List of veterinary preparations. The main groups of immunobiological drugs
pharmaceuticals
Pharmacological agents
pharmaceuticals (pharmacy) (from the Greek pharmakeia -; or the use of a medicine), or pharmacology, is a system of practice and scientific knowledge designed to research, manufacture, standardize, store and dispense medicines. Pharmacy in unity with pharmacology is the science of drugs. Pharmacy includes pharmaceutical chemistry, pharmacognosy, pharmaceutical technology, toxicological chemistry, pharmacy economics management organization and other sections.
Dosing of drugs
Classification of drugs by action and use
Medicines that affect hematopoiesis
Uterine medicines
Vitamin preparations
Hormonal drugs
Medicines containing phosphorus
Tetracycline drugs. Protein preparations, amino acids and protein substitutes. Bacterial and vitamin preparations. Tissue preparations and other stimulants. trace elements
Antibiotics
: penicillins, aminoglycosides, streptomycins, tetracyclines, levomycetins, macrolide antibiotics and antifungals.
Drugs to enhance the excretory function of the kidneys
They are divided mainly into three groups: potassium-sparing, saluretics, osmotic diuretics. Saluretics include thiazide and thiazide-like drugs (dichlothiazide, oxodoline, cyclomethiazide, etc.), carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (diacarb), derivatives of sulfamoylanthranilic and dichlorophenoxyacetic acids (fetacrinic acid, urosemide, etc.).
To drugs that regulate metabolic processes, includes a large group of various drugs that differ in chemical structure, mechanism of action and indications for use: hypoglycemic drugs, anabolic steroids, immunostimulants, enzyme and anti-enzyme drugs.
http://flora1.ru/ rooting a rose from a bouquet.
Short description. A certain amount of a drug is called a dose. Doses are single, or single, daily and course, that is, for the entire time (course) of treatment.
Descriptions of natural remedies for animal health
Paraffin treatment Paraffin baths Cold clay Clay Heating pads Sand treatment Ozokerite treatment Vacuum therapy Massage techniques Inhalation Massage Mud treatment Mustard plasters Wrapping Medicinal compresses Cold water procedures Enemas Water Dosage forms Preservation of bile Using velvet antlers Massaging enemas Sponging Thermal procedures Water warming compress Bathing Dousing Washing Bile of animalsVeterinary clinics
Compound feed and premixes for cattle. Application Pharmacy in veterinary medicine. Dry food for animals: cats, dogs, cows, goats. Grooming cosmetics for dogs. Flea and tick remedies, toys for dogs. Construction of barns.
Construction of houses in the countryside
Construction of houses from glued beams. Construction of wooden houses. Construction of tent hangars for agriculture.
VETERINARY DOSAGE FORMS
1.General characteristic And features of the veterinary formulation
Veterinary- science of treatment and prevention of animal diseases. It is an independent branch of pharmaceutical science.
The main task facing veterinary pharmacy is the development of rational dosage forms for providing fast high-quality care to animals.
Features of the veterinary formulation:
=> The use of dosage forms that have fallen into disuse in medical practice: cereals, boluses.
=> Anatomical features and structure of animal organs, forcing to change the volume and weight of dosage forms, as well as the type of dosage form.
=> Dosage of medicines.
=> Introduction to dosage forms of special flavors that correct taste and smell.
Single, most commonly used doses medicinalfunds For different types of animals are given in the GF X ed. p.1042, doses are given taking into account the type of animal (horse, cow, sheep, pig, dog, chicken) and its weight. A convenient scheme in which the WFD for an adult is taken as a unit.
To correct the taste and smell of medicines for internal use, substances that are pleasant for animals are used. For example, salty substances (sodium chloride, sodium sulfate) are added to dosage forms for cows and horses, bitter substances (magnesium sulfate, wormwood) for sheep, sweet substances (sugar, honey) for pigs and dogs, and valerian tincture for cats. The smell is corrected with the help of essential oils: anise, cinnamon, mint. The smell and taste can also be given by mixing the drug with the animal's favorite food: oats, rye flour, milk, minced meat.
Substances with an unpleasant odor and taste are added to medicines for external use. They should prevent animals from licking the dosage form (for example, kerosene).
2. Technology of veterinary medicinal forms of Kashka (electuaria) - one of the specific veterinary dosage forms, which are masses of mushy consistency for internal use. They are obtained by mixing medicinal and excipients. There are thick (Electuaria spissa) and thick (Electuaria tenia seu mollia) porridges. The first ones do not drip from a spoon, the second ones drip like honey. Licorice root powder, rye and linseed flour, marshmallow root powder, linseed cake powder, as well as extracts, syrups, honey, molasses, and vegetable oils are used as formative substances. It is impossible to include medicines of list A and B in cereals, irritating substances, with an unpleasant taste and smell.
pills are dense balls rolled out from a specially prepared mass consisting of one or more medicinal substances and a shaping base, which is used as a powder and extract of marshmallow root, licorice powder, rye flour, white clay. The mass of pills ranges from 0.1 to 0.5 g. Pills are dosed by weight, so they can contain drugs from list B. Pills are prescribed for small animals and birds.
Boluses- dosage form intended for internal use. It has the texture of a bread crumb. Form - egg-shaped, weight 3-5 g for cats and dogs and 30-50 g for large animals. As auxiliary use the same substances as in the pills. Apply on the day of preparation, because. during storage, they harden and do not disintegrate in the gastric contents.
At home, they often use a bread crumb (preferably rye), into which a medicinal substance is rolled. Boluses can be placed on a rod or split stick and given to animals.
Granules(grains) - a dosage form weighing up to 0.05 g for internal use in birds and small animals. The shape of the granules is round or cylindrical, the consistency is denser than that of pills. Of the excipients, rye flour and milk sugar are widely used.
If the composition of the granules does not include substances of lists A and B, then they can be obtained by rubbing the mass through a sieve, followed by drying.
The types of granules are premixes- a dosage form obtained by granulating a mixture of medicinal substances with 1 kg of compound feed or 1 kg of bran. The composition of premixes may include: vitamins, microelements, antibiotics, bactericidal preparations and other substances. When using 1 kg of premixes, they are mixed with 99 kg of compound feed and fed to animals. Premixes are dosed based on 1 kg of compound feed.
Powders. Applies to all kinds of animals. There are dosed and undosed powders, for internal and external use. The peculiarity lies in the fact that medicinal substances are prescribed in large quantities. Cooking is carried out according to general rules. It is possible to add corrective substances or dyes to medicinal substances to obtain a color similar to the color of the animal's integument. To avoid licking, substances with an unpleasant odor and taste are added.
Powders are usually mixed with a favorite drink or well-eaten animal food: pigs in milk, birds in water, cats in sweet tea, dogs in minced meat. Powders can be poured into the nostrils of large animals - from there the animals lick it off with their tongue. Cats and dogs are poured on the root of the tongue.
Tablets are manufactured in the factory. It is used internally and externally, in crushed form with food or as a whole.
Briquettes may be square, oval, rectangular or cylindrical. Obtained by pressing in industrial conditions. Sodium chloride, chalk, starch, rye flour, and other feed products are used as forming substances.
In the form of briquettes, macroelements, vitamins, antibiotics, microelements, salts, disinfectants and antihelminthic substances are released. Feed briquettes are prescribed for group feeding in the form of licks (for cattle) or after dissolution and grinding, they are added to feed, swill.
Solutions are made according to the general rules. In addition to purified water for the preparation of solutions used for disinfection of premises, washing of the skin, it is allowed to use ordinary water (river, lake, pond) (Aqua communis). Tap and well water (Aqua fontana) is allowed to be used for the preparation of solutions for internal, external, rectal use, except when the medicinal substances are not compatible with the salts of ordinary water.
In the manufacture of non-aqueous solutions for external use, ether, glycerin, ethyl alcohol, kerosene, gasoline, solar oil are used.
Suspensions And emulsions. Unlike medicinal suspensions, veterinary suspensions can be prescribed list B drugs and herbal powders.
In veterinary formulations, emulsions from poppy, linseed and hemp seeds are most often found. As emulsifiers, egg yolk and various gums, such as gum arabic, are used.
Infusions, decoctions, mucus. Prepared in the pharmacopoeial way. At home, ready-made collections of medicinal plants are used for cooking, which are placed in an enameled bucket or pan and poured with boiling water, tightly closed with a lid and infused until cool. Then filter through a double layer of gauze or linen. Additionally, both soluble and insoluble medicinal substances are administered.
Rectal medicinal forms. Common rectal dosage forms in veterinary medicine are enemas and suppositories. Produced according to general rules. The size of the suppositories depends on the size of the animal. The mass for small animals is 1.5 - 10.0 g, for large animals 5.0 -30.0 g, and the length is from 2.0 to 8.0 cm. Suppositories are prescribed for animals for insertion into the rectum, vagina, urethra . Basics - cocoa butter, butyrol, etc.
Injectable dosage forms. They are made according to the general rules. As solvents for the preparation of injection solutions, double-distilled water, mineral oil, benzyl alcohol, propylene glycol are used. As a preservative - chlorobutanol.
External dosage forms. Ointments, pastes, liniments. They are used quite often due to the high frequency of animal injuries. They are applied with a spatula, brush or tampon to pre-cut, washed skin with water, wipe dry.
As excipients in ointments and pastes, substances of natural origin are preferable, because. they can be licked by animals. Kerosene may be added to the ointment to prevent licking off the skin.
stripes- dosage form intended for the control With ticks in bees, which are lowered into the interframe space of the hive. They are produced in packs of 10 and 50 strips per box (Apisan, Bayvarol, etc.). For the same purpose, they issue smoke generating pills.
inhalation dosage forms. Aerosols. The inhalation route of administration of drugs ensures the rapid absorption of many drugs, on the one hand. and on the other hand, it allows mechanizing the introduction of drugs into the animal's body, taking into account intensified animal husbandry. Spraying the active substance in the air over large areas allows for active vaccination and chemotherapy.
3. Storage of veterinary medicinal products
Store in a specially designated place, preferably in a separate locker. Do not store them near feed, food. The container in which medicinal substances are stored must be labeled, otherwise they can cause poisoning. Many drugs under the influence of light, moisture and other factors can become damp, form toxic decomposition products, and volatilize. Therefore, conditions are necessary: store them in a dry, dark place, in a well-closed container.
Many disciplines are engaged in the study of drugs, including those intended for the treatment of animals, while various clarifications are made to the definition of the concepts of “drug”, “dosage form”, “drug product”, reflecting the features of those points of view from the standpoint of which they teach. disciplines.
In pharmaceutical commodity science, it is customary to clearly distinguish between such concepts as “medicinal raw material”, “drug”, “drug substance”, “excipients”, “dosage form”, “drug product”, etc.
Medicinal raw materials - a set of natural and artificial materials and substances used for the production of medicines.
Medicinal product - a medicinal substance of natural or synthetic origin or a mixture of substances used for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of diseases, reproductive purposes.
Medicinal substance - a medicinal product, which is a single chemical compound or chemical element.
Excipients - ingredients that are part of drugs, enhance or weaken the effect of the drug or do not have a pharmaceutical effect, but allow you to get the required dosage form.
During commodity examination, it is necessary to pay attention to the legal status of the medicinal product. The Law "On Medicinal Products" distinguishes between:
patented medicinal products - medicinal products, the right to manufacture and sell which is protected by the patent legislation of the Russian Federation;
illegal copies of medicines - medicines placed on the market in violation of the patent legislation of the Russian Federation;
original medicinal products - medicinal products that have come into circulation with their own registered names;
generic medicines - medicines that have entered circulation after the expiration of the exclusive patent rights to original medicines.
In addition, an international non-proprietary name is used - INN (INN - International Nonproprietary Names) of the World Health Organization (WHO) system (“World Health Organization”). This is the name of a medicinal substance registered and recommended by WHO for ease of identification of the drug by belonging to a certain pharmaceutical group and accepted by all members of this organization.
When handling a medicinal product, its patented commercial name (Brand name) is most often used. It is patented by drug manufacturers, and this patent is indefinite, unlike patents for the original drug, which has a period of validity determined by the legislation of the country that issued it.
Dosage form - a convenient for use condition given to a medicinal product or medicinal plant material, in which the desired therapeutic effect is achieved.
Depending on the consistency, dosage forms are: solid (powders, tablets, dragees); soft (ointments, pastes, suppositories);
liquid (solutions, drops, tinctures, decoctions, extracts, potions).
According to the method of administration, dosage forms are:
inhalation - for administration through the respiratory tract in the form of inhalation of steam, gas, aerosols;
parenteral - bypassing the gastrointestinal tract (intravenously, subcutaneously, intramuscularly, on the skin, mucous membranes);
enteral - through the digestive tract.
Medicinal product - a dosed medicinal product in a ready-to-use form.
A veterinary drug is a medicinal product intended for the treatment and maintenance of animal productivity.
In merchandising, a “drug” is understood to mean a drug in its primary packaging with instructions for medical use.
There are the following types of medicines and preparations:
standard - with precisely measured physical, chemical and / or biological parameters, intended for use in comparative studies;
galenic - based on plant or animal raw materials,
newgalenic - based on plant or animal raw materials, containing active ingredients, purified from ballast substances;
nutritional - containing nutrients that can be absorbed by the body without additional digestion;
Durant (prolonged action) - having a longer therapeutic effect than other drugs containing the same medicinal substances;
radioactive or radiopharmaceutical - containing a radioactive isotope of any element included in its composition. They are used for diagnostics and radiation therapy.
In the Russian Federation, herbal medicines are traditionally widely used. The raw materials for the manufacture of such products are medicinal plants. A medicinal collection is prepared from them - a dosage form, which is a mixture of several types of dried and often crushed medicinal plants or their parts, fruits with the addition of medicines; in turn, medicinal fees serve as raw materials for the preparation of such dosage forms as infusions and decoctions.
COMMODITY CLASSIFICATION OF VETERINARY DRUGS
As noted earlier, veterinary pharmacology has a lot in common with medical (humanitarian) pharmacology. However, it also has some very significant features.
The commonality is due to the fact that most medicinal substances act similarly on humans and animals. It is further enhanced by the fact that at the first stage, the study of new medicinal substances is carried out on the same types of laboratory animals using the same methods. Veterinary pharmacology makes extensive use of the achievements of medical pharmacology. In turn, many data of veterinary pharmacology are used in medicine. In medicine and veterinary medicine, there are two main principles for the classification of medicinal substances: according to the systemic effect on the body and according to the chemical structure. The first principle is used in pharmacology, the second - in pharmaceutical chemistry.
The difference between veterinary pharmacology and medical pharmacology is primarily due to the fact that animals with different anatomical and physiological characteristics have different species reactions to the action of medicinal substances. In addition, there are many diseases specific to a certain animal species, and each of them requires its own arsenal of pharmacological agents. Modern intensive animal husbandry requires special preparations to maintain the health and high productivity of animals.
The composition and properties of the most widely used medicinal substances are described in the State Pharmacopoeia (the current pharmacopoeia of the 11th edition), pharmacopoeial articles for medicines (including pharmacopoeial articles of enterprises). Requirements for veterinary drugs are set out in the relevant state standards (GOST), technical specifications.
The arsenal of medicinal substances is constantly replenished with new, more effective drugs, which makes it possible to systematically replace them with new, more advanced ones. With the development of pharmacology, new opportunities for obtaining more advanced drugs appear. Previously, they were obtained only from plants. The plant world is still a rich source, and methods for studying substances are constantly being improved.
Currently, more than 20,000 drug names are registered in the Russian Federation, not counting their trade names, the number of which exceeds 100,000. Each pharmaceutical substance and excipient of pharmacopoeial quality has an international non-proprietary name.
A rational classification, i.e., their distribution into classes, groups and subgroups, which can also have narrower divisions, should help to understand such a huge array of drugs. Substances of medicinal products can be classified in various ways. For example:
by origin (mineral, vegetable, animal, biotic, synthetic);
state of aggregation (solid, ointment, liquid, gaseous);
stabilizing properties (stabilized, non-stabilized);
septic properties (sterile, non-sterile);
chemical classification (antibiotics, sulfonamides, etc.);
pharmacotherapeutic groups (based on the main pharmacological properties, the main areas of medical application, chemical "kinship").
The number of attributes can be increased many times (by packaging, manufacturers, etc.).
The basis for the classification of drugs may be the following features:
1. Pharmacotherapeutic. At one time, M. D. Mashkovsky classified medicines into 14 classes:
acting mainly on the central nervous system;
affecting mainly peripheral neurotransmitter systems;
acting mainly on afferent nerve endings;
acting mainly on the cardiovascular system;
acting mainly on the excretory function of the kidneys;
hepatoprotective agents; uterine preparations;
means regulating metabolic processes; antihypoxants and antioxidants;
means regulating immunological processes (immunomodulators, immunostimulants, immunosuppressants);
drugs of different pharmacological groups;
antimicrobial, antiviral and other anti-infective agents;
drugs used to treat cancer;
some diagnostic (for example, radiopaque) means.
These classes of drugs are divided into groups, which, in turn, in some cases, into subgroups, based on the following main features:
basic pharmacological properties;
main areas of medical application; chemical relationship.
2. Nosological. "Register of Medicines of Russia - Encyclopedia of Medicines" includes seven classes of medicines; classification (by disease or indications for use) has 28 main sections.
3. Alphabetical order. "The State Register of Medicines Allowed for Use in Medical Practice and Industrial Production" - a list of medicines registered in the Russian Federation, is an official document of the Ministry of Health and Social Development of Russia.
4. Belonging to pharmacological groups. The "Great Russian Encyclopedia of Medicines" classified by pharmacological groups in accordance with the State Register and clinical and pharmacological classification, including 20 groups of drugs grouped in alphabetical order by medical disciplines.
5. Chemical structure and production method. Classification can be determined by the chemical structure and methods of obtaining drugs. According to this classification, all drugs are divided into two groups - inorganic and organic. Inorganic preparations are classified according to the position of the elements in the Periodic Table of D. I. Mendeleev and the main classes: oxides, acids, hydroxides, salts, complex compounds. When classifying organic drugs, two classification features are used: the structure of the carbon chain or cycle and the nature of the functional group.
6. Dosage form (ointments, tablets, capsules, etc.).
7. According to storage conditions (requiring protection from light, moisture, etc.).
Close to the optimal solution to the general problem of classification is the "Anatomical-Therapeutic-Chemical Classification of Medicinal Substances" (ATC), developed by WHO. According to this classification, substances and drugs are divided into groups depending on the organ or system on which they act, as well as their therapeutic and chemical characteristics, for example, the digestive tract, blood and blood-forming organs, the cardiovascular system, etc. Each group includes therapeutic and pharmacological, and in some cases chemical subgroups, which have their own alphabetic and additional numeric designations. Each medicinal substance and dosage forms have their own alphabetic and numeric index.
The ATC classification is very extensive and clearly indexes each medicinal substance. It is a large database of modern medicines and their distribution in the indicated groups.
According to the classification of medicines by origin, medicines are divided into classes:
1. Mineral origin:
soda (drinking), coal (activated), Al (OH) 3, MgCl 2, Mg (OH) 2, NaCl, AI 3 PO 4, NaAL (OH) 2 CO 3, KAl (SO 4) 2, silt therapeutic mud , mineral raw materials based on bismuth, potassium, calcium, iron, lithium, lead, trace elements, etc.
2. Vegetable origin:
medicinal plant materials (about 240 species) are represented by various morphological groups (collections, leaves, herbs, flowers, fruits, seeds, roots, rhizomes, bark, etc.); vegetable oils (essential, fatty); juices; syrups; extracts (dry, liquid, aqueous, alcoholic, ethereal, oily, freon); tinctures.
3. Animal origin:
from the blood; blood plasma; tissues and organs; poisons.
4. Biotic origin:
allergens; toxoids; bacteriophages; vaccines; immunoglobulins; immunomodulators; nutrient media; probiotics; serum; test systems.
5. Synthetic origin. This class (including subclasses, such as, for example, semi-synthetic penicillins) includes the bulk of drugs.
Biological preparations according to GOST 4.492-89 “Veterinary biological preparations. Nomenclature of indicators" can be divided into groups:
diagnostic tools (diagnosticums);
immune sera and vaccines;
bacteriophages;
antibiotics;
biogenic stimulants.
The State Register of Veterinary Drugs registered in accordance with the current legislation of the Russian Federation is similar to the State Register of Medicinal Products of Russia, officially published by the Russian Ministry of Health and Social Development and accessible to a wide range of veterinary and other specialists, but is not currently published by the Russian Ministry of Agriculture. Therefore, the names of veterinary drugs, their physical and chemical properties, conditions, storage periods and dosages are given in numerous reference books on veterinary drugs in accordance with the State Pharmacopoeia.
Classification is important for ensuring machine processing in planning, organizing production and accounting, standardization, and pricing of medicines. It is an integral part of the Unified System for the Classification and Coding of Technical and Economic Information. For this purpose, the 93rd class of OKP products "medicines, chemical-pharmaceutical products and medical products" was developed. The objects of classification in the 93rd class of this classifier are medicines, intermediates, excipients, etc.
DOSAGE FORMS
Aerosols - a dosage form that is solutions, emulsions, suspensions of medicinal substances under pressure together with propellants in a sealed package equipped with a valve-spray system (dosing or not dosing).
An aerosol that releases the contents of a package with air is called a spray.
Aerosols are intended for inhalation (inhalation). A variety of inhalations are powders for inhalation (inhalers), which can be produced in special packaging and dosing devices such as rotodisks, ventodisks, etc.
Aerosols can also be designed to apply a therapeutic composition to the skin, mucous membranes, wounds.
Briquettes - a solid dosage form obtained by pressing crushed medicinal plant materials or a mixture of various types of plant materials without the addition of auxiliary substances and intended for the preparation of infusions and decoctions.
Granules - a solid dosed or non-dosed dosage form for internal use in the form of agglomerates (grains) of a spherical or irregular shape, containing a mixture of active ingredients and excipients.
Granules can be coated, including gastro-resistant, and uncoated - for the preparation of oral liquids and modified release active ingredients.
Dragee is a solid dosage form obtained by layer-by-layer application of active ingredients onto microparticles of inert carriers using sugar syrups.
Drops - a liquid dosage form containing one or more active active ingredients dissolved, suspended or emulsified in an appropriate solvent, and dosed in drops.
There are drops for internal and external use.
Capsules (boluses) - a dosage form consisting of a hard or soft gelatin shell containing one or more active active ingredients with or without the addition of excipients. Boluses are intended for internal use in veterinary practice. As a rule, they are assigned to horses.
Capsules are hard, soft, microcapsules, gastro-resistant, pellets.
Gastro-resistant - capsules that release drugs in the intestinal juice.
Microcapsules - capsules consisting of a thin shell of a polymeric or other material, spherical or irregular in shape, ranging in size from 1 to 2000 microns, containing solid or liquid active ingredients with or without the addition of excipients.
Soft - whole capsules of various shapes (spherical, ovoid, oblong, etc.) with liquid or pasty substances.
Solid - cylindrical capsules with hemispherical ends, consisting of two parts that fit one into the other without forming gaps. Capsules can be filled with powders, granules, microcapsules, pellets, tablets.
Porridge - dosage forms for internal use of a mushy or pasty consistency. In veterinary practice, it is used mainly for the treatment of pigs.
Spansulas - capsules for internal use, containing a mixture of drugs in the form of microdrugs, with different dissolution times.
Pellets - coated solid particles of spherical shape containing one or more active active substances with or without the addition of excipients, having dimensions from 200 to 5000 microns.
Patches - a dosage form for external use, which has the ability to soften and stick to the skin at body temperature. Plasters are one of the oldest dosage forms included in all pharmacopoeias of the world. They are distinguished both by the composition of the incoming medicinal and formative substances, and by the state of aggregation. Very often they are produced in the form of strips of a fabric base, on which a mass of a special composition is applied. The components of the patch can be resins, paraffin, wax, rubber, lanolin, petroleum jelly, volatile solvents (ether, ethanol) and various medicinal substances.
Dosage forms for injection - sterile dosage forms for parenteral use in the form of solutions, suspensions, emulsions, as well as solid medicinal substances (powders, tablets, porous mass), which are dissolved in a sterile solvent immediately before administration. There are injections of small volume (up to 100 ml) and large volume (100 ml or more) (infusions).
Ointments are a soft dosage form intended for application to the skin, wounds, mucous membranes and consisting of a base and medicinal substances evenly distributed in it. Ointments (including pastes) are classified as undosed drugs.
According to the type of dispersed systems, ointments are divided into homogeneous (alloys, solutions), suspension, emulsion and combined; depending on the consistency properties - on the actual ointments, creams, gels, liniments, pastes.
Gels are ointments with a viscous consistency that can retain their shape and have elasticity and plasticity.
According to the type of dispersed systems, hydrophilic and hydrophobic gels are distinguished.
Creams - ointments of soft consistency, which are oil-in-water or water-in-oil emulsions.
Liniments are ointments in the form of a viscous liquid.
Pastes - ointments of dense consistency, the content of powdered substances in which exceeds 25%. If the prescription of medicinal substances is less than this amount, then indifferent substances are added (starch, talc, white clay, etc.).
Potions are liquid dosage forms obtained by dissolving or mixing various medicinal substances in liquids. As a rule, potions contain at least three ingredients.
Infusions and decoctions - a liquid dosage form, which is an aqueous extract from medicinal plant materials. They contain various active principles - organic acids, essential oils, glycosides, alkaloids, etc. These medicines are prepared from natural (native) raw materials.
Tinctures - alcohol or water-alcohol extract from vegetable raw materials, obtained without heating and removing the extractant. Tinctures are prepared at pharmaceutical factories, and therefore they are all official preparations.
Solutions - a liquid dosage form obtained by dissolving liquid, solid or gaseous substances in an appropriate solvent. Solutions are used for internal and external use, as well as for injection.
Medicinal preparations - mixtures of several types of crushed, less often whole plant materials, sometimes with the addition of salts, essential oils.
Syrups are a liquid dosage form for internal use, which is a concentrated solution of various sugars, as well as their mixtures with medicinal substances.
Suppositories - a solid dosage form, consisting of a base and medicinal substances, melting (dissolving, disintegrating) at body temperature.
Suppositories are intended for rectal (candles), vaginal (pessaries, balls) and other routes of administration (sticks).
Suspensions - liquid dosage form. It is a dispersed system containing one or more solid medicinal substances suspended in an appropriate liquid.
Suspensions are used for internal and external use, as well as for injections.
Tablets - a solid dosage form obtained by pressing powders and granules containing one or more medicinal substances with or without the addition of excipients.
Among the tablets, there are: gastro-resistant, uncoated, coated, modified release.
Gastro-resistant - tablets that are stable in gastric juice and release the drug or substances in the intestinal juice.
Obtained by coating tablets with an enteric-resistant coating (enteric-soluble tablets) or by pressing granules and particles previously coated with an enteric-resistant coating or by compressing medicinal substances of a mixture with an enteric-resistant filler (durules).
Uncoated - single-layer or multi-layer tablets obtained by single or multiple compression. In multilayer tablets, each of the layers may contain different medicinal substances.
Coated - tablets coated with one or more layers of various substances, such as natural and synthetic materials, carbohydrates, possibly with the addition of surfactants. A thin coating (less than 10% by weight of tablets) is commonly referred to as a film coating.
A sugar coating containing one or more medicinal substances and applied to microparticles of inert carriers makes it possible to obtain a dosage form - a dragee.
With modified release - coated or uncoated tablets containing special excipients or obtained by special technology, which allows you to program the rate or place of release of the drug substance.
Extracts - concentrated extracts from medicinal plant materials or raw materials of animal origin, which are mobile, viscous liquids or dry masses. There are liquid extracts (mobile liquids); thick extracts (viscous masses with a moisture content of not more than 25%); dry extracts (loose masses with a moisture content of not more than 5%).
Elixirs - a liquid dosage form, which is a transparent mixture of alcohol-water extracts from medicinal plant materials with the addition of medicinal substances, sugars and flavorings.
Emulsions - a liquid dosage form, which is a dispersed system containing two or more mutually insoluble or immiscible liquids, one of which is emulsified by the other.
Emulsions are used for internal and external use, as well as for injection.
MAIN GROUPS OF IMMUNOBIOLOGICAL DRUGS
Allergens, allergoids - substances of antigenic or hapten nature, used for hyposensitization and allergy diagnostics.
Anatoxins are bacterial exotoxins that have lost their toxicity as a result of exposure to an inactivator (for example, formalin), but retained their antigenic properties.
Bacteriophages are viruses that can penetrate into a bacterial cell, multiply in it, cause lysis or a transition to a state of lysogeny (phage-bearing).
Vaccines are drugs obtained from live attenuated strains or killed cultures of microorganisms or antigens intended for active immunization.
Diagnosticums - means of biological or synthetic origin, intended for the diagnosis of diseases or the physiological state of animals, as well as for the identification of microorganisms, their metabolic products and other biological objects.
Diagnostic immunobiological medicinal products are intended for the diagnosis of infectious diseases.
Immunoglobulins (antibodies) - an immunologically active protein fraction of human or animal blood serum containing antimicrobial and / or antitoxic bodies.
Immunomodulators - substances that change the level of the body's immune response, including cytokines, interferons, etc.
Probiotics are bacteria that are apathogenic to humans and animals and have antagonistic activity against pathogenic and opportunistic bacteria, ensuring the restoration of normal microflora.
