Types of rehabilitation of disabled children. Psychosocial rehabilitation of disabled people Rehabilitation centers for disabled children

Rehabilitation of disabled children is a system of medical, psychological, pedagogical, socio-economic measures aimed at eliminating or, if possible, more fully compensating for limitations in life activity caused by a health disorder with a persistent disorder of body functions. The purpose of rehabilitation is to restore the social status of a disabled person, to achieve material independence and social adaptation.

There are the following types of rehabilitation of children with disabilities:

- medical,
- psychological,
- pedagogical,
- socio-economic,
- professional,
- labor,
- household,
- sports.

medical rehabilitation It is aimed at full or partial restoration or compensation of one or another impaired or lost function or at slowing down the progression of the disease.

Rehabilitation in medicine is the initial link in the system of general rehabilitation, because a disabled child first of all needs medical care. In essence, there is no clear boundary between the period of treatment of a disabled child and the period of his medical rehabilitation, or rehabilitation treatment, since treatment is always aimed at restoring health and returning to active activity, however, medical rehabilitation measures begin in a hospital after the disappearance of acute symptoms diseases.

Medical measures for the rehabilitation of disabled children include determining the medical and physiological state of children, rehabilitation potential, restorative therapy, reconstructive surgery, a conclusion on professional suitability, as well as medical and social expertise. For a comprehensive assessment of the state of health, as a rule, a comprehensive clinical and functional examination of the child is carried out using clinical, instrumental, functional and physiological research methods, with the identification of the compensatory capabilities of the body, the child's tolerance to physical and neuropsychic stress, psychological status.

All other forms of rehabilitation of disabled children - psychological, pedagogical, socio-economic, professional, domestic - are carried out along with medical.

Psychological rehabilitation- this is an impact on the mental sphere of a disabled child. This form of rehabilitation accompanies the entire cycle of treatment and rehabilitation measures. First of all, a social pedagogue must know and take into account the psychology of a disabled child, understand that he is, as it were, isolated from society and left alone with his own problems. Closed space, limited communication lead to the emergence of nervous disorders in disabled people, which introduces additional difficulties in socio-pedagogical work.

Psychological rehabilitation of disabled children includes, as one of the directions, the psychological correction of developmental deviations in various options for limiting the child's abilities. In the study of the personal and intellectual spheres of the child's psyche, the focus is on the mental causes of deviations, the degree of their severity. However, in relation to childhood, psychology and pedagogical assessment of developmental disorders cannot be complete if they do not also take into account deviations from the norm of the age development in which the child is, the features of his ontogenesis caused by disease processes or their consequences.

It should also be taken into account that psychological problems are experienced not only by disabled children, but also by their parents, relatives, and other relatives. Therefore, they also need psychological help and support.

Pedagogical rehabilitation- these are educational activities aimed at ensuring that a sick child acquires the necessary skills for self-care, receives a school education. It is very important to develop a child's psychological confidence in their own usefulness and create the right professional orientation. The social educator conducts activities that provide training for various types of activities available to them, creating confidence that the acquired knowledge in a particular area will be useful in subsequent employment.

Socio-economic rehabilitation includes a set of measures: providing a disabled person with the necessary and convenient housing for him; maintaining the confidence of a child with a disability that he is a useful member of society; financial support for a disabled person and his family through payments for temporary incapacity for work or disability, the appointment of a pension, etc.

Vocational rehabilitation provides for the training or retraining of disabled children in accessible forms of labor, the provision of the necessary individual technical devices to facilitate the use of a working tool, the adaptation of the former workplace of a disabled person to its functional capabilities, the organization of special workshops and enterprises for disabled people with facilitated working conditions and a shorter working day, etc. d.

Occupational rehabilitation- lies in the fact that in rehabilitation centers the method of labor therapy is widely used, based on the tonic and activating effect of labor on the psychophysiological sphere of a person. Prolonged inactivity relaxes a person, reduces his energy capabilities, and work increases vitality, being a natural stimulant. Occupational therapy as a method of rehabilitation treatment is important for the gradual return of disabled children to the normal rhythm of life. Occupational therapy plays an important role in diseases and injuries of the osteoarticular apparatus. Occupational therapy is of particular importance in the treatment of mental illnesses, which are often the cause of prolonged isolation of a disabled child from society. Occupational therapy facilitates relationships between people, relieving the state of tension and anxiety. Employment, concentration of attention on the work performed distract the disabled child from his painful experiences.

home rehabilitation- this is the provision of prostheses to a disabled child, personal means of transportation at home and on the street (special bicycle and motorcycle strollers, cars with adapted controls, etc.).

Recently, great importance has been attached to sports rehabilitation. Participation in sports and rehabilitation activities allows relatively healthy children to overcome the fear of a sick child, to form a culture of attitude towards the weak, to include the child in the process of self-education, acquiring skills to lead an independent lifestyle, to be quite free and independent.

When developing and carrying out rehabilitation measures, it is necessary to take into account both the medical diagnosis of a disabled child and the characteristics of the individual in the social environment. Rehabilitation differs from conventional treatment in that it provides for the development, through the joint efforts of a social pedagogue, a social work specialist, a psychologist and a doctor, on the one hand, and a disabled child and his environment (primarily family), on the other hand, of qualities that help optimal adaptation of a disabled child to the social environment. Treatment in this situation is a process that affects the body, the present, and rehabilitation is more addressed to the individual and is directed to the future.

And, finally, we note that in accordance with the Federal Law “On the Social Protection of the Disabled in the Russian Federation”, a distinction is made between the federal basic rehabilitation program for the disabled (this is a guaranteed list of rehabilitation measures, technical equipment and services provided to the disabled free of charge at the expense of the federal budget) and an individual program rehabilitation of a disabled person (developed on the basis of a decision of the State Service for Medical and Social Expertise, a set of optimal rehabilitation measures for a disabled person, including certain types, forms, volumes, terms and procedures for the implementation of medical, professional and other rehabilitation measures aimed at restoring, compensating for impaired or lost body functions , restoration, compensation for the ability of a disabled person to perform certain types of activities).

An individual rehabilitation program is advisory in nature for a disabled person, he has the right to refuse one or another type, form and volume of rehabilitation measures, as well as from the implementation of the program as a whole. A disabled person has the right to independently decide on the issue of providing himself with a specific technical means or type of rehabilitation, including cars, wheelchairs, prosthetic and orthopedic products, printed publications with a special font, sound-amplifying equipment, signaling devices, video materials with subtitles or sign language translation, and other similar means.

ChapterI

A child with disabilities in modern conditions.

types of rehabilitation 5

1.2 Technologies of social rehabilitation of children with disabilities

health opportunities 22

1.3 Features of social rehabilitation of disabled children living outside the family 33

ChapterII

Modern approaches to the problems of children with disabilities.

2.1 Difficulties in socio-psychological rehabilitation

disabled children 41

2.2 Development of abilities to overcome the difficulties of social rehabilitation 45

2.3 Practical solutions to childhood disability 50

Conclusion 77

List of used literature 87

Application 90

Introduction.

According to the UN, there are approximately 450 million people in the world with mental and physical disabilities. This is 1/10 of the inhabitants of our planet (including about 200 million children with disabilities).

Moreover, in our country, as well as throughout the world, there is a trend towards an increase in the number of children with disabilities. In Russia, the frequency of childhood disability has doubled over the past decade.

In 1995, more than 453,000 disabled children receiving a social pension were registered with the social protection authorities. But in fact, there are twice as many such children: according to WHO estimates, there should be about 900 thousand of them - 2-3% of the child population

Every year, about 30 thousand children are born in the country with congenital hereditary diseases, among them 70-75% are disabled.

Disability in children means a significant limitation of life, it contributes to social maladjustment, which is caused by developmental disorders, difficulties in self-service, communication, learning, mastering professional skills in the future. The development of social experience by children with disabilities, their inclusion in the existing system of social relations requires certain additional measures, funds and efforts from the society (these can be special programs, special rehabilitation centers, special educational institutions, etc.). But the development of these measures should be based on knowledge of the patterns, tasks, and essence of the process of social rehabilitation.

Currently, the process of social rehabilitation is the subject of research by specialists in many branches of scientific knowledge. Psychologists, philosophers, sociologists, teachers, social psychologists and other specialists reveal various aspects of this process, explore the mechanisms, stages and stages, factors of social rehabilitation.

Social policy in Russia, focused on the disabled, adults and children, is built today on the basis of the medical model of disability. Based on this model, disability is considered as an illness, disease, pathology. Such a model voluntarily or involuntarily weakens the social position of a child with a disability, reduces his social significance, separates him from the "normal" children's community, aggravates his unequal social status, dooms him to the recognition of his inequality, non-competitiveness in comparison with other children. The medical model also defines the methodology of working with a disabled person, which is paternalistic in nature and involves treatment, occupational therapy, and the creation of services that help a person survive, let's note - not to live, but to survive.

The consequence of the orientation of society and the state to this model is the isolation of a child with disabilities from society in a specialized educational institution, the development of his passive - dependent life orientations.

In an effort to change this negative tradition, we use the concept "handicapped person" which has become increasingly used in Russian society.

The traditional approach does not exhaust the fullness of the problems of the category of adults and children in question. It clearly reflects the lack of vision of the social essence of the child. The problem of disability is not limited to the medical aspect, it is much more a social problem of unequal opportunities.

Such an idea fundamentally changes the approach to the triad "child - society - state." The essence of this change is as follows:

The main problem of a child with disabilities is the disruption of his connection with the world, limited mobility, poor contacts with peers and adults, limited communication with nature, the inaccessibility of a number of cultural values, and sometimes elementary education. This problem is not only a consequence of the subjective factor, which is the state of the physical and mental health of the child, but also the result of social policy and the prevailing public consciousness, which authorize the existence of an architectural environment inaccessible to a disabled person, public transport, and social services.

A child with a disability may be just as capable and talented as his peer who does not have health problems, but he is prevented from discovering his talents, developing them, benefiting society with their help due to inequality of opportunities;

A child is not a passive object of social assistance, but a developing person who has the right to satisfy versatile social needs in cognition, communication, and creativity;

The state is called upon not only to provide a child with a disability with certain benefits and privileges, it must meet his social needs and create a system of social services that will level the restrictions that impede the processes of his social rehabilitation and individual development.

The purpose of this work is to characterize the social rehabilitation of disabled children, its significance and modern trends. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks:

Describe the essence of the concepts of disability and rehabilitation, types of rehabilitation;

Consider modern trends and basic methods of social rehabilitation of disabled children

A child with disabilities in modern conditions

Social rehabilitation of persons with disabilities is one of the most important and difficult tasks of modern systems of social assistance and social services. The steady increase in the number of people with disabilities, on the one hand, increasing attention to each of them - regardless of his physical, mental and intellectual abilities, on the other hand, the idea of increasing the value of the individual and the need to protect his rights, which is characteristic of a democratic, civil society, on the third On the other hand, all this predetermines the importance of social rehabilitation activities.

According to the Declaration on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UN, 1975) a disabled person is any person who is unable to fully or partially provide for the needs of a normal personal and (or) social life due to a deficiency, whether congenital or not, of his (or her) physical or mental capabilities.

In Recommendation 1185 to rehabilitation programs of the 44th session of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe of May 5, 1992 disability determined as limitations in opportunities due to physical, psychological, sensory, social, cultural, legal and other barriers that prevent a person with a disability from being integrated into society and from participating in the life of a family or society on the same basis as other members society. Society has an obligation to adapt its standards to the special needs of people with disabilities so that they can live an independent life.

In 1989, the UN adopted the text of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, which has the force of law. It enshrines the right of children with developmental disabilities to lead a full and dignified life in conditions that allow them to maintain dignity, a sense of self-confidence and facilitate their active participation in society (Article 23); the right of a handicapped child to special care and assistance, which should be provided as free of charge as possible, taking into account the financial resources of parents or other persons providing care for the child, in order to ensure that the handicapped child has effective access to services in the field of education, vocational training, medical care, rehabilitation of health , preparation for work and access to recreational facilities, which should contribute to

opportunities for the most complete involvement of the child in social life and the development of his personality, including cultural and spiritual development.

In 1971, the UN General Assembly adopted the Declaration on the Rights of Mentally Retarded Persons, which affirmed the need for the maximum degree of feasibility of the rights of such persons with disabilities, their right to adequate medical care and treatment, as well as the right to education, training, rehabilitation and protection that allows them to develop their abilities and capabilities. The right to work productively or to engage in some other useful activity to the fullest extent of one's capabilities is specifically stipulated, with which the right to material security and a satisfactory standard of living is connected.

Of particular importance for children with disabilities is the rule that, if possible, a mentally retarded person should live in his family or with foster parents and participate in society. The families of such persons should receive assistance. If it is necessary to place such a person in a special institution, it is necessary to provide that the new environment and living conditions differ as little as possible from the conditions of ordinary life.

In the international pact about Economic, social and cultural rights of the United Nations (Article 12) fixes the right of every disabled person (both adult and minor) to the highest attainable level of physical and mental health. An integrative document covering all aspects of the life of persons with disabilities is the UN Standard Rules for Ensuring Equal Opportunities for Persons with Disabilities.

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Branch of the Russian State Social University

in Anapa

Department of "Social work and social law"

Specialty "Social rehabilitation"

" Medico-socialrehabilitation of childrendisabled people"

Completed by a 4th year student

areas of training "Social work"

Udovenko Evgeniya

Introduction
1. Main body
Conclusion
Bibliography

Introduction

One of the most urgent problems of social work today is the problem of working with a family with a child with disabilities. With the intensive growth of disabled children, the urgency of the problem increases in equal proportions. At present, there are 587 thousand children with disabilities in the Russian Federation, in the Krasnodar Territory there are over 16 thousand children with disabilities.

Disabled children (recently there has been a general humanistic tendency to call this category of children "children with disabilities") - these are children who have such significant illnesses or deviations in physical, mental, intellectual development that they become subjects of special legislation adopted at the federal level . The assignment of children to this category is carried out on the basis of medical indications by special medical and social examinations.

The purpose of the work is: to study the specifics of the medical and social rehabilitation of disabled children.

Object: children with disabilities.

Subject: the work of a social worker aimed at the medical, social and pedagogical rehabilitation of children with disabilities.

Based on the goal, the following tasks are defined:

- to explore the features of medical and social rehabilitation;

- explore the features of the activities of a social worker with the category of children with disabilities;

- study an individual program for the rehabilitation of a child with disabilities.

1. Main part

child disabled rehabilitation social

Social work with the disabled includes medical and social rehabilitation. Rehabilitation - a set of medical, psychological, pedagogical, technical, professional measures aimed at restoring (or compensating) impaired body functions and the ability to work of patients and disabled people.

Medical, psychological, pedagogical, technical, professional functions, taken together, ensure the social rehabilitation of the patient. The main tasks of rehabilitation are to make the disabled person capable of living in society, to create appropriate prerequisites for involving him in the social and labor life of society.

The main result of medical and social rehabilitation as a direction of social work is the achievement of such a state of a disabled child when he is able to perform social functions characteristic of healthy children. At the same time, social functions (they are also called social skills) are understood as labor activity, learning, the ability to read, write, communicate, and others.

While most people can learn social skills with minimal formal training, children with disabilities need careful and systematic training in these skills. The main goal is to teach a child with a disability motor and social skills, the basics of literacy and numeracy (for example, dressing, washing, the ability to use cutlery, handle money, shop and cook food, use the telephone, transport, and so on). Disabled children of school age have the opportunity, within the framework of medical and social rehabilitation, to study academic disciplines and prepare for working life.

Rehabilitation treatment of disabled children is not limited to surgery, medication and physiotherapy, it consists of long and diverse stages of medical, social psychological correction. The concept of rehabilitation of children with psychophysiological deviations includes the following key points: the development of vital skills, learning, if possible, reading and writing, adaptation to the children's team, which should be carried out daily and every minute.

At present, the system of year-round health improvement and rehabilitation of disabled children on the basis of specialized children's institutions has been recognized as effective. This organizational form makes it possible to use not only traditional methods of therapy, but also methods of therapeutic pedagogy, psychological correction in combination with the adaptation of children in a team. However, it should be noted the insufficient number of institutions of this type, as well as the severity of violations that occur in a large number of children, the presence of which may serve as a contraindication to attending specialized kindergartens.

Educational and educational work with children with disorders of the musculoskeletal system is characterized by correctional specifics. It is aimed at developing the personality of the child, hardening his body, developing movements, sensory experience and thinking, including the child in feasible work, etc.

A social worker, within the scope of his activity, should contribute to the solution of the main correctional tasks, the implementation of which in educational institutions for children with disorders of the musculoskeletal system is often violated. These tasks include:

- a comprehensive psychological-pedagogical and clinical-physiological study of the main patterns of physical and mental development of children with disorders of the musculoskeletal system;

- development of psychological and pedagogical classifications of various categories of children with disorders of the musculoskeletal system;

- substantiation of a differentiated and individual approach in their upbringing, training and correction of shortcomings in their cognitive activity and personality;

- substantiation of the principles of organizing a system of various special institutions that create optimal conditions for the upbringing and education of children with disorders of the musculoskeletal system;

- establishment of regularities in the correctional educational process carried out in special kindergartens and schools, as well as in individual education;

- definition of goals, objectives, content, principles and methods of education, training, labor and social training of various categories of children with disorders of the musculoskeletal system;

- development of special technical means that help children with physical disabilities in their development more successfully and in different aspects to learn the reality around them, to establish contact with other children and adults;

- determination of ways and means of preventing the occurrence of developmental disorders in children;

- finding ways to improve, make more comfortable the lives of people with disorders of the musculoskeletal system in the social environment - in the family, in educational and labor collectives.

In psychological terms, disability poses many problems for a person. Disability is a specific situation of the development and state of the individual, usually accompanied by limitations in life in its most diverse areas.

Disabled since childhood - the most poorly protected category of disabled people, which has its own specifics, due, depending on the time of onset of violations and limitations of life, the lack of social experience that disabled people who have received disability after eighteen years of age have.

The formation of personality in children with disabilities, especially those with disorders of the musculoskeletal system, occurs in conditions of limited living space and communication, sometimes completely dependent on outside help in self-service. Despite the fact that people with disabilities since childhood, as a rule, have a high internal susceptibility of attitudes and developed introspection, which provide prerequisites for the development of creative abilities, it is much more difficult for them to realize their potential than other people with disabilities.

The lack of conditions under which abilities, purposefulness, activity and resilience arise and develop affects the formation of independence skills, adequate relationships with others, without which harmonious interaction of the external environment with the inner world of the individual is impossible.

In connection with the recent increase in the number of disabled children, the problem of socio-psychological adaptation of not only a child suffering from a particular pathology, but also the family in which he is brought up, is of particular importance.

Social isolation, in which there is a significant part of families raising children with disabilities, exacerbates the mental trauma caused by the child's disability. This often entails the creation of an unhealthy emotional and psychological environment, contributes to the development of neurosis-like conditions, and in some severe cases, mental illness, both in children and parents.

In order to implement social adaptation, medical and social expertise annually develops an individual comprehensive program for the rehabilitation of a disabled child.

Individual rehabilitation program for the disabled- this is a complex of rehabilitation measures that are optimal for a disabled person, developed on the basis of a decision of the authorized body that manages federal institutions, medical and social expertise, including certain types, forms, volumes, terms and procedures for the implementation of medical, professional and other rehabilitation measures aimed at restoring , compensation for impaired or lost body functions, restoration, compensation for the ability of a disabled person to perform certain types of activities.

This means that an individual rehabilitation program should include all activities, technical and other means of rehabilitation and rehabilitation services necessary for a disabled person to lead a full independent life.

The IPR map is divided into several parts. It begins with detailed individual information about the disabled person. This section, in addition to personal data, includes information:

- about the educational level (general and professional);

- about professions and specialties, qualifications and work performed by the time of the survey (if there is or was such);

- about the group of disability and the degree of limitation of the ability to work.

Based on objective data, an expert opinion is made and a rehabilitation program is formed.

The IPR map includes the following sections:

1) medical rehabilitation;

2) social rehabilitation;

3) professional rehabilitation;

4) psychological and pedagogical rehabilitation (for children under 18).

Medical rehabilitation of the disabled carried out with the aim of restoring or compensating for lost or impaired functions of the human body.

Medical rehabilitation includes:

1. Rehabilitation therapy.

2. Reconstructive surgery.

3. Prosthetics and orthotics.

4. Provision of technical means of medical rehabilitation.

5. Sanatorium treatment of non-working disabled people.

In chapter " social rehabilitation" provided:

1. Informing and consulting on rehabilitation issues,

2. Provision of legal assistance,

3. Socio-psychological and socio-cultural patronage of a family with a disabled person,

4. Adaptive training for the implementation of household and social activities,

5. Technical means of rehabilitation for domestic and social activities,

6. Psychological rehabilitation,

7. Socio-cultural rehabilitation,

8. Rehabilitation by means of physical culture and sports.

Vocational rehabilitation of the disabled is a process and system for restoring the competitiveness of a disabled person in the labor market.

The vocational rehabilitation program includes the following activities and services:

1. Recommendations on contraindications and available conditions and types of work,

2. Professional orientation.

3. Vocational training (retraining),

4. Assistance in finding employment,

5. Technical means of rehabilitation for vocational training (retraining) or work.

The program of psychological and pedagogical rehabilitation for children under 18 years of age includes the following activities:

1. Receiving preschool education and training,

2. Getting a general education,

3. Psychological and pedagogical correctional work,

4. Technical means of rehabilitation for training.

So, the IPR map includes several sections. The most important are the sections that include rehabilitation measures for medical, social professional and psychological and pedagogical rehabilitation. Each section consists of two parts. The first outlines the activities, services and technical means necessary for a disabled person for rehabilitation. The second part contains information about the performers, forms of rehabilitation, the timing of the program and the results of the rehabilitation (or reasons for not implementing the program).

The IPR card is developed on the basis of the decision of the federal institution of medical and social expertise. However, not all disabled people are assigned to the local ITU regional offices. As a rule, visually impaired people are assigned to specialized ITU eye bureaus and should receive IPR there.

IPR is the main mechanism for the rehabilitation of a disabled person, it is designed to ensure that individual needs are taken into account and state support is targeted.

Conclusion

Thus, children with disabilities are the least socially and psychologically protected category among the disabled, which has its own characteristics due to the lack of the social experience that disabled people who have acquired disability in adulthood have. Despite the many problems of a medical, social, psychological and pedagogical nature in children with disabilities, it is impossible to resolve them without changing the public consciousness of negative attitudes towards people with disabilities, as well as eliminating their discrimination in society.

In the course of the study, it was possible to study the features of the medical and social rehabilitation of children with disabilities, to study the features of the activities of a social worker with the category of children with disabilities and to study an individual program for the rehabilitation of a child with disabilities.

The problem of childhood disability is relevant all over the world. The family, the immediate environment of a child with disabilities is the main link in the system of his upbringing, socialization, satisfaction of needs, training, career guidance. When there is a child with a disability in the family, it can influence the creation of a more rigid environment that family members need to perform their functions.

Bibliography

1. Akatov L.I. Social rehabilitation of children with disabilities. Psychological foundations: Proc. allowance for students. higher textbook establishments. - M.: Humanit. ed. center VLADOS, 2007. - 368 p.

2. Martynenko A.V. Theory of medical and social work: a textbook. - M.: Moscow Psychological and Social Institute, 2006. - 160 p.

3. Nevleva I.M., Solovieva L.V. Theory of social work: Textbook. - Belgorod: Cooperative education, 2005. - 431 p.

4. Fundamentals of social work: Textbook for universities / Under. Ed. P.D. Pavlenok.- M.: INFRA-M, - 2005. - 393 p.

5. Theory of social work: Textbook / Pod. ed. prof. E.I. Single. - M.: Jurist, 2008. - 334 p.

6. Theory and methods of social work / Ed. ed. P.D. Peacock. M.: 2007.

7. Kholostova E.I., Dementieva N.F. Social rehabilitation: Textbook. - 4th ed. Moscow: Publishing and Trade Corporation "Dashkov and Co", 2006.

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Main Aspects

There are several options for the rehabilitation of minors:

Adaptation of the child in the conditions in which he was before receiving disability.
Conducting readaptation in new conditions.
The use of therapeutic and preventive measures in a rehabilitation institution.

Medical measures can be taken only after the doctor in the Bureau of Medical and Social Expertise develops a rehabilitation program taking into account the individual characteristics of the child.

Basic terms

In the process of rehabilitation in medical centers, some terms may be used, the meaning of which is often unknown to the parents of children with disabilities:

habilitation	The process of rehabilitation, during which the child develops and forms separate functional systems of the body, the full development of which is difficult due to the presence of certain health defects
abnormal children	These are those children who have serious deviations in physical and mental development.
Hyperactivity	General movement disorder and restlessness, as well as concomitant impaired concentration
Disabled person	A person with a health disorder due to a disease or injury
Life restriction	Deviation in the development of the child from the norm, arising from a violation of health. As a result, the disabled person is not inclined to self-service, movement, communication and orientation

According to the latest changes in legislation, maternity capital can be used for the rehabilitation of disabled children.

In particular, parents can purchase goods and services that the child needs in order to make possible his adaptation and integration in society, rehabilitation.

Key Recovery Tasks

When restoring health, technical means of rehabilitation of children with cerebral palsy are used.

When carrying out special medical and rehabilitation measures, the following tasks are pursued:

Revealing the potential of the child and its disclosure.
Implementation of dynamic control over the development of a minor.
Determining the degree of need for certain therapeutic measures, procedures.
Drawing up a rehabilitation program and following the doctor's instructions.

There are some principles for the rehabilitation of children with disabilities:

the state guarantees that the rights of persons with disabilities are fully protected;
the interests of children with disabilities are given priority;
rehabilitation programs are available to anyone who needs them;
medical intervention is most appropriate at an early stage of the disease, when serious health consequences can be prevented;
there are many different forms of rehabilitation;
the activities of services providing medical and social assistance to children with disabilities are coordinated by the state.

An important task is to prepare children with disabilities for life in society, subsequent work and socialization.

Normative base

Protection of the rights and interests of persons with disabilities is carried out by the state at the highest level, especially when it comes to children with disabilities.

Some regulations have been issued that are observed by organizations that interact in one way or another with people with disabilities:

Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
Declaration on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities.
Convention on the Rights of the Child.
Federal Law No. 419 on the social protection of a disabled person, in accordance with which the concepts of rehabilitation and habilitation of disabled people are established, the need to provide assistance to this category of citizens is fixed. In accordance with this law, an individual program for the rehabilitation of persons with disabilities is being developed.
Federal Law No. 166 establishes the basic rules for the appointment and payment of social pensions.

Those children with disabilities who permanently reside on the territory of Russia have the right to such assistance.

According to the law, children with disabilities have the right to free sanitary-resort treatment. The travel and accommodation for one accompanying person is also paid.

In accordance with the Federal Law on the rehabilitation of persons with disabilities, they should be provided with opportunities for social adaptation, sports, assistance in training and preparation for subsequent employment.

What you need to know

Restoring children's health is not an easy task. It must be approached with all responsibility. Program development is only the first step on the road to recovery.

With the help of rehabilitation, the process of the child's recovery can be accelerated or the process of adaptation to new, unusual social conditions can be started.

Photo: statistics on the number of children with disabilities

Due to rehabilitation, prevention of the occurrence of various complications can be carried out. In some cases, it is possible to return a person to an active life and prepare for the implementation of labor activity in the future.

Specifics of work (methods and technology)

There are several methods and technologies that are used by medical professionals for the rehabilitation of children with disabilities. Thus, projects for socio-cultural adaptation are being developed.

Basic methods for social and household adaptation of persons with disabilities:

counseling activities for parents of a disabled person;
carrying out adaptation training activities;
assistance in teaching the child social skills;
adaptation of housing where a disabled child lives to his needs;
organization of the educational process, leisure;
occupation of medical physical culture, sports loads.

There are several methods of social rehabilitation:

Social diagnostics.
Therapy.
Preventive actions.
Psychosocial help.

Based on the diagnosis, a psychological and pedagogical plan is drawn up, which should be used not only in the treatment, but also in the education of a child with a disability.

Social therapy is carried out, the main task of which is to solve the social problems of the child, correct behavior in society, and help in self-affirmation.

Individual rehabilitation program for a disabled child

IPR is a kind of medical project card developed by specialists in the Bureau of Medical and Social Expertise. The format of the document was approved by the Order of the Ministry of Health.

The document format for an individual rehabilitation program for a disabled person is possible.

It includes the following sections:

Personal information about a person with a disability.
The level of education. The institution where the child is studying is indicated.
disability group.
existing restrictions.
Medical rehabilitation program.
social project. recovery.
The project of psychological and pedagogical rehabilitation of a child under 18 years old.

The most important section is medical rehabilitation. The main task of medical workers is to restore or maintain the health of a child with a disability at the same level.

The program makes a note about which type of treatment was chosen:

general, rehabilitation therapy;
surgery;
prosthetics;
restoration with the help of technical means for rehabilitation;
Spa treatment.

In accordance with the IPR, a disabled person is assisted in the selection of an educational institution, the provision of technical means, and the conduct of psychological, pedagogical and corrective work with a child.

Modern approaches to the problem

In modern society, the following measures are taken to rehabilitate people with disabilities:

Medical.
Socio-economic.
Professional.
Pedagogical.
Psychological.

The main task is to prepare the child for adulthood, the implementation of his labor activity, socialization.

The number of disabled people is growing, just as the state's expenses for their maintenance are increasing. The problem of rehabilitation is reflected in many modern legislative acts, as well as in UN documents.

Much attention is paid to the development of a unified system for the restoration and adaptation of citizens with impaired health.

Difficulties of socio-psychological recovery

A child who has been assigned a disability group, in addition to the usual problems that are common to any citizen, also has certain needs.

Their non-fulfillment can cause a person to not be able to adapt in society, will feel flawed, inferior. With such an attitude, the child will not be able to develop as a full-fledged personality.

The difficulty lies not only in choosing the right rehabilitation program, but also in implementing it. The child must be prepared for the fact that later he must become a full-fledged citizen and carry out labor activities.

Practical problem solving

The state, in order to provide disabled people with a decent life and help in solving existing problems, takes the following actions:

The amount of social pensions and benefits is increasing.
Motivation programs are being carried out for employers who can benefit from hiring a disabled person.
A whole system of compensation is envisaged when paying for housing and communal services.

At any time, a disabled person can get advice on issues that have arisen by calling the social assistance service.

Special centers

A child with a disability and his parents can receive medical and social assistance by contacting a specialized center.

A large number of them were discovered in large cities of Russia - Moscow, St. Petersburg, Volgograd, Rostov-on-Don, Krasnodar, but they are also available in sparsely populated areas.

Such specialized institutions include correctional kindergartens and secondary schools, rehabilitation centers.

Photo: dynamics of disabled children living in Russia

Disability implies that its owner has been diagnosed with chronic health problems, that is, there is an injury or a complex disease. Moreover, these conditions limit human life, social activity. As for children with disabilities, they are usually unable to control their reactions and behavior due to serious mental, neuropsychiatric and/or physical abnormalities. Self-service, communication with peers is also difficult for them, and training and further work are sometimes even impossible. Given all this, the state creates various opportunities for the rehabilitation of children with disabilities. Next, we will cover the topic in more detail.

Understanding and Directing the Rehabilitation of Disabled Children

According to experts, more than 600,000 minors with the status in question are registered in the Russian Federation. At the same time, the figure increases every year due to the ill health of young parents, social problems, poor environmental conditions and other reasons. Therefore, to ensure the conditions in which disabled children can live as fully as possible, taking into account their characteristics and limitations, a rehabilitation system has been created.

Rehabilitation, in fact, is a set of measures designed to help injured or sick citizens with disabilities so that they have the opportunity to study, be employed, live normally and fully participate in the life of society. Conventionally, rehabilitation is divided into:

Medical - here we are talking about measures that should reduce the impact of the pathology-provoker of disability on the body;

Physical - implies the correction, restoration or compensation of lost physical. body capabilities due to adaptive and physiotherapy exercises;

Psychological - consists in a complex of special measures with the help of which a psychological environment is created so that the disabled person can live comfortably in society and in general;

Social - an element of a psychological orientation that contributes to the independence of a person with disabilities, his adaptation in social terms;

Professional - in this case, it means providing persons with disabilities with competitive education and developing the skills of prof. employment activities.

The listed actions for a disabled child can be fully implemented only on the basis of an individual rehabilitation program (IPR) and a plan with all relevant directions in them. IPR is issued based on the results of a medical and social examination.

The standard program (since 2005) contains information about a disabled child, the disease diagnosed in him, the established degree of restrictions and the disability group. It also spells out the types and volumes, the procedure and terms for the implementation of rehabilitation measures of a medical, physical, psychological and pedagogical orientation.

In the latter case, it means:

Obtaining preschool and school education by a disabled child;

Psychological and pedagogical work in order to correct the relevant violations;

Provision of the necessary material and resource equipment for training.

Family patronage and, if required, counseling parents on the adaptation of a sick child (and not only), the provision of psychological support;

Laws of the Russian Federation on the rehabilitation of disabled children

To date, in the social state. policy, the subject of adaptation and comprehensive rehabilitation of children with disabilities occupies one of the priority places. This is largely due to integration into the world community, where the observance of the freedoms and rights of people with disabilities has long been a sign of a civilized society and the norm. In addition, we should not forget about the increase in the number of sick children.

In any case, in the Russian Federation, rehabilitation measures are carried out based on the Declaration on the Rights of the Child and the UN Declaration on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. In the indicated documents, the right of disabled persons who have not reached the age of majority to economic and social

ensuring satisfactory living conditions. They are guaranteed psychological and medical support, opportunities to learn, show their abilities and prepare for work.

Plus, the rehabilitation and social protection of children with disabilities are based on the Constitution of the Russian Federation and the Federal Laws “On the Social Protection of the Disabled in the Russian Federation”, “On the Basic Guarantees of the Rights of the Child”, “On Education”, and “On Social Services for Senior Citizens and Disabled Persons in the Russian Federation”. In addition, the topic under consideration is regulated by special decrees of the President of the country and federal targeted programs created to provide social assistance to people with disabilities and improve their living conditions.

Social rehabilitation of disabled children

In order for a child with a disability to have an idea about society, its values, culture, accepted norms of behavior, in general, develop, get an education, be brought up correctly, be able to interact with others, a set of measures for social rehabilitation has been developed. Thanks to various activities, children with disabilities should also become more independent, learn household orientation and self-care.

And since disabled children are mostly isolated from their peers, they cannot or with great difficulty visit historical and cultural heritage sites, the main task of social rehabilitation is to organize an environment and space where the child will be able to develop and demonstrate the inherent skills, will be involved in communication with others. children, with the environment.

It should be taken into account that not only the medical direction should be actively developed in the rehabilitation of disabled minors. Of course, the treatment of diseases and their prevention are vital, but this should not contribute to the isolation of children with disabilities in separate schools on the grounds of health problems. Although for many years there has been a practice of placing people with disabilities not only in special schools, but also in closed medical institutions, sanatoriums, etc., today, with the help of social rehabilitation, they seek to integrate special children into one space with healthy ones in order to overcome rejection, fear, complexes and help unlock potential.

For more successful integration of persons with disabilities, attention is paid to:

Facilitate and improve their living conditions through the use of household appliances and technical means;

Creation of special conditions for practical interaction in society;

Restoration and development of physical. opportunities;

Realization of their creative abilities;

Organization of space and leisure so that it is comfortable to visit museums, cultural events, development centers, etc.;

Psychological support relevant for both disabled children and their parents and relatives.

The considered types of activities are designed to help a child with a disability and his relatives to integrate into the social environment, to become part of it.

Rehabilitation of disabled children at home

If parents want their child to undergo rehabilitation at home, the first thing to do is to consult with the attending physician. Consultations with a psychoneurologist and a teacher will not be superfluous. Honey. specialists and teachers should examine the condition of the disabled person, as well as assess his physical and intellectual capabilities, fix the degree of limitation and development of motor skills.

As a result, an individual training program is formed, and at the initial stage, it is permissible to perform most of the tasks together with the usual tasks of caring for a child. For example, in the process of daily care, it is possible to develop self-service skills and independence in children with disabilities, contributing in parallel to their physical development.

It is important that home activities please the child and at the same time be successful. To achieve these goals, experts advise adhering to the following principles:

Give small assignments

Develop safe functions with the help of a set of exercises;

Alternate activities, avoiding monotony and monotony;

Intersperse new tasks with simple and mastered ones, so that after exerting effort, the child can relax a little;

Evaluate the results achieved positively, encouraging the child and, if necessary, providing support (if he cannot do something on his own);

Adhere to the plan adjusted by the teacher, drawn up for at least two weeks.

With all the benefits of home rehabilitation, parents should prepare for the whims of a disabled child, his unwillingness to complete tasks and other possible difficulties.

Rehabilitation centers for disabled children

Restorative measures in the complex, that is, in the required areas, are implemented in special rehabilitation centers. They have all the conditions for the social, pedagogical, physical and medical rehabilitation of a child with a disability.

It also provides psychological assistance to family members of a minor with disabilities. For example, parents are consulted, taught methods of education, introduced into a circle of support and communication with the same people.

The key tasks of the center are the comprehensive rehabilitation of disabled children, their social adaptation of children, the creation of a suitable environment and a favorable climate (in the family, between children). In rehabilitation centers, qualified specialists take up the matter, from doctors to trainers. This guarantees the implementation of individual ways of working with each child with a disability.

Plus, cultural, educational, cultural, sports and other events are held in such centers, taking into account the characteristics of students. Often, parents and healthy children are invited to participate, which allows everyone involved in the process to gain a unique communication experience and more.