Animal husbandry is a key branch of agriculture, its main directions and types. Animal husbandry is a branch of agriculture that breeds animals for the production of livestock products.

Animal husbandry is the second most important branch of agriculture in Russia (after crop production). The well-being of the country as a whole largely depends on how well it is developed. Until recently, animal husbandry in Russia was considered unprofitable. Today, thanks to the introduction of new technologies into production, the situation has changed significantly for the better. Animal husbandry is divided into several important branches and types. We will talk about them in the article.

A bit of history

It is believed that for the first time a person began to domesticate and breed wild animals and, accordingly, to receive livestock products back in the Mesolithic, that is, in the 12th millennium BC. e. This type of activity received the greatest development somewhat later - in the Neolithic. Archaeologists have found evidence of animal husbandry in those days in the Nile region, as well as the Tigris and Euphrates. The inhabitants of the cities of Ancient Egypt were engaged in breeding cattle and small cattle, pigs and camels. Geese, ducks and even cranes were also partially domesticated. A little later, horses appeared in this ancient state.

The development of animal husbandry in the Tigris and Euphrates region followed almost the same pattern as in Egypt. Somewhat later, this type of economic activity developed in India, China and on the Iranian plateau. At the moment, about 40 species of animals have been domesticated by man.

Industries

There are many agricultural species. Almost each of them has its own branches of animal husbandry. The most significant in our country are:

• Pig breeding. The main products of this livestock sector are meat and lard.
• Horse breeding. Of great importance for the national economy is both pedigree breeding of horses, and productive, as well as sports.
• Cattle breeding. Breeding cattle at the moment is the main branch of animal husbandry. After all, the degree of provision of the population with basic food products, such as milk and meat, depends on how developed this area will be. Raising small cattle is also very important. From this direction of animal husbandry, such areas of the national economy as food (meat, milk) and light industry (woolen clothing and household items) are directly dependent.
• Poultry farming. This industry is responsible for providing the population with important food items such as eggs, meat, down and feathers.
• Fur farming. Breeding nutrias, minks, arctic foxes, etc. allows you to get skins for sewing outerwear, hats, accessories and other things.
• Beekeeping. Honey, wax, royal jelly are also more than necessary products.

These are the main branches of animal husbandry. In addition to them, reindeer breeding, fish farming, and camel breeding are also developed in our country.

Main types of livestock products

No country in the world can do without cattle breeding as a part of the national economy. The products of this livestock industry can be divided into two main types:

• Obtained actually in the process of breeding. These include eggs, milk, wool.
• Obtained when grown for slaughter (meat, liver, etc.).

Cattle breeding technology

The profitability of such an industry as animal husbandry in Russia and in any other country depends on several factors:

• Feeding efficiency. A prerequisite is the diversity of the diet and its usefulness in terms of a set of amino acids, protein and vitamins. With a shortage of trace elements, it becomes necessary to use various kinds of additives.
• Conditions of detention. This factor also has a significant impact on dairy and beef farming. Cattle should be provided with good conditions for development and growth.
• Competent breeding work. At the moment, one of the main conditions for its success is the import of thoroughbred animals from abroad.
• Permanent veterinary control. It is important to carry out preventive measures aimed at reducing the loss of livestock due to various diseases. Pets must be vaccinated according to the regulations and must be done in a timely manner.

Cattle feeding

In terms of profitability, such branches of agriculture as dairy and meat and dairy farming are directly dependent on crop production. The main prerequisite for the successful development of farms in this direction is the availability of a high-quality forage base. For each sex and age group of animals, special diets are developed:

• When feeding dry cows and heifers, it is important first of all to prepare them for subsequent lactation. Therefore, the diet of such animals includes high-quality feed - hay, silage, root crops. In summer they are provided with good pastures and top dressing.
• For dairy cows, it is important to develop optimal feeding rates that take into account the needs of animals for proteins, vitamins, metabolic energy, etc.
• The diet of producers should ensure the preservation of health and reproductive abilities. Such animals are fed especially densely.

Meat and dairy, meat and dairy farming are sub-sectors, the profitability of which largely depends on the correct choice of technology for keeping animals. There are several methods of raising cattle at the moment:

• On tethered content. In this case, in the stall period, each animal has its own corral. The leash limits its movement, but at the same time it can freely lie, stand, eat food. Milking in this case is carried out directly in the stall.
• On loose content. This technology is more often used in dairy cattle breeding. Animals on free range at any time of the day have access to drinking bowls and feeders, as well as rooms for rest.
• In summer, grazing is practiced. Usually, animals are driven out to fields rich in herbs, located near watering places: streams, lakes and rivers.

New breeds

The livestock sectors of agriculture can develop successfully only in the case of competent breeding work. Recently, a lot of producers of highly productive breeds from Europe have been brought to our country. This became possible primarily due to the increase in state subsidies. Due to this state of affairs, at the moment there has been a steady upward trend in the number of cattle in the country. In 2014 alone, the all-Russian herd increased by more than 18%.

Veterinary Requirements

The absence of losses associated with the loss of cattle has a huge impact on the livestock sector in terms of profitability. The state of animal health, and hence the growth of livestock, directly depends on compliance with the following rules:

• Farms should be located on elevated, non-flood areas.
• In those premises where cattle are kept, an optimal microclimate should be created.
• The premises of the livestock complex must be kept clean. Sanitary treatment is carried out at least once a week.
• A set of veterinary and preventive measures aimed at reducing the risk and eliminating the occurrence of infectious diseases should be developed. All animals on the farm should be up to date with the required vaccinations. Each complex should have a quarantine pen.

Features of growing small cattle

The animal husbandry sectors for breeding large and small cattle in terms of animal husbandry technology are largely similar. The cultivation of small individuals has only the peculiarity that in this case the main products of production, in addition to meat, are wool and down.

Shearing of small cattle is carried out in compliance with the following rules:

• Carry out this procedure only in dry weather.
• After shearing, animals should be kept in warm pens for at least 15-20 days.
• The room in which this procedure is performed must comply with all sanitary standards.
• When using electric clippers, the applicable safety regulations must be observed.
• After removing the hair, the animals are examined for cuts and, if necessary, a disinfectant treatment is carried out.

Pig breeding as a branch of animal husbandry

This area of ​​agriculture is also currently considered quite profitable. Pig breeding as a business in our country is quite well developed. Piglets are raised both in private farmsteads and on farms and large industrial complexes. The most profitable at the moment is the technological scheme of pig breeding with a complete cycle. This is the name of the process in which the receipt of piglets, their cultivation and slaughter are carried out in one farm. In this case, only two ways of keeping animals can be practiced:

• Walking. This technology is most often used in regions with a warm climate. At the same time, easel-walking and free-walking methods can be used on farms. In the first case, pigs are kept in pens and released for a walk on specially designated areas. In free-range housing, animals can enter and exit the pens on their own initiative.
• Vygulny. In this case, the animals are constantly kept in individual pens or in small groups in specially designated rooms.

Like cattle breeding, in addition to optimal conditions, pig breeding as a business depends, among other things, on the efficiency of feeding, as well as on how competently breeding work will be carried out. It is also important to carry out preventive measures aimed at preventing the death of animals as a result of infection.

Features of poultry farming

The livestock sector for poultry breeding is also developing dynamically at the moment. The main goal in this case, of course, is to obtain dietary meat and eggs. In this case, down and feather are considered to be a related product. At the moment, the following types of birds can be bred in such farms:

• Hens. Their cultivation is the most popular area of ​​poultry farming. Breeding work in this case is carried out mainly in terms of obtaining highly productive crosses. There are only two main areas of chicken breeding - egg and meat. Breeding of this bird is carried out both on personal farmsteads, and on small farms and large poultry farms.
• Geese. Their cultivation is also considered to be quite a profitable business. The development of a diet for geese does not require the use and implementation of any special technologies, just like the conditions of detention. The main food for this bird is grass, and it can be kept in small rooms. Of course, when growing in this case, certain sanitary standards should also be observed. Geese, like chickens, are bred both in household plots and in large poultry farms.
• Turkeys. This bird in our country is bred mainly on personal plots. The technologies of its cultivation remain traditional and unchanged for more than one century.

In addition to these most common types of poultry in Russia, guinea fowls, quails, songbirds, ornamental birds and even ostriches are bred. However, only a few enthusiasts are engaged in such activities, finding it interesting and profitable. On an industrial scale, these types of birds are not bred in our country.

Horse breeding in Russia

The importance of this livestock industry is also difficult to overestimate. It can be classified into two main areas:

• Tribal horse breeding. Its development in Russia is now given maximum attention. At the moment, there are about 70 breeding plants in the country, in which more than 30 breeds of horses are bred. Pedigree animal husbandry today is generally one of the priority areas of agriculture.
• Herd meat horse breeding. This branch of animal husbandry has been developed mainly in those regions where it is traditional.
• Dairy horse breeding. Often combined with meat. The high profitability of dairy horse breeding is primarily due to the high cost of koumiss.
• Sports horse breeding. In this case, animals are bred to participate in competitions.

Currently, horse breeding in Russia is not developing very dynamically, mainly due to the lack of a domestic market for breeding animals, the obsolescence of the technical equipment of factories and the low level of management.

Horse breeding technology

In modern farms, only three main methods of keeping horses are practiced:

• Year-round pasture. This is the most promising and productive method. In this case, animal care is reduced mainly to changing pastures, veterinary treatment and protection.
• Shed-base. This method is usually used when breeding user horses. In this case, the animals are kept on a leash and are driven out to pastures only in summer.
• Cultural-herd. This technology is usually used when keeping breeding animals.

Fur farming

The technology of breeding animals for skins also has a lot of its own nuances. In this case, the priority task is to provide the animals with healthy and comfortable living conditions. Fur animal husbandry in Russia is currently very well developed. Farms use three main technologies for keeping animals:

• Outer cell. This method is usually used on small farms for breeding animals such as arctic foxes, foxes, ferrets, muskrats and nutrias.
• Content in sheds. This is the name of special canopies with a gable roof and a wide passage.
• In enclosed spaces in cages. This method in our country has recently become more and more common.

Beekeeping

Such livestock sectors of agriculture as fur farming, pig breeding and cattle breeding, of course, play a more than significant role in the development of the Russian economy. However, one should not underestimate the importance of smaller areas, such as beekeeping, fish farming, reindeer husbandry, etc. As for the first, the negative processes that affected society during the perestroika period, fortunately, had practically no effect on it. In the early 1990s, there was actually a significant decline in the number of bee colonies. However, the decline soon slowed down, and then this figure completely stabilized and remained unchanged (3 million families) for several years. At the moment, more than 5 thousand households and about 300 thousand amateurs are engaged in beekeeping in Russia.

Finally

The types of animal husbandry discussed above are the most important branches of agriculture in our country. The degree of provision of the population with food products depends on how successfully they develop. Increasing the profitability of livestock, beekeeping, poultry and pig farms directly depends on the dynamics of the introduction of new technologies for growing, breeding and keeping animals.

This is the branch of agriculture that breeds farm animals for meat, milk, eggs, hides, wool and other foodstuffs and raw materials for industry. Horses, donkeys, oxen, camels, deer, mules are used as working and riding animals. Some feeds (return, meat and bone meal) and medicines are obtained from livestock products and waste.

Animal husbandry arose in ancient times, when man began to tame wild animals, domesticate and use them for household needs (see Origin of Domestic Animals).

Over the millennia, as a result of the hard work of a person who selected the best animals for reproduction, created good conditions for his wards, fed them, the nature of wild animals has changed significantly and their productivity has increased.

Gradually, various branches of animal husbandry arose: dairy and beef cattle breeding, pig breeding, sheep breeding, poultry farming, fish farming, beekeeping, rabbit breeding, fur farming, reindeer breeding, sericulture, and dog breeding. In different parts of the globe, various breeds of farm animals have been created, adapted to local conditions. New breeds are created in our time, in order to get even more productive animals.

A lot of work on the creation of new breeds is carried out by Soviet breeders. During the years of Soviet power, about 70 new breeds have been bred in all branches of animal husbandry. To breed them, a whole network of breeding state farms, collective farms and breeding factories has been created, where scientists and agricultural practitioners are working to improve existing and create new breeds and lines. Of these farms, thousands of breeding animals are annually sold to collective farms and state farms.

For the successful development of animal husbandry, it is necessary to further improve the breeding qualities and increase the productivity of farm animals. Breeding scientists are faced with the task of creating highly productive lines and hybrids of livestock and poultry.

In order to properly maintain each type of farm animal, new, modern cowsheds, pigsties, sheepfolds and poultry houses are being built. They are equipped with the necessary equipment and mechanization, which facilitate the work of livestock breeders and increase their productivity.

Farms specialize in caring for animals of various age groups and household purposes.

Animal husbandry is located taking into account natural and economic conditions. Where natural conditions are favorable for the cultivation of grasses and silage crops, where there are many pastures and there are many large cities nearby, dairy cattle breeding takes precedence. Where the cultivation of grain crops is more developed and there is a lot of plowed land, dairy cattle, pigs and poultry are bred. In desert, semi-desert and steppe areas, beef cattle and sheep are bred.

More than 240 research institutions are engaged in scientific work on animal husbandry in the USSR. Soviet scientists provide practical assistance to livestock breeders of collective farms and state farms in the correct organization of breeding work with animals, their rationed feeding, maintenance, methods of rearing young animals and improving the technology of producing livestock products.

In recent years, the number of animals has been constantly growing and the output of livestock products has been increasing. But it is still not enough to meet the ever-increasing needs of the population and rapidly developing industry. Therefore, in our country much attention is paid to the further development of this branch of agriculture.

In the eleventh five-year plan (1981-1985) and for the period up to 1990, the average annual production of meat is planned to be increased to 17-17.5 million tons, milk to 97-99 million tons, eggs to at least 72 billion pieces and wool up to 470-480 thousand tons. The development will be completed and the implementation of a comprehensive program to create a reliable fodder base for animal husbandry in the country will be completed. Intensive methods of growing and fattening young animals will be introduced even more widely. Meat cattle breeding and poultry farming will receive special development, and all other branches of animal husbandry will also be improved.

In our country, the construction of industrial complexes for cattle, pigs and sheep is being developed more and more widely. These enterprises resemble a factory or plant. The main production processes: preparation, delivery and distribution of feed, milking, watering of animals, manure cleaning, milk processing are mechanized in these complexes.

Thanks to mechanization and automation, the hard labor of cattlemen and milkmaids is transformed into a variety of industrial labor, and the distinction between the labor of a collective farmer and a worker in industry disappears.

On farms, livestock industrial complexes, competent, knowledgeable specialists who love their work are needed. And no doubt, some of you in the future will find their calling in the profession of livestock specialist, operator, cattleman, shepherd, milkmaid, veterinarian.

Plant growing and animal husbandry. Our article tells about what these industries do, what types they are divided into.

Historical reference

The emergence of animal husbandry goes back to ancient times, when a person, living next to wild animals, decided to tame them for use in the household. Through hard work over a long period of time, people have managed to change the nature of certain species living in the wild. After domestication, their productivity increased many times over. Animals have become for man:

• Source of food: they gave meat, milk, eggs.
• From them they received raw materials (skins), from which they sewed clothes, built huts.
• Animals were used for transportation, as a labor force and for the protection of property (for example, dogs).

Animals suitable for domestication were cows, pigs, sheep, goats, deer, camels and some others. Scientists were able to establish that most of the species of these animals intersected in the Middle East. For the peoples living here, this served as a great advantage in development, as a result of which the first civilizations arose.

What is animal husbandry?

There are various industries: chemical, woodworking, engineering, food, light. Animal husbandry is an industry that belongs to its main task is the breeding and maintenance of animals in order to produce and sell the products that are obtained from them.

Importance of animal husbandry

Human life cannot be imagined without agricultural products. Animal husbandry is the main element in the agro-industrial complex. This industry is one of the main ones. Thanks to it, the population is provided with meat and lard, milk and eggs, and light industry with leather, wool, bristles and many others. In addition, animal husbandry is a supplier of live draft power. The industry is engaged in breeding horses, camels, oxen, deer, mules, donkeys. Animal husbandry is of great importance as a supplier of organic fertilizer.

Products and waste of the industry are used to obtain feed: meat and bone meal, skim milk and much more. They go to the manufacture of hormonal preparations, therapeutic serums and other medicines. So, the manifestation of the foundations of animal husbandry is carried out through the elements of the agro-industrial complex, interconnected.

In economically developed countries, animal husbandry is the leading branch of the economy, not by chance, because the products of this area make up 60% of the diet.

Analysis in animal husbandry

For the proper management of the economy and profit, analysis is of great importance, which is carried out according to various indicators. On the example of cows, it looks like this:

• Determine the number of livestock and the structure of the herd. It takes into account what type of animals are kept, how many of them, including young animals.
• Find out the volume of products received during the accounting period. It is determined what type of product, how much (in tons) of milk and meat was received, what is the offspring of calves.
• Clarify They analyze the indicators of annual milk yield per cow, the number of calves from 100 cows and the average daily (meaning meat) weight gain in grams.

Types of animal husbandry

This industry is very broad. Animal husbandry is a direction that is engaged in breeding cattle and small cattle and pigs, horses and camels, sheep and goats, mules and donkeys, rabbits and dogs, birds and fish, bees, fur animals and many others. The direction of the industry depends on the locality to which certain animal species are adapted. For example, llamas and camels are not bred in the northern regions, and arctic foxes and minks are not bred in the southern regions. However, there are animals that can be found in the agro-industrial complex of almost every country. These are chickens, cows, pigs, rabbits, horses and others.

Cattle breeding

Currently, this direction is the main branch of animal husbandry. The main task is to breed large and Animals are divided into meat and dairy. The level of provision of consumers with milk and meat depends on the development of cattle breeding. The indicators of this industry affect the work of light industry enterprises that produce woolen clothes and household items.

Pig breeding

This branch of the industry supplies the population with livestock products such as meat, lard. In Russia, it is developed in the regions of the Central Black Earth Region, in the Caucasus, in the Volga region. Meat, tallow, bacon, ham pigs are grown here.

horse breeding

This industry is engaged in breeding animals of this species. In addition, horses in the national economy are of productive and sporting importance. Horse breeding has been developed in the North Caucasus and Altai, the south of Siberia and the Urals, in Yakutia and Buryatia.

Sheep breeding

This direction is engaged in breeding sheep and goats. Animals provide man with meat, milk, wool, down. Their skin goes to the production of chrome, husky, chevro. From the sheep of the karakul breed, valuable fur is obtained - karakul. Milk is used to make feta cheese and other types of cheese.

poultry farming

This branch of the industry is common in any country. It provides consumers with meat, eggs, feathers, down. Since the main food of the bird is grain, it is bred in areas where it grows: in the North Caucasus, the Volga region, the Black Earth region. Poultry farming is also developed in densely populated regions (North-Western, Central), located near large cities.

Beekeeping

An equally popular direction in agriculture is the breeding of bees. Thanks to its development, the population is provided with honey, royal jelly, and wax. The areas of use of these products are very diverse, but the main ones are the food and pharmaceutical industries.

Fur farming

The industry is engaged in the breeding of such fur-bearing animals as nutrias, arctic foxes, minks and others. The main products are skins, from which hats, outerwear, accessories and much more are sewn.

crop production

Its basis is grain farming, which occupies half of all areas in the world. Grains, like potatoes, form the basis of the human diet. It is a raw material base for such an industry as the food industry. Grain uses cereal, flour-grinding, mixed fodder alcohol. The most important crops in the world are wheat, corn and rice.

Wheat is grown in 70 countries of the world, but most of it is in Canada, America, Australia, Russia, Ukraine and Kazakhstan. These states are the main breadbaskets of the world.

We owe the appearance of rice on our tables to China and India, from where the culture spread widely to other regions. Currently, rice is grown in 100 countries of the world, but 9/10 of the total grain harvest comes from Asian countries such as China, Japan, India, the Philippines, and Indonesia.

The country where corn originated is Mexico, from where it quickly spread throughout the world. Corn is used as a fodder crop and as a food crop. The leading country in the cultivation of corn is the United States. In addition to cereals, a person uses for various purposes such crops as vegetables (potatoes), sugar-bearing (sugarcane), oilseeds (sunflower), fruit.

Types of crop production

Crop production is divided into the following types:

• Cereals. These crops for humans and animals are the main ones in the diet.
• They are raw materials for the production of vegetable oil.
• Potato growing. All tubers belong to this direction.
• Viticulture. The task of this direction is the cultivation of grapes for the production of wine. To this end, breeders develop many new varieties that are of high quality.
• Gardening. This direction is multifaceted. They also grow fruit trees of various types, and berry bushes.
• Melon growing. The crops of this branch include melons and watermelons.
• Floriculture. Flowers are grown not only for pleasure, but also for profit. To make the business profitable all year round, they build greenhouses where flowers grow in winter.
• Cotton growing. Without the products of this industry, weaving production will not work. Cotton does not grow everywhere. His plantations are located in Uzbekistan.

Crop production is a very important industry for the national economy, as it provides people and animals not only with food, but also with raw materials for the manufacture of clothing, medicines, and cosmetics.

http://monax.ru/order/ - abstracts to order (more than 500 authors in 170 cities of the CIS).

Development problems and the place of animal husbandry in agriculture

1. Development of the livestock industry

Animal husbandry is an important branch of agriculture, providing more than half of its gross output. The significance of this industry is determined not only by its high share in the production of gross output, but also by its great influence on the agricultural economy, on the level of provision of important foodstuffs.

The most common areas of specialization of livestock farms in Russia currently remain: in cattle breeding - dairy, meat, milk and meat; in pig breeding - meat, bacon, semi-lard, fur coat; in poultry farming - egg, meat, broiler, mixed.[

Meat, milk, eggs are the main food of the population and are characterized by high nutritional properties. Without them, it is impossible to provide a high level of nutrition. Animal husbandry provides valuable raw materials for industry: wool, leather, astrakhan, etc. The development of livestock industries makes it possible to productively use labor and material resources in agriculture throughout the year. Crop waste is consumed in the livestock industries, valuable organic fertilizers are created - manure and slurry.

In animal husbandry, narrower branches are distinguished - by animal species, product composition and other characteristics. [Kovalenko N.Ya. Economics of agriculture., p. 427]

Cattle breeding (breeding of cattle) occupies one of the main places in the country's animal husbandry.

Cattle have the highest milk productivity compared to other animal species. From this type of livestock comes the bulk of meat products. In the meat balance of the country, beef and veal occupy more than 40%. Milk Dairy products are essential food items. The main producers of milk are agricultural enterprises. For many farms, milk production is profitable and is the main source of daily income. However, it becomes profitable only with a sufficiently high productivity of the dairy herd and high quality milk. From a cow with proper cultivation and maintenance, they receive 5-6 thousand kilograms of milk or more per year with a fat content of 4% or more.

Valuable hides and skins are also obtained from cattle breeding. Cattle consume the cheapest vegetable feed.

Cattle breeding as an industry plays a significant role in the development of other branches of agriculture. It supplies crop production with valuable organic fertilizers - manure, pig breeding - milk, which is necessary for young piglets.

Pig breeding is one of the most productive and early maturing branches of animal husbandry. The main products of pig breeding are meat and lard. In terms of precocity, fertility of animals, the yield of meat and fat, pig breeding ranks first among livestock industries.

Sheep breeding is an important branch of animal husbandry, which produces diversified and valuable products: meat, lard, milk, as well as wool, fur and fur coats, sheepskins and leather.

Poultry farming provides the population with highly nutritious dietary foodstuffs, and light industry with valuable raw materials. [Economics of agricultural and processing industries, No. 6, 2001]

The change in the number of livestock and poultry depends primarily on the provision of livestock with high-quality feed and the rate of reproduction of the herd.

Over the past period, the provision of livestock with feed has improved due to an increase in the yield of grain crops. In terms of a conditional head of cattle, the amount of feed, including concentrated feed, has increased. The offspring of cattle, sheep and goats increased, and the mortality of all types of livestock decreased. This makes it possible to count on a slowdown in the rate of reduction in the number of livestock, an increase in its productivity and an improvement in reproductive performance. [Economics of agriculture and processing industries, No. 4, 2001]

The development of animal husbandry is negatively affected by the imperfection of pricing, the disparity in prices for industrial and agricultural products, the lack of state support, and other factors. The low productivity of livestock is one of the main reasons not only for the poor quality of livestock raw materials, but also for the high labor intensity and unprofitability of the industry's products.

The number of cattle has not yet stabilized, but the rate of decline has slowed down, as managers and specialists of agricultural enterprises have realized that a further reduction in the number of cows will upset the emerging balance between the availability of livestock, fodder, means of production and labor resources. [Economy of agriculture and processing industries, No. 11, 1999]

In the production of livestock products, there is a possibility of internal and external risks. The level of internal risks is influenced by:

● production potential

● technological equipment

● level of specialization

● the level of labor productivity, etc.

Factors affecting the level of external risks:

● demographic

● social

● economic

● political, etc.

Depending on the location and specialization, the selected livestock farm systems differ significantly in their material and technical equipment, technology, organization of labor and production.

In recent years, these differences have become sharper, mainly depending on the financial condition of a particular livestock farm.

Under the system of animal husbandry, it is customary to understand the composition and size of livestock industries due to the production specialization of the economy, as well as a set of interrelated and interdependent, scientifically based zootechnical, veterinary, technical, organizational and economic measures for their management. Livestock systems are distinguished by the level of intensity, methods of fodder production and types of animal feeding, forms of organization of livestock management, organization of herd reproduction, breeding, etc.

The improvement of these systems consists in organizing the production of livestock products on an industrial basis, at large highly specialized enterprises. In the beef cattle breeding industry, the leading positions are occupied by large specialized fattening enterprises of an industrial type. In pig breeding, in most cases, the same farms are engaged in raising and fattening animals, and the division of labor in this industry is more limited. In poultry farming, the separation of meat production, which was previously a by-product in egg poultry farming, into an independent poultry meat industry is progressing.

The negative trends that began in the late 1980s in the livestock sectors of Russia were expressed primarily in a reduction in the potential of livestock and poultry in public sector farms, a gradual slowdown in the impact of intensive factors on the growth rate of livestock production since the early 1990s, destabilizing processes in the industry have taken a landslide character, as a result of which, in all types of livestock farms, without exception, all the parameters of their economic activity have deteriorated.

The main consequences of industry degradation are as follows:

● there was a large-scale reduction in the number of livestock and poultry, up to its elimination in many farms and the disappearance of unique breeds;

● Animal productivity has dropped to a minimum;

● complete unprofitability of the production activities of livestock buildings and other industrial infrastructure facilities;

● curtailment of measures for the introduction of factors of intensification of production and achievements of scientific and technological progress in the field of animal husbandry;

● The decline in livestock production has exceeded all permissible limits in terms of ensuring the country's food security.

In modern conditions of the deepest systemic crisis of the national economy, most developed before the beginning of the 90s. On an industrial basis, livestock complexes, highly productive enterprises and workshops, large inter-farm and regional associations for the production and processing of livestock products have been privatized and ruined.

Among the most important changes that have taken place in the last decade in the technology and organization of labor in livestock farms, it should be noted the decrease in the level of mechanization of labor processes and the deterioration of working conditions, which led to a significant decrease in its productivity.

Conducting large-scale production in a difficult financial situation, lack of material resources and technical support on farms, first of all, highly productive animals, which are more susceptible to various diseases, are eliminated.

Of all livestock sectors, the greatest losses are characteristic of sheep breeding. Its quantitative and qualitative potential has been significantly undermined, there has been a massive liquidation of sheep farms in public farms, and the material and technical base of the remaining farms has been thrown back several decades.

Restoration and development of the production base of livestock farms is provided for in the Federal programs for the development of livestock industries until 2005.

Compliance with the technology of keeping livestock and poultry and the production of livestock products directly depends on the rational organization of labor in the economy. When organizing labor in animal husbandry, unconditional observance of such basic principles of the rational organization of work processes as proportionality, consistency, rhythm, continuity is necessary. [Popov. . Organization of agricultural production, p.]

1.2. Efficiency of livestock production

Production efficiency is a complex economic category, which reflects the actions of economic laws and manifests the most important aspect of the enterprise's activity - its effectiveness.

Efficiency in production is always a relative value, not an absolute one.

It is necessary to distinguish between the concept of effect and efficiency.

An effect is a consequence or result of certain activities. It does not give an idea of ​​the profitability of the event. Therefore, the effect must be compared with the costs.

An assessment of the economic efficiency of livestock production is carried out according to a set of natural and cost indicators.

The following indicators are used to assess the efficiency of animal husbandry:

● the value of gross output, the amount of gross income and profit per one employee employed in the industry, one man-hour spent, one conditional head of livestock, one hundred rubles of production fixed assets;

● the amount of production costs per one ruble of the cost of production;

● the level of profitability of produced and sold livestock products in general;

● rate of return

A comparative economic assessment of the production of certain types of livestock products, carried out in order to identify the most effective types of it, is carried out according to natural and cost indicators:

● productivity of farm animals;

● output of gross output in physical and monetary terms per employee, one man-hour of labor intensity of production, as well as per head of livestock, per centner of output and one ruble of gross output;

● realized price of one centner of production;

● the amount of profit per head of livestock and per centner of production;

● the level of profitability of production

A comparative economic assessment of livestock breeds, systems of its maintenance, herd structure, types, norms, feeding rations, etc. is carried out according to the following main indicators: livestock productivity, gross output in physical and monetary terms per head of livestock, labor productivity, labor and all production costs per head of livestock, the payback of additional costs, the cost of production, the amount of net income or profit per head of livestock and one centner of production, the level of profitability. The evaluation of the economic efficiency of these measures is carried out by comparing several options and choosing the most effective of them. [Kovalenko N.Ya. page]

The calculation of economic efficiency in any case involves a comparison of data.

In this case, the costs of veterinary measures should be compared with the amounts of probable material damage. The actual damage is made up of losses from mortality, forced slaughter, reduced productivity and product quality. [

1.3. Ways and reserves to improve the efficiency of livestock products

The ongoing decline in agricultural production and the decline in its efficiency require agricultural workers to make great efforts to get out of this situation, stabilize production, and increase its efficiency.

The fundamental difference between the modern period and the pre-reform period is that the economic condition of enterprises, regardless of the form of ownership, depends on the results of their production and financial activities. At the same time, the role of labor collectives in the process of managing production in the countryside, in increasing its efficiency, is growing significantly. The task of maintaining production at a certain level of efficiency and work on constant growth comes to the fore today as one of the most important features of agrarian policy.

In this regard, the substantiation of priority areas for improving the efficiency of agricultural enterprises in a market economy is a very urgent problem. It is objectively determined and requires a comprehensive study, identification of the main factors and reserves, due to which their effectiveness can be achieved.

During the formation of market relations in livestock products, there is a steady decline in production, a decrease in its efficiency.

One of the main reasons for the decline in meat and dairy products is associated with the unsatisfactory state of the forage base, the low level of feeding, and the imbalance of the feed ration.

The efficiency of feed use has sharply decreased, the genetic potential of animals is used at best by half.

Growth in the production of milk and meat can only be ensured through the rational use of production potential. Its effectiveness is due to the influence of the following main factors: economic, social, natural and biological. [

Economic factors include:

Agricultural intensification. The solution of this problem is possible on the basis of the achievements of scientific and technological progress, the introduction of intensive technologies and rational forms of organization of production.

Accelerated scientific and technological progress, development of industrial infrastructure. In solving the food problem, priority attention should be given to the areas of procurement, storage and sale of products. Increasing production efficiency and achieving high end results largely depend on a fundamental improvement in road traffic in rural areas. [

Development of specialization and concentration on the basis of agricultural cooperation and agro-industrial integration.

Improving economic relations and working conditions in agriculture:

● management and planning in the industry;

● procurement system;

● pricing;

● financial incentives for improving the quality of work and products;

● responsibility for the results of economic and financial activities.

Improving the relationship between agricultural, industrial and procurement enterprises of all sectors that are part of the agro-industrial complex, increasing their mutual responsibility for increasing the yield of final products and reducing the cost of its production.

Strict observance of the regime of economy, reduction of production costs, improvement of its quality.

The main direction of increasing the economic efficiency of production is to increase the productivity of animals with the economical use of material and monetary resources for raising animals. The productivity of cows in the future should be increased by 1.3-1.5 times, and the average daily gain in live weight of cattle should be increased to 600-700 grams instead of 420 grams at present. The basis for the development of animal husbandry is well-balanced feeding rations and proper animal care. In this regard, priority should be given to the accelerated development of the forage base. [Kovalenko N.Ya. p. 437]

Increasing the economic efficiency of animal husbandry is unthinkable without a further increase in the level of comprehensive mechanization of all technological processes. It is necessary to fully mechanize the distribution of fodder and the removal of manure on farms, the milking of cows and the supply of water. With comprehensive mechanization of labor-intensive processes, labor costs per unit of livestock products can be reduced by 35-40%.

A major reserve for increasing the profitability of livestock products is the improvement in product quality. This applies not only to milk, but also to livestock and poultry meat and other types of products.

An important role in raising the economic efficiency of livestock products is given to improving the forms of organization and material incentives for labor.

On dairy farms, as a rule, tie-down keeping of cows with milking in the milk line is used. In a number of farms, due to the rational organization of production, this method of keeping and milking cows provides milk yields of more than 8,000 kilograms.

Active integration of agricultural producers with milk processing enterprises and financial support from the latter contribute to the modernization of cow milking.

It is necessary to mechanize the distribution of feed on all farms, where the width of the passages allows, with mobile feeders. The organization of labor should be brigade or brigade-link, a two-shift mode of work is established.

Brigades should mainly be specialized - for the production of milk, the cultivation of breeding and dairy young animals, the harvesting and removal of organic fertilizers, pasture care, and more. [Sternigov B.K. page 145]

Characteristics of the natural and economic conditions of the economy (SPK "Obskoy")

Animal husbandry is the branch of agriculture concerned with raising animals for the production of livestock products. Animal husbandry provides the population with food (milk, meat, lard, eggs, etc.), light industry with raw materials (wool, leather, bristles, etc.), provides living draft power (horses, oxen, donkeys, mules, camels, deer) and organic fertilizer (manure). Some feeds (reverse, meat and bone, bone meal, etc.), as well as various medicines (medicinal serums, hormonal preparations, etc.) are obtained from livestock products and waste. The share of livestock products in the total agricultural output in the USSR in 1970 (in terms of value) was about 50%. Branches of animal husbandry: cattle breeding (dairy, milk and meat, meat), pig breeding, sheep breeding, goat breeding, horse breeding, camel breeding, poultry breeding, fish breeding, bee breeding, rabbit breeding, fur farming, deer breeding, donkey breeding, mule breeding, dog breeding.

Animal husbandry arose in ancient times, when a person began to tame wild animals, domesticate them and use them for household needs. By hard and long work, man has changed the nature of many wild animals and has achieved a sharp increase in their productivity.

Animal husbandry in pre-revolutionary Russia was one of the most backward branches of agriculture. Small peasant farms, ruined by the unbearable taxes of the tsarist government, who were in bondage to the landlords and kulaks, did not have economic conditions for the development of animal husbandry. In the kulak and landowner farms, animal husbandry grew at a faster rate. According to zemstvo statistics, in 48 provinces of the European part of Russia from 1870 to 1914 the average annual increase in the number of cattle was less than one percent. In 1914 in Russia there were 31.6 percent of horseless and 24 percent of cowless farms. Outbred cattle with low productivity prevailed. The milk yield of cows was kg, the wool sheared from sheep was about 2 kg, the egg production of chickens was 4050 eggs per year. Cows weighed an average of no more than 300 kg, sheep were mostly coarse-haired, and pigs were unproductive, late-ripening.

There are several branches of animal husbandry. Cattle breeding has the largest number of livestock and provides the largest volume of production. The main livestock products are milk and meat. According to their ratio in cattle breeding, two main directions are distinguished. For the years the number of cattle in Russia decreased by almost 2 times (29 million heads).

Pig breeding is a branch of animal husbandry that breeds pigs. Received the greatest distribution in Europe, East Asia, America. This area of ​​animal husbandry is characterized by undemanding feed, high productivity, high calorie content and short terms of production. Develops in areas with any climatic conditions. The most important pig-breeding areas gravitate towards densely populated areas and industrial centers, as well as potato-growing areas, grain processing sites, and food-processing enterprises.

Sheep farming, the branch of animal husbandry that breeds sheep. It provides valuable types of raw materials for light industry (wool, sheepskin, astrakhan) and food products (meat, lard, milk). Of the greatest importance for the national economy is wool, which, due to its valuable technical properties of strength, extensibility, hygroscopicity, rolling capacity, etc., is the best raw material for the production of fabrics, knitwear, carpets, and felted products. Fur coats and fur sheepskins are made from the skins of sheep, and fur products are made from the skins of newborn lambs of asmoshka breeds. Cheeses are made from the milk of coarse-wooled sheep.