Material and technical resources - what are they? Classification of material and technical resources. Unified directory of materials, works and services of the Inter RAO UES Group

Material and technical resources is a collective term that denotes objects of labor used in primary and auxiliary production.

The main feature of the classification of all types of material and technical resources is their origin. For example, the production of ferrous and non-ferrous metals (metallurgy), the production of non-metals (chemical production), the production of wood products (woodworking), etc.

Material and technical resources are classified also for their intended purpose in the production process (production of semi-finished products, components, final finished products).

Additional classification criteria are introduced for material resources:

• physical and chemical properties (thermal conductivity, heat capacity, electrical conductivity, density, viscosity, hardness);
• shape (bodies of rotation - rod, pipe, profile, angle, hexagon, beam, lath);
• dimensions (small, medium and large sizes in length, width, height and volume);
• physical (aggregate) state (liquid, solid, gaseous).

Material resources, depending on their purpose in the production and technological process, are classified into the following groups:

• raw materials(for the production of material and energy resources); materials(for main and auxiliary production);
• semi-finished products(for further processing); components(for the manufacture of the final product);
• finished products(to provide consumers with goods).

10. Main directions of rational use of raw materials and fuel and energy resources. +

The main areas of rational use include:

1.improving the structure of the fuel and fuel-energy balance.

2.more thorough and high-quality preparation of raw materials for their direct use.

3.proper organization of transportation and storage of raw materials and fuel - avoiding losses and reduction in quality

4.Comprehensive use of raw materials.

5. chemicalization of production.

6.use of production waste.

7.recycling of raw materials.

Various types of mineral and organic raw materials used in industry, as a rule, require appropriate preparation. For this purpose, different types of primary processing of raw materials are used, which have their own characteristics in each industry.

The main types of primary processing of raw materials include: - enrichment of raw materials; - preliminary cleaning and standardization of raw materials; - canning; - drying, aging.

The dynamics of material consumption efficiency and the level of material intensity of products is formed under the influence of numerous factors, which are classified:

External factors:

1. state regulation of resource saving - tax system, pricing system, depreciation policy, financial and credit policy, standardization.

2. market conditions - supply and prices for material resources, demand and prices for the company’s products, competition.

3. scientific and technological development - expressed in the emergence of new materials, new technologies, new equipment.

4. general economic factors - influence the strategy of the enterprise as a whole

5. other factors - environmental, climatic, etc.

Dear Colleagues!

In the Directory maintenance system MTP opportunity implemented introduction of nomenclatures manufacturing plants. For this purpose a template for replenishing the Materials and Equipment Directory was developed, whichavailable for downloadin this section.

For download relevant informationin the MTP Directory, you should fill out the specified template, and also send officially th request, attaching a company card with the date, signature and seal, addressed to the General Director of Gazprom Komplektatsiya LLC at the address: 119991, Moscow, st. Stroiteley, 8, copr. 1

The template for generating an application for input of materials and equipment contains three tabs:

• Filling example;
• Description of fields;
• Replenishment form.

Bookmark "Example of filling" contains examples of correct formation of records and encoding.

Bookmark "Description of fields" contains the purpose of each field and comments on how to fill them out.

You need to fill in information about the equipment being manufactured in the main tab. "Replenishment form" .

There are also general requirements when compiling names:

When compiling names, the following requirements must be met:

• In the first place in the name of the material there should be a noun, in the singular, nominative case and without abbreviations.
• The second place in the name of the material may be an adjective that determines the technological orientation of this material.
• All words in the name of the material must be separated by only one space.
• A period is placed at the end of the abbreviated word. In this case, there is no need to put a space after the period and the new word. For example: Pressure sensor Metran-100.
• The names/trademarks of imported equipment must be written in Latin letters, in accordance with the registered international designation/trademark name of this manufacturer.
• Enter proper names (name of brand, model, manufacturer) in lowercase letters (the first letter is capitalized).
• The title must be one paragraph (do not use a line break), words must be separated by one space (do not use a tab character).

When writing names, you cannot use the following symbols:

• " (quotes). Except for indicating the unit of measurement is inch.
• * sign corresponding to multiplication. Instead, the Russian letter "x" is used.
• sign º (degree). Instead, the Latin letter "C" is used.
• sign Ø (diameter). Instead, the Russian letter "f" is used.
• the underscore character “_”, except where indicated by the brand/model spelling.

When forming names, pay attention to the keyboard layout (RU/ENG) (especially the symbols: c, y, H, e, O, x, A, B, K, M).

Please send completed templates for replenishing the Materials and Equipment Directory and enterprise cards to the address of the deputy head of the department for development and maintenance of reference data - Alexander Valerievich Marchenko (e-mail:

Each enterprise uses different types of resources in its work. They are necessary for the uninterrupted production of goods. Let us further consider what falls into the category of material and technical resources.

Classification

The following types of resources exist:

Material and technical resources of the organization

They consist of objects of labor that are used in auxiliary and main production. The main characteristic by which material and technical resources are classified is their origin. For example, non-metals and wood products are used in production. The latter are obtained during forest processing. Non-metals are created in chemical industries. Another criterion by which material and technical resources are classified is their purpose. For example, raw materials can be used to manufacture components, semi-finished products, and final products.

Characteristics

There are specific properties that material and technical resources have. These are, in particular, such characteristics as thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity, heat capacity, hardness, viscosity, and density. Other properties are:

Enlarged division

Classification of material and technical resources depending on their purpose is carried out into the following groups:

1. Raw materials. It is used in the production of energy and other material resources.
2. Semi-finished products. They are processed.
3. Materials. They are used in auxiliary and main industries.
4. Accessories. They are used to create the final product.
5. Finished products. It meets the needs of consumers.

Raw materials

It provides resources involved in further production. Raw materials form the basis of the finished product or semi-finished product. It is divided into several categories. First of all, industrial raw materials are allocated. It can be artificial and mineral. The first includes synthetic resins, leather substitutes, and various detergents. Minerals include uranium, peat, coal, oil, natural gas; mining chemical - agronomic ores used in the production of fertilizers, barite, from which white paints are obtained, fluorspar for metallurgy and the chemical industry, sulfur; technical - mica, graphite, diamonds; construction materials - clay, sand, stone, etc. Agricultural raw materials are of no small importance in production. It is divided into resources:

1. Vegetable. These include industrial and grain crops.
2. Animals. They are milk, meat, wool, raw hides, eggs.

In addition, raw materials from the fishing and forestry industries are used in production.

Materials

They act as the basis for semi-finished products, components, consumer and industrial products. Materials are divided into auxiliary and basic. The latter include those types that are directly included in the composition of finished products. Auxiliary material and technical resources are objects that are not included in the created product, but without them its production is impossible. These categories are divided into classes, types, groups, subgroups, and subclasses. The enlarged classification is carried out into the following categories: non-metals and metals, gaseous, solid, liquid, bulk.

Semi-finished products

They are very important for production. The use of semi-finished products allows the enterprise to save on the creation of raw materials for products. These objects are processed before being turned into finished products. There are two types of semi-finished products. The first includes partially manufactured products at the enterprise, transferred from one department to another. The organization receives the second category of semi-finished products from another company. These objects can undergo either one-time processing or multi-operational processing according to special schemes.

Accessories

They are finished elements of the final product. Like semi-finished products, they are transferred from one enterprise to another. Components are used for assembling finished products, repairs, packaging, etc.

Final products

It consists of consumer and industrial goods. Products are sold to intermediate or end users. Individual consumer goods can be reusable or durable, everyday or special demand, pre-selected.

Recyclable materials

Secondary material and technical resources are the remains of semi-finished products, components and other objects formed during the production process. Recyclable materials completely or partially lose their original properties. Secondary materials can be generated during the write-off of parts, dismantling of units, machines, assemblies and other fixed assets.

Analysis

One of the most important areas of management is the management of material and technical resources. At the same time, an integral element of this activity is the analysis of the efficiency of fixed assets. All other things being equal, the production volume will be higher, the better the enterprise is provided with material and technical resources. The enterprise must organize control over the consumption of raw materials. Analysis of material, technical and financial resources allows us to identify the most promising areas of their application.

Resources are a source, a possible supply, the potential of something. Material and technical resources are a set of objects of labor (raw materials, supplies, fuel, etc.) and instruments of labor (machinery and equipment) that process objects of labor.

Material and technical resources include:

• – fixed and working capital
• - land resources
• - financial resources

Material and technical resources are classified according to production method into:

• 1. Reproducible - the supply of which can be replenished.
• 2. Non-renewable - these are those that have a limited volume (oil, gas and other minerals).

In relation to production, material and technical resources are divided into:

• 1. Functioning - used in agricultural use.
• 2. Potential - available, but not used in agricultural circulation.

Agriculture has its own characteristics of the functioning of material and technical resources:

• 1. Dependence on natural and climatic conditions.
• 2. Use of material and technical resources depending on seasonality.
• 3. Diversity of material and technical resources (industrial, living organisms).

Management of material and technical resources - systematic acquisition, distribution and timely delivery from producer to consumer of means of production in the required quantity, required quality and range.

Material and technical resources management bodies solve the following problems:

• – timely conclusion of contracts for the supply of required products;
• – systematically meeting the organization’s needs for means of production;
• – reducing the time spent by inventory items in the sphere of circulation; rational use of material resources;
• – creating an effective system for the acquisition and supply of material resources;
• – determining the optimal amount of reserves in all parts of the supply and sales system;
• – improving warehouse facilities, including increasing the level of mechanization of loading and unloading operations;
• – improving the organization of the structure of supply authorities based on the introduction of scientific management methods and the use of computers.

In order to operate normally and uninterruptedly, each enterprise must promptly receive the materials, fuel, and energy it needs in the composition and quantity needed to carry out the production process. These material and energy resources must be rationally used in order to increase production output with the same amount of allocated materials and fuel and reduce its cost.

Material and technical resources, i.e. main and auxiliary materials, fuel, energy and semi-finished products obtained from outside, constitute the bulk of the working capital of most enterprises. Only in some branches of mechanical engineering (with a long production cycle) a significant part of the working capital consists of work in progress and home-made semi-finished products.

The largest share of the material and technical resources of the enterprise consists of basic materials. These include objects of labor that go into the production of products and form its main content. The main materials in the manufacture of, for example, a car are metal, glass, fabric, etc.

Auxiliary materials include materials consumed in the process of servicing the main production or added to the main materials in order to change their appearance and some other properties (lubricants, cleaning materials, packaging materials, dyes, etc.).

In metallurgical production, additional materials are usually isolated and added to the main ones as reagents of the metallurgical process. Such materials include: in blast furnace production - limestone and other fluxing materials; in open-hearth - oxidizing agents (for example, iron ore, manganese ore) and fluxing materials (limestone, lime, bauxite), as well as filling materials (dolomite and magnesite). This group of materials also includes acids for pickling metals, oils for heat treatment of metals, zinc and tin for galvanizing and tinning industries. In the practice of metallurgical plants, these materials are combined with the main ones in the general article “raw materials and basic materials”. Essentially, some of the additional materials can be classified as basic materials, and some - as auxiliary materials.

Depending on the nature of use, fuel and energy are divided into: technological, i.e. directly involved in the process of manufacturing products (in smelting, electrolysis, electric welding, etc.); motor; used to service the production process (for heating, lighting, ventilation, etc.).

This classification of material and energy resources determines the different nature of consumption of these groups, and, consequently, a different approach to establishing standards for their consumption, determining the need for them and identifying ways to use them more economically.

All work on organizing and planning material and technical supply and use of material and energy resources at an enterprise can be reduced to the following:

• 1. rationing the consumption of material and energy resources;
• 2. determining the need for them;
• 3. organization of logistics;
• 4. organization of storage of materials and fuel and their distribution to production areas.

In the course of this work, especially at the stage of developing material consumption standards, an in-depth analysis of the use of material and energy resources is carried out, and measures to save them are developed and implemented.

Organization and planning of material and technical supply and use of material and technical resources is a significant section of enterprise activity, determining the use of one of the key elements of the production process - objects of labor. In addition, the cost of objects of labor constitutes a predominant part in the cost of production of enterprises in many industries. Thus, their economical use is the most important condition for reducing production costs and increasing the profitability of enterprises.

Main directions of rational use of resources

The main areas of rational use of resources include:

• – improving the structure of the fuel and fuel-energy balance;
• – more thorough and high-quality preparation of raw materials for their direct use in industrial enterprises;
• – proper organization of transportation and storage of raw materials and fuel - avoiding losses and reduction in quality;
• – integrated use of raw materials;
• – chemicalization of production;
• – use of production waste;
• – recycling of raw materials, etc.

Let's take a closer look at some of them.

Primary processing and enrichment of raw materials. Various types of mineral and organic raw materials used in industry, as a rule, require appropriate preparation. For this purpose, different types of primary processing of raw materials are used, which have their own characteristics in each industry.

The main types of primary processing of raw materials include:

• – enrichment of raw materials (ores in ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, coal in coke production);
• – preliminary cleaning and standardization of raw materials (cotton, wool in the textile industry);
• – canning (meat, fish, fruits, vegetables in the food industry);
• – drying, aging (wood in the woodworking industry).

Enrichment is a type of primary processing of raw materials, which consists in isolating products suitable for further technically possible and economically feasible processing or use. Enrichment allows you to:

• – increase the content of useful components in natural resources;
• – remove harmful impurities from it;
• – separate minerals from each other.

As a result of the enrichment of raw materials, two main products are obtained: concentrate and waste (tailings). Currently, more than 95% of mined non-ferrous and rare metals, most of the iron ores, almost all phosphorites, asbestos and graphite ores, more than 40% of coal are used for enrichment.

The economic feasibility of enrichment is as follows:

• – the raw material base of the industry is expanding;
• – the subsequent processing of raw materials into the finished product becomes cheaper;
• – ensuring improved quality of finished products;
• – transport costs for transporting raw materials from the place of production to the place of processing are reduced;
• – the need for vehicles is reduced and the efficiency of their use increases.

Each enterprise, based on its specifics, must develop a program to reduce the material intensity of products, including the rational use of raw materials and fuel and energy resources. But that's only half the battle. Significant progress in solving this problem can only be expected if the state itself pursues an effective policy for the rational use of raw materials and fuel and energy resources in the country.

The most important indicators of the level of use of material resources

Material resources are the objects of labor consumed in the production process, which include basic and auxiliary materials, semi-finished products and components, fuel and energy for technological needs.

Numerous indicators are used to assess the level and efficiency of use of material resources. The most suitable system for the perception of the entire variety of indicators is the system of indicators for the use of material resources, which includes groups of general and single (private, local) indicators, as well as scientifically based norms for the consumption of material resources.

A necessary condition for organizing the production of products is to provide it with material resources: raw materials, materials, fuel, energy, semi-finished products, etc.

The cost of material resources is included in the cost of production under the element “Material costs” and includes the price of their acquisition (excluding VAT and excise taxes), markups, commissions paid to supply and foreign economic organizations, the cost of exchange services, customs duties, transportation fees, storage and delivery carried out by third parties.

Satisfying the enterprise's needs for material resources can be achieved in two ways: extensive and intensive (Fig. 1).

The extensive path involves an increase in the extraction and production of material resources and is associated with additional costs. In addition, the increase in production volume under existing technological systems has led to the fact that the rate of depletion of natural resources and the level of environmental pollution have gone beyond acceptable limits. Therefore, the growth of the enterprise’s need for material resources should be carried out through their more economical use in the production process or through intensive means.

Finding intra-production reserves for saving material resources is the content of economic analysis, which involves the following stages:

• 1. Assessing the quality of logistics plans and analyzing their implementation;
• 2. Assessing the enterprise’s need for material resources;
• 3. Assessing the efficiency of use of material resources;
• 4. Factor analysis of the total material consumption of products;
• 5. Assessing the impact of the cost of material resources on the volume of production.

(GNP) in accordance with their educational and professional level. This is the most important element of the country's economic potential.

- part of the natural environment used or suitable for use by society for the purpose of satisfying material and spiritual people. Natural resources are classified into mineral, land, water, plant and animal, and atmospheric.

Material resources- a set of objects of labor, a complex of things that a person influences in the process and with help in order to adapt them to satisfy their own and use in the process (raw materials).

Energetic resources— energy carriers used in production and economic activities. They are classified: by type— coal, oil and oil products, gas, hydropower, electricity; by methods of preparation for use- natural, ennobled, enriched, processed, transformed; by methods of obtaining- from outside (from another enterprise), from own production; by frequency of use - primary,

recycled, reusable; by area of ​​use - in industry, agriculture, construction, transport.

Production resources ()- a thing or a set of things that a person places between himself and the object of labor and which serves for him as a conductor of influence on him in order to obtain the necessary material benefits. Instruments of labor are also called fixed assets, which in turn are classified into a number of groups.

Primary and derived material resources

Material and technical resources is a collective term that refers to those used in primary and auxiliary production. The main feature of the classification of all types of material and technical resources is their origin. For example, the production of ferrous and non-ferrous metals (metallurgy), the production of non-metals (chemical production), the production of wood products (woodworking), etc.

Material and technical resources are also classified according to their purpose in the production process (production of semi-finished products, components, final finished products). For material resources, additional classification characteristics are introduced: physical and chemical properties (thermal conductivity, heat capacity, electrical conductivity, density, viscosity, hardness); shape (bodies of rotation - rod, pipe, profile, angle, hexagon, beam, lath); dimensions (small, medium and large sizes in length, width, height and volume); physical (aggregate) state (liquid, solid, gaseous).

Material resources, depending on their purpose in the production and technological process, are broadly classified into the following groups: raw materials(for the production of material and energy resources); materials(for main and auxiliary production); semi-finished products(for further processing); components(for the manufacture of the final product); finished products(to provide consumers with goods).

Raw materials

These are raw materials that, during the production process, form the basis of a semi-finished or finished product. Here, first of all, industrial raw materials should be highlighted, which, in turn, are classified into mineral and artificial.

Mineral fuel and energy raw materials include natural gas, oil, coal, oil shale, peat, uranium; metallurgical - ores of ferrous, non-ferrous and precious metals; to the mining chemical - agronomic ores (for the production of fertilizers), barite (for producing white paints and as a filler), fluorspar (used in metallurgy, the chemical industry), sulfur (for the chemical industry and agriculture); technical - diamonds, graphite, mica; for construction - stone, sand, clay, etc.

Artificial raw materials include synthetic resins and plastics, synthetic rubber, leather substitutes, and various detergents.

Agricultural raw materials occupy an important place in the national economy. It, in turn, is classified into plant (cereals, industrial crops) and animal (meat, milk, eggs, raw hides, wool) origin. In addition, raw materials from the forestry and fishing industries are isolated - procurement raw materials. This is a collection of wild and medicinal plants; berries, nuts, mushrooms; logging, fishing.

Materials

This is the basis for the production of semi-finished products, components, industrial and consumer goods. Materials are classified into basic and auxiliary. The main ones include those types that are directly included in the composition of the finished product; auxiliary - those not included in its composition, but without which it is impossible to carry out technological processes for its production.

In turn, basic and auxiliary materials are divided into types, classes, subclasses, groups and subgroups. In general, materials are classified into metals and non-metals, depending on their physical state - into solid, granular, liquid and gaseous.

Semi-finished products

These are intermediate products that must go through one or more stages of processing before becoming the final product. Semi-finished products are classified into two main groups. The first group includes partially manufactured products within a separate enterprise, transferred from one production unit to another. The second group consists of semi-finished products obtained through cooperation from one industrial enterprise to another.

Semi-finished products can be subjected to either one-time processing, after which they are turned into finished products, or multi-operational processing according to developed technological processes.

Components

These are finished products that, through cooperation, are supplied by one industrial enterprise to another for the production of the final finished product. The final finished product is actually assembled from the components.

Final finished products

These are goods for industrial or consumer purposes produced by industrial enterprises, intended for sale to intermediate or final consumers. Individual consumer goods can be durable (reusable) and short-term use, everyday demand, pre-selection, special demand.

Secondary material resources

Waste refers to the remains of raw materials, materials, and semi-finished products generated during the production of products or performance of work and which have lost, in whole or in part, their original consumer properties. In addition, waste is generated as a result of the dismantling and write-off of parts, assemblies, machines, equipment, installations, and other fixed assets. Waste includes products and materials that are no longer in use among the population and have lost their consumer properties as a result of physical or moral wear and tear.

Secondary material resources include all types of waste, including those for which there are currently no technical, economic or organizational conditions for use. In this regard, it should be noted that with the increase in production volumes of industrial and consumer goods, the volumes of secondary material resources will constantly increase. They have their own classification according to the place of formation (industrial waste,

consumption), application (used and unused), technology (subject to and not subject to additional processing), state of aggregation (liquid, solid, gaseous), chemical composition (organic and inorganic), toxicity (toxic, non-toxic), place of use, volume and etc.

Meaning of Resource Classification

The classification of material and technical resources facilitates the selection of the necessary vehicles for their delivery (road, rail, water, air, specialized transport) depending on the cargo (their dimensions, weight, physical condition).

This classification allows designers and builders to take into account the features of stored and accumulated material and technical resources (bulk, liquid, gaseous and other products) during the construction of warehouse complexes and terminals. It becomes possible to choose the optimal storage option, take into account the impact on the environment, and create artificial conditions for this.

This allows you to create optimal reserves of material and technical resources, comply with warehouse storage deadlines, timely maneuver inventories, and sell them, linking all links of the overall logistics chain. We are talking about the use of information networks that provide logistics services with initial data for making rational decisions.

Analysis of the provision of material resources and their use

Let's consider the influence of material resources on. All other things being equal, the volume of production will be greater, the better the organization is provided with raw materials, supplies, semi-finished products, components, fuel and energy equivalent to material resources and the better they are used.

The main sources of information for analysis are: explanatory note to the organization's annual report, order journal No. 6 for payments to suppliers for materials, order journal No. 10 for accounting for production costs, statements of materials consumption reports, cutting sheets, receipt orders for materials, limit and intake cards, requirements, materials warehouse cards, book (list) of remaining materials.

The main objectives of analyzing the provision of material resources and their use are the following:

• determining the degree of implementation of the organization’s logistics (supply) plan in terms of volume, assortment, completeness and quality of received material resources;
• control over compliance with stock standards and consumption standards of material resources;
• control over the implementation of organizational and technical measures aimed at reducing warehouse stocks of materials and saving the consumption of material resources in the production process.

The implementation of the logistics plan should be analyzed by the most important types of materials on which product output is most dependent. The volume of supplies (delivery) of material resources to the organization in a given period is equal to the planned need for them to produce the specified volume of products; in this case, the balances of materials in the organization’s warehouse at the beginning and at the end of the period are taken into account. In turn, the planned need for material resources is equal to the number of products manufactured according to the plan, multiplied by the rate of consumption of materials per product.

During the analysis, it is necessary to find out to what extent the planned quantity of imported materials is provided by contracts concluded with suppliers for the supply of these materials, and subsequently to establish how suppliers fulfill their obligations for the supply of material resources.

Let us consider, using an example, the influence on the volume of output of factors of provision of material resources and their use.

The increase in production output was influenced by the following factors related to material resources:

The total influence of all factors (balance of factors) is: pieces.

The receipt of materials from suppliers, which affects the volume of products, should be studied not only in terms of the quantity of materials received, but also in relation to compliance with the scheduled timing of their receipt, their range and quality. Failure to comply with all these conditions may negatively affect product output. Then it is necessary to specify the analysis in the context of individual types of materials. When analyzing their warehouse stocks, you should compare the actual balances of materials with the norms of their stocks and identify deviations. If existing excess inventories can be sold to other enterprises without damaging the production process, then they should be sold. If actual inventories are less than normal, it should be determined whether this is causing disruptions in the production process. If not, inventory standards may be reduced. Particular attention should be paid to identifying stale and slow-moving types of materials in the warehouse stocks that are not used in production and have been in the organization’s warehouse without movement for a long time.

Having studied the state of warehouse stocks of certain types of materials, we should move on to considering their consumption. In this case, you should compare their actual consumption with the consumption according to the business plan, recalculated to the actual volume of production, and identify savings or overconsumption of certain types of materials. It is also necessary to establish the reasons for these deviations. Overconsumption of materials can be caused by the following main reasons: incorrect cutting of materials, replacement of one type, profile and size of material with others due to their lack of stock, non-standard size of material, discrepancy between allowances and dimensions of material, production of new parts to replace rejected ones, etc. It is necessary to establish the reasons for overconsumption material resources in production.

See further:

At the conclusion of the analysis, it is necessary to summarize the reserves for increasing production output associated with material resources.

Reserves for increasing production output:

• reduction of material waste during the production process;
• reduction in the net weight of products due to a revision of their design;
• rational replacement of materials with more efficient materials.