Human needs, opportunities and ways to meet them. Natural human needs: types and methods of satisfaction

• The problem of meeting human needs
• Plan
• Introduction
• 1. General characteristics of needs
• 2. The Law of Increasing Needs
• 3. Man in primitive society
• 4. The first civilizations and "axial time"
• Conclusion
• Bibliography

Introduction

Any creature living on earth, be it a plant or an animal, fully lives or exists only if it or the world around it meets certain conditions. These conditions create a consensus that is felt as satisfaction, so it is appropriate to speak of consumption frontier, such a state of all people in which their needs are maximally saturated.

The relevance of this topic lies in the fact that the satisfaction of needs is the goal of any human activity. He works to provide himself with food, clothing, recreation, entertainment. And even an act that, it would seem, does not bring any benefit to a person, actually has a reason. For example, charity, for the one who gives it, is the satisfaction of his highest needs related to his psyche.

Needs are the need for some good that is useful for a particular person. In such a broad sense, needs are the subject of research not only in the social sciences, but also in the natural sciences, in particular biology, psychology, and medicine.

The needs of society is a sociological category based on collective habits, that is, what came from our ancestors and took root in society so strongly that it exists in the subconscious. This is what is interesting about the needs that depend on the subconscious, not amenable to analysis, considering a specific individual. They must be considered globally, relative to society.

Goods are needed to satisfy needs. Accordingly, economic needs are those for the satisfaction of which economic benefits are necessary. In other words economic needs- that part of human need, the satisfaction of which requires the production, distribution, exchange and consumption of goods. From this we can conclude that any person needs the economic sphere to satisfy at least his primary needs. Any person, be it a celebrity, a scientist, a singer, a musician, a politician, a president, first of all, depends on his natural beginning, which means it concerns the economic life of society, and cannot create, create, manage without touching the economic sphere.

Human needs can be defined as a state of dissatisfaction, or need, which he seeks to overcome. It is this state of dissatisfaction that makes a person make certain efforts, i.e., carry out production activities.

1. General characteristics of needs

The state of feeling of lack is characteristic of any person. Initially, this state is vague, the reason for this state is not exactly clear, but at the next stage it is concretized, and it becomes clear which goods or services are needed. Such a feeling depends on the inner world of a particular person. The latter includes taste preferences, upbringing, national, historical background, geographical conditions.

Psychology considers needs as a special mental state of the individual, the dissatisfaction felt by him, which is reflected in the human psyche as a result of a discrepancy between the internal and external conditions of activity.

Social sciences study the socio-economic aspect of needs. Economics, in particular, explores social needs.

public needs- needs that arise in the process of development of society as a whole, its individual members, socio-economic groups of the population. They are influenced by the production relations of the socio-economic formation in which they are formed and developed.

Public needs are divided into two large groups - the needs of society and the population (personal needs).

Society needs determined by the need to ensure the conditions for its functioning and development. These include production needs, in public administration, providing constitutional guarantees to members of society, environmental protection, defense, etc. Udaltsova M.V., Averchenko L.K. Servisology. Man and his needs: Proc. allowance. - Novosibirsk, 2002.

Production needs are most connected with the economic activity of society.

Production needs arise from the requirements of the most efficient functioning of social production. They include the needs of individual enterprises and sectors of the national economy for labor, raw materials, equipment, materials for the production of products, the need for production management at different levels - a shop, a site, an enterprise, and the sector of the national economy as a whole.

These needs are satisfied in the process of economic activity of enterprises and industries that are interconnected as producers and consumers.

Personal Needs arise and develop in the process of human life. They act as a conscious desire of a person to achieve objectively necessary living conditions that ensure complete well-being and comprehensive development of the individual.

Being a category of social consciousness, personal needs also act as a specific economic category that expresses social relations between people regarding the production, exchange and use of material and spiritual goods and services.

Personal needs are of an active nature, serve as an incentive motive for human activity. The latter, ultimately, is always aimed at satisfying needs: in carrying out its activities, a person strives to satisfy them more fully.

The classification of needs is very diverse. Many economists have attempted to sort out the diversity of people's needs. So A. Marshall, an outstanding representative of the neoclassical school, referring to the German economist Gemmann, notes that needs can be divided into absolute and relative, higher and lower, urgent and can be postponed, direct and indirect, present and future, etc. literature often uses the division of needs into primary (lower) And secondary (higher). Primary needs are understood as human needs for food, drink, clothing, etc. Secondary needs are mainly associated with the spiritual intellectual activity of a person - the need for education, art, entertainment, etc. This division is to a certain extent conditional: the luxurious clothes of the “new Russian "is not necessarily related to the satisfaction of primary needs, but rather to representational functions or so-called prestigious consumption. In addition, the division of needs into primary and secondary is purely individual for each individual: for some, reading is a primary need, for which they can deny themselves the satisfaction of needs for clothing or housing (at least partially).

The unity of social needs (including personal ones), characterized by internal relationships, is called needs system. K Marx wrote: "... various needs are internally interconnected in one natural system ..."

The system of personal needs is a hierarchically organized structure. It highlights the needs of the first order, their satisfaction is the basis of human life. The needs of the next orders are satisfied after a certain degree of saturation of the needs of the first order comes.

A distinctive feature of the system of personal needs is that the types of needs included in it are not interchangeable. For example, the complete satisfaction of the need for food cannot replace the need to satisfy the need for housing, clothing, or spiritual needs. Fungibility takes place only in relation to specific goods that serve to satisfy certain types of needs.

The essentiality of the system of needs is that a person or society as a whole has a set of needs, each of which requires its own satisfaction.

2. The Law of Increasing Needs

The law of increasing needs is the economic law of the movement of needs. It manifests itself in an increase in the level and qualitative improvement of needs.

This is a universal law that operates in all socio-economic formations. He is subject to the needs of all social strata and groups of the population, and each of their representatives individually. But the specific forms of manifestation of this law, the intensity, scope and nature of its action depend on the form of ownership of the means of production, the level of development of the productive forces and the prevailing production relations.

A change in the form of ownership and the birth of a new mode of social production always serve as a stimulus and a condition for a more complete manifestation of the law of growing needs, an increase in intensity and an expansion of its scope.

Under the influence of the development of productive forces, scientific and technological progress, the needs are constantly growing within the framework of one socio-economic formation.

The main directions in which personal needs develop, due to the operation of this law, are as follows: the growth of their total volume; complication, association in large complexes; qualitative changes in the structure, expressed in the accelerated growth of progressive needs on the basis of the full satisfaction of the most necessary and urgent needs, the accelerated growth of needs for new high-quality goods and services; the uniformity of the increase in the needs of all social strata and the related smoothing of socio-economic differences in the level and structure of personal needs; approximation of personal needs to reasonable, scientifically based consumption guidelines.

Stages of needs development - stages that needs go through in the process of development. There are four stages: the emergence of a need, its intensive development, stabilization and extinction.

The concept of stages is most applicable to needs for specific products. The need for each new product goes through all these stages. At first, at the beginning, the need exists, as it were, in potency, mainly among persons associated with the development and experimental verification of a new product.

When it is mastered for mass production, demand begins to increase rapidly. This corresponds to the stage of intensive development of the need.

Then, as the production and consumption of the product grows, the need for it stabilizes, becoming a habit for most consumers.

The development of scientific and technological progress leads to the creation of more advanced items that satisfy the same need. As a result, the need for a particular product goes into the stage of extinction, begins to decline. At the same time, there is a need for an improved product, which, like the previous one, alternately goes through all the stages considered.

This law is based on the needs of a particular person, and they characterize the needs of the whole society. And at the same time, this law is the driving force behind economic growth, due to the fact that a person always needs more than he has achieved.

3. Man in primitive society Carried out in the XIX-XX centuries. ethnographic studies of tribes still living in the conditions of primitive society make it possible to quite fully and reliably reconstruct the way of life of a person of that era. Primitive man deeply felt his connection with nature and unity with fellow tribesmen. Awareness of oneself as a separate, independent personality has not yet occurred. Long before the feeling of one's "I" there was a feeling of "We", a feeling of unity, oneness with other members of the group. Our tribe - "We" - opposed other tribes, strangers ("They"), the attitude towards which was usually hostile. In addition to unity with "one's own" and opposition to "outsiders", a person keenly felt his connection with the natural world. Nature, on the one hand, was a necessary source of life's blessings, but, on the other hand, fraught with a lot of dangers and often turned out to be hostile to people. The attitude to fellow tribesmen, to strangers and to nature directly influenced the ancient man's understanding of his needs and possible ways to satisfy them. Behind all the needs of people of the primitive era (as well as our contemporaries) were the biological characteristics of the human body. These features have found expression in the so-called vital, or vital, primary needs - food, clothing, housing. The main feature of urgent needs is that they must be satisfied - otherwise the human body cannot exist at all. Secondary, non-essential needs include needs, without the satisfaction of which life is possible, although it is full of hardships. Urgent needs were of exceptional, dominant importance in primitive society. Firstly, the satisfaction of urgent needs was a difficult task and required a lot of effort from our ancestors (unlike modern people, who easily use, for example, the products of a powerful food industry). Secondly, complex social needs were less developed than in our time, and therefore people's behavior depended more on biological needs. At the same time, the entire modern structure of needs begins to form in primitive man, which is very different from the structure of animal needs. the differences between man and animals are labor activity and thinking that developed in the process of labor. In order to maintain his existence, man has learned to influence nature not only with his body (nails, teeth, as animals do), but with the help of special objects that stand between man and the object of labor and multiply the human impact on nature. These items are called tools. Since a person maintains his life with the help of the products of labor, labor activity itself becomes the most important need of society. Since labor is impossible without knowledge about the world, a need for knowledge arises in primitive society. If the need for any items (food, clothing, tools) is a material need, then the need for knowledge is already a spiritual need. In primitive society, a complex interaction arises between individual (personal) and social needs. French materialist philosophers (P. A. Golbach and others) proposed the theory of rational egoism to explain human behavior. Later, it was borrowed by N. G. Chernyshevsky and described in detail in the novel What Is to Be Done? According to the theory of reasonable egoism, a person always acts in his personal, selfish interests, seeks to satisfy only individual needs. However, if we thoroughly, logically analyze the personal needs of a person, we will inevitably find that, in the final analysis, they coincide with the needs of society (social group). Therefore, a “reasonable” egoist, pursuing only a correctly understood personal benefit, will automatically act in the interests of the entire human community. In our time, it has become clear that the theory of reasonable egoism simplifies the real state of affairs. Contradictions between the interests of the individual and the community (for a primitive man this was his own tribe) actually exist and can become extremely acute. So, in modern Russia we see many examples when certain needs of various people, organizations and society as a whole exclude each other and give rise to major conflicts of interest. But society has developed a number of mechanisms to resolve such conflicts. The oldest of these mechanisms arose already in the primitive era. This mechanism is morality. Ethnographers know tribes that even by the 19th-20th centuries. before art and any distinct religious conceptions had time to emerge. But no, not a single tribe that does not have a developed and effectively operating system of moral standards. Morality arose among the most ancient people to coordinate the interests of the individual and society (of their tribe). The main meaning of all moral norms, traditions, prescriptions consisted in one thing: they required a person to act primarily in the interests of the group, the collective, to satisfy first public, and only then personal needs. Only such concern for the welfare of the whole tribe - even to the detriment of personal interests - made this tribe viable. Morality was fixed through education and traditions. It became the first powerful social regulator of human needs, managing the distribution of life's goods. Moral norms prescribed the distribution of material goods in accordance with established custom. So, all primitive tribes without exception have strict rules for the division of hunting prey. It is not considered the property of the hunter, but is distributed among all tribesmen (or at least among a large group of people). Charles Darwin during his round-the-world voyage on the ship "Beagle" in 1831-1836. I observed among the inhabitants of Tierra del Fuego the simplest way of dividing the booty: it was divided into equal parts and distributed to everyone present. For example, having received a piece of cloth, the natives always divided it into identical pieces according to the number of people who were in this place at the time of division. At the same time, under extreme circumstances, primitive hunters could get the last pieces of food, so to speak, in excess of their share, if the fate of the tribe depended on their endurance and ability to get food again. Punishments for actions dangerous to society also took into account the needs and interests of members of the community, as well as the degree of this danger. Thus, among a number of African tribes, the one who stole household utensils does not bear severe punishments, but the one who steals weapons (objects that are especially important for the survival of the tribe) is brutally killed. Thus, already at the level of the primitive system, society developed ways to satisfy social needs, which did not always coincide with the personal needs of each individual. Somewhat later than morality, mythology, religion and art appeared in primitive society. Their appearance is a major leap in the development of the need for knowledge. The ancient history of any people known to us shows that a person is never satisfied with the satisfaction of primary, basic, essential needs. Abraham Maslow (1908-1970), the greatest specialist in the theory of needs, wrote: “The satisfaction of basic needs does not in itself create a value system that can be relied upon and believed in. We realized that the possible consequences of meeting basic needs could be boredom, lack of purpose, moral decay. We seem to function best when we long for something we lack, when we desire something we don’t have, and when we mobilize our forces to satisfy that desire.” All this can already be said about primitive people. The existence of a common need for knowledge among them is easily explained by the need to navigate in the natural environment, avoid danger, and make tools. The truly amazing thing is different. All primitive tribes had a need for a worldview, that is, for the formation of a system of views on the world as a whole and the place of man in it. At first, the worldview existed in the form of mythology, that is, legends and tales that comprehended the structure of nature and society in a fantastic artistic and figurative form. Then there is a religion - a system of views on the world, recognizing the existence of supernatural phenomena that violate the ordinary order of things (the laws of nature). In the most ancient types of religions - fetishism, totemism, magic and animism - the concept of God has not yet been formed. A particularly interesting and even daring type of religious performance was magic. This is an attempt to find the simplest and most effective ways to satisfy needs through contact with the supernatural world, active human intervention in ongoing events with the help of powerful mysterious, fantastic forces. Only in the era of the emergence of modern science (XVI-XVIII centuries) did civilization finally make a choice in favor of scientific thinking. Magic and sorcery were recognized as an erroneous, ineffective, dead-end path in the development of human activity. The emergence of aesthetic needs manifested itself in the emergence of artistic creativity, the creation of works of art. Rock paintings, figurines of people and animals, all kinds of decorations, ritual hunting dances, it would seem, are in no way connected with the satisfaction of urgent needs, they do not help a person survive in the struggle with nature. But this is only at first glance. In reality, art is the result of the development of complex spiritual needs, indirectly connected with material needs. This is, first of all, the need for a correct assessment of the surrounding world and the development of a reasonable strategy for the behavior of the human community. “Art,” notes the well-known specialist in aesthetics M. S. Kagan, “was born as a way of understanding the system of values ​​that was objectively developing in society, because the strengthening of social relations and their purposeful formation required the creation of such objects in which would be fixed, stored and transmitted from person to person and from generation to generation, this is the only spiritual information available to primitive people - information about socially organized ties with the world, about the social value of nature and the being of man himself. Even in the simplest works of primitive art, the attitude of the artist to the depicted object is expressed, that is, socially significant information is encrypted about what is important and valuable for a person, how one should treat certain phenomena. So, in the development of the needs of a primitive person, a number of laws. A person has always been forced to satisfy urgent, primary, predominantly biological needs. Satisfaction of the simplest material needs led to the formation of more and more complex, secondary needs, which were predominantly social in nature. These needs, in turn, stimulated the improvement of labor tools and the complication of labor activity.3. Ancient people were convinced by experience of the need to satisfy social needs and began to create the necessary mechanisms for the regulation of social behavior - primarily morality (morality). Satisfaction of individual needs could be severely limited if they came into conflict with the public.4. Along with the basic, urgent needs of all the tribes of ancient people at some stage of their development, there is a need to form a worldview. Only ideological ideas (mythology, religion, art) could give meaning to human life, create a system of values, develop a strategy for the life behavior of an individual and a tribe as a whole. The entire history of primitive society can be represented as a search for new ways to meet the developing system of material and spiritual needs. Already at that time, man tried to reveal the meaning and purpose of his existence, which our distant ancestors did not reduce to the satisfaction of simple material needs. 4. The first civilizations and the "axial time" The so-called early agricultural cultures became the economic basis of the first civilizations: In the basins of large rivers in the warm zone of the Earth (Nile, Indus and Ganges, Huang He and Yangtze, Tigris and Euphrates), settled settlements began to appear about eight thousand years ago. Favorable natural conditions and the construction of irrigation systems contributed to the fact that the inhabitants of these settlements for the first time in the history of mankind began to receive a stable high yield of grain crops. In doing so, they acquired a guaranteed source of protein food. More complete satisfaction of food needs occurred in parallel with another revolution in the world of needs. The transition from the nomadic way of life of pastoralists to a sedentary one, without which agriculture is impossible, caused an explosive growth in the world of things that surrounded a person in everyday life. The Paleolithic hunter had an extremely meager set of items to meet his needs, as he had to carry all the property with him. With a settled way of life, there is the possibility of almost unlimited creation and accumulation of things that satisfy ever more refined needs. “The richness of the material world of culture, which is already beginning to burden the psychology of a person of the 20th century, began a rapid escalation precisely in the era of the first farmers. One can easily imagine how cluttered with various objects the house of a settled farmer would appear to a Paleolithic hunter who had just left his cave dwelling. At the same time, social differentiation intensified in the early agricultural society, which meant differences in the possibilities of satisfying needs. Later, with the advent of social classes, this differentiation reaches enormous proportions: slaves and free peasants often find themselves on the verge of survival due to the dissatisfaction of even simple basic needs, and slave owners and priests acquire the ability to satisfy them to the maximum extent. Satisfaction of needs increasingly depends not only on the production of material and spiritual goods, but also on the place of a person in the social system. Depending on belonging to one social group or another, people now have different possibilities for fulfilling their needs. Moreover, in people from different social strata, in the process of upbringing, the needs are formed somewhat differently. The centers of the most ancient civilizations usually include Sumer, Egypt, Harappa (India), Yin China, Crete-Mycenaean Greece and the ancient civilizations of America. The transition in these regions of the Earth to the era of civilization is associated with three major innovations: the emergence of writing, monumental architecture and cities. Such leaps in the development of material and spiritual culture led to the complication of the world of technology and household items (as a result of the development of handicraft production in cities), to the complication of economic ties and mechanisms for satisfying urgent needs. The farmer and the craftsman are now exchanging the products of their labor, including through trade and the money circulation that is being formed in this era. The emergence of writing dramatically expanded the possibilities of indirect communication between people using sign systems (language). The needs for cognition, communication, learning, transmission and storage of information are now served by creating written texts. The next leap of such magnitude in serving the needs of cognition and information processing occurred, apparently, only in the 20th century, when computer technologies were developed and screen culture began to form in addition to written culture. needs occurred independently of each other in the major civilizations of China, India and the West in the period from 800 to 200 BC. BC e. The famous German existentialist philosopher Karl Jaspers (1831-1969) called this period "Axial Time". “Then the most abrupt turn in history took place,” he wrote of the axial time. “A man of a type appeared that has survived to this day.” Previously, man was entirely in captivity of the traditional mythological and religious worldview. Now science is beginning to take shape, rational thinking based on proven experience. It allows people to comprehend reality in a new way. There is an idea of ​​a separate individual as an independent person, and not a faceless part of the human community. In ancient Greece and Rome, a society is gradually formed, consisting of a variety of individuals with different needs. In many Greek policies, a person gets the right to independently choose their occupation, develop and control their needs. However, the full independence of the individual is achieved later - only in the era of capitalism. Ancient civilizations continued to improve the system of norms that made it possible to coordinate the needs of society and the individual, to prevent their collision. If during the primitive system these were moral, and then religious norms associated with them, then after the emergence of the state, human behavior is also regulated by the norms of law. Legal norms are established by the state power, which monitors their implementation, if necessary, using coercion. In the era of the first civilizations, the relationship between personal and social needs became more complicated. The needs of various social groups, classes, strata of the now heterogeneous population appeared. The dissatisfaction of the needs of a number of social groups - primarily the class of slaves - becomes a powerful stimulus for social conflicts. The development and satisfaction of human needs remains a contradictory process. Several tendencies acted simultaneously in it. On the one hand, the problems of food production, construction and maintenance of irrigation systems, security, and supply of the population with necessary things were solved. Production, preserved from the primitive era, was of a natural, non-commercial nature. Now simple forms of exchange are being developed. The emergence of the class structure of society - the emergence of slaves, slave owners, artisans and free peasants - led to the formation of a significant layer of people, as we would now say, professionally engaged in service activities. The first large social stratum actually employed in the service sector was domestic servants (usually slaves). His main task was the personal home service of the nobility and all wealthy strata of society. On the other hand, the economy of ancient civilizations was not limited to meeting simple basic needs. An attempt to understand the surrounding world as a whole led, as already noted, to the formation of mythology, religion and art that satisfied the spiritual needs of man in understanding the world and his place in it. Mythology, art and religion became the first forms of worldview. In the era of early civilizations, worldview ideas about life and death, the afterlife, the subsequent resurrection of the dead began to determine many areas of society's activities. Thus, there is a point of view that the main reason for the weakening of the Egyptian civilization during the period of the ancient kingdom (298-475 BC) was the construction of pyramids and gigantic temples, colossal structures, which from a modern point of view have no practical significance. Nevertheless, society felt the need for such construction, since it corresponded to the worldview of the ancient Egyptians (and not to their momentary material interests). According to the religious ideas of the Egyptians, all the dead in the distant future will be able to physically resurrect. However, only his pharaoh, the viceroy of the gods on earth, can resurrect any person. Therefore, each Egyptian deeply felt a personal connection with the pharaoh, and the preservation of his mummy and the future resurrection were felt by the inhabitants of Ancient Egypt as an urgent personal need. This is a very special belief in the connection between the inhabitants of the country and the ruler, which created the need to take care of his burial. The ideology of the ancient world could give rise to needs that seem strange and incomprehensible to modern man - like the need to build pyramids. Conclusion

The essentiality of the system of needs is that a person or society as a whole has a set of needs, each of which requires its own satisfaction. This seemingly simple thesis acquires a serious coloring if we analyze modern times and history. What we have achieved in any field, even at the cost of world wars, world crises, is ultimately the result of a simple desire or lack, or shifts in internal chemistry. In parallel lies the law of increasing needs. This law is based on the needs of a particular person, and they characterize the needs of the whole society. And at the same time, this law is the driving force behind economic growth, due to the fact that a person always needs more than he has achieved.

The dialectical interrelation of the activities and needs of society is the root source of both their mutual development and all social progress, it is an absolute and eternal condition for the existence and development of society. That is, their relationship is in the nature of a general economic law. Human society, along with other laws, in its functioning and development is regulated by such an important law as the law of subordination of the entire system of activity to the system of needs of society, requiring the subordination of all the total activity of society to the satisfaction of its socially necessary, objectively mature, real needs of society that have arisen in the course of activity. the existence of society. Therefore, the absolute goal of the activity of this or that society is the satisfaction of its needs.

So, the needs of a person are imprints in his own mind of the felt need to ensure compliance with the comfortable and current conditions of his existence.

Bibliography

1. Dodonov B.I. Structure and dynamics of activity motives. (V.psych., 2001, No. 4)

2. Magun B.C. Needs and psychology of social activity of a person. L, 2003

3. Maslow A. Motivation and personality.-M., 1999

4. Dodonov B.I. Needs, attitudes and orientations of the personality (In psycho 2003, No. 5) -

5. Diligensky G, G. Problems of the theory of human needs (V.F. 1999, no. 4)

6. Dzhidaryan I. A. Aesthetic need. M .. 2000.

Starting from birth, a person has needs that only increase with age and can change. No other living beings have as many needs as humans. To realize his needs, a person moves to active actions, thanks to which he better knows the world and develops in different directions. When it is possible to satisfy the need, a person experiences positive emotions, and when not, then negative ones.

What needs does a person have?

Everyone has primary needs, regardless of position, nationality, gender and other characteristics. This includes the need for food, water, air, sex, and so on. Some appear immediately at birth, while others develop throughout life. Secondary human needs are also called psychological, for example, it can be a need for respect, etc. Some desires are, as it were, intermediate, being at the boundary of primary and secondary needs.

The most popular theory that allows you to understand this topic was proposed by Maslow. He presented them in the form of a pyramid divided into five sections. The meaning of the proposed theory lies in the fact that a person can realize his needs, starting from the simple ones themselves, which are at the base of the pyramid, and moving to more complex ones. Therefore, it is impossible to move to the next stage if the previous one has not been implemented.

What are the human needs?

1. Physiological. This group includes the need for food, water, sexual satisfaction, clothing, etc. This is a certain base that can provide a comfortable and stable life. Every person has these needs.
2. The need for a secure and stable existence. Based on this group of human needs, there was a separate branch, which is called psychological security. This category includes both physical and financial security. It all starts with the instinct of self-preservation and ends with the desire to protect loved ones from trouble. To move to another level of needs, a person must feel confident in the future.
3. Social. This category includes the need for a person to have friends and a loved one, as well as other attachment options. Like it or not, but people need communication and contact with others, otherwise they cannot move to the next stage of development. These human needs and abilities are a kind of transitional stage from primitive to higher levels.
4. Personal. This category includes needs that are able to distinguish a person from the crowd and reflect his achievements. Firstly, it concerns respect from loved ones and oneself. Secondly, trust, social status, prestige, career growth, etc. can be added here.
5. Needs for self-realization. This includes the highest human needs, which are of a moral and spiritual nature. This category includes the desire of people to apply their knowledge and express themselves through creativity, achieve their goals, etc.

In general, the needs of a modern person can be described as follows: people satisfy hunger, earn a living, get an education, start a family and get a job. They try to reach certain heights, to earn recognition and respect from others. Satisfying his needs, a person forms character, willpower, becomes smarter and stronger. We can summarize and say that needs are the basis for a normal and happy life.

The topic of our study, first of all, will be a person in the context of addiction as such.
First of all, we need to define the term "Dependency". Are we dependent initially and on what? What are we dependent on?

Initially, while still in the womb, we are completely and completely dependent on her. We grow, we form, using the nutrients that our mother gives us. Being born, we find ourselves in a big and uncomfortable world and become dependent on food, air, other significant people, warmth.
and comfort. The more we grow up, the more addictions surround us in everyday life. Therefore, we are dependent from the beginning! From the moment of our conception to the last breath, as it is difficult to imagine a person who could survive without meeting the basic needs of water, food, air, sex. The so-called Maslow's Pyramid.

Maslow is a well-known psychologist, whose research innovation was that he began to study not pathological, unhealthy personalities, unlike most of his colleagues, but personalities who were fully realized in life. Successful and prosperous. They have made a huge contribution to the development of mankind. It was the study of healthy personalities that allowed him to describe the hierarchy of needs on which these personalities relied in the process of their development. Gradually satisfying their needs, these people achieved incredible achievements in their lives. Receiving complete satisfaction from her, and practically did not need artificial stimulation from the outside.

1 TO primary needs Maslow attributed the so-called vital needs - the need for food, air, water and sex. Sex is important, because without it, the emergence of man is impossible. Without the satisfaction of these needs, each of us would simply die as a physiological organism.

2. K secondary needs Maslow attributed the need for security. The need for protection, housing, warmth, clothing, the ability to defend their territory and defend their borders. It is important for each of us to have clothes, a hearth, a protected room in which
he is the master and may not fear intrusion into his territory.

3. To the next, third level in this hierarchy, Maslow attributed social needs.
The opportunity to take place as a respected person, as a professional in your field, to receive recognition from your family, parents, society, to occupy an important position and influence the development of your society. Whether it is a house council or the State Duma. Becoming significant in the eyes of others is of great importance to each of us. Self-respect and self-esteem of a person directly depend on this.

4. The fourth level in Maslow's hierarchy included self-realization of personality. When all previous needs are fully satisfied, a person has the opportunity to realize himself in creativity. And it can be varied. cultural needs,
hobby, development of one's creative potential. There is not a single person who has not been
would originally laid the potential. The development of talents, the development of a sense of beauty and harmony is inherent in everyone.

5. And the supreme, standing at the head of the pyramid of needs, are spiritual needs. To be a part of something much bigger than the person himself. A certain global idea that exceeds all acceptable limits. Confess and share with others certain moral and ethical values. To believe in something miraculous and inexplicable. Fantastic, loving and caring. And accordingly, live by applying these principles in your life.

If you enter a person into this pyramid of needs, then you can easily imagine how he gradually straightens up, gradually satisfying his needs from the bottom up. For a person, in principle, it is enough that the vital and spiritual needs are satisfied. This allows the person to stand. Faith in something more and everything that is necessary for survival is enough for a person to live, gradually filling in the gaps in other areas.

In the future, we will return to the satisfaction of these needs when we discuss the reasons that lead a person to use chemically active substances.

So, returning to the question of "dependence - independence", we come to the conclusion that a person is initially dependent! It is a given with which we come into this world and live our lives.

Dependencies on which our survival depends, we will not consider. Our tasks include the consideration of destructive, destructive dependencies. And any positive addiction can become such an addiction. Let's consider a simple example.

Food. As long as a person satisfies hunger with food and eats food only for the sake of
To give the body the nutrients to grow, this dependence on food helps the person to survive. As soon as a person begins to eat food in order to get pleasure, “eats” his emotional state, cannot stop and does it with enviable constancy, regardless of the consequences, this can be considered as a destructive addiction. A person begins to eat at each experience, thereby avoiding and not living it. As a result, overeating and problems with weight, other vital organs (liver, heart, kidneys).

The object of destructive addiction can be any positive addiction in its extreme manifestation. Sex. Internet. Gambling (gambling, gambling). Vivid feelings (Emotional instability). Another man (). Work (Workaholism). Alcohol (). Drugs (). Power. TV. Hobby. Smoking (Smoking) and so on. This list can be extended indefinitely. If we place them in the "Addiction Fan" figure from the most common (tobacco smoking) to the most global (dependence on power over other people), then this concept becomes obvious.

In principle, both professional sports and extreme sports (dependence on adrenaline, which is produced in stressful situations) can be considered as addiction. A fairly large number of addictions have social approval in our country.
Take workaholism. A father or mother disappears at work from morning to evening. There is simply no time left for anything else: neither strength nor time. All this is justified by the fact that they are the breadwinners. Moreover, a portrait of a man hangs on the "Honor Board". A person receives awards and prizes. He is cited as an example, etc. But all other vital areas suffer. And this form of behavior inevitably leads to problems in them. Suffer and health, and the psyche, and the family.

Or take dependence on another, deeply loved person. The so-called "". Undivided, all-consuming love for another person. Such "love" is not only encouraged, it is sung in songs and poems. There are legends and epics about her. It is not sung by
only the people, but also great writers and poets.

This model of family relationships is absorbed with mother's milk. And even though one
of spouses can constantly suffer, he tries his best to save and save this painful relationship. Because for him, the partner becomes not just a loved one, but an object of dependence. His whole life is focused on the life of an addict. And he really
cannot otherwise! Since if you stop living the life and problems of another person, you will have to solve your own problems. But we will return to the discussion of this issue when we consider the problem of “dysfunctional families”.

If we go further and return to the topic of chemical dependence, then, looking at the use of alcohol in society, we will see that almost 99.9% of the adult population consumes.
But only 25-30% of the total number of users become addicted. Moderate and controlled drinking “for health reasons” does not make a person addicted. A fairly large number of people periodically drink, and this does not affect their lives in any way. Some of the users, when faced with the negative consequences of their use for the first time (hangover syndrome, uncontrollable behavior), immediately stop using.

The difference between an addicted person and an independent person is that the addicted person continues to use, despite the negative consequences of the use, and cannot stop on his own. If he manages to stop for a while, then after some time a “breakdown” follows. And so for many years.

Make a decision right now and you will make your life easier and save your loved one, we know this for sure.

It's free for you, just call and our consultant psychologist will tell you what to do right now in your case...

The simplest and most primitive test for prerequisites for addiction is attempts to moderate and control one's use. An independent person who does not have difficulties will not even think of drinking less, drinking only on weekends or only on holidays. He does not need to control the amount and frequency of the substance consumed.

So what is the difference between destructive addiction and positive addiction?

If we consider the list of dependencies, then there are only two types of destructive dependencies out of several dozen others. The only thing that distinguishes them from other addictions is the obviousness and painfulness of the consequences of using both for the patient himself and for those around him. is obvious here.

What we have found out with you is the presence of negative and destructive consequences. That is, in simple terms - pain! And it is not only physical, but, in most cases, mental.
and psychological. The destruction of life in the complex. Problems in various spheres of life that are directly related to the use and are the consequences of it.

For the normal existence of a person on earth, he needs to satisfy his needs. All living beings on the planet have needs, but most of all they have a reasonable individual.

Types of human needs

organic. These needs are connected with the development of man, with his self-preservation. Organic needs include many needs: food, water, oxygen, optimal ambient temperature, procreation, sexual desires, existence security. These needs are also present in animals. Unlike our smaller brothers, a person needs, for example, hygiene, culinary processing of food and other specific conditions;

material Needs are based on their satisfaction with the help of products created by people. These include: clothing, housing, transport, household appliances, tools, as well as everything that is necessary for work, leisure, everyday life, knowledge of culture. In other words, a person needs the goods of life;

social. This type is associated with the need for communication, position in society, a certain position in life, gaining respect, authority. A person cannot exist on his own, so he needs to communicate with other people. emerged from the development of human society. Thanks to such needs, life becomes the most secure;

creative types of needs represent satisfaction in different artistic, scientific, technical. People are very different. There are those who cannot live without creativity. They even agree to give up something else, but they cannot exist without it. Such a person is a high personality. Freedom to engage in creativity for them is above all;

moral self-improvement and psychological development - these are the types in which he ensures his growth in the cultural and psychological direction. In this case, a person strives to become deeply moral and morally responsible. Such needs contribute to the introduction of people to religion. Moral self-improvement and psychological development become the dominant needs for people who have reached a high level of personality development.

In the modern world, it is very popular among psychologists. Its presence speaks of the highest level of human psychological development. Human needs and their types can change over time. There are desires that need to be suppressed in oneself. We are talking about the pathology of psychological development, when a person has needs of a negative nature. These include painful conditions in which a person has a desire to inflict pain on another, both physical and moral.

Considering the types of needs, we can say that there are those without which a person cannot live on earth. But there are some that you can do without. Psychology is a subtle science. Each individual needs a special approach. The question is, why do some people have particularly pronounced needs, while others have others? Some like to work, others don't, why? The answer must be sought in generic genetics or in lifestyle.

Species can also be divided into biological, social, ideal. The classification of needs has a wide variety. The need for prestige and recognition in society appeared. In conclusion, it can be said that it is impossible to establish a complete list of human needs. The hierarchy of needs is different. Satisfying the needs of the basic level implies the formation of the rest.

Patterns of life inherent in man and ways to implement them.

All life processes are based on the interaction of the human body and the environment, are manifested in the form of vital activity and are characterized by certain patterns of life - self-regulation, self-renewal and self-reproduction. What do we mean by these laws of life?

Self-regulation is the ability of the human body to maintain

the stability of the internal environment, regardless of the changing conditions of the external environment, provided by the neurohumoral mechanism of regulation.

self-renewal- the ability of the human body to renew cellular and tissue

structures to replace those who have outlived their time or died. It is carried out due to the processes of regeneration or restoration.

self-reproduction is the ability of the human body to reproduce its own kind.

The implementation of these patterns of human life is carried out due to the process

owls of metabolism and reproduction, neurohumoral regulation, heredity, which are based on the laws of physics (bioelectric processes); chemistry (redox reactions); biology (laws of cell division, Mendel's laws); dialectics (from simple to complex). This determines the close connection of the discipline "Human Anatomy and Physiology" with other sciences.

The patterns of life - self-regulation, self-renewal and self-reproduction are

is the basis of human adaptation to the conditions of existence in the external environment and

preservation of man - as a species in wildlife.

The vital activity of a person, based on the interaction of a person with the external environment

milk due to the processes of movement, respiration, nutrition, excretion, reproduction, protection, communication, etc., constitute the essence of human life and manifest themselves as human needs.

Need- this is a physiological and psychological deficiency "of something that a person experiences throughout his life and must constantly satisfy in order to achieve health. Psychologist Maslow identified 14 basic human needs, which he distributed in the form of steps of a pyramid - a hierarchical ladder.

Levels 1 and 2 are the lowest, but they are basic, providing physiological processes in the human body and its adaptation.

3rd, 4th and 5th steps - higher needs, psychological, but entirely dependent on

requirements of the 1st and 2nd steps.

The basis for the formation of human needs are cellular needs,

resulting from the performance of various functions by cells under the influence of external

them and internal factors. The transition of the needs of cells into the needs of the whole organism is ensured by the internal environment of the body, regulation systems and blood circulation.

Example: Performing physical work enhances the functioning of skeletal muscle cells, accompanied by an increase in energy consumption, organic substances and the formation of toxins. This leads to the need for nutrition, respiration of cells and the release of toxins. These cells can be carried out only at the expense of the internal environment, in particular blood and the processes of blood circulation and regulation, which ensure the movement of fluids in the internal environment. Cells receive nutrients, oxygen from the internal environment, and give away toxins, which leads to the need to replenish it with nutrients, oxygen and the release of toxins into the environment. This already forms the needs of the whole organism for excretion, nutrition (hunger), respiration (increased external respiration). Emerging needs are satisfied by self-satisfaction or satisfaction with outside help. The process of self-satisfaction of human needs is a set of adaptive reactions of the organism to the influence of the external environment and can be both innate and acquired mechanism. Congenital mechanisms of self-satisfaction of needs are carried out due to the ability of the human body to self-regulate metabolic processes, the functions of internal organs due to unconditioned reflexes, instincts. Acquired - formed in the process of human life and based on the development of the cerebral cortex and higher nervous activity - creative behavior, logical and abstract thinking, purposeful activity, psychological reactions, etc. The presence of various methods and mechanisms for satisfying the same human needs is associated with the assimilation its existence, first of all, the socio-cultural environment, the constituent elements of which are: social environment, culture, material well-being, ecology, age. In addition - the strength, desires, knowledge and skills of the person himself. The ability to self-satisfy various needs; "of a person depends directly on the functioning of the anatomical and physiological systems of the human body that satisfy these needs. Depending on the type of need, various systems are also involved that can be executive - the respiratory, excretory, protective system and the regulatory - control and regulation system. In case of violation or decrease functions of these systems, most often with the adverse influence of the external environment, or their age-related imperfection, a person loses the ability to independently satisfy his needs, and requires outside help, in particular a paramedical worker, whose competent activity will allow the patient to adapt to new conditions of existence and satisfy vital needs .

Thus - the development, formation and activity of a person leads to the emergence of various needs, the ways and mechanisms of satisfaction of which depend on the ability of the human body to adapt to changing environmental conditions and withstand adverse factors - risk factors, where a person's lifestyle plays an important role.

1. 4. "The main characteristics of the human body."

The human body combines 3 groups of characteristics: morphological, functional and personal.

Morphological characteristics determine the structure, structure, location of cells, tissues, organs, anatomical systems and apparatuses, which are considered in accordance with the levels of structural organization of the human body.

Functional characteristics determine the processes occurring in the human body.

Fundamentals of the functional characteristics of the human body:

Property - this is a genetically determined ability of cells, organs and systems.

physiological process is a set of biochemical, biophysical and physiological reactions occurring in different structures and elements of a person.

Function - specific activity of cells, tissues and organs, their properties are manifested as a physiological process or a set of processes. Functions are conventionally divided into somatic and vegetative. Somatic functions are carried out due to the activity of the skeletal and muscular systems. Vegetative functions are carried out due to the activity of internal organs.

Physiological reactions - these are changes in the structure of the function of the body, its cells in response to various influences of environmental factors or stimuli. Each reaction has its own form and degree of manifestation and is an external manifestation of reactivity.

Reactivity - the property of the body to respond in a certain way to the influence of various environmental and internal factors.

Each reaction, process has its own specific implementation mechanisms.

The mechanism of physiological reactions - this is a sequence of structural and functional changes that occur in the human body by cells under the influence of various kinds of stimuli, i.e., the mechanism allows you to answer the question - “how physiological processes are carried out”

Personal characteristics - determine to a large extent the mental activity of a person: directed conscious activity, ability, character, will, feelings, emotions, etc.

All characteristics make it possible to perceive and form an idea of ​​the human body as a whole, in which particular physiological processes are subject to the laws of operation of a complex integral system. The process of cognition of physiological patterns is inconceivable without a deep study of the structure of an organ or organ system. Therefore, the study of the structure of organs is a necessary stage in understanding the essence of physiological processes and the relationship between the structure and function of a living organ or an integral living system. Each organ or a separate organ system performs specific functions, but their independence in human behavioral acts is relative. So, in the implementation of the food behavioral reaction, the manifestation of physiological activity - the search, intake and processing of food - turn out to be subordinated to the solution of the main task - satisfying the need for food.

Morphological and functional dependence and interdependence between organs and systems of the human body is carried out due to the activity of the control and regulation system and the internal environment of the human body according to the principle system hierarchy: elementary life processes are subject to complex system dependencies. So the lower departments are already subordinate to the higher departments and carry out automatic maintenance of a given mode of life.

Combining the above, we can distinguish that the basis of life

of the human body as a whole lies the structural-functional interconnection and interdependence of various organs and systems based on the activity of the control and regulation system and the internal environment of the body according to the principle of hierarchy: the subordination of the lower structures of regulation to the higher and the dependence of the activity of the higher departments of regulation on the functioning of the lower ones. On this basis, the highest personal characteristics of a person and the levels of regulation of life processes are formed:

a) The highest level: the regulation of the functions of the whole organism and the relationship with the external environment, carried out by the central nervous system;

b) The second level: vegetative regulation of the functions of internal organs of a person;

c) The third level - humoral regulation due to hormones produced by endocrine glands;

d) The fourth level - non-specific regulation of physiological functions, carried out by the liquid media of the human body.

1. 5. The human body and the environment: essence, principles, results, manifestations of interaction: methods for their detection.

"The human body without an external environment that supports its existence is impossible." Ivan Mikhailovich Sechenov.

A person, from the moment of his birth, comes into direct contact with the external environment, which affects the growth, development and formation of a person as a “reasonable person”. The influence of the external environment on a person is carried out due to external stimuli - physical, chemical, biological and sociological. Unlike animals, a person is exposed to social factors that he himself forms - the word, society, the noosphere. Therefore, man is a social being. The noosphere, according to V. Vernadsky, is the result of the transformation of the biosphere by man with the help of science and technology. External factors, when exposed to the human body, are perceived by analyzers, converted into electrical impulses and conducted to the central nervous system, where a response is formed, which can manifest itself in a different area depending on the type of stimulus and the needs of the human body. The body's response to external stimuli, aimed at adapting (adaptation) of a person and the realization of his needs, is nothing more than a reflex. Therefore, reflex processes are the basis of human interaction with the external environment. So, the first breath and the first cry of a newborn are nothing more than responses based on unconditioned reflexes to the impact of an external stimulus. It is on the reflex basis that complex physiological processes are formed that ensure human life - these are breathing, nutrition, movement, excretion, reproduction, communication, etc. These physiological processes satisfy the needs of the human body of the same name and constitute the essence of the interaction between man and the environment. Response or reflex reactions provide the relationship of the human body with the external environment, and is one of the forms of manifestation of vital activity.

In the elementary scheme of the reflex, one can single out:

1. An afferent or sensory link with a receptor part that perceives stimuli, converts them into electrical impulses and conducts them to the central link.

2. The central or intercalary link analyzes information and simulates a response with the inclusion of specific motor (efferent) centers.

3. Efferent link or motor link connecting the central link with the effector

(working body).

Modern ideas about the reflex are based on the signal-regulatory principle. The reflex is considered as a system of body responses to external influences, determined not only by signals from the external environment, but also by feedback coming to the central nervous system from the executive apparatus. Isolation of the initial (starting) and final (executive) link of the reflex, with direct and feedback connections, is a schematic picture of complex interactions in the reflex response, which is carried out according to the ring principle, i.e. from the reflex arc to the ring principle of control.

The mechanism for implementing the ring principle, the formation of a reflex, makes it possible to evaluate the interaction of a person with the external environment, i.e. reflex result (achievement of a useful result)

An important result of the interaction of the human body with the external environment is maintaining the constancy of the internal environment of the human body - homeostasis. Homeostasis is assessed by homeostasis constants - pulse, blood pressure, respiratory rate, chemical and cellular composition of blood and other bones, etc. The constants are relatively constant, i.e. dynamic. When the functional state of the human body changes and external conditions change, the constants change, counteracting external factors, but then return to their original state. So, when excited, the pulse can sharply increase, but then returns to normal again - 70-80 beats. Preservation of homeostasis constants is carried out at the expense of functional systems based on self-regulation processes. Maintaining homeostasis is the only possible way for any open system to exist in constant contact with the external environment. The ability to maintain homeostasis in adverse conditions of existence is a property that significantly reduced the dependence of the human body on external influences, made it capable of surviving in changing environmental conditions, i.e., adapting.

Adaptation is a set of adaptive reactions and morphological changes that allow the body to maintain the relative constancy of the internal environment in changing environmental conditions.

In the process of adaptation, 2 opposing tendencies can be distinguished: on the one hand, distinct changes affecting, to one degree or another, all body systems and transferring the body to a new level of functioning in order to achieve a beneficial result, and on the other hand, maintaining homeostasis and maintaining dynamic balance contrast homeostasis. The balance of these areas of adaptation is ensured by the formation of functional systems, which, according to the ideas of P. K. Anokhin, act as complex physiological mechanisms (systems) that provide a useful adaptive result while maintaining homeostasis.

The interaction of the human body with the external environment, in which the dynamism of homeostasis is maintained due to the normal functioning of the adaptive reactions of the human body, manifests itself in the form of good health, working capacity, a state of psychological comfort or, in a general term, health.

The World Health Organization defines "health" as "a state of complete physical, mental, functional and socioeconomic well-being".

While a person is healthy, he copes with a wide range of environmental factors that affect him - these are temperature, food, microorganisms, stressors. If, when interacting with the external environment, the adaptive reactions of the functional systems of the human body are not able to provide homeostasis, then the stability of physiological processes decreases and adaptation is disturbed and a disease occurs.

Disease is a state of morphofunctional insufficiency that occurs as a result of violations of the functioning of the systems of the human body, manifested outwardly by the resistance of changes in homeostasis constants.

Health and disease are two opposite states of the human body, which are the result of the same process of interaction between the human body and the external environment, manifested depending on the functioning of the adaptive systems of the human body and the human living conditions in the external environment.

To acquire the skills and abilities of assessing human health or diagnosing health, i.e., detecting manifestations of the interaction of the human body with the external environment, it is necessary to master a certain amount of knowledge that you will acquire as a result of educational activities. Based on the acquired knowledge and skills, you will be able to model various processes for various functional states in normal conditions and in diseases. You can transfer the simulated processes to the patient being examined, comparing with the data obtained by the methods of examination, observation, communication, laboratory diagnostics, etc. and establish a diagnosis. The ability to detect, record and evaluate the results of the manifestation of the vital activity of an average medical worker.