodies, dead tissue from the wound and treating it. If symptoms of the disease appear, keep the patient at rest and call an ambulance.

v Pig – infection.

First aid: Lubricate swollen glands with ichthyol or iodide ointment, but do not rub.

Other infectious diseases, as they occur rarely, are not considered in this paragraph.

B) Actions of the population in case of infectious diseases of domestic and farm animals

Infectious diseases caused by viruses. Many animal diseases caused by viruses (foot and mouth disease, plague, sheep pox, rabies, etc.) cause significant economic damage. The most common viral infections cause respiratory and intestinal diseases.

When infectious diseases appear among wild animals, they are simply destroyed. To preserve the number of domestic animals, vaccination and veterinary treatment of animals are usually carried out by veterinary services. This is done at special processing points where animals are treated with special disinfectant solutions. The type of disinfectant solution depends on the type of infectious disease, but in the case of already sick domestic animals, they are not treated, but are destroyed mainly by burning, followed by disinfection of outbuildings and animal burial sites.

For the most common diseases of animals, and from them also of humans, it is necessary to take into account the resistance of microbes and take protective and safety measures. Let us briefly consider the most common and dangerous viral diseases and measures to prevent them.

Rabies – an acute infectious disease that is caused by a virus that penetrates the wound and reaches the central nervous system.

.Prevention measures: sick animals are not treated, but isolated and killed when the diagnosis is confirmed. Dogs are often vaccinated. Animals that have bitten people or other animals are observed for 10 days. People who have been bitten are vaccinated and given a range of treatments.

Rinderpest - dangerous infectious disease.

Prevention measures : quarantine followed by slaughter and burning of corpses.

Smallpox- acute infectious disease. The disease affects all species of animals and humans.

Prevention measures: imported animals are kept in quarantine and vaccinated. Dead animals are burned.

Bovine leukemia (leukemia, blood cancer) – chronic infectious disease. Caused by a virus and affects animals with immunological deficiency

Prevention measures: regular examination of livestock using clinical and other methods. Destruction of sick animals.

foot and mouth disease– an infectious disease of artiodactyl animals.

Prevention measures : mass vaccination of cattle, goats, sheep, pigs.

Pseudoplague of birds is an infectious disease of the chicken family.

Prevention measures : in the autumn-summer period, chickens are fed proven feed, chickens must drink clean water.

Psittacosis – an infectious natural focal disease of many birds, including indoor birds, as well as mammals and humans. Characterized by atypical pneumonia, fibrous peritonitis, encephalitis.

Prevention measures : sick birds are destroyed.

Infectious diseases caused by bacteria. Here are examples of the most common diseases.

Glanders- an infectious disease of monoungulates.

Prevention measures : glanders is detected at an early stage by an allergy test with mallein. If such animals are found, they are destroyed..

Tuberculosis (animals, humans and birds) – a chronic infectious disease localized in most internal organs, most often the lungs.

Prevention measures: allergic diagnosis, those who react positively are killed.

Leptospirosis –.

Prevention measures: animals are vaccinated, new arrivals are quarantined.

Anthrax - a particularly dangerous acute infectious disease of humans and animals.

Prevention measures: animal immunization. Treat with anti-anthrax serum and penicillin.

Listeriosis – infectious disease transmitted from animals to humans . .

Prevention measures : animals are vaccinated. Sick animals are isolated and treated.

Tularemia – infectious disease of animals and humans.

Prevention measures: rodent control (extermination in warehouses, indoors).

Salmonella – infectious diseases caused by intestinal bacteria.

Prevention measures : patients are isolated and treated using antiseptic serum and bacteriophage.

Botulism – infection of humans and animals.

Prevention measures : strictly control the production of sausages, canned food, and pickles.

Brucellosis. This is a chronic infectious disease of animals and humans.

Prevention. Animals with a positive reaction to brucellosis are destroyed. The rest are vaccinated.

Rules for the provision of public catering services": concepts, information about services, the procedure for providing services, the responsibility of the performer and the consumer for the provision of services.

Name of the disease	Incubation period
Typhoid fever	From 7 to 25 days
Salmonellosis	From 6 hours to 2 days
Botulism	From 6 to 24 hours
Dysentery	From 1 to 7 days
Cholera	From 6 hours to 5 days
Infectious hepatitis	From 15 to 50 days
Brucellosis	From 1 week to 2 months
Smallpox natural	From 5 to 22 days
Chicken pox	From 11 to 22 days
Diphtheria	From 2 to 10 days
Scarlet fever	From 3 to 7 days
Measles	From 7 to 17 days
Typhus	From 3 to 21 days
Plague	From 2 to 3 days
Tularemia	From 2 to 8 days
anthrax	From several hours to 8 days
Tetanus	From 5 to 14 days
Flu	From 12 hours to 7 days

Symptoms of the disease: first a rash appears on both the skin and internal organs, which eventually turns into ulcers. Ulcerative lesions of the nasopharynx are also noted, and pneumonia is possible, which is accompanied by a cough with the release of bloody sputum. There may also be debilitating diarrhea. Sometimes there are subcutaneous abscesses.

First aid: cauterize all wounds on the body with a red-hot nail, and if the wound is on the mucous membrane, then the mouth and nose should be rinsed well with a solution of potassium permanganate and cauterized with lapis. If glandular cracks appear in the muscles, joints, or skin, then it is necessary to open and cauterize them with lapis or carbolic acid. After this, consult a doctor.

Tularemia– an acute bacterial infectious disease of humans and some rodents. The bacterium is not very resistant to high temperatures and ultraviolet rays. Bleach kills the germ in 3-5 minutes.

Symptoms of the disease: a sharp increase in temperature, fever, severe headache, muscle pain. In the pulmonary form, the disease occurs as pneumonia; in the intestinal form, it is characterized by severe abdominal pain and diarrhea; in the generalized form, there are no local signs, but the general state of health is poor.

First aid: bed rest, isolate from others, give an antipyretic, a headache remedy and call a doctor.

Smallpox natural- acute infectious disease.

Symptoms of the disease: sudden severe headache, rapid increase in temperature to 40 ° C, runny nose and lower back pain. After 3 days, a rash appears on the face and head, which then spreads throughout the body in the form of red round spots, the temperature drops slightly, and after 3 days it rises again. Then white blisters with pus appear in the middle of the spots. After 4–6 days, the abscesses dry out and subside, leaving behind scars, the temperature becomes normal.

First aid: bed rest, isolate from others. If, during a rash, the patient is steamed in a hot bath, and then wrapped with his head in a sheet and allowed to lie there, then all the abscesses will transfer to the sheet, and no traces will remain on the body. But remember that smallpox must be treated by a specialist.

Meningitis- This is a dangerous infectious disease that causes inflammation of the brain and spinal cord. It is dangerous due to complications and consequences, in particular, dementia can persist for life.

Symptoms of the disease: sudden chills, fever up to 39-40 0 C, severe headache, nausea, vomiting, rash on the buttocks, thighs, arms, drop in blood pressure, possible joint damage.

First aid: naked the patient, cold compress on the head, wiping the body with a damp cloth, blowing with a household fan, antipyretics (aspirin, amidopyrine, etc.), headache remedies (analgin, etc.), call an ambulance or a doctor.

Diphtheria – a dangerous infectious disease that leads to toxic damage to the cardiovascular and nervous systems.

Symptoms of the disease : inflammatory process in the pharynx with the formation of films in the upper respiratory tract.

First aid: give a laxative, gargle with a strong solution of table salt or vinegar - both remove films. Cold compresses are applied to the neck, changing them frequently. If swallowing is difficult, then give ice a little at a time, but if the cervical glands are swollen, then this should not be done. Then you need to call an ambulance or a doctor. Before the doctor arrives, you should not lubricate the throat yourself, since if pus gets into the blood, it may become infected.

Dysentery- a dangerous infectious disease that affects the large intestine.

Symptoms of the disease: fever, vomiting, frequent loose stools mixed with blood and mucus. Increased body temperature. Abdominal pain is moderate.

First aid: bed rest, water-tea diet for 8–10 hours, drinking plenty of fluids (5 percent glucose solution, sodium chloride solution, rosehip decoction, antibiotics), if the temperature is high, give antipyretics, call a doctor.

Measles- an infectious disease that most often affects children.

Symptoms of the disease: fever up to 38–39 °C, runny nose with profuse purulent discharge, cough with sputum, conjunctivitis with purulent discharge, photophobia, persistent fever, rash on the 3rd–4th day: first on the face, then spreads to the neck, torso, limbs. The temperature decreases 5–7 days after the onset of the rash.

First aid: rest, drink plenty of fluids, darken the room, cold compress on the head, antipyretics, headache medications, call a doctor.

Flu - an infectious disease that is dangerous due to complications of the central nervous system and respiratory organs.

Symptoms of the disease: chills, fever up to 38–40 ° C, weakness, chills, weakness, dizziness, tinnitus, headache in the forehead. The onset of the disease is characterized by a feeling of dryness, scratching in the throat, pharynx, trachea, stuffy nose, pain in the eyeballs, lacrimation, runny nose and dry cough. In severe cases, insomnia, vomiting, fainting, delirium, convulsions, and loss of consciousness are possible.

Note. In addition to influenza, other acute respiratory diseases (ARIs) with similar symptoms are possible - these are parainfluenza, rhinovirus infection, venom virus infection, respiratory syncytial infection. First aid: rest, bed rest, hot milk, alkaline drink, mustard plasters on the front surface of the chest, drink 3-4 liters of fluid per day (especially Borjomi water), take vitamins C, eat protein-rich foods, and lean fish, seafood, walnuts, sauerkraut, onions, garlic, call a doctor.

Pulmonary tuberculosis- a dangerous infectious disease. The bacterium is resistant to physical and chemical agents. When contaminated clothing is boiled, it dies within 5 minutes, and when exposed to direct sunlight, it dies within a few hours. Tuberculosis most often affects children, people over 60 years of age, and more men.

Symptoms of the disease: paroxysmal dry cough or cough with mucopurulent sputum.

First aid: rest, bed rest. For better expectoration of sputum, the patient is placed in a position that facilitates drainage. For severe coughs, antitussives are given: codeine tablets, expectorants. Mustard plasters and circular jars make things easier

Viral hepatitis type A- infectious disease. It affects the liver. The source of infection is a person with hepatitis. It poses a danger to others from the end of incubation, during the pre-icteric period and in the first 10 days of the icteric period. The main route of transmission is fecal-oral. The virus enters the body with dirty hands or drinking unboiled water.

Symptoms of the disease: the human body becomes yellow, a feeling of heaviness in the right hypochondrium, body temperature rises periodically, and the functioning of the cardiovascular system worsens.

Prevention. Avoid drinking unboiled drinking water from open reservoirs, observe personal hygiene rules and avoid contact with people with hepatitis.

First aid. Isolation of the patient, bed rest, diet (proteins, carbohydrates, trace elements potassium, magnesium, iron, vitamins). Call a doctor or an ambulance.

Tetanus – acute infectious disease. The causative agent is a fairly large mobile rod up to 10 microns long. The spores are resistant to temperature and die only after 8 minutes of boiling, but are quickly destroyed when exposed to oxygen and sunlight. The rod produces an exotoxin. This is one of the most powerful poisons and affects primarily the nervous system. The rod multiplies in dead tissue. The microbe can enter the human body through an open wound. The incubation period is most often 14–15 days.

Symptoms of the disease: malaise, anxiety, irritability, in the wound area - pain, burning, cramps of the masticatory, facial, cervical, occipital muscles and limbs. Body temperature is moderately elevated.

Prevention and first aid. Prevention – vaccination (tetanus toxoid). Prevention of the disease is achieved by removing foreign bodies, dead tissue from the wound and treating it. If symptoms of the disease appear, keep the patient at rest and call an ambulance.

Typhus – an acute infectious disease characterized by damage to the vascular and nervous systems, occurring with symptoms of intoxication and rash. The causative agent is rickettsia, which is transmitted by lice and feces.

Symptoms of the disease: the disease manifests itself after 12–14 days; first, malaise, a slight headache, then an increase in temperature to 41 ° C, a sharp headache appears, stunning chills, joint pain and nausea, insomnia, loss of strength. The rash appears on the 4–5 day on the sides of the chest, abdomen, and arms. After 2–3 days, the rash turns pale, consciousness is impaired, and death occurs.

First aid: give quinine in the evenings, cold decoctions of barley and oats, warm baths, cold on the head. Treated with antibiotics.

Typhoid fever– an acute infectious disease, mainly affecting the small intestine. It is transmitted by “dirty hands” and dirty water.

Symptoms of the disease: onset – mild malaise, headache. In the morning, the temperature rises for 5–6 days, drowsiness, delirium, the tongue is dry, thickened, dark gray coating, frequent stools up to 3 times a day.

First aid: isolate the patient, give an antibiotic, call an ambulance.

Chicken pox– an acute infectious disease characterized by the presence of a macular-vesicular rash.

Symptoms of the disease: The appearance of red spots, then blisters on the mucous membranes and on the skin On the skin - usually on the scalp, face, but can be on the torso.

First aid: bed rest, compliance with hygiene rules, especially the oral cavity; lubricate the bubbles with an alcohol solution of aniline dyes, consume more vitamins.

Scarlet fever is a form of streptococcal infection.

Symptoms of the disease: high fever, pain when swallowing, the next day a rash appears all over the body, the rash covers the tongue and pharynx. Only the nose, lips and chin remain clean.

First aid: bed rest, drink only boiled milk, the air in the patient’s room should be moist and clean.

Pig – infection.

Symptoms of the disease: the parotid glands become swollen, making it painful to open the mouth and chew, possible purulent inflammation of the ear, sometimes the labia majora swell in girls, and the testicles sometimes swell in boys.

First aid: lubricate swollen glands with ichthyol or iodide ointment, but do not rub.

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1. Rules of conduct for the population in case of infectious diseases 2

2. Actions of the population in the focus of bacteriological damage 6

Literature 13

1. Rules of conduct for the population in case of infectious diseases

The premises where the patient is located must be regularly ventilated. Select a separate room for it or fence it off with a screen. Operating personnel must wear protective gauze masks.

Emergency and specific prevention is important to prevent the development of infectious diseases.

Emergency prevention is carried out when there is a danger of mass diseases, but when the type of pathogen has not yet been precisely determined. It consists of the population taking antibiotics, sulfonamides and other medications. Means of emergency prevention, when used in a timely manner according to predetermined schemes, can significantly prevent infectious diseases, and, if they occur, alleviate their course.

Specific prevention, the creation of artificial immunity (immunity) through protective vaccinations (vaccinations), is carried out against some diseases (smallpox, diphtheria, tuberculosis, polio, etc.) constantly, and against others only when there is a danger of their occurrence and spread.

To prevent and mitigate infectious diseases in the form of self-help and mutual assistance, it is recommended to use the products contained in the first aid kit of an individual AI-2.

If a source of infectious disease occurs, quarantine or observation is declared in order to prevent the spread of disease.

Quarantine is introduced when particularly dangerous diseases occur (smallpox, plague, cholera, etc.). It can cover the territory of a district, city, or group of settlements.

Quarantine is a system of regime, anti-epidemic and treatment and preventive measures aimed at completely isolating the outbreak and eliminating diseases in it. The main security measures when establishing quarantine are: protecting the source of an infectious disease, populated areas in it, infectious disease isolation centers and hospitals, and checkpoints. Prohibition of entry and exit of people, entry and exit of animals, as well as removal of property. Prohibition of transit passage of transport, with the exception of rail and water. Separation of the population into small groups and limitation of communication between them. Organization of delivery to apartments (houses) of food, water and basic necessities. Stopping the work of all educational institutions, entertainment institutions, and markets. Termination of production activities of enterprises or their transfer to a special mode of operation.

Observation is introduced if the type of pathogen is not particularly dangerous. The purpose of observation is to prevent the spread of infectious diseases and eliminate them. For this purpose, essentially the same treatment and preventive measures are carried out as during quarantine, but during observation, isolation and restrictive measures are less strict.

The protection of food and water consists mainly of creating conditions that exclude the possibility of their contact with a contaminated atmosphere. Case protective equipment can be all types of tightly closed containers.

Water from taps and artesian wells can be used freely, but it must be boiled.

In the source of an infectious disease, disinfection, disinsection and deratization cannot be avoided.

Disinsection is carried out to destroy insects and mites that carry infectious disease pathogens. For this purpose, various methods are used: mechanical (beating, shaking, washing), physical (ironing, boiling), chemical (use of insecticides chlorophos, thiophos, DDT, etc.), combined. To protect against insect bites, repellents are used, which are applied to the skin of exposed parts of the body.

Deratization is carried out to exterminate rodents that carry pathogens of infectious diseases. It is most often carried out using mechanical devices and chemicals.

Strict adherence to the rules of personal hygiene plays an important role in the prevention of infectious diseases: washing hands with soap after work and before eating; regular washing of the body in a bathhouse, bath, or shower with a change of underwear and bed linen; systematic cleaning and shaking of outerwear and bedding; maintaining clean living and working premises; cleaning from dirt and dust, wiping shoes before entering the room; eating only proven products, boiled water and milk, fruits and vegetables washed with boiled water, thoroughly cooked meat and fish.

The success of eliminating an infectious outbreak is largely determined by the active actions and reasonable behavior of the entire population. Everyone must strictly follow the established regime and rules of behavior at work, on the street and at home, and constantly comply with anti-epidemic and sanitary-hygienic standards.

2. Actions of the population in the focus of bacteriological damage

The focus of bacteriological damage is called cities, other populated areas, national economic facilities and territories that are contaminated with bacterial agents and are a source of the spread of infectious diseases. The enemy can create such a focus using numerous pathogens of various infectious diseases.

The timeliness and effectiveness of taking protective measures against bacterial agents, which form the basis of the destructive effect of bacteriological weapons, will be largely determined by how well the signs of a bacteriological attack by the enemy are studied. With some observation, you can notice: in places where bacterial ammunition ruptures, the presence of drops of liquid or powdery substances on the soil, vegetation and various objects, or when the ammunition ruptures, the formation of a light cloud of smoke (fog); the appearance of a dark stripe behind a flying aircraft, which gradually settles and dissipates; a concentration of insects and rodents, the most dangerous carriers of bacterial agents, unusual for a given area and a given time of year; the emergence of mass diseases among people and farm animals, as well as mass mortality of animals.

Having discovered at least one of the signs of the enemy’s use of bacteriological weapons, it is necessary to immediately put on a gas mask (respirator, anti-dust fabric mask or cotton-gauze bandage), and, if possible, skin protection and report this to the nearest civil defense authority or medical institution. Then, depending on the situation, you can take refuge in a protective structure (shelter, anti-radiation or simple shelter). Timely and correct use of personal protective equipment and protective structures will prevent bacterial agents from entering the respiratory system, skin and clothing.

Successful protection against bacteriological weapons largely depends, in addition, on the degree of immunity of the population to infectious diseases and the effects of toxins. Immunity can be achieved primarily by general strengthening of the body through systematic hardening and physical education and sports; Even in peacetime, holding these events should be the rule for the entire population. Immunity is also achieved by carrying out specific prophylaxis, which is usually carried out in advance by vaccination, vaccination and serums. In addition, immediately if there is a threat of injury (or after injury) by bacterial agents, you should use antibacterial agent No. 1 from the AI-2 first aid kit.

In order to ensure effective protection against bacteriological weapons, anti-epidemic and sanitary-hygienic measures are of great importance. It is necessary to strictly adhere to the rules of personal hygiene and sanitary requirements when providing food and water supply to the population. Preparation and consumption of food should exclude the possibility of contamination by bacterial agents; Various types of utensils used in preparing and eating food must be washed with disinfectant solutions or treated by boiling.

The simultaneous appearance of a significant number of infectious diseases among people in the event of the enemy using bacteriological weapons can have a strong psychological impact even on healthy people. The actions and behavior of each person in this case should be aimed at preventing possible panic.

To prevent the spread of infectious diseases when the enemy uses bacteriological weapons, quarantine and observation are used by order of the heads of civil defense of districts and cities, and the tactics of national economic facilities.

Quarantine is introduced when it is indisputably established that the enemy has used bacteriological weapons, and mainly in cases where the pathogens used are particularly dangerous (plague, cholera, etc.). The quarantine regime provides for complete isolation of the affected area from the surrounding population; it aims to prevent the spread of infectious diseases.

Armed guards are installed at the external borders of the quarantine zone, a commandant service and patrols are organized, and traffic is regulated. In settlements and facilities where quarantine is established, a local (internal) commandant service is organized, protection of infectious disease isolation centers and hospitals, checkpoints, etc. is provided.

People, animals and property are prohibited from leaving areas where quarantine has been declared. Entry into the contaminated territory is permitted by civil defense chiefs only to special units and modes of transport. Transit passage of transport through the affected areas is prohibited (the only exception may be railway transport).

National economic facilities that find themselves in the quarantine zone and continue their production activities are switching to a special mode of operation with strict compliance with anti-epidemic requirements. Work shifts are divided into separate groups (possibly smaller in composition), contact between them is reduced to a minimum. Meals and rest for workers and employees are organized in groups in specially designated premises. In the quarantine zone, the work of all educational institutions, entertainment institutions, markets and bazaars is suspended.

The population in the quarantine zone is divided into small groups (the so-called fractional quarantine); he is not allowed to leave his apartments or debts unless absolutely necessary. Food, water and basic necessities are delivered to such populations by special teams. If it is necessary to carry out urgent work outside buildings, people must wear personal protective equipment.

Every citizen bears strict responsibility for compliance with security measures in the quarantine zone; control over their compliance is carried out by the public order service.

In the case where the identified type of pathogen does not belong to the group of particularly dangerous ones, the imposed quarantine is replaced by observation, which provides for medical observation of the lesion and the implementation of the necessary treatment and preventive measures. Isolation and restrictive measures during observation are less strict than during quarantine.

In the focus of bacteriological damage, one of the priority measures is to carry out emergency preventive treatment of the population. Such treatment is organized by medical personnel assigned to the facility, local medical workers, as well as personnel of medical units. Each sanitary guard is assigned a part of the street, a block, a house or a workshop, which the sanitary attendants inspect 2-3 times a day; The population, workers and employees are provided with medicinal drugs. For prophylaxis, broad-spectrum antibiotics and other drugs that provide a preventive and therapeutic effect are used. The population that has AI-2 first aid kits carries out prophylaxis independently, using medications from the first aid kit.

As soon as the type of pathogen is determined, specific emergency prevention is carried out, which consists of the use of antibiotics, serums, etc., specific for this disease.

The occurrence and spread of epidemics largely depend on how strictly emergency preventive treatment is carried out. Under no circumstances should you avoid taking medications to prevent diseases. It must be remembered that the timely use of antibiotics, serums and other drugs will not only reduce the number of victims, but will also help to quickly eliminate foci of infectious diseases.

In quarantine and observation zones, disinfection, disinfestation and deratization are organized from the very beginning of their implementation. Disinfection is aimed at disinfecting environmental objects that are necessary for normal activities and the safe stay of people. Disinfection, for example, of territory, structures, equipment, machinery and various items can be carried out using fire-fighting, agricultural, construction and other equipment; small objects are disinfected using manual equipment. For disinfection, solutions of bleach and chloramine, Lysol, formaldehyde, etc. are used. In the absence of these substances, hot water (with soap or soda) and steam can be used to disinfect premises, equipment, and equipment.

Disinsection and deratization are activities related, respectively, to the destruction of insects and the extermination of rodents, which are known to be carriers of infectious diseases. To destroy insects, physical (boiling, ironing with a hot iron, etc.), chemical (use of disinfestants) and combined methods are used; The extermination of rodents in most cases is carried out using mechanical devices (traps of various types) and chemicals. Among the disinfestants, the most widely used are DDT, hexachlorane, and chlorophos; among the drugs intended for the extermination of rodents are ratsid, scurvy phosphide, potassium sulfate.

After disinfection, disinfestation and deratization, complete sanitary treatment of persons who took part in the implementation of these activities is carried out. If necessary, sanitary treatment of the rest of the population is organized.

Simultaneously with the considered measures in the quarantine (observation) zone, the identification of sick people and even those suspected of the disease is carried out. Signs of the disease are fever, poor health, headaches, rashes, etc. Sanitary workers and medical workers find out this data through responsible apartment tenants and house owners and immediately report to the formation commander or to a medical institution to take measures to isolate and treat patients .

After sending the patient to a special infectious diseases hospital and the apartment where he lived, disinfection is carried out; The patient's belongings and clothes are also disinfected. All those in contact with the patient are sanitized and isolated (at home or in special premises).

If it is not possible to hospitalize an infectious patient, he is isolated at home, and one of the family members takes care of him. The patient should use separate utensils, towels, soap, bedpan and urine bag. In the morning and evening at the same time, his temperature is measured, the thermometer readings are recorded on a special temperature sheet indicating the date and time of measurement. Before each meal, the patient is helped to wash his hands and rinse his mouth and throat, and in the morning and before going to bed at night - to wash and brush his teeth.

Seriously ill patients should wipe their face with a damp towel or napkin; The eyes and oral cavity are wiped with swabs moistened with a 1 - 2% solution of boric acid or baking soda. Towels and napkins used to treat the patient are disinfected, paper napkins and tampons are burned. To avoid bedsores, it is necessary to adjust the patient’s bed and help him change position, and, if necessary, use pads.

At least twice a day, the room in which the patient is located should be ventilated and wet cleaned using disinfectant solutions.

The person caring for the patient must use a cotton-gauze bandage, a gown (or appropriate clothing), gloves, and emergency and specific preventive measures; he must carefully monitor the cleanliness of his hands (nails should be cut short) and clothes. After each contact with secretions, linen, dishes and other objects of the patient, you must wash your hands and disinfect them with a 3% Lysol solution or a 1% chloramine solution. You should also have a towel with you, one end of which should be soaked in a disinfectant solution.

Literature

Avazhansky Yu.V. Defense of the Fatherland - M.: Energoatomizdat, 1989.

Civil defense. - /Ed. N.P.Olovyanishnikova - M.: Higher school, 1979.

Civil defense. / Edited by Army General A.T. Altunin - M.: Voenizdat, 1982.

Kammerer Yu.Yu. Protective structures of civil defense - M.: Energoatomizdat, 1985

Kulpinov Sergey. Civil defense website http: // www.gr-obor.narod.ru/- 2003

Instructions for behavior during the spread of infectious diseases and epidemics. Rules of conduct for the population in case of infectious diseases

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