Natural conditions and resources of the Far East. Natural conditions and resources of the Russian Far East

1. What are the differences between the northern and southern parts of the Far East?

The development of nature in the southern and northern parts of the Far East proceeded differently. The south, influenced by the East Asian monsoons, is distinguished by a special peculiarity of nature. In the north, the climate loses its typical monsoon features. The annual amount of precipitation everywhere exceeds the possible evaporation, however, the northern half of the Far East is excessively humid, and the southern half is moderately humid due to higher temperatures. The natural differences between the northern and southern parts of the Far East are further enhanced by the biogeographic influence of neighboring territories: Siberia in the north, Northeast China (Manchuria), Korea and Japan in the south.

2. What do you think are the reasons for the decline in the population of the Far East after the collapse of the USSR?

The main reason for the decline in the birth rate in the Far East is the small number of families. This trend is currently supported by socio-economic factors that affect the final number of children in the family. The second most important reason for the low birth rate is the decrease in the stability of families. In the early 1990s, mortality rates in the Far East increased. The main reasons for the increase in mortality are stress, the quality of nutrition, the environment, poor living conditions, and the level of medical care. Since the beginning of the 1990s, the possibilities of restoring health in favorable climatic zones have sharply decreased among the population. Since 1992-1993, all territories of the Far East have been losing their population as a result of migratory mobility. The main reasons for migration were the deterioration of the comparative standard of living in the region, the emergence of the "island syndrome" - the desire of a younger and more active population to acquire additional employment opportunities and improve their well-being in economically more developed areas of the interior.

3. What is the reason for the greatest loss of population in the northern part of the Far East?

The northern zone is characterized by the focal nature of economic development and settlement, associated mainly with the selective use of resources and the development of raw materials sectors of the economy. The basis of settlement here is a relatively rare network of settlements located at the “key points” of the territory: near mineral deposits, near industrial and transport hubs, etc. Therefore, with the ruin of industrial enterprises (privatization in the 90s with their further bankruptcy), the population began to decline sharply. Only agriculture remained more or less active, represented mainly by reindeer herding.

4. What are the main functions of Khabarovsk and Vladivostok. What other cities of the Far East do you know? What can you tell about them?

Vladivostok: a city and port in the Far East of Russia, the administrative center of the Primorsky Territory, the end point of the Trans-Siberian Railway. One of the largest seaports of the Far East basin. The main base of the Pacific Fleet. The largest scientific and educational center of the Far East region. Free port (a port area enjoying special customs, tax, investment and related regulation regimes).

Khabarovsk: the administrative center of the Far Eastern Federal District of Russia and the Khabarovsk Territory. One of the largest political, educational and cultural centers of the Russian Far East. Located near the border with China. Khabarovsk - "City of military glory".

Birobidzhan is a city in the Far East of Russia, the administrative center of the Jewish Autonomous Region (since 1934). City of regional significance.

Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk is a city in the Russian Far East. The administrative center of the Sakhalin Region, as an administrative-territorial unit, is a city of regional significance. The largest transport hub on the island: the intersection of regional roads, the railway station and the airport. There are Sakhalin State University and the Sakhalin Scientific Center of the Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Komsomolsk-on-Amur is a city in the Khabarovsk Territory of Russia. The largest industrial center of the Far East region. City-forming enterprises: shipbuilding, aircraft plant, oil refinery and metallurgical plants. Oil pipeline and gas pipeline from Sakhalin. Transport hub on the Baikal-Amur Mainline and a regional highway; River port. There are technical and pedagogical universities

Anadyr is a city in the extreme northeast of Russia, the administrative center of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug. The city has a fish factory in the vicinity is gold and coal mining. Reindeer breeding, fishing, and hunting are developed.

Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky is a city in Russia, the administrative center of the Kamchatka Territory. It is an administrative-territorial unit (a city of regional subordination), within the boundaries of which the municipality of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky urban district is formed. The location of the base of the Pacific Fleet of Russia. Communication with the mainland is carried out through the international airport "Yelizovo".

5. Using various thematic maps, compare the natural conditions of the northern and southern parts of the Far East. Fill the table.

6. Compare the population of the Far East with the population of your area (republics, regions, territories). Make a conclusion.

The population of the Far East in 2014 was: 6,226,640 people. (about 5% of the population of Russia). The population in the Chelyabinsk region is 3,500,716 (less than 2% of the population of Russia). Despite the fact that the population of the Far East is twice as large as in the Chelyabinsk region, it is worth noting that the area of ​​the Chelyabinsk region is only 88.5 thousand km2, and the area of ​​the Far East is 6169.4 thousand km2. Thus, it would be more correct to compare the population density of two regions: the Far East - 1 person/km2, the Chelyabinsk region - 39.5 people/km2. The average population density in Russia is 9 persons/km2, and in the world it is 35 persons/km2. In general, the population density of the Chelyabinsk region is much higher than that of Russia and even the world, and the population density of the Far East is extremely small in comparison with any indicators.

7. Is it possible to stop the outflow of population from the Far East? Can the Far East “win the competition” for attracting people from Moscow, the Krasnodar Territory, the Belgorod Region? Justify your answer.

The Far East is able to stop the migration outflow of the population, despite the fact that it covers large areas of Russia, the Far East is a great storehouse of mineral resources, the largest and richest in the world. The strategic importance of the Far East is especially great in the conditions of the global raw material crisis, when the funds of the main minerals are intensively exploited and will soon be exhausted. To overcome the migration crisis in the Far East, it is necessary to pursue a special socio-economic policy that takes into account the specifics of this region: it should provide for high wages, good supplies, guaranteed benefits, reimbursement of expenses when leaving for treatment, a "northern" coefficient from the first day of work. People should have a desire to develop new territories and at the same time receive good money in order to subsequently solve their personal problems. Make it so that people are not in a hurry to return back, since the use of natural resources discovered in the Far East is enough to create the largest territorial production complexes for their extraction and processing. It is necessary to create new jobs and improve infrastructure.

8. In your opinion, is the increase in the number of Chinese in the region a danger? Is it possible to reduce the risk, for example, by populating the area not only with the Chinese, but also with people from other Asian countries - Vietnam, Korea, India, etc.? Give at least three arguments to support your position.

It is senseless to deny the problem of the development of the Far East and its non-population. This is a challenge facing our country. But even so, all the talk about "population pressure" from China has a very fragile foundation.

The territory located north of the modern border of the PRC belonged to the Manchus - the enemies of the Chinese. Therefore, China has no historical grounds for encroaching on the territory of Russia, there is an official border between the countries (which the PRC does not have, say, with India), and the absence of claims was recorded by the agreement between Gorbachev and Deng Xiaoping in 1989;

In the summer of 2015, one of the most notable topics that caused heated discussions was the news about the lease of 115 hectares of land in Transbaikalia to China for 49 years. However, by Soviet standards, 115 hectares is not a very large collective farm. In general, rent is more a topic for speculation than a problem with a serious basis;

There are a lot of people in China - that's a fact. In 2014, the population in the country was 1 billion 364 million people. At the same time, one should not forget that the PRC is the third largest state in terms of territory, where the problem of urbanization of the population is acute. Only 53.2% of the billion-plus live in cities, a figure that is indicative of vast undeveloped areas within the country. It is unlikely that the Chinese are so benevolent that, first of all, they are ready to help solve the problem of the development of the Far East;

The largest number of Chinese migrants is indeed concentrated in the Far East. The second center of concentration is Moscow. However, the scale of migration from China is not comparable in size to migration from the CIS. According to Rosstat statistics, in 2014 the number of Chinese who arrived in Russia is almost 13 times lower than Uzbeks, and 12 times lower than Ukrainians. At the same time, the number of Chinese residents migrating to Russia is increasing every year, but the number of those leaving is increasing at a fast pace: if in 2012 their ratio was 2 to 1, then in 2014 it was 5 to 4.

This video tutorial will help users get an idea about the topic “Far East. Economy". In this lesson, you will get acquainted with the administrative structure, population, geographical location and the main features of the nature of the Far East. You will also consider its economy, discussing the main industries of this region.

Development of the Far East and Eastern Siberia - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pzXFC9YB6yU

Far East and Siberia. State company? What to do? - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bYMTetTbI5c

Video footage

Close Far East. A film by Sergei Minaev https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GOLRpHoaOSg

1. Name the branches of specialization of the economy of the Far East. Which industry is leading and why?

2. Using the materials of the lesson, paragraph of the textbook, maps of the atlas, characterize and compare the specialization of the economy of the Northern and Amur-Primorsky subdistricts of the Far East. Fill the table:

3. What are the main problems and prospects for the development of the economy of the Far East? Development of the Far East and Eastern Siberia -

Introduction. 3

1. Characteristics of natural conditions. 4

2. Resource potential of the Far East. 12

Conclusion. 14

Literature. 16

Introduction

The natural conditions of the Far East are characterized by a sharp contrast, which is due to the very large extent of the territory from north to south. Most of the territory is occupied by mountains and highlands. Lowlands occupy only relatively small areas along the river valleys. The most extensive lowland is located in the valley of the Amur and its tributary, the Ussuri. Permafrost is widespread in a significant part of the region, which complicates the construction and development of agriculture. The mountains have an average height of 1000-1500 meters. But some peaks rise to 2000 meters or more. The Pacific coast is dominated by young mountains, as evidenced by volcanic activity. More than 20 volcanoes operate in Kamchatka, the largest of them is Klyuchevskaya Sopka, there are many geysers.

Mineral reserves are of great importance for the development of the region. Ores of non-ferrous metals and rare metals are of interdistrict importance. This is one of the most important gold-bearing regions of Russia. Ore and alluvial gold deposits are concentrated in the basins of the Kolyma, Aldan, Zeya, Amur, Selemdzhi, Bureya, in Chukotka and on the slopes of the Sikhote-Alin. Tin, tungsten, lead-zinc ores have been discovered and are being developed in the Republic of Sakha, the Magadan region, in the spurs of the Sikhote-Alin. The Far East has large reserves of mercury. The main deposits are located in Chukotka, in Yakutia and the Khabarovsk Territory. Unique deposits of mica have been explored in Tommot on the Upper Aldan. Of great importance are the diamond deposits of the north-west of the Republic of Sakha - Mir, Udachnoye, etc.

The purpose of the work: to consider the natural resource potential of the Far East.

1. Characteristics of natural conditions

The Far East occupies the extreme eastern part of the Soviet Union, located between the system of watershed ranges - the Stanovoi, Yablonov, Dzhugdzhur, Kolyma - and the shores of the Bering, Okhotsk and Japanese Seas. Hydrographically, it includes the rivers of the Pacific Ocean basin - the basins of the Amur, Penzhina, Anadyr and a number of less significant rivers flowing into the marginal seas of the Pacific Ocean. This also includes the Kuril Islands, about. Sakhalin and the Kamchatka Peninsula, which are considered separately. The relief of the Far East has a strongly rugged character and is represented mainly by mountainous forms. In addition to the already mentioned watershed ranges - Kolymsky, Dzhugdzhur, Yablonovy and Stanovoy, powerful mountain systems are also located inside the country, of which the Tukuringra and Dzhagdy ranges can be named, which together make up a powerful mountain range extending directly south of the Stanovoy Range, the Bureinsky and Dusse- Alin, which are, as it were, a continuation to the north of the Lesser Khingan, and finally, the Sikhote-Alin ridge, stretching along the coast of the Sea of ​​Japan, from Vladivostok to the mouth of the Amur, for more than a thousand kilometers.

The river network of the Far East belongs entirely to the Pacific Ocean basin, more precisely, to its marginal seas - the Bering, Okhotsk and Japanese. Along the coast of the first two named seas, it is represented mainly by small mountain rivers, which fall steeply from the eastern slopes of the watershed ranges, which here come close to the seashore. Only in the extreme north-east do the mountains recede from the sea, leaving a vast lowland occupied by the basin of the region's significant river, the Anadyr.

The main river is one of the largest rivers in the world - the Amur, whose basin occupies more than half of the Far Eastern Territory, that is, almost the entire southeast of the Asian part of the USSR. To the south of the Amur, only short rivers flow into the Sea of ​​Japan, steeply falling from the eastern slopes of the ridge Sikhote-Alin. The rivers of the Far East are predominantly mountainous. At the intersection of mountain ranges, they flow along the bottom of deep valleys, bounded by high and rocky slopes.

In the major rivers of the region, in most cases, the direction of the flow coincides with the direction of the mountain ranges; therefore, these rivers have relatively wide valleys and a calm flow.

The following characteristic features characteristic of the rivers of the Far East can be noted:

1) in the sources of the rivers, their valleys are constrained by mountains, and in some cases they look like gorges;

2) in the upper reaches of the rivers, the bottom of the valleys, as a rule, is composed of a thick layer of pebble-boulder alluvial deposits, and only in some places the channels of watercourses pass through bedrock;

3) as they move away from the sources, the river valleys expand, the floodplain also increases, the thickness of alluvial deposits becomes thicker, and the size of sediments noticeably decreases;

4) in the lower reaches of the river, they mainly pass through low-lying areas of the terrain, and the transition from the mountainous part of the basin to the flat part is very pronounced;

5) the fall of the rivers in the upper reaches is 5-10 m/km and approximately corresponds to the general fall of the mountain ranges; in the lower reaches they decrease to 0.5 m/km or less.

Within the flat parts of the territory of the Far East, the rivers have small slopes, low gentle banks and low flow rates.

Amur - in Chinese Heiludzyan - the Black Dragon River - is the main river of the Far Eastern Territory. Among the rivers of Russia, it ranks fourth in size, second only to the Ob, Yenisei and Lena. The Amur is formed from the confluence of two rivers - Shilka and Argun - and for most of its length, from the source almost to the city of Khabarovsk, is the state border between Russia and the People's Republic of China. The length of the river from the confluence of Shilka and Argun to the mouth is 2850 km. If, however, the longest of the components, Shilka, is taken as the source, then the length of the Amur will be 4510 km. The catchment area of ​​the river is 2,050,000 km2 (including the Kerulen basin).

The average slope of the Amur itself, from the confluence of the Shilka and Argun to the mouth, is 0.11% (Fig. 138). According to the nature of the valley, the Amur is divided into three parts: upper, middle and lower.

On the territory of the Far Eastern Territory, the lakes have a relatively small distribution.

Oz. Khanka. In the southern part of Primorye, on the border with China, there is the largest lake among the reservoirs of the region. Khanka, referring to the Ussuri basin. The area of ​​its water surface is about 4400 km2. The basin of the lake is almost completely filled with thick deposits of silt, so the lake is shallow: its greatest depth is less than 10 m, depths of 1-3 m prevail; water is highly turbid. The river flows out of the lake. Sungacha is a tributary of the Ussuri.

Medium and small lakes of the Far East can be divided into three groups:

1) The lakes of the Shilka and Argun basins are for the most part the remains of large water bodies that have disappeared. Among them are the vast, now almost dry basins of Zun-Torey (258 km 2) and Barun-Torey (528 km 2), located in the southern part of the region, on the border with the Mongolian People's Republic.

With an arid climate, a significant part of the lakes of this group, especially the water bodies in the Argun basin, is mineralized. Salt and bitter-salt lakes are also found here.

The salt composition of water in lakes depends on the nature of the rocks that make up their basins and basins. The waters of the Doroninsky, Ononsky, Borgaysky lakes contain soda, since their basins are composed mainly of igneous rocks. Lake Doroninskoye, located 154 km southwest of the city of Chita, has long been used for soda extraction. Soda lakes, when frozen, release crystalline soda, which looks like white ice. Such lakes are called Gudzhirnye. To obtain artificial gujira, ice is covered with lake water, which is pumped from ice holes; after the water freezes, the resulting gudjir is harvested, getting from 1 ha to 20-25 tons. If the lakes lie among the Jurassic sedimentary rocks, sulfates, especially mirabilite, predominate in their salt mass.

Among the mineral lakes, local residents distinguish between black (Khara-Nor) and white (Tsagan-Nor) lakes. An example of black lakes is Giron. A flaky cherry-red precipitate falls out of its water after prolonged settling. Bitter-salty lakes of the Tsagan-Nor type have milky-white water. In addition to those mentioned, a group of bitter-salty lakes is known in the area of ​​the city of Chita, as well as Borzinsky self-sustaining lakes. In the southern part of the Argun basin, in the interfluve pp. Agi and Onon, there is a group of lakes of the Aginskaya steppe. These lakes are shallow saucer-shaped depressions filled with water; some of them dry up in summer.

2) Lakes of the Lower Amur lowland (Fig. 142). Among this group there are significant lakes, namely: Petropavlovskoye (45 km 2), Bowlen (440 km 2), Evvo (590 km 2), Kizi (350 km 2), Kadi (95 km 2), Orel (300 km 2 ), Chlya (180 km 2), Chukchagirskoe (740 km 2) and others. Lake basins are fault depressions filled with alluvial deposits. At present, the lakes are shallow; their depths do not exceed 3-8 m. Most of the lakes are connected by canals with the Amur and are filled with its waters during periods of high water.

3) Lakes of the Anadyr lowland. A large number of lakes are also found in the extreme northeast, especially in the region of the Anadyr lowland. The origin of the basins of some lakes is associated with glaciation and frost weathering processes, in others - with river erosion, in others - with the activity of the sea. One of the most significant lakes of this group, Krasnoye (660 km 2), has a hollow of erosional origin. Lakes resulting from the activity of the sea include lagoons separated from it by sandy coastal ridges; the largest of them is the lake. Lawrence.

The rivers of the Far Eastern Territory are of great economic importance, primarily as transport routes. In this regard, the Amur plays a particularly important role, representing a waterway with a length of about 3000 km. It has long been used for shipping pp. Shilka, Zeya, Bureya, Amgun and Ussuri, which are important access roads to the railway line and to hard-to-reach central mountainous regions. Navigation, however, in a number of cases experiences significant difficulties, especially due to the high speeds of the water flow and the presence of shallow rifts in the riverbeds. Medium and small rivers of the Far East Territory are widely used for timber rafting. The energy resources of the Far Eastern rivers are large and amount to millions of kilowatts. The development of hydropower resources of the powerful rivers of the region, the improvement of their transport conditions and flood control are the immediate and most important tasks of the water economy of the Far East. The Amur and its tributaries are also of great importance for fisheries. Keta, pink salmon, coho salmon and other species of fish living in the sea and entering the rivers only for spawning are extremely important in the commercial sense. In autumn, they quickly burst into rivers in whole schools and move up the Amur and its tributaries for 500-1000 km to spawning grounds located in the upper reaches of mountain rivers. The Lower Amur, the first to receive shoals of fish, is the main fishing region of the Far East Territory.

The heights of the mountain ranges of the Far East are relatively small and, as a rule, do not exceed 2000-2500 m.

Along with numerous mountain ranges, there are also vast lowlands - Zee-Bureinskaya, Nizhne-Amurskaya, Ussuriyskaya and Prikhankayskaya. In the northern part of this region there is a relatively extensive lowland, which occupies the central part of the Anadyr basin. By its nature, the Far East belongs to the forest zone and belongs to the area of ​​distribution of mixed broad-leaved forests. Only in its southwestern part (the Argun basin) does the forest vegetation in places give way to the steppe.

The climatic conditions of the Far East are sharply different from other regions of Russia. The climate is mainly formed here under the influence of the interaction between the mainland and the ocean and is called the monsoon climate. Its main features are harsh winters with little snow and relatively warm and abundant summers.

In winter, due to the large cooling, a high pressure area (Siberian anticyclone) is established on the mainland; it covers the territory of Eastern Siberia and the Far East. At the same time, low pressure is established over the Pacific Ocean. As a result of this ratio of pressure over land and over the ocean, in winter, the air seems to flow down from the mainland to the ocean. Calm prevails over land in the center of the high-pressure area, and weak winds are observed towards the periphery, gradually increasing towards the sea.

In summer, on the contrary, the mainland is very hot and therefore the pressure over the land becomes low. The sea at this time is much colder than land and high pressure is established above it, and therefore in summer the winds blow from the ocean to the mainland.

Winter in a monsoon climate is characterized by a predominance of calm weather or very light winds, an abundance of sunshine, low rainfall, little snow cover and severe frosts. These features are most clearly manifested in areas remote from the sea, for example, in Transbaikalia, where on average no more than 10 mm of precipitation falls during the winter. There is so little snow here that the toboggan run is not set up every year.

If in winter most of the Far East is in a polar climate, then in summer, according to climatic conditions in the southern part, it approaches the subtropics.

The general thermal regime of the Far East is characterized by continentality, which increases with distance from the sea inland.

Compared to the European part of Russia, the air temperature here at the same latitudes is much lower. So, for example, Primorye, located at the latitude of the Crimea, in terms of the average temperature of the coldest month - January - approaches Arkhangelsk.

The annual amount of precipitation, with the exception of Primorye, where it reaches 800 mm in places, generally differs little from the central zone of the European part of Russia and is mostly 450-600 mm per year. However, the distribution of precipitation throughout the year has significant features compared to the European part of Russia: they are plentiful during the warm part of the year and extremely small in winter. Summer monsoons carry a large amount of moisture from the ocean, while winter monsoons are characterized by great dryness. Under these conditions, up to 95% of precipitation falls in the warm part of the year and only about 5% falls in the cold. The greatest amount of precipitation (up to 70-80% of their annual amount) falls in July and August. So, for example, in Blagoveshchensk in January, on average, 1 mm of precipitation falls, and in August - 130 mm.

Rains in the Far East are torrential in nature, cover large areas and are characterized by high intensity. Especially intense showers are observed in Primorye. There are times when up to 150-250 mm falls in one day.

Almost the entire Far East, with the exception of Primorye and the southern half of Kamchatka, is located in the permafrost zone, which, along with the peculiarities of the monsoon climate, leaves its own characteristic imprint on the regime of the region's rivers - they are abounding in summer and poor in winter.

The Far East is characterized by a wide development of surface swampiness, especially within the vast lowlands - Zee-Bureinskaya, Nizhne-Amurskaya, Prikhankayskaya and in Birobidzhan; swampiness reaches 15-20%. The thickness of peat deposits in swamps is usually small. Vast spaces here are occupied by mari, which are a transitional form from a swampy meadow to a peat bog; A distinction is made between dry mari, which form under relatively good runoff conditions, and wet mari, which occur with a slow runoff of surface water.

2. Resource potential of the Far East

The natural conditions and resources of the Far East are characterized by a sharp contrast, which is due to the vast extent of the territory from north to south. Most of the territory is occupied by mountains and highlands. The most extensive lowland is located in the valley of the Amur and its tributary, the Ussuri. Permafrost is common in a significant part of the region. On the Pacific coast, young mountains predominate, volcanic activity is active here. The seas of the Pacific Ocean are of great importance for the economy of the region: the Bering Sea, the Sea of ​​Okhotsk and the Sea of ​​Japan. Freezing for a relatively short period, they have a fishery, fur trade and transport value. The world's largest stocks of salmon fish are concentrated here, seals, walruses, seals live.

Forests in the Far East cover about 260 million hectares (30% of the total Russian reserves).

Features of the physical and geographical position determined the diversity of natural and climatic conditions - from sharply continental in most of the territory to the monsoon climate in the southeast of the region, which led to uneven settlement and development of the region.

The area has significant iron ore reserves - in the south of Yakutia (Taiga), in the Amur region and the Khabarovsk Territory.

Deposits of polymetallic ores were found in Primorsky Krai, tin ores - in the south and north of the region; tungsten deposits were discovered in Primorye, Yakutia, and the Magadan region.

The diamond-bearing region of the Far East is Yakutia (“Mirny”, “Aikhal”, “Udachnoye”).

Significant reserves of silver, platinum, copper ores, raw materials for the chemical industry are concentrated in the Far East.

The territory of the Far East accounts for 35% of all coal resources of the country, including about 10% of all balance reserves. The main volume of reserves (75%) falls on Yakutia, the Amur Region and Primorsky Territory. The coals of the region are diverse in grade composition - from brown (65% of the balance reserves) to anthracites.

The largest basin of the Far East is the Lensky basin, whose total resources are estimated at 1541 billion tons, of which 57% are brown coal. However, the geological knowledge of the basin is low (0.4%).

The coal resources of the South Yakutsk basin are estimated at 47.8 billion tons. The coals of this basin are hard, mainly coking.

Significant coal resources are also available in other regions of the Far East - in the Amur and Magadan regions, in the Khabarovsk and Primorsky territories, on Sakhalin and Kamchatka. However, the exploration of their resources is extremely low, and even in the explored areas in the Amur Region and Primorsky Territory, low-quality reserves predominate. As a result, most of the 19 reserve sites cannot be recommended for development due to the low quality of coal and economic indicators.

The oil and gas resources of the Far East are confined mainly to the Lena-Tunguska, Lena-Vilyui and Okhotsk oil and gas provinces, the Verkhnebureinsky and Anadyr gas-bearing regions and the shelf of the Arctic seas.

The Far East is a complex geological region with a heterogeneous distribution of oil resources, which have been studied and developed by industry very poorly and unevenly. 62 oil fields have been discovered in the Far East, 47 of them are located on Sakhalin Island and the adjacent shelf of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk, 3 in the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug.

The initial total gas resources of the region are 26.8 trillion. m3 (of which shelf resources are 14.9 trillion m3).

The Far Eastern economic region has significant total recoverable oil resources within its mainland (2.98 billion tons) and the largest predicted resources of the shelf zones of six seas (Laptev, East Siberian, Chukotka, Bering, Okhotsk, Japan) and the East Kamchatka sector Pacific Ocean (5.87 billion tons).

Conclusion

The climatic conditions of the Far East are sharply different from other regions of Russia. The climate is mainly formed here under the influence of the interaction between the mainland and the ocean and is called the monsoon climate. Its main features are severe and little snowy winters and relatively warm and abundant summers. Most of the territory is occupied by mountains and highlands.

Iron ore reserves are known in the Far East region.

The Far East also has large reserves of fuel resources, especially hard and brown coal.

Oil and gas provinces have been identified on the territory of the region: on Sakhalin, Kamchatka, Chukotka, in the Magadan region, but so far only the Okha and Tungor oil fields in the north of Sakhalin are being developed. The oil is of high quality, but it is not enough to meet the needs of the region. Gas was discovered in the Leno-Vilyui oil and gas province. This is one of the most important promising gas-bearing regions.

The Far East also has reserves of non-metallic raw materials: marl, limestone, refractory clay, quartz sand, as well as sulfur, graphite, mica.

The hydrographic network of the region is very extensive and rich in water. Among the largest are the basins of the Lena, Amur, Yana, Indigirka, Kolyma, etc. The rivers concentrate huge reserves of hydropower, are rich in valuable fish species, and are transport routes, including in winter, when winter roads are laid on the ice. The area is also rich in thermal waters. Hot springs, especially in Kamchatka, feed rivers that do not freeze in winter. The origin of geysers is connected with volcanic activity. Hot spring water contains zinc, antimony, arsenic, has medicinal value and opens up great opportunities for creating a resort base.

The seas of the Pacific Ocean are of great importance for the region's economy: the Bering, Okhotsk and Japanese seas. Freezing for a relatively short period, they are of fishery, animal husbandry and transport importance. The world's largest stocks of salmon fish are concentrated here: chum salmon, sockeye salmon, chinook, seals, walruses, fur seals live. Forests in the Far East cover about 260 million hectares of the region. Larch, spruce, fir, cedar, broad-leaved species grow in the forests: oak, ash, maple, etc.

So, the features of the physical and geographical position determined the variety of natural and climatic conditions - from the sharply continental to the monsoonal climate of the southeast of the region, which caused uneven settlement and development of the region.

Literature

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It occupies the easternmost part of Russia, including the Novosibirsk, Kuril, Sakhalin islands - an area of ​​​​6.2 million km2.

The Far East includes 2 territories (Primorsky and Khabarovsk), 4 regions (Amur, Sakhalin, Kamchatka, Magadan), 1 autonomous region (Jewish), 2 autonomous districts (Chukotsky and Koryaksky).

EGP is unique. Remoteness from the main economic regions of the country, communication with them is difficult due to poor transport security. But it has a wide outlet to the seas of the Arctic and Pacific Oceans, a maritime border with the United States and Japan, a land border with China and Korea, that is, an advantageous foreign trade position, being a link between Russia and the countries of the Asia-Pacific region.

Natural conditions are harsh. The relief is predominantly mountainous. Kamchatka and the Kuril Islands are an area of ​​earthquakes and volcanism. The climate is harsh sharply continental. In Yakutia there is a cold pole of the northern hemisphere. Almost the entire territory is located in the area of ​​permafrost. In the southern part, the climate is milder - monsoonal, but with typhoons, floods and tsunamis. Zones - from tundra to subtropical taiga in the south.

The population is multinational, small, the average density is slightly more than 1 person / km2, concentrated in the favorable southern part along the Trans-Siberian Railway. The level of urbanization is 76%, one of the highest in Russia.

Large cities: Khabarovsk, Vladivostok, Magadan, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, Yakutsk.

Resources are varied.

Branches of specialization:

Mining. There are more than 70 types of minerals in the region, including 90% of Russia's tungsten, 80% of tin, 98% of diamonds, 70% of gold, as well as iron and polymetallic ores. Sakhalin has rich oil and gas fields. Higher quality coal is mined from the South Yakutsk and Lena basins.
Non-ferrous metallurgy is developed in Primorye and Khabarovsk Territory. Combines for the smelting of tin, lead, zinc are located in Dalnegorsk, Khrustalninsk.
The timber and pulp and paper industry is concentrated in the south of the region, there are rich forest resources, including valuable broad-leaved species (Blagoveshchensk, Lesozavodsk, Khabarovsk).
Fish industry. More than 60% of the fish and seafood products of the countries (salmon fish, crabs, shrimps, squids, etc.) fall on the Far Eastern seas. Centers: Sakhalin, Primorye, Kamchatka.
A large South Yakutsk TPK is being created (ore, apatite, coal, timber, non-ferrous metallurgy, energy). At present, only the most valuable products - non-ferrous metals and seafood - are supplied to the European part from the Far East, the rest is exported to Japan and other countries.

Amur, Kamchatka, Magadan, Sakhalin regions, Primorsky Territory, Khabarovsk Territory, Jewish Autonomous Region, Chukotka and Koryak Autonomous Okrugs, Republic of Sakha (Yakutia).

Economic and geographical position

The Far East is the extreme eastern part of Russia, overlooking the shores of the Pacific and Arctic Oceans. Here Russia has sea borders with the USA and Japan. In addition to the mainland, the Far Eastern economic region includes the islands: Novosibirsk, Wrangel, Sakhalin, Kuril and Commander. The southern mainland adjacent to the Sea of ​​Japan is called Primorye. In economic terms, the region is less developed than other parts of Russia due to its remoteness from the central and most populated regions. Long distances complicate the development of economic ties with the Center and increase the cost of products during their delivery. The construction of BAM somewhat improved the situation.

The Far East has favorable opportunities for the development of economic ties with the countries of the Pacific basin. Primorsky Krai and the Sakhalin Region have been declared a “free enterprise zone”.

Natural conditions and resources

The central part of Yakutia is occupied by a plain, turning into a vast strip of lowlands along the coast of the seas of the Arctic Ocean. The rest of the territory of the Far East is predominantly mountainous, dominated by mountains of medium height (ridges: Stanovoy, Chersky, Verkhoyansky). Together with the basins of the marginal seas, the relief of the eastern part of the region is included in the system of young folded formations. This is the only territory of active volcanism in Russia that is distinguished by high seismicity. There are more than 20 active volcanoes on the Kamchatka Peninsula and the Kuril Islands. Klyuchevskaya Sopka is the highest point of the Far East (4760 m) and one of the greatest active volcanoes.

The largest rivers are Lena and Amur with tributaries, Kolyma, Indigirka, Yana. The Amur and its tributaries have rich water resources.

The northern parts of the territory of the vast Far Eastern region (7.3 million km 2) are located in the Arctic zone, and in the southern coastal part, in Kamchatka and Sakhalin (where the influence of the Pacific Ocean is noticeable), the climate is temperate monsoon.

The climate in most of the territory is sharply continental, severe. Windless, clear, frosty weather (Siberian anticyclone) is typical in winter. Summer is hot and dry, but short. In Verkhoyansk and Oymyakon (Yakutia), the lowest air temperature in the northern hemisphere (-72 degrees) was observed.

The Far East is rich in forests. Most of the forest grows in the mountains, so its harvesting is difficult. There are many fur-bearing animals in the taiga - this is one of the riches of the region. Along the middle reaches of the Amur, there are forest-steppes with fertile meadow soils.

The Far East is very rich in minerals. Deposits of coal (Lena, South-Yakutsk basins), oil (Sakhalin), gas (Yakutia), iron ore (Aldan basin), non-ferrous and rare metal ores, gold, diamonds (Mirny, Yakutia) were discovered.

Population

Population - 9.2 million people; average density 1.3 boats 1 km 2; the minimum - in the Koryak and Chukotka Autonomous Okrugs - 0.1-0.2. The area was settled slowly, which was explained by its remoteness, lack of roads, and harsh natural conditions. The Far East still lacks labor resources. The southern regions of Primorye and the territory along the railways are more densely populated. The northern part of the region is especially sparsely populated. The urban population is growing rapidly. The district is one of the most "urban" in Russia - the share of citizens is 76%. Rural residents are settled in pockets, mostly along river valleys. The population of the Far East is multinational. Most are Russians.

In this area, there are about a dozen indigenous peoples of the North. They belong to the northern branch of the Mongoloid race. Chukchi, Koryaks, Itelmens, Eskimos, Aleuts are peoples who speak languages ​​of the Paleo-Asiatic group. The peoples of the Tungus-Manchurian language group (Nanai, Ulchi, Nivkh, Udege) live in the Amur basin and on Sakhalin Island. In Yakutia, the indigenous population is the Yakuts (they belong to the peoples of the Turkic language group); other peoples also live there - Evenks, Evens, Yukaghirs. All the indigenous peoples that inhabited the Far East from time immemorial were mainly engaged in hunting, fishing, and in the north, in the tundra, reindeer breeding.