What is a hypotonic solution. Hypertonic saline solution: description, indications for use, how to prepare

In this article: a description of a hypertonic solution, what it is, why the solution is so called, its types. The mechanism of action in various pathologies, how and when you can make the solution yourself and apply it.

Article publication date: 04/07/2017

Article last updated: 05/29/2019

A hypertonic saline solution (sodium chloride) is a liquid with a concentration of the main substance above 0.9%. To understand where the name "hypertonic" comes from, it is necessary to understand the basics of the normal physiology of the cell and its surrounding matter.

The fluid is the main part of the contents of the cell and the space surrounding it, all the substances necessary to maintain normal function are dissolved in it. The exchange of contents is based on the difference in pressure of the liquids. Under physiological conditions, normal fluid pressure in cells and intercellular substance is maintained by sodium chloride ions at a concentration of 0.9%, the same percentage in human blood plasma. If the amount of substance inside and outside the cell is equal, there is no transition of ions, when it changes, the ions move to the side with a lower concentration, maintaining balance. Thus, a 0.9% solution of sodium chloride or salt is called physiological or isotonic (in relation to blood plasma), and any solution of a higher concentration is called hypertonic.

This solution is an official medicinal product widely used in medical practice in various concentrations:

1-2% for rinsing, washing the nasal passages and throat (otorhinolaryngology);
2–5% for gastric lavage (emergency medicine);
5–10% for the treatment of infected wounds (purulent surgery), as well as for stimulation of stool discharge during constipation (therapy, postoperative period);
10% for the treatment and violation of urine output (emergency and emergency medicine).

Given the indications, doctors of several specialties can recommend or prescribe a solution for treatment and prevention: therapists, otorhinolaryngologists, surgeons, resuscitators, nephrologists.

Indications for use and mechanism of action

Depending on the type of pathological process and method of application, different concentrations of the drug are used. Some routes of use require only a pharmacy (sterile) form of the drug, for others self-preparation is suitable. Before moving on to home recipes, you need to consider in detail how and which drug to use.

1–2% salt solution

Indications: infectious and inflammatory diseases of the mucous membranes of the nasal passages, maxillary sinuses, oral cavity (rhinitis, sinusitis, tonsillitis, pharyngitis, stomatitis), as well as surgical interventions and injuries in this area.

Action: inhibits the growth of microorganisms, reduces tissue swelling and pain.

Application: wash the nose or rinse the mouth and throat every 4 hours during the acute period of the disease. The duration of use is 3-5 days, depending on the clinical manifestations.

2–5% salt solution

Indications: gastric lavage if lapis (silver nitrate) is ingested.

Action: entering into a chemical reaction, hypertonic saline neutralizes the acid by forming safe silver chloride, which is excreted unchanged through the intestines.

Application: use in the first minutes after getting lapis inside, if the victim cannot drink on his own, enter through a gastric tube. The total volume is up to 500 ml, depending on the amount of silver nitrate ingested.

5-10% salt solution

Indications:

infected wounds with profuse purulent discharge;
prolonged absence of stool, including after surgical treatment of the abdominal organs.

Action:

has a pronounced antimicrobial effect, reduces swelling and inflammation in the purulent focus, reduces pain;
in the ampoule of the rectum, the solution irritates the mucous membrane and increases the release of fluid into the lumen, softening the stool and stimulating defecation.

Application:

dressings with napkins abundantly moistened in the preparation 2-3 times a day (the frequency depends on the severity of purulent-inflammatory changes);
microclysters (total volume up to 200 ml) 1-2 times in the morning.

10% salt solution

Indications:

internal and external bleeding with a large amount of blood loss;
acute insufficiency of kidney function in the stage of a sharp decrease or complete absence of urine output by the kidneys (oligo- and anuria).

Action:

increases the volume of blood plasma by stimulating the release of fluid from the intercellular space into the vessels;
restoration of the lack of sodium and chlorine ions against the background of disturbed water and electrolyte balance.

Application: slow, intravenous administration with a total volume of up to 10-20 ml.

Contraindications and negative effects

Hypertonic solution is a universal medical device with a minimum number of contraindications:

Contraindication for topical application (washing, rinsing, bandaging, microclysters) - individual intolerance (allergic reactions of any type).

Contraindications for intravenous administration:

individual intolerance;
in the absence of urine output - only according to strict laboratory indications (decrease in blood plasma of chloride and sodium ions and an increase in potassium content);
with large blood loss, they are rarely used at present - only under the condition of a shortage of drugs to restore the volume of circulating plasma (due to the need to administer large volumes of solution to adequately support the work of the heart and blood circulation, which in turn leads to electrolyte disturbances, aggravating the patient's condition ).

Burning, or even mild soreness in the area of the wound surface when applying a napkin with a solution, is a normal reaction and does not require its abolition. Unpleasant sensations disappear with regular use.

The introduction of the drug under the skin and intramuscularly is absolutely contraindicated - tissue necrosis develops at the injection site.

The introduction of a large volume of solution through the stomach or intravenously will lead to the development of hypersodium and hyperchloremia (exceeding the physiological concentration of ions in the blood). Clinical manifestations include: thirst, impaired consciousness, convulsions. At an extreme degree, coma and cerebral bleeding develop.

Self cooking

For use to wash the mucous nasal passages, oral cavity, throat, stimulate stool discharge and cleansing purulent wounds, you can prepare a hypertonic solution at home. It is impossible to make a sterile drug for intravenous administration on your own, as well as to administer this drug at home without a doctor's prescription.

The pharmacy form of the drug is available in 200 and 400 ml bottles, only distilled water is used for dilution and the calculation of dry matter is per 1 liter. For local use, ordinary boiled water, cooled to a temperature of 35–37 degrees (this temperature is to accelerate dissolution) and ordinary table salt from the kitchen, is suitable.

How to prepare a hypertonic solution in terms of 200 ml of water (the volume of a faceted glass to the rim):

Storage of homemade solution does not require special conditions - antimicrobial activity prevents the growth of bacteria. The shelf life is limited by salt crystallization (easy to determine "by eye").

In conclusion, it can be noted that saline solution in the treatment of purulent-inflammatory processes in some cases successfully replaces expensive topical drugs.

A solution that has an osmotic pressure higher than the osmotic pressure of blood plasma is called a hypertonic solution. Most often, this excess is 10%.

The osmotic pressure of different cells is different, and it depends on the species, functional and ecological specifics. Therefore, a hypertonic solution for some cells may be isotonic and even hypotonic for others. Immersed in a hypertonic solution, they decrease in volume, as it sucks water out of them. Erythrocytes of the blood of animals and humans in a hypertonic solution also decrease in volume and lose water. The combination of hypertonic, hypotonic and is used to measure the osmotic pressure in tissues and living cells.

Due to its osmotic effect, hypertonic saline is widely used in the form of compresses to remove pus from wounds. In addition, locally it has an antimicrobial effect. The scope of hypertonic solutions is quite wide. Hypertonic solution is externally used in the treatment of respiratory diseases and purulent wounds, and is used intravenously for gastric, pulmonary and intestinal bleeding. In addition, hypertonic saline is used for gastric lavage in case of silver nitrate poisoning.

Externally, 3-5-10% hypertonic solutions are used in the form of lotions, compresses and applications. 10% hypertonic solutions are slowly injected intravenously in the treatment of gastric, pulmonary and intestinal bleeding, as well as to increase diuresis. It is extremely important that when the solution is administered intravenously, it does not get under the skin, as this will lead to tissue necrosis. Hypertonic solutions are also used in the form of enemas (80-100 ml of a 5% solution) to stimulate defecation. In addition, 2-5% hypertonic solutions are used orally for gastric lavage. In diseases of the upper respiratory tract, 1-2% sodium chloride is used for rinsing, bathing and rubbing.

Hypertonic saline: preparation

A hypertonic solution (10%) is produced in the form of a powder in sealed vials of 200 or 400 ml. For inhalation and intravenous administration, the solution must be sterile, therefore, for these purposes it is better to purchase it at a pharmacy. A tool for compresses, applications and rinses can be prepared independently. A hypertonic solution is prepared in a ratio of 1:10, i.e. one part of salt to ten parts of water. Its concentration should not exceed 10%, since capillaries may burst at the places where the compress is applied.

In the treatment of many diseases, sodium chloride hypertonic solution is used. How to prepare this substance yourself? Due to the extremely simple technology for preparing the solution, do not try to stock up on them for future use. Remember that self-prepared solution should be used immediately, as it cannot be stored.

With laryngitis and sore throat, a not very concentrated solution is needed (2 g of salt per 100 ml of water). For gastric lavage in case of poisoning, you will need about a liter of solution, and you need to take 30 grams of salt. If it is not necessary to do a cleansing enema, but it is necessary to empty the intestines (for example, in the pre-, postpartum or postoperative period), a 5% hypertonic solution is used. In the treatment of purulent wounds, a 10% hypertonic solution is used, the preparation of which has its own characteristics. Salt dissolves the worse, the higher its concentration, and the ingress of undissolved salt crystals into the wound is simply unacceptable, so the solution for the treatment of purulent wounds must be brought to a boil. This will help the salt crystals dissolve completely and disinfect the solution. Before use, the liquid must be cooled to room temperature.

Which are lower than in the cells of plant or animal tissues. In G. r. cells absorb water, increasing in volume, and lose some of the osmotically active substances (organic and mineral). Erythrocytes of blood of animals and the person in G. of river. swell to such an extent that their shells burst and they collapse. This phenomenon is called Hemolysis. Wed Hypertonic solutions and Isotonic solutions.

Great Soviet Encyclopedia. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. 1969-1978 .

See what "Hypotonic solutions" are in other dictionaries:

- (biological), solutions, the osmotic pressure of which is lower than the osmotic pressure in the cells of the body. * * * HYPOTONIC SOLUTIONS HYPOTONIC SOLUTIONS, in biology, solutions whose osmotic pressure is lower than the osmotic pressure in ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

- (biol.), pry, osmotic. pressure to ryh below osmotic. pressure in the cells of the body ... Natural science. encyclopedic Dictionary

In biology, solutions whose osmotic pressure is lower than the osmotic pressure in the cells of the body ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

hypertonic and hypotonic solutions- Hypertonic and hypotonic solutions: if two solutions have different osmotic pressure, then the solution with a higher osmotic pressure is called hypertonic with respect to the second solution, and the solution with a lower osmotic pressure ... ... Chemical terms

Solutions whose osmotic pressure is higher than the osmotic pressure in plant or animal cells and tissues. Depending on the functional, species and ecological specifics of cells, the osmotic pressure in them is different, and the solution, ... ...

- (from Iso ... and Greek tónos voltage) solutions with the same osmotic pressure (See Osmotic pressure); in biology and medicine, natural or artificially prepared solutions with the same osmotic pressure as in the contents ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

SODIUM- SODIUM. Natrium, chem. element, char. Na, silvery white, lustrous, monatomic metal at ordinary wax density, becoming brittle in the cold and distilling in bright red-hot heat; discovered by De.vi (1807) by electrolysis ... ...

The interaction of red blood cells with solutions, depending on ... Wikipedia

ENEMA- CLISM, klyster (Greek klyzo I rinse out), a technique consisting in the fact that some liquid substance is introduced into the rectum - water, medicinal solutions, oil, liquid suspensions, etc. The main purpose of K. therapeutic effect; ... ... Big Medical Encyclopedia

- (from the Greek plásma molded, shaped and lýsis decomposition, decay) the protoplast lagging behind the membrane when the cell is immersed in a hypertonic solution (See Hypertonic solutions). P. is characteristic mainly of plant cells ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

Hypertensive - a solution with a higher concentration and a higher osmotic pressure compared to another solution.

hypotonic - a solution having a lower concentration and a lower value of osmotic pressure.

Isotonic solutions are solutions with the same osmotic pressure.

Isotonic ratio

Isotonic van't Hoff coefficient (i) shows how many times the colligative properties of the electrolyte solution are greater than those of the non-electrolyte solution under the same conditions and concentrations.

The concept of isoosmia (electrolyte homeostasis)

Isoosmia - the relative constancy of the osmotic pressure in liquid media and body tissues, due to the maintenance of the concentrations of the substances contained in them at a given level: proteins, electrolytes, etc.

Osmolality and osmolarity of biological fluids and perfusion solutions.

Osmotic concentration is the total concentration of all dissolved particles.

Can be expressed as osmolarity (osmol per liter of solution) and how osmolality (osmol per kg of solvent).

Osmol - a unit of osmotic concentration, equal to the osmolality obtained by dissolving one mole of non-electrolyte in one liter of solvent. Accordingly, a non-electrolyte solution with a concentration of 1 mol/l has an osmolarity of 1 osmol/liter.

All monovalent ions (Na +, K +, Cl-) form a number of osmoles in solution, equal to the number of moles and equivalents (electric charges). Divalent ions form in solution each one osmole (and mole), but two equivalents each.

The osmolality of normal plasma is a fairly constant value and is equal to 285-295 mosmol/kg. Of the total plasma osmolality, only 2 mosmol/kg is due to the presence of proteins dissolved in it. Thus, the main components that provide plasma osmolality are Na+ and C1- (about 140 and 100 mosmol/kg, respectively). The constancy of the osmotic pressure of the intracellular and extracellular 1 fluids implies the equality of the molar concentrations of the electrolytes contained in them, despite the differences in the ionic composition inside the cell and in the extracellular space. Since 1976, in accordance with the International System (SI), the concentration of substances in a solution, including osmotic concentration, is usually expressed in millimoles per 1 liter (mmol/l). The concept of "osmolality" or "osmotic concentration" is equivalent to the concept of "molality" or "molal concentration". In essence, the concepts of "milliosmol" and "millimole" for biological solutions are close, although not identical.

Table 1. Normal values of osmolality of biological media

R osm of blood = 7.7 atm

The main task of osmoregulation is performed by the kidneys. The osmotic pressure of urine is normally much higher than that of blood plasma, which ensures active transport from the blood to the kidney. Osmoregulation is carried out under the control of enzymatic systems. Violation of their activity leads to pathological processes. For intravenous injections, isotonic solutions should be used to avoid disturbing the osmotic balance. Isotonic with respect to blood physiological solution containing 0.9% sodium chloride. In surgery, the phenomenon of osmosis is used by using hypertonic gauze bandages (gauze is impregnated with a 10% sodium chloride solution). In this case, the wound is cleared of pus and infection carriers. Hypertonic solutions are administered intravenously for glaucoma to reduce intraocular pressure due to increased moisture content in the anterior chamber of the eye.

The role of osmosis in biological systems.

Causes turgor (elasticity) of cells.

Provides water entry into cells and intercellular structures, tissue elasticity and preservation of a certain shape of organs. Provides transport of substances.

· The osmotic pressure of human blood at 310 K is 7.7 atm, the concentration of NaCl is 0.9%.

Plasmolysis and hemolysis

Plasmolysis - compression, wrinkling of the cell in a hypertonic solution.

Hemolysis - swelling and rupture of the cell in a hypotonic solution.

Ticket 14. Colligative properties of dilute solutions of electrolytes. Isotonic ratio.

Metabolism. Concept.

Metabolism(metabolism) is a set of chemical reactions that occur in a living organism to maintain life. Thanks to these chemical reactions, the nutrients that enter our body are converted into constituent parts of the cells of the body, and the decay products are removed from it.

Maintaining concentrations of dissolved substances is an important condition for life. For the correct course of metabolic reactions, it is necessary that the concentrations of substances dissolved in the body remain constant within rather narrow limits.

Significant deviations from the normal composition are usually incompatible with life. The challenge for a living organism is to maintain proper concentrations of solutes in body fluids, even though dietary intake of these substances can vary greatly.

One means of maintaining a constant concentration is osmosis.

Osmosis.

Osmosis- this is the process of one-way diffusion through a semi-permeable membrane of solvent molecules towards a higher concentration of the solute (lower concentration of the solvent).

In our case, the semipermeable membrane is the cell wall. The cell is filled with intracellular fluid. The cells themselves are surrounded by intercellular fluid. If the concentrations of any substance inside the cell and outside it are not the same, then a flow of liquid (solvent) will arise, seeking to equalize the concentrations. This fluid flow will exert pressure on the cell wall. This pressure is called osmotic. The reason for the occurrence of osmotic pressure is the difference in the concentrations of fluids located on opposite sides of the cell wall.

Isotonic, hypotonic and hypertonic solutions.

The solutions that make up our body, which differ from each other in osmotic pressure, can be divided into the following:

1. Isotonic solutions are solutions with the same osmotic pressure. The cell is filled with intracellular fluid. The cell is surrounded by interstitial fluid. If the osmotic pressures of these liquids are the same, then such solutions are called isotonic. In normally functioning animal cells, the intracellular contents are usually isotonic with the extracellular fluid.

2. Hypertonic solutions - These are solutions whose osmotic pressure is higher than the osmotic pressure of cells and tissues.

3. Hypotonic solutions- these are solutions, the osmotic pressure of which is lower than the osmotic pressure in the cells.

If solutions of intercellular and intracellular fluids have different osmotic pressure, then osmosis will occur - a process designed to equalize concentrations.

If the intercellular fluid is hypertonic in relation to the intracellular fluid, then there will be a flow of fluid from the inside of the cell to the outside. The cell will lose fluid, "shrink". At the same time, the concentration of substances dissolved in it will increase.

Conversely, if the intercellular fluid is hypotonic with respect to the intracellular fluid, then there will be a fluid flow directed inside the cell. The cell will be "sucked up" by the liquid, increase in its volume. At the same time, the concentration of substances dissolved in it will decrease.

Sweat is a hypotonic solution.

Our sweat is a hypotonic solution. Hypotonic in relation to intracellular and intercellular fluids, blood, lymph, etc.

As a result of sweating, our body loses water. The blood loses water. She becomes thick. The concentration of substances dissolved in it increases. It turns into a hypertonic solution. Hypertonic in relation to intercellular and intracellular fluids. This is immediately followed by osmosis. Substances dissolved in the interstitial fluid diffuse into the blood. Substances in the intracellular fluid diffuse into the extracellular fluid and then back into the blood. The cell "shrinks" and the concentration of substances dissolved in it increases.

Who is in charge of all this?

All these processes are controlled by the brain. It receives a signal from thermoreceptors that the body temperature is rising. If the brain thinks that this increase is excessive, then it will give the command to the endocrine glands and they will increase the amount of sweating. As sweat evaporates, body temperature will drop.

Next, consider the situation if osmoreceptors report a loss of fluid and an increase in intracellular salt concentration. Now the brain through the nervous system will tell us that it would be nice to replenish it. There will be thirst. After its satisfaction, the water balance and osmotic pressure in the cells will be restored. Everything will return to normal.

A similar scheme can be implemented for other reasons. For example, it is necessary to remove some harmful substances from the body. These substances could get into it with food. And they could appear as a waste product of their own metabolism. And now they need to be removed from the cells.

Regulatory processes similar to those described above will be launched again. Participants in the process may change. Other receptors, other parts of the brain, other endocrine glands will be involved. But the result must be the same - the conditions for the correct flow of metabolic processes must be preserved.

What if no one is in charge of it all?

And that happens too.

In the event of disturbances in the activity of the nervous system, the endocrine system, or local lesions of the cerebral cortex (for example, the hypothalamus), our body ceases to act as smoothly as it needs to. The control system is failing.

In this case, the metabolic processes will not be able to proceed properly. The person will suffer from one of the metabolic diseases.