How to write the author after a quotation. Highlighting different areas of text and quotes

Rules for formatting quotations

General requirements for cited material

The quoted text must be quoted in quotation marks, exactly according to the quoted text, in the grammatical form in which it is given in the source.

Omission of words, sentences, paragraphs when quoting is allowed without distortion and is indicated by an ellipsis.

Quotations must be complete, without distorting the author's thoughts.

The quotation must be inextricably linked with the text and serve as evidence and confirmation of the provisions put forward by the author.

When quoting, it is not allowed to combine several passages taken from different places in one quotation. Each passage should be formatted as a separate quotation.

When quoting, each quotation must be accompanied by an indication of the source (bibliographic reference).

Basic rules for formatting quotations.

Quote as an independent sentence (after a period ending the previous sentence) must start with a capital letter, even if the first word in the source begins with a lowercase letter.

For example:

The desire to understand the laws of existence does not lead to the consideration of chance as an objective reality, but to its interpretation as the initial stage of cognition of an object, due to the imperfection of our knowledge. “There is nothing more contrary to reason and nature than chance” (Cicero). (In the source: “... there is nothing...”.)

Quotation included in the text after the subordinating word ( what, for, or, because etc.), is enclosed in quotation marks and written with a lowercase letter, even if in the source it begins with a capital letter: M. Gorky wrote that “in the simplicity of the word...”.

For example:

M. Gorky wrote that “the greatest wisdom is in the simplicity of words: proverbs and songs are always short, but whole books’ worth of intelligence and feelings are put into them.” (In the source: “In the simplicity of the word...”)

A quotation placed after a colon begins with a lowercase letter if in the source the first word of the quotation began with a lowercase letter (in this case, an ellipsis must be placed before the quoted text), and with a capital letter if in the source the first word of the quotation began with a capital letter (in this case In this case, there is no ellipsis before the quoted text).

For example:

From the point of view of historical gravity, cultural preferences, a system of value orientations, from a civilizational point of view, the Russian nation is a European nation: “... just as Russian literature, with all its originality, is one of the European literatures, so Russia itself, with all its peculiarities, is one of the European nations” (Vl. Soloviev). (In the source: “... and like Russian...”)

Quotes retain the same punctuation marks as in the cited source.

If a sentence is not quoted in full, then instead of the omitted text, an ellipsis is placed before the beginning of the quoted sentence, or inside it, or at the end. Punctuation marks preceding omitted text are not preserved.

For example:

Strength and beauty, turned into an end in themselves, are destructive. Taken as an end in themselves, they become hostile to morality. Vl. Solovyov draws attention to this side of the problem: “Strength and beauty are divine, but not in themselves... but if they are inseparable from goodness...” (Vl. Solovyov).

When a sentence ends with a quotation, and at the end of the quotation there is an ellipsis, a question mark or an exclamation mark, then no sign is placed after the quotation marks if the quotation is an independent sentence; or put a period (or other necessary sign) if the quotation is not an independent sentence (included in the text of the author’s sentence).

For example:

We can talk about personal freedom only by recognizing the individual’s right to identity. In this regard, N. Gumilyov’s exclamation is significant: “I don’t want to be confused with others - and this requires that I myself not confuse myself with others!”

Do I need to write at all or can I copy it?

You cannot copy off coursework. You can write it off if you are lucky and don’t get caught. If your supervisor doesn't care whether you cheat or not, your thesis reviewer may see your attitude toward your work and give you a bad grade.

What is plagiarism?

It is necessary to understand that there are two types of citations:

1) direct (reproduction of words),

2) indirect (reproduction of ideas).

Links to the source of information are always necessary. But if at direct quoting requires quotation marks and a link to the source with the page number, then when indirect citation only requires a link to the source (page numbers are indicated if the idea is localized on one or more pages).

Plagiarism reproduction of both other people's words and other people's thoughts without appropriate references is considered. Another thing is that theft of other people's words is much easier to detect. As a rule, you can do without systems like AntiPlagiat.ru.

The ability to refer to sources of information indicates that the student is able to differentiate yours and others', and this is very important, and not only from an ethical point of view.

Remember: All other people's words and thoughts are accompanied by a mandatory link to the source! If there are unquoted quotations of any length in the coursework or diploma, the work is not allowed to be defended.

You need to understand that the abundance of references in student work is not a disadvantage, but rather an advantage. If you make a lot of references to other researchers, the teacher will not think that you are not smart enough to come up with something of your own. True, you need to understand that references to sources should be part of an analytical review of existing scientific ideas about your object of study, and not a random selection of clever thoughts and aphorisms.

Some links to think about plagiarism:

1. A note on the attitude towards plagiarism in Western universities and here
2. The cautionary tale of the resignation of the Hungarian president due to the discovery of plagiarism in his dissertation

How to format a quote correctly?

1. As a rule, the quotation must be entered. For this purpose, introductory structures of the “L.V.” type are used. Shcherba noted”, “as shown by W. Weinreich”, “according to J. Lakoff”, etc. Specify the author's gender. And pay attention to the order of words: first the initials, then the surname. Quoting without initials is considered overly familiar in the Russian academic tradition.

Open any scientific article or monograph and see how the author enters citations. If you disagree with a quote, be sure to write about it, otherwise the reader will not know about it. Yes, you can disagree with the opinions of scientists (even the most famous ones), but in this case you need to think through your argumentation. Write "F. de Saussure was right” and even “As F. de Saussure correctly noted” is not worth it.

2. After the quotation, its source and page are indicated in square brackets - for example. 1 is the number of the article, book, etc. in the list of references.

How to automatically generate digital bibliographic references?

If you decide to use digital references, you do not need to manually place them in the early stages of working on the text: when adding new items to the reference list, you will have to redo all the references in the work. These boring mechanical manipulations will have to be done more than once while working on your coursework and diploma. In MS Word, it is possible to do this automatically using a hyperlink, the number of which will change with the change in the ordinal number of the cited source in the list of references. In version 2007 this tool is called "Cross Reference". Let's look at how to use it:

1. Do automatic numbering of positions in the list of references (I repeat: first comes the Cyrillic alphabet, then the Latin alphabet). Don’t be too lazy at the same time to use automatic sorting from A to Z.

2. B in the right place Open the square brackets and find the Cross Reference item in the References menu. Select the following parameters: link type – paragraph, insert a link to – paragraph number, insert as a hyperlink – check mark, for which paragraph – number of the desired source in the bibliography (click on the desired position) and click “insert”.

3. Now you have a number that will change as your bibliography changes. To update the reference numbers in the entire coursework, select the entire document, right-click and select “update field”.

You can also refer to the numbers of tables, chapters, sections, appendices, etc.

If you have a different version of Word, check Help for cross-references.

What is the maximum quotation length?

There are no uniform clear requirements in this regard. In my opinion, the optimal length of quotation in texts such as term papers is up to 7-8 lines. Larger citations in term papers are rarely caused by a real need; usually this is a consequence of a reluctance to formulate thoughts on your own. A fragment of a quotation can be omitted if this does not distort its content, in which case it is placed in place of the omission.

The page should not consist of 90% quotes - you need to supplement other people’s words with your own connections, generalizations, thoughts, etc. Half the page can be quotations, and the other half can be your words (including generalizations).

Is it possible to take a quote from something other than the original source?

Quote from someone else's hands using links like “cit. by...” is not recommended, except in cases where you need to quote words that are extremely necessary for your text from a very rare publication. In this case, after the quotation, the words “cit.” are placed in square brackets. by" + the corresponding item in your bibliography.

Social media shows us that people love quotes. We often see them in pictures and we like some of them so much that we remember them. Articles on the Internet are a completely different matter. Quotes in them - especially important ones that help reveal the essence of the article - are rare. Why is this happening?

In my experience, there are three reasons for this phenomenon:

• the authors write a lot and don’t want to bother selecting quotes
• articles are often written to order and the author simply does not know the topic enough to select quotes
• quotations are avoided because they can reduce the level of uniqueness of the text

And this is a very sad phenomenon, because quotes help the author to support his arguments and thoughts with the opinions of more important and authoritative people. Quotes make the text more convincing and vivid, and very often become the strong point of the article.

I found some great tips on citing in the book.

"How to Write Persuasively"

Gerald Graff and Kathy Birkenstein. The good thing about the book is that it contains not only theory, but also ready-made templates (I’m sharing with you a whole chapter from it:

Chapter 3 “According to him”

The Art of Quoting

Quoting gives your review more credibility and helps convince the reader that your generalizations are fair and accurate. Therefore, in a sense, quotations serve as a kind of reinforcement of your argument, telling the reader: “Look, I didn’t come up with this. She speaks about it herself - these are her words.”

However, many authors make many mistakes when it comes to citation, not the least of which is insufficient or even no citations. Some people quote too little, perhaps because they don't want to go to the trouble of going back to the original text for the author's exact words, or they think they can reconstruct his ideas from memory.

The other extreme is the text being overloaded with quotes to such an extent that there is practically no room left for the author’s own comments; the reason may be the author’s uncertainty that he will be able to correctly comment on the quotes, or a misunderstanding of their meaning, which prevents him from giving an adequate explanation to the opponent’s quoted words.

However, the main problem with citations arises when the author of the text decides that the quotations can speak for themselves.

From the fact that the meaning of the quoted passage seems obvious to himself, he concludes that readers will understand the quotation with the same ease, although in practice this often turns out not to be the case.

Authors who make this mistake consider their work done when they select an appropriate quotation and insert it into the text. They write their thoughts on the problem, intersperse a few quotes here and there, and - voila! - the article is ready. They fail to understand that quoting is not just about putting quotation marks around what “they say.”

Quotes are in some ways like orphans: they are words taken out of their original context that need to be inserted into a new textual environment.

In this chapter we propose two main ways of such embedding:

1) thoughtfully approach the choice of quotes, always paying attention to how well they emphasize certain thoughts in your text;

and 2) place each important quote in the correct frame, indicating who the words belong to, what they mean, and how they relate to your text.

We want to emphasize that quoting what “they say” should always be related to what you say.

Quote relevant passages

Before choosing suitable quotes, understand what you plan to achieve, that is, how they can help your text in a particular place where you are going to place them.

There is no need to insert quotations into the text just to demonstrate your familiarity with other people's works; they should reinforce your thoughts.

However, choosing the right quotes is not always an easy task. It happens that quotes that initially seemed appropriate to you gradually cease to be so as you complete and revise the text.

Because the writing process doesn't always unfold as planned, sometimes you find that the quote that originally served as the perfect support for your argument no longer works.

Therefore, the formulation of theses and the selection of quotes for them are not always separate sequential stages of work.

As you dive deep into a text, revising and editing it again and again, the relationship between your arguments and the quotations you choose may change more than once.

Correct quotation framing

Finding relevant quotes is only part of your job; in addition, you need to present them in such a way that their meaning and relationship to your words is obvious to the reader.

Since quotes don't speak for themselves, you must build an appropriate frame around them to give them everything they need.

Quotes inserted into the text without a frame are sometimes called “suspended”: they seem to hang in the air, devoid of any explanation.

Steve Benton, one of the graduate students who helped us write the book, called this kind of citation “fleeing the scene,” drawing an analogy to drivers who leave the scene of an accident, not wanting to take responsibility for your dented bumper or broken headlights.

Here is an example of such a citation.

It comes from a review of an article by feminist philosopher Susan Bordo, who worries about media pressure on young women to diet, even in previously isolated regions of the world such as Fiji.

Susan Bordo writes about women and diets. “Fiji is just one example. Until television arrived here in 1995, not a single case of eating disorders was recorded on the islands. In 1998, three years after programs from the US and UK began broadcasting here, 62% of girls surveyed said they were on a diet.”

I think Bordeaux is right. She also talks about... Because the author of this text has failed to adequately introduce the quotation or explain why these words are worthy of quotation, it is difficult for the reader to reconstruct the point of view that Bordo defends.

The author of the review not only does not tell us who Bordo is and whether she is the author of the quote, but does not even explain how her words are related to what he himself says, and in what way, in his opinion, she is “right” . He simply “hangs” the quote, in a hurry to move on to some other thought.

A properly framed quotation sits inside what we call a “quote sandwich”: the statement preceding the quotation serves as the top slice of bread, the explanation following the quotation serves as the bottom slice, and the quotation itself serves as the filling.

In the part of the text preceding the quotation, you should explain who its author is and prepare a semantic basis for it; In the explanatory part that follows the quote, you need to show the reader why you think it is important and what you think its meaning is.

Templates for entering quotes into text

 X argues that “not all steroids should be banned from use by athletes.”
As the famous philosopher X says: “____”.
According to X: “____”.
X himself writes about this: “____”.
In his book ____ X says that “____”.
In Commentary, X expresses regret that “____.”
From X’s point of view, “____”.
X agrees with this, stating: “____.”
X disagrees with this, saying: “____.”
X further complicates the issue when he writes: “____.”

Templates for clarifying quotes

The most useful citation advice from our students' perspective is to get into the habit of accompanying each citation with an explanation of its meaning, using templates like the ones below.

Essentially, X is warning us that the proposed solution will only make the problem worse.
In other words, X believes that ____.
By making such a comment, X encourages us to ____.
In this X agrees with the old saying that says: ____.
The meaning of X’s statement is that ____.
X’s arguments amount to ____.

When offering such explanations to the reader, it is important to use language that accurately reflects the spirit of the quoted phrase.

It would be quite appropriate, when formatting a quote about Fiji, to write: “Bordeaux claims” or “Bordeaux says.” However, given the fact that Bordeaux is clearly concerned about the spread of media influence to these remote islands, it would be much more accurate to use language that reflects her concern: “Bordeaux is concerned that,” or “she is concerned,” or “she is warning.” .

Consider, for example, how the earlier excerpt from a review of Bordo might be edited using some of these techniques: Feminist philosopher Susan Bordo condemns the Western media's obsession with women's weight loss and dieting.

First of all, she is concerned that more and more women around the world are beginning, under their influence, to consider themselves fat and in need of a diet.

Using the example of the Fiji Islands to support his views, Bordeaux notes that “until the arrival of television in 1995, there were not a single case of eating disorders recorded on the islands.

In 1998, three years after programs from the US and UK began broadcasting here, 62% of girls surveyed said they were on a diet” (149–150).

Bordo notes that the Western diet cult has spread across the globe to the most remote corners. She worries that diet culture finds us everywhere we live. What Bordo says concerns me too. I agree with her because most women I know, no matter where they come from, have serious concerns about their weight.

In this frame, Bordeaux's words not only fit better into the author's text, but they also help the author provide an interpretation of what Bordeaux is talking about. The phrases “feminist philosopher” and “Bordo notes” provide the reader with the necessary information, and the sentence following the quotation builds a bridge between Bordo’s words and the author’s text.

The mention of 62% of girls in Fiji dieting ceases to be a dry statistic (as it was in the incorrect passage cited earlier) and becomes a quantitative example of how “the Western cult of dieting has spread across the globe.”

It is also important that these sentences explain Bordo's thoughts in the words of the author, making it clear that the quotation was used by the author intentionally to prepare the ground for his own arguments, and not with the aim of increasing the length of the article or the list of references.

The merging of other people's and your words

The above version of the quotation frame also works well because it accurately conveys Bordeaux’s words and at the same time gives these words the sound necessary for the author of the text. Notice how in this passage the author returns several times to the main idea about diets, how he continues Bordo's theme of “television” and American and British “programs” by introducing the term “cult” and further defining this cult as “Western”.

Rather than simply repeating what Bordo said word for word, the sentences that follow the quotation adequately convey what she said while still moving the discussion in the direction the author wants. As a result, the framing of the quote creates a successful combination of Bordeaux’s words with the words of the author.

Is it possible to overanalyze quotes?

Is it possible to overdo it when explaining quotes? And how do you understand that there are already enough explanations? After all, not all quotes require the same amount of explanation, and there are no once and for all established rules in order to determine this.

In general, we can say that the quotes that require the most clarification are those that may be difficult to understand - long and complex, with numerous details or jargon, containing some problems that are not noticeable at first glance.

Although the place and extent of explanation is usually dictated by the specific situation, we can offer one general piece of advice: if you doubt whether to explain, explain.

It's better to risk being overly verbose in explaining the meaning of a quote than to dangle it and leave readers confused.

Even if you know that your audience is familiar with the work of the person you are quoting and is able to interpret his words for themselves, it is still better to provide the quote with full explanatory framing.

Even in such cases, readers need to know how you understand the quote, since words—especially when they come from controversial figures—can be interpreted in different ways and used to support different, sometimes opposing, opinions.

Your readers should see what you do with the material you quote, if only to make sure that you and they were reading the same thing.

How not to enter citations

We want to end this chapter with a look at some of the poor ways of entering citations into text. You should not preface the quote with phrases such as “Orwell proposes the idea that...” or “The quotation borrowed from Shakespeare says...”, although some authors do this.

Such introductory phrases are redundant and confusing. In the first example, you could write: “Orwell proposes...” or “Orwell’s idea is...”, rather than combining both options, which would be clearly redundant.

The second example confuses the reader because it is the author who is quoting, not Shakespeare (the phrase “quotation borrowed from Shakespeare” allows for different interpretations). The templates in this book will help you avoid such mistakes.

Once you become proficient in using patterns such as “as stated by X” or “in X’s own words,” you probably won’t even think about it, quietly focusing on the interesting ideas that can be framed using the patterns.

Exercises

1. Find a published work that quotes what “they say.” How does the author integrate quotations into the text? How does he introduce these quotations and what does he say (if anything) to explain them and tie them into his own text? Can you suggest any improvements based on what you have read in this chapter?
2. Analyze one of your written works on any subject. Did you quote any sources in it? If so, how did you incorporate quotes into the text? How did you lead the reader to them? How was their meaning explained? How did you indicate their attitude to your text? If you haven't done any of this, edit your text using templates to introduce quotations into the text and clarify quotations. If you've never used quotations in your writing, try editing some of your work to include quotations.

Hello!
I have united several of my articles under one topic:

"4 steps to writing an essay." So I wanted to convey to my readers the idea that the preparatory work when writing an essay is much more important than the writing of the text itself.

Before you start creating your text ( essays) must be done 4 steps:

1 step.

Step 2.

Step 3.

Step 4 .

Consistently overcoming each stage, you getting ready to create your text.
Then, when the essay (or any other text) has already been written into a draft, all that remains is to rewrite it completely into a clean copy, but do not forget to check the essay. When checking, consider

requirements for essay formatting

And they are:

1. If essay topic is not a quotation, then it is written without quotation marks! If the title of the essay is a quotation, then it must be written in quotation marks. The word “topic” is not written!
2. If you use epigraph, write it without quotes on the right side of the sheet. On the next line, under the words of the epigraph, be sure to indicate the source: the surname of the author of the lines used in the epigraph, you can also indicate the title of the work. In this case, place a comma after the author’s last name and write the title of the work in quotation marks on the same line. The surname and initials of the author, the title of the work are not placed in brackets, and a period is not placed after them.
3. Middle of next line after the epigraph(if there is one) or after topic(if you don’t add an epigraph) write the word “ Plan" Read how to properly draw up a plan.
4. When following the plan in your essay, be sure to highlight paragraphs.
5. Immediately after the plan, without skipping a line, start with a capital letter and with a red line To write an essay.
6. If you use it in your essay dates, write them in numbers: year and date - Arabic, century - Roman. If you write the century in Arabic numerals, this will not be considered an error and will not affect the score, but it is better not to do this. Write all other numerals in words only.
7. Use quotes? Make out them correctly.

how are citations formatted?

Quotes are formatted exactly as sentences with direct or indirect speech.

The most common form of quotation is direct. This means that the quoted statement from a literary source is formalized internally.
First they write “ author's words“- this is the part of the sentence in which you say who and where, for what reason, wrote what you now intend to quote. This part of the sentence, when quoted, refers to your own text.
Then put colon, open quotes and capitalized entirely author's statement. After the quotation marks close, a period is added.

The great Russian critic V. G. Belinsky wrote: “For a true artist, where there is life, there is poetry.”

If the statement you are quoting contains an author's question or exclamation, i.e. question or exclamation mark placed by the author of the statement, then you need to leave these marks inside the quotation marks. All punctuation marks quotes inside must be exactly reproduced author's punctuation.

M. A. Bulgakov in the novel “The Master and Margarita” said: “Never ask for anything! Never and nothing, and especially among those who are stronger than you. They will offer and give everything themselves!”

“The language is inexhaustible in combinations of words,” noted A.S. Pushkin.

“Language,” argued A.P. Chekhov, “should be simple and elegant.”

You can start a quotation not from the beginning of the author’s sentence, but only from the one you need parts of it. In this case, you can start the quote with a small letter, but first put ellipsis:

Polish poet Adam Mickiewicz wrote: “... in Slavic literature and in Slavic languages, what is most striking is how widespread they are - their geographical extent, so to speak. From the point of view of the most significant and, in general opinion, the only significant - from the point of view of population and extent of territory - the importance of Slavic languages ​​can be immeasurable ... "

You can embed the quote into your own reasoning:

S.I. Vavilov believed that it was necessary “...by all means to rid humanity of reading bad, unnecessary books.”

If you put a quote in the middle of your sentence, then put the signs this way:

Several editors read the following text: “The young reader is especially interested in books in which he seeks answers to vital questions,” and none of them noticed the gross logical error.

In the example you see that after quote is put comma, as in a regular complex sentence. The quotation itself suggests a period, but does not put one. If the quote ends with an ellipsis, exclamation or question mark, then after it you need to put dash.

Without quotes and in the middle of the page they are written poetic quotes, in which the poetic line is certainly preserved.

When you read, be attentive to the language and combinations of words. This enriches speech. The famous Russian poet Valery Bryusov said this very expressively:

Perhaps everything in life is just a means

Until 2007, Russian students used any sources when completing their theses and were not afraid of being accused of borrowing other people's texts. Now everything has changed, and absolutely all written work is checked for anti-plagiarism. If the percentage of uniqueness is below the norm, then the student is not allowed to defend.

This seems like the right decision without having to deal with being tested in person. An essential part of any work is citation. Some dissertations are even based on proving or disproving the works of a predecessor. What if this is a work on a legal topic? How can it do without citations of laws? But any quotation is available on the Internet, and anti-plagiarism will lower the percentage, thinking that you want to deceive the teacher. Let's figure it out and find solutions.

Does anti-plagiarism differentiate between citations?

There is an opinion that if a student formats the quotation correctly, then he has nothing to fear - anti-plagiarism will see this and will not take the fragment into account when determining the overall result. In reality everything is different:

• Antiplagiat.ru recognizes quotes, but still reduces the uniqueness because of them;
• ETXT, Advego DC Finder do not even react to quotes, equating them with the rest of the text; the most popular service “Antiplagiarism.VUZ” only plans to distinguish between quotes, but for now considers them plagiarism.

What's the outcome? It is important to format the citation correctly, but only to pass the test of the teacher, not the “machine”. But we will still address this issue in the hope that someday anti-plagiarism will learn to distinguish between quotes and a student’s text.

How to make a correct citation

In this matter, we rely on the rules of the latest versions of training manuals, according to which, the citation is formatted according to a certain algorithm:

1. Mandatory introductory construction before the quotation. For example, “According to the historian I. I. Ivanov.” or “The famous scientist Petrov P.P claimed.”
2. The quote itself, placed in quotation marks.
3. Square brackets indicate the serial number of the source in the bibliographic list, as well as the page number. For example, .

Using this algorithm, you will not be able to make quotes into unique text, but at least you will avoid teachers’ comments on the design.

But how then can you pass the uniqueness check if correct citation does not help? Use our site!

Increasing uniqueness in the Antiplagius service

We can help students in two ways: professional rewriting and coding.

Of course, our experts will not rewrite quotes, but they can make the rest of the test absolutely unique, and the test will not be scary for you. We have access to all verification services, even to the “closed” Antiplagiarism.VUZ, so we will check the work and send you a report. The cost of the service is 100 rubles per page, the completion time is no more than 3 days.