Speech errors in writing. Speech errors: examples and types
Word- the most important unit of the language, the most diverse and voluminous. It is the word that reflects all the changes taking place in the life of society. The word not only names an object or phenomenon, but also performs an emotional and expressive function.
And when choosing words, we must pay attention to their meaning, stylistic coloring, usage, compatibility with other words. Since the violation of at least one of these criteria can lead to a speech error.
The main causes of speech errors:
Outdated words.
Words of foreign origin.
Dialectisms.
Colloquial and colloquial words.
Professional jargon.
Phraseologisms.
Cliches and stamps.
1. Misunderstanding the meaning of the word.
1.1. The use of a word in an unusual sense.
Example: The fire got more and more inflamed, blazed. The error lies in the wrong choice of the word:
Get inflamed - 1. Heat up to a very high temperature, get hot. 2. (transl.) To become very excited, to become overcome by some strong feeling.
To flare up - to start strongly or well, to burn evenly.
1.2. The use of significant and functional words without regard to their semantics.
Example: Thanks to a fire that broke out from a fire, a large area of \u200b\u200bthe forest burned down.
In modern Russian, the preposition thanks retains a certain semantic connection with the verb thank and is usually used only in those cases when it refers to the reasons that cause the desired result: thanks to someone's help, support. The error occurs in connection with the semantic distraction of the preposition from the original verb thank. In this sentence, the preposition thanks should be replaced with one of the following: because of, as a result, as a result.
1.3. The choice of words-concepts with different bases of division (concrete and abstract vocabulary).
Example: We offer a complete cure for alcoholics and other diseases.
If we are talking about diseases, then the word alcoholics should be replaced by alcoholism. An alcoholic is someone who suffers from alcoholism. Alcoholism is a painful addiction to the use of alcoholic beverages.
1.4. Incorrect use of paronyms.
Example: A person leads a festive life. I'm in an idle mood today.
Idle and festive are very similar words, the same root. But they have different meanings: festive - an adjective for a holiday (festive dinner, festive mood); idle - not filled, not busy with business, work (idle life). To restore the meaning of the statements in the example, you need to swap the words.
2. Lexical compatibility. When choosing a word, one should take into account not only the meaning that it has in the literary language, but also lexical compatibility. Not all words can be combined with each other. The boundaries of lexical compatibility are determined by the semantics of words, their stylistic affiliation, emotional coloring, grammatical properties, etc.
Example:
A good leader should show an example to his subordinates in everything.
You can show an example, but not a sample. And a model can be, for example, to follow.
Example:
Their strong friendship, hardened in life's trials, was noticed by many.
The word friendship is combined with the adjective strong - strong friendship.
To distinguish from a speech error should be a deliberate combination of seemingly incompatible words: a living corpse, an ordinary miracle ... In this case, we have one of the types of tropes - an oxymoron.
In difficult cases, when it is difficult to determine whether certain words can be used together, it is necessary to use a compatibility dictionary.
3. The use of synonyms.
Synonyms enrich the language, make our speech figurative. Synonyms may have different functional and stylistic coloring. So, the words mistake, miscalculation, oversight, error are stylistically neutral, commonly used; a hole, an overlay - colloquial; slip - colloquial; blooper - professional slang. The use of one of the synonyms without taking into account its stylistic coloring can lead to a speech error.
Example: Having made a mistake, the director of the plant immediately began to correct it.
When using synonyms, the ability of each of them to be more or less selectively combined with other words is often not taken into account.
Differing in shades of lexical meaning, synonyms can express a different degree of manifestation of a sign, action. But, even denoting the same thing, interchangeable in some cases, in others, synonyms cannot be replaced - this leads to a speech error.
Example: Yesterday I was sad.
A synonym for sad is quite suitable here: Yesterday I was sad. But in two-part sentences, these synonyms are interchanged. Sadly, I look at our generation ....
4. The use of homonyms.
Due to the context, homonyms are usually understood correctly. But still, in certain speech situations, homonyms cannot be understood unambiguously.
Example:
The crew is in excellent condition.
Is the crew a wagon or a team? The word crew itself is used correctly. But to reveal the meaning of this word, it is necessary to expand the context.
Very often, ambiguity leads to the use in speech (especially oral) of homophones (sounding the same, but spelled differently) and homoforms (words that match in sound and spelling in separate forms). So, when choosing words for a phrase, we must also pay attention to the context, which in some speech situations is designed to reveal the meaning of the words.
5. The use of polysemantic words.
When including polysemantic words in our speech, we must be very careful, we must monitor whether it is clear exactly the meaning that we wanted to reveal in this speech situation. When using polysemantic words (as well as when using homonyms), context is very important. It is thanks to the context that one or another meaning of the word is clear. And if the context meets its requirements (a segment of speech that is semantically complete, allowing you to establish the meanings of the words or phrases included in it), then each word in the sentence is understandable. But it happens otherwise.
Example:
He's already cracked up.
It is not clear: or he began to sing, got carried away; or, after singing for a while, he began to sing freely, easily.
6. Verbosity.
There are the following types of verbosity:
1. Pleonasm (from the Greek pleonasmos - excess, excess) - the use in speech of words that are close in meaning and therefore logically redundant.
Example:
All guests received souvenirs.
A souvenir is a keepsake, so memorable in this sentence is an extra word. A variety of pleonasms are expressions such as very huge, very tiny, very beautiful, etc. Adjectives denoting a feature in its extremely strong or extremely weak manifestation do not need to specify the degree of the feature.
2. Use of superfluous words. Superfluous, not because the lexical meaning inherent in them is expressed in other words, but because they are simply not needed in this text.
Example:
Then on April 11, Druzhba bookstore will take care of that so that you can smile.
3. Tautology (from the Greek. tauto- the same logos - word) - the repetition of the same root words or identical morphemes. Tautological errors are "full" not only of students' essays, but also of newspapers and magazines.
Example:
Business leaders are in a businesslike mood.
4. Splitting the predicate. This is a replacement of the verbal predicate with a synonymous verb-nominal combination: fight - fight, clean up - clean up.
Example:
The students decided to clean up the school yard.
7. Lexical incompleteness of the statement.
This error is the opposite of verbosity. The incompleteness of the statement consists in the omission of the necessary word in the sentence.
Example:
The advantage of Kuprin is that there is nothing superfluous.
Kuprin may not have anything superfluous, but this sentence lacks (and not even one) word. Or: "... do not allow on the pages of the press and television statements that can incite ethnic hatred." So it turns out - "page of television".
When choosing a word, it is necessary to take into account not only its semantics, lexical, stylistic and logical compatibility, but also the scope of distribution. The use of words that have a limited scope (lexical neoplasms, obsolete words, words of foreign origin, professionalism, jargon, dialectisms) should always be motivated by the conditions of the context.
8. New words.
Unsuccessfully formed neologisms are speech errors.
Example: And last year, 23 thousand rubles were spent on patching after the spring thaw.
And only the context helps to understand: “patching” is the repair of pits.
Outdated words.
Archaisms - words that name existing realities, but for some reason forced out of active use by synonymous lexical units - must correspond to the style of the text, otherwise they are completely inappropriate.
Example:
Now the university had an open day.
Here the obsolete word now (today, now, at the present time) is completely inappropriate.
Among the words that have fallen out of active use, historicisms also stand out. Historicisms are words that have fallen out of use due to the disappearance of the concepts they denoted: armyak, camisole, bursa, oprichnik, etc. Errors in the use of historicisms are often associated with ignorance of their lexical meaning.
Example:
The peasants can not stand their hard life and go to the chief governor of the city.
The governor is the head of some area (for example, a province in tsarist Russia, a state in the USA). Therefore, the chief governor is an absurdity, besides, there could be only one governor in the province, and his assistant was called the vice-governor.
10. Words of foreign origin.
Now many people are addicted to foreign words, sometimes not even knowing their exact meaning. Sometimes the context does not accept a foreign word.
Example:
The work of the conference is limited due to the lack of leading experts.
Limit - to set a limit on something, to limit. The foreign word limit in this sentence should be replaced by the words: goes slower, paused, etc.
11. Dialectisms.
Dialectisms are words or set combinations that are not included in the lexical system of the literary language and belong to one or more dialects of the Russian national language. Dialectisms are justified in artistic or journalistic speech to create the speech characteristics of the characters. The unmotivated use of dialectisms indicates a lack of knowledge of the norms of the literary language.
Example:
A shaberka came to me and sat the whole evening.
Shaberka is a neighbor. The use of dialectism in this sentence is not justified either by the style of the text or by the purpose of the utterance.
12. Colloquial and colloquial words.
Spoken words are included in the lexical system of the literary language, but are used mainly in oral speech, mainly in the sphere of everyday communication. Vernacular is a word, grammatical form or turn of predominantly oral speech, used in the literary language, usually for the purpose of a reduced, rough characterization of the subject of speech, as well as simple, relaxed speech containing such words, forms and turns. Colloquial and colloquial vocabulary, in contrast to dialect (regional), is used in the speech of the whole people.
Example:
I have a very thin coat.
Thin (colloquial) - full of holes, spoiled (thin boot). Errors occur when the use of colloquial and colloquial words is not motivated by the context.
13. Professional jargon.
Professionalisms act as colloquial equivalents of terms accepted in a certain professional group: a typo - a blunder in the speech of journalists; steering wheel - in the speech of drivers, the steering wheel.
But the unmotivated transfer of professionalism into general literary speech is undesirable. Such professionalisms as sewing, tailoring, hearing and others spoil literary speech.
In terms of the limited use and the nature of expression (joking, reduced, etc.), professionalisms are similar to jargons and are an integral part of jargons - peculiar social dialects characteristic of professional or age groups of people (slangs of athletes, sailors, hunters, students, schoolchildren). Jargon is everyday vocabulary and phraseology, endowed with reduced expression and characterized by socially limited use.
Example:
I wanted to invite guests to the holiday, but the hut does not allow it.
Hibara - home.
14. Phraseologisms.
It must be remembered that phraseological units always have a figurative meaning. Decorating our speech, making it more lively, figurative, bright, beautiful, phraseological units give us a lot of trouble - if they are used incorrectly, speech errors appear.
1. Errors in mastering the meaning of phraseological units.
1) There is a danger of a literal understanding of phraseological units that can be perceived as free combinations of words.
2) Errors may be associated with a change in the meaning of a phraseological unit.
Example:
Khlestakov throws pearls in front of pigs all the time, and everyone believes him.
Here, the phraseological unit throwing pearls in front of pigs, which means “it’s in vain to talk about something or prove something to someone who is not able to understand it”, is used incorrectly - in the meaning of “invent, weave fables”.
2. Mistakes in mastering the form of a phraseological unit.
1) Grammatical modification of a phraseological unit.
Example:
I'm used to giving myself full reports.
Here the form of the number has been changed. There is a phraseological unit to give an account.
Example: He always sits with his arms folded. Phraseologisms such as folded arms, headlong, headlong retain in their composition the old form of the perfect participle with the suffix -а (-я).
In some phraseological units, short forms of adjectives are used, replacing them with full forms is erroneous.
2) Lexical modification of a phraseological unit.
Example:
It's time for you to take control of your mind.
Most phraseological units are impenetrable: it is impossible to introduce an additional unit into the phraseological unit.
Example:
Well, at least hit the wall!
The omission of a phraseological unit component is also a speech error.
Example:
Everything returns to its spiral! ..
There is a phraseological unit in its own right. Word substitution is not allowed.
3. Changing the lexical compatibility of a phraseological unit.
Example:
These and other questions play an important role in the development of this still young science.
There was a mixture of two stable revolutions: plays a role and matters. You could say that questions matter a lot… or questions matter a lot.
15. Cliches and stamps.
Chancery - words and expressions, the use of which is assigned to the official business style, but in other styles of speech they are inappropriate, they are clichés.
Example:
There is a lack of spare parts.
Stamps are hackneyed expressions with a faded lexical meaning and erased expressiveness. Stamps are words, phrases and even whole sentences that appear as new, stylistically expressive speech means, but as a result of too frequent use they lose their original imagery.
Example:
A forest of hands went up in the vote.
A variety of stamps are universal words. These are words that are used in the most general and vague meanings: question, task, raise, provide, etc. Usually, universal words are accompanied by stencil appendages: work is everyday, level is high, support is hot. There are numerous journalistic cliches (field workers, a city on the Volga), literary criticism (an exciting image, angry protest).
Larisa Fominykh
Grammar or speech error?
The need to distinguish between grammatical and speech errors in the creative work of students is dictated by existing norms. The first type of errors is an integral part of the literacy assessment, the second (as one of the components) - for the content. During the verification of USE essays (part C), they must also be distinguished. However, in practice, there are often difficulties in their differentiation. The purpose of this note is to help the teacher in determining the nature of these shortcomings.
A grammatical error is a violation of the structure of a language unit: incorrect word formation (there is no such word in the language); incorrect formation of word forms; errors in the construction of phrases and sentences. Violations of this kind account for about 31%.
A grammatical error, depending on its nature, can be made in a word, in a phrase or in a sentence. It doesn't require context to discover it. Unlike spelling or punctuation, a grammatical error can be detected by ear, and not only in a written text, while a spelling error can only be detected in writing.
Consider main types of grammatical errors.
I. Erroneous word formation: cake; liked; chewing gum; showed indifference.
II. Errors in the formation of forms of different parts of speech:
1) nouns (gender; nominative and genitive plural forms; declension of indeclinable nouns): where is the second shoe? my birthday; our engineer; real friendships are few; ride on ponies;
2) adjectives (double comparative or superlative): less successful; the most beautiful fountain; more attractive;
3) numerals (incorrect formation of case forms of cardinal numbers; errors in the use of ordinal and collective numbers): over eight hundred meters; seven skiers; on page thirty-eight;
4) pronouns: how many hours of class? with their neighbors; evon book;
5) verbs: lay down walls; want to eat; erase from the board; chishet five times in a row; slam the door; drive straight; tomorrow I will tidy up (wash off); this also includes a violation of the species-temporal correlation of verb forms in the sentence: When December comes, the weather changes dramatically.
6) participles (they do not have a form of the future tense; they are not used with a particle by; you cannot mix recurrent and irrevocable forms): everyone who writes an essay will receive a credit; there is not a single book that would attract our attention; studied all available information; troops fighting the enemy;
7) gerunds: walked, looking around; applying ointment to the wound; having bought a service;
Sh. Syntax errors- violations in the construction of phrases and sentences:
1) errors in management: describes about the battle; thirst for power; I can't wait until I leave
2) in agreement: young people are eager to learn; people believe that life will not get better; with a group of tourists who are fond of rafting on mountain rivers;
4) in the construction of sentences with homogeneous members:
a) the member of the sentence and the subordinate part are used as homogeneous: I want to show the meaning of sport and why I love it;
b) with two verb-predicates there is a common object that cannot be used in this form with one of them: We remember and admire the exploits of heroes;
c) inaccurate use of double union: As the old people as well as the children were the first to be evacuated(it is necessary: both ..., and ...). I not only prepared on my own, but also attended an elective(not only but…);
5) in the use of participial phrases: There is little difference between the topics written on the board;
6) participial phrases: Skating on the rink, my legs hurt. And then, preparing for the exams, it was as if he had been replaced.
7) in the construction of complex sentences (distortion of conjunctions; the use of two subordinating conjunctions at the same time; "stringing" the same type of subordinate clauses): The bell rang, you need to go home. Everyone began to praise the performers as if they were real artists. He said what he did not know about this case. I heard that you asked me to tell you that you will come soon.
8) violation of the boundaries of proposals: 1. When the wind ran through. And the clouds quickly ran across the sky. 2. I poured a hedgehog of milk into a saucer. And put the hedgehog in the box.
However, one should keep in mind the phenomenon of parcelling, when the author deliberately breaks up a sentence to make it more expressive or highlight thoughts: The very thought of betrayal makes me uncomfortable. Because it defies my beliefs.
9) mixing direct and indirect speech: A.S. Pushkin writes that I aroused good feelings with my lyre.
The main types of speech errors
Speech errors- These are errors associated with violation of the requirements of correct speech. The reason for them is the poverty of the students' vocabulary, the inexpressiveness of speech, the indistinguishability of paronyms, non-compliance with the lexical compatibility of words, speech stamps, etc. From the point of view of grammar, there are no violations, all forms of words, syntactic constructions correspond to the language norm, however, in general, the text of the work indicates the poverty of the student's speech .
1) The use of words in an unusual meaning for them: The pathos of his work is laughter - the writer's formidable weapon. Monologue of wind and tree...
2) tautology (repetition of single-root words in one sentence): The enemy was getting closer and closer.The young district of the city was named after the name of the street. The writer vividly describes the events of the Great Patriotic War.
It should be noted that the use of single-root words in one sentence may be quite acceptable. In the Russian folk language, there are a number of expressions like: all sorts of things, jokes, do their job, roar roaring, howling howling, moaning with a groan. Either stand standing, or sit sitting, or lie down lying down. (proverb)
Many of them have already become phraseological units or are approaching them. In works of art, the author may consciously resort to tautology:
Soon the fairy tale tells, but not soon the deed is done. (A.S. Pushkin)
The smoke goes from the pipes to the chimney. (A.S. Pushkin)
I wish you and myself more pride, less pride. (K. Vanshenkin)
3) pleonasm (hidden tautology): the main leitmotif of his work; we invite you to meet the New Year holidays away from the cold, blizzards and cold weather; specific feature of creativity; colleagues;
4) mixing of paronyms: representatives of high society led a festive life; after a quarrel between neighbors, hostile relations were established; this dish is very filling;
5) violation of lexical compatibility: around gloating hunger, devastation; the standard of living of the population has deteriorated;
7) speech stamps: now let's talk about heating; in the summer we like to relax on the sea; the exam can be held at the end of the development of the subject;
8) dialect, vernacular, slang words: he is used to living for free; she looked great; in the image of Khlestakov, Gogol showed a terrible impudent person who shamelessly lies and grabs a bribe;
9) mixing vocabulary from different historical eras: Marya Kirillovna and the prince went to the registry office to get married. Liza served as a housekeeper for Famusov;
10) unjustified repetition of the same words in adjacent sentences (usually these are verbs of movement, being, speaking): Boy was dressed in a burnt padded jacket. Vatnik was darned roughly. AND were he has worn trousers on. A soldier's boots were almost new.
Such a defect should be distinguished from repetition as a stylistic device, which is actively used by poets and writers:
Beauty does not go in vain.
Do not grow even in a black year
Maple in vain, and willow in vain,
And a vain flower on the pond. (Yu. Moritz)
Hazy noon breathes lazily,
The river flows lazily.
And in the fiery and pure firmament
Clouds drift lazily. (F. Tyutchev)
11) the unsuccessful use of personal and demonstrative pronouns as a means of connecting sentences (as a result of which ambiguity is created): Don't lend the company car to your wife. She may get into an accident. We watched the film in the new cinema. From him we have a good impression.
12) bad word order: Dobrolyubov called merchants from Ostrovsky's plays representatives of the "dark kingdom". Prelude and nocturne for Scriabin's left hand were performed by Margarita Fedorova.
To make it easier to use the classification of these errors, we will present them in an abbreviated form in the table:
| Grammatical errors | Speech errors |
| 1) erroneous word formation: pleasure to live; wakefulness; sign for life; | 1) the use of the word in an unusual meaning: In an allergic form, Gorky tells us about Petrel. |
| 2) errors in the formation of word forms: no places; more strict; five hundred rubles; wait; theirs; | 2) violation of lexical compatibility: cheap prices; he constantly replenishes his horizons; |
| 3) violation of the types of temporal correlation of verbs: sat at the table and does not talk to me; | 3) tautology: Everyone was in a businesslike mood. The increase in crime has increased by five percent. |
| 4) errors in coordination and management: from the part of the novel I read; | 4) pleonasm: colleagues; feathered birds; |
| 5) violation of agreement between the subject and the predicate: Mankind is fighting for peace. Young people on the bus push and make noise. | 5) unjustified repetitions of the word in adjacent sentences: The guys woke up early. The guys decided to go to the forest. The guys went into the forest along the field road. |
| 6) errors in the use of participial and adverbial phrases: While sledding, I got a headache. Reading books makes life more interesting. | 6) Unfortunate use of personal and demonstrative pronouns, creating ambiguity: The girl has a hat on her head. She looks flirty. |
| 7) errors in the construction of complex sentences: Before leaving, we went to the river. | 7) the use of a word of a different stylistic coloring: To poison Lensky, Onegin courts Olga. |
| 8) mixing direct and indirect speech: The governor told the oil workers that we appreciate your contribution to the region's economy. | 8) mixing vocabulary from different historical eras: Gerasim returned to the village and began to work on the collective farm. |
Training tasks
1. Find grammatical errors in sentences and determine their type.
1. The logs were heavy, so they were put on sticks and carried.
2. The accident occurred at the five hundred and eleventh kilometer from Moscow.
3. The management of the organization hopes that in this way they can stop the growth of the queue in kindergartens.
4. And we made a new swing in our yard!
5. Writing a review, Iskander used a rhetorical question.
6. These plans need and deserve all support.
7. But the father answered that you are still small for such work. Chatsky's ardent speeches are addressed to the nobility, who do not want and are even afraid of change.
8. Now the methods of water purification are becoming more perfect.
9. The spring sun shines brightly, and the birds sang.
10. Having risen to our floor, the door of our apartment was open.
11. From a distance, floating logs on the water were visible.
12. The sons of Taras dismounted from their horses, who studied in the Kyiv bursa.
2. Find speech errors, determine their type.
1. We foresaw all the difficulties of the campaign in advance.
2. Khlestakov sat in the britzka and shouted: “Drive, my dear, to the airport!”
In Latin there is a word lapsus. It denotes a mistake in a person's speech. From this word, the well-known abbreviation of a blunder appeared. Only if a blunder is considered a gross violation of the norms of speech, then lapsus does not have such a strict meaning. Unfortunately, there is no analogue of this word, which denotes speech errors, in modern Russian. But lapsus are found everywhere.
Speech errors are divided into normative errors and misprints. Misprints are mechanical errors. In the text, the word may be spelled incorrectly, which will complicate the perception of information. Or, instead of one word, another is accidentally used. Misprints are also found in spoken language. These are reservations that can be heard from people every day.
Mechanical errors occur unconsciously, but a lot depends on them. Mistakes in writing numbers create a distortion of factual information. And the wrong spelling of words can completely change the meaning of what was said. One scene from Alexander and the Terrible, Horrible, No Good, Very Bad Day, directed by Miguel Arteta, illustrates well the problem of typos. The printing house mixed up the letters "p" and "s" and in the children's book they wrote the phrase "You can burp on the bed" instead of "You can jump on the bed." And according to the plot of the film, this situation resulted in a scandal.
Special attention was paid to misprints during the Stalinist repressions, when an incorrectly written word cost a person his life. It is impossible to eradicate the problem of typos, since a person makes them unconsciously. The only way you can avoid this type of speech error is to be careful when writing the text, carefully choosing the words you will pronounce.
Types of regulatory errors
Speech errors are associated with a violation of the norms of the Russian language. Types of speech errors:
- orthoepic;
- morphological;
- spelling;
- syntactically-punctuation;
- stylistic;
- lexical.
spelling error
A pronunciation error is associated with a violation of the norms of orthoepy. It appears only in oral speech. This is an erroneous pronunciation of sounds, words or phrases. Pronunciation errors also include incorrect stress.
The distortion of words occurs in the direction of reducing the number of letters. For example, when instead of "thousand" the word "thousand" is pronounced. If you want to speak competently and beautifully, you should rid your speech of such words. The erroneous pronunciation of the word "of course" - "of course" is also common.
Pronouncing the correct stress is not only correct, but also fashionable. Surely you have heard how people correct the wrong accent in the words “Alcohol”, “ringing”, “contract” to the correct ones - “alcohol”, “ringing” and “contract”. Incorrect emphasis has recently been more noticeable than before. And the opinion of your erudition depends on the observance of the norms of pronunciation.
Morphological error
Morphology is a branch of linguistics in which words and their parts are the object of study. Morphological errors are obtained due to the incorrect formation of word forms of various parts of speech. The reasons are incorrect declension, errors in the use of gender and number.
For example, "doctors" instead of "doctor". This is a morphological error in the use of the plural.
Often use the wrong form of the word when changing the case. The genitive case of the word apples is apples. Sometimes the words use the wrong form of "apples" instead.
Common morphological errors - incorrect spelling of numerals:
"The company owned five hundred and fifty-three branches." In this example, the word "fifty" was not declined. Correct spelling: "The company owned five hundred and fifty-three branches."
In the use of adjectives, the mistake of misusing the comparative degree is common. For example, such usage: "more beautiful" instead of "more beautiful". Or "the highest" instead of "the highest" or "the highest".
Spelling mistake
Spelling errors are the wrong spelling of words. They arise when a person does not know the correct spelling of a word. Have you ever received a message where you found grammatical errors. A common example is writing the word "sorry" with an "e". To prevent such spelling errors from happening to you, read as much as possible. Reading stimulates the perception of the correct spelling of words. And if you are used to reading correctly written text, then you will write without making grammatical errors.
Spelling errors, in principle, happen due to ignorance of the correctness of words. Therefore, if you are not sure about the written word, you should consult a dictionary. At work, learn the list of words specific to your field that you need to remember and in which you should never make grammatical errors.
Syntax and punctuation errors
These types of speech errors occur when punctuation marks are incorrectly set and words are combined incorrectly in phrases and sentences.
Missing dashes, extra commas - this refers to punctuation errors. Do not be too lazy to open the textbook if you are not sure about setting the comma. Again, this is a problem that can be dealt with by reading a lot of books. You get used to the correct punctuation and already on an intuitive level it is difficult for you to make a mistake.
Syntax violations are common. Coordination errors are common. “For happiness, a person needs a favorite place to relax, work, a happy family.” The word "need" in this sentence does not fit in the enumeration. You need to use "need".
Professional editors believe that management error is common. When a word is replaced with a synonym or a similar word, but the control does not agree with the new word.
An example of a management error: "They praised and congratulated Alina for the victory."
They praised Alina. They brought congratulations to Alina. Parts of the proposal do not agree due to mismanagement. After "praised" you need to add the word "her" to correct the mistake.
Stylistic mistakes
Unlike other types of errors, stylistic errors are based on a distortion of the meaning of the text. Classification of the main stylistic speech errors:
- Pleonasm. The phenomenon occurs frequently. Pleonasm is a redundant expression. The author expresses the thought, supplementing it with all understandable information. For example, “a minute of time has passed”, “he told the true truth”, “a secret spy was following the passenger”. A minute is a unit of time. Truth is truth. A spy is a secret agent anyway.
- Cliche. These are well-established phrases that are very often used. Cliches cannot be fully attributed to speech errors. Sometimes their use is appropriate. But if they are often found in the text, or the cliché of the conversational style is used in business, this is a serious speech error. The expressions "to win", "golden autumn", "overwhelming majority" belong to the cliché.
- Tautology. A mistake in which the same or single-root words are often repeated. In one sentence, the same word should not be repeated. It is desirable to exclude repetitions in adjacent sentences.
Sentences in which this mistake was made: “He smiled, his smile filled the room with light”, “Katya blushed from red wine”, “Peter loved to go fishing and catch fish.”
- Violation of word order. In English, the word order is much stricter than in Russian. It is distinguished by a clear construction of parts of the sentence in a certain sequence. In Russian, you can swap word combinations as you would like. But at the same time, it is important not to lose the meaning of the statement.
To prevent this from happening, follow two rules:
- The order of words in a sentence can be direct and reverse, depending on the subject and predicate.
- Secondary members of the sentence must agree with the words on which they depend.
Lexical speech errors
Vocabulary is the vocabulary of a language. Mistakes occur when you write or talk about something you don't understand. More often, errors in the meanings of words occur for several reasons:
- The word is obsolete and rarely used in modern Russian.
- The word refers to a highly specialized vocabulary.
- The word is a neologism and its meaning is not common.
Classification of lexical speech errors:
- False synonym. A person considers several words that are not synonyms as synonyms. For example, authority is not popularity, and features are not differences. Examples where the mistake was made:"The singer was an authority among young people" instead of "The singer was popular among young people." "The brother and sister had many differences in character" instead of "The brother and sister had many differences in character."
- Use of similar sounding words. For example, the use of the word "single" when it is necessary to say "ordinary". Instead of the word "Indian" they can write the erroneous "turkey".
- Confusion in close-meaning words. "Interviewer" and "Interviewee", "Subscriber" and "Subscription", "Address" and "Addressor".
- Unintentional formation of new words.
It's easy to make a speech error. Sometimes this happens in the case of a reservation, and sometimes the problem lies in ignorance of any norm of the Russian language or because of the confusion of the meanings of words. Read a lot of books, speak correctly and do not hesitate to once again refer to a dictionary or textbook. Constantly work on oral and written speech so that the number of errors is close to zero.
Speech errors- this is a violation of the laws of the use of language units in speech, as well as shortcomings in the formation of syntactic constructions.
|
Varieties of speech defects |
Examples |
|
1. The use of a word in an unusual sense |
My brother became a diplomat of the international competition of performers |
|
2. Indistinguishability of shades of meaning introduced into the word by a prefix or suffix |
Economical electrical appliances are now being produced - they consume little electricity. |
|
3. Violation of lexical compatibility |
Cause joy, give care |
|
4. Use of an extra word (pleonasm) |
Circle around, old veterans |
|
5. Use next to (or close to) cognate words (tautology) |
The teacher teaches students, in the following picture it can be traced |
|
6. Unfortunate use of personal and demonstrative pronouns |
The girl took the plate, walked over to the dog and put it on the floor. |
|
7. Violation of the aspect-temporal correlation of verb forms |
The bird lay on the grass, and trembles all over |
|
8. Repeating the same word |
The author is trying to show us the difference between the Motherland and native places. Love for the motherland begins with its culture. |
|
9. The use of a word (or expression) of a different stylistic coloring |
This novel is truly one of Tolstoy's best novels. |
Types of grammatical errors
Grammatical errors are a violation of the norms of word and form formation, as well as the norms of syntactic connection between words in a phrase and sentence.
|
Varieties of grammatical errors |
Examples |
|
|
word-building |
Erroneous word formation |
Lingering, back, mock |
|
Morphological |
1. Mistakes in the formation of noun forms |
Our engineer, a lot of banana and tangerine, light tulle |
|
2. Mistakes in the formation of adjective forms |
More beautiful, brightest, sweetest |
|
|
3. Errors in the formation of forms of pronouns |
All works, in their house, left the reception |
|
|
4. Errors in the formation of verb forms |
I dare, I vacuum, I burn |
|
|
Syntactic |
1. Violation of agreement 2. Loss of control 3. Violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate 4. Errors in the construction of a sentence with a participial turnover 5. Errors in constructing a sentence with participial turnover 6. Errors in the construction of sentences with homogeneous members 7. Errors in the construction of a complex sentence 8. Displacement of direct and indirect speech |
It was the well-known deputy Sergeeva. I don't have the slightest idea of what happened. Twenty-one people came to the meeting. Opening the window, it started to rain The sea roared dully, agitated by the storm that had begun in the morning. The class teacher talked about the performance of graduates, their behavior and why they study so poorly. |
Types of logical errors
Logical errors are a violation of the sequence (logic) of the presentation.
Logical errors consist in violation of the rules of logical thinking. This type of error includes the following shortcomings in the content of the work:
1) violation of the sequence of statements;
2) lack of connection between parts and sentences;
3) unjustified repetition of a previously expressed thought;
4) fragmentation of one micro-theme by another micro-theme;
5) disproportion of parts of the statement;
6) lack of necessary parts;
7) rearrangement of parts of the text (if it is not due to the task for the presentation);
8) unjustified substitution of the person from whom the narration is being conducted (for example, first from the first, then from the third person).
Logic errors (L)- associated with a violation of the logical correctness of speech. They arise as a result of a violation of the laws of logic, committed both within a single sentence, judgment, and at the level of the whole text.
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
CLASSIFICATION OF ERRORS CORRECTED AND CONSIDERED WHEN ASSESSING A STUDENT'S WORK
Sherstobitova I.A., Associate Professor of the Department of Humanitarian Education, St. Petersburg Academy of Postgraduate Education
Belokurova S.P., methodologist of the IMC of the Krasnogvardeisky district of St. Petersburg
Gvozdinskaya L.G., head of Center for Humanitarian Education, St. Petersburg Academy of Postgraduate Education
Speech errors (P)- these are errors not in the construction of a sentence, not in the structure of a language unit, but in its use, most often in the use of a word, that is, a violation of lexical norms. These are pleonasm, tautology, speech cliches, inappropriate use of colloquial vocabulary, dialectisms, jargon; expressive means, non-distinguishing of paronyms. Errors in the use of homonyms, antonyms, synonyms, ambiguity not eliminated by the context.
|
CLASSIFICATION OF ERRORS CORRECTED AND CONSIDERED WHEN ASSESSING A STUDENT'S WORK
Sherstobitova I.A., Associate Professor of the Department of Humanitarian Education, St. Petersburg Academy of Postgraduate Education
Belokurova S.P., methodologist of the IMC of the Krasnogvardeisky district of St. Petersburg
Gvozdinskaya L.G., head of Center for Humanitarian Education, St. Petersburg Academy of Postgraduate Education
Grammar errors (G)- these are errors in the structure of a language unit: words, phrases or sentences, that is, a violation of any grammatical norm - word-formation, morphological, syntactic.
|
CLASSIFICATION OF ERRORS CORRECTED AND CONSIDERED WHEN ASSESSING A STUDENT'S WORK
Sherstobitova I.A., Associate Professor of the Department of Humanitarian Education, St. Petersburg Academy of Postgraduate Education
Belokurova S.P., methodologist of the IMC of the Krasnogvardeisky district of St. Petersburg
Gvozdinskaya L.G., head of Center for Humanitarian Education, St. Petersburg Academy of Postgraduate Education
Actual errors (F)- a kind of non-linguistic errors, which consists in the fact that the writer cites facts that contradict reality, gives incorrect information about the actual circumstances, both related and not related to the analyzed text (background knowledge).
|
Ethical errors (E)- violation of the system of values and rules of ethics: statements that degrade human dignity, expressing an arrogant and cynical attitude towards the human person, hostility, manifestations of verbal aggression, slang words and turns.
|
We learn to speak correctly.
Correcting speech errors
The proposed tasks will help students learn to find, classify, correct speech errors and shortcomings.
1. This model is a demonstration model, it is not for sale.
2. I borrowed a thousand rubles from my neighbor until February.
3. The boy did not answer, but only clapped his eyes.
4. The court found him guilty of committing a crime.
5. His father was a real polyglot: he could answer a question from any field of knowledge in detail and in detail.
6. Rescuers saw a man drowning in the sea.
7. Wounded Prince Andrei fell prone. Waking up, he saw a high, endless sky.
8. Katerina's mother-in-law constantly taught the life of the household.
9. Our products are imported to many countries in the world.
10. I switched to a more economic tariff.
Tasks
1) Mark the sentences in which a word is used in an unusual sense. (2, 5, 7, 8, 9.)
2) Mark the sentences with violations of stylistic compatibility. (3, 6.)
3) Mark the sentences in which you should use its paronym instead of the word. (1, 4, 10.)
Answers: 1 - demonstration, 2 - lent or loaned, 3 - blinked his eyes, 4 - guilty, 5 - encyclopedist, 6 - drowning, 7 - fell back, 8 - mother-in-law, 9 - exported, 10 - economical.
1. Talking to this person was important.
2. Beautiful curtains decorated the room.
3. I want to raise a toast to the health of the birthday boy.
4. The contents of the package must be poured with hot boiling water.
5. To enhance the reader's impression, the author narrates in the first person.
6. Gogol's story "The Overcoat" tells about the life of the official Bashmachkin.
7. Our agency provides students with a lot of vacancies.
8. This victory came at a high cost to me.
9. You don't see obvious facts.
10. This store has expensive prices.
Tasks
1) Mark the sentences with violation of lexical compatibility. (1, 3, 5, 10.)
2) Mark the sentences in which the same-root words are used side by side. (2, 6, 9.)
3) Mark the sentences in which extra words are used. (4, 7.)
4) Write down the corrected options.
Answers: 1 - played an important role or was of great importance, 2 - magnificent curtains, 3 - raise a glass or make a toast, 4 - hot water or boiling water, 5 - to enhance the impression, 6 - talks about life, 7 - a lot of vacancies, 9 - you don't notice, 10 - high prices.
1. It was Sophia who started the rumor that Chatsky was crazy.
2. My brother finished school with a medal.
3. You brought me to the white knee.
4. Thirty tons of carrots were delivered to the shops of the city.
5. Our physical student got sick, so the lesson was postponed.
6. I was so tired from a long journey that I was neither alive nor dead.
7. Dear students! Submit your papers to the dean's office immediately.
8. I signed this contract with a grating heart.
9. The court made a decision on the division of property between the spouses.
10. The sister shed crocodile tears when the heroine of the film died.
Tasks
1) Mark the sentences with a violation of the form of the phraseological unit. (3, 8.)
2) Mark the sentences with the incorrect use of phraseological units. (6, 10.)
3) Replace colloquial and colloquial words and expressions in sentences with neutral ones. (1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 9.)
4) Write down the corrected options.
Answers: 1 - lost his mind, 2 - graduated, 3 - white-hot, 4 - carrots, 5 - physics teacher, 6 - I was very tired from a long transition (neither alive nor dead from fear), 7 - grade books, 8 - reluctantly , 9 - about the division, 10 - wept bitterly.
1. Onegin thinks he can't love anymore, and he was wrong.
2. Mom wrapped her daughter in a shawl and took her away.
3. Our publishing house released a book that was popular with readers who love detective stories.
5. Katerina wants her husband to take her with him, but Tikhon refused.
6. The hero goes to another world, and then the hero becomes disillusioned with him.
7. This appliance, which appeared on the shelves of stores specializing in the sale of household appliances, was appreciated by many buyers.
8. The hero does not like to talk about a past life, and therefore he was not understood.
9. When I first read this book, I remembered the summer when I went to the sea.
10. Chatsky wants to change the life of Famusov's Moscow, and he partially succeeds.
Tasks
1) Mark the sentences with a violation of the aspect-temporal correlation of verb forms. (1, 8, 9.)
2) Mark the sentences in which pronouns are unsuccessfully used. (2, 4.)
3) Mark unsuccessfully constructed sentences. (3, 7, 9.)
4) Mark sentences with unjustified repetition of words. (6, 9.)
5) Write down the corrected options.
Answers: 1 - Onegin thinks ...... and is mistaken, 2 - and took the girl away, 3 - among readers who love detective stories, 4 - about the consequences of actions committed by a person, 5 - but Tikhon refuses, 6 - the hero leaves for another world, but then disappointed in it, 7 - this device, which appeared on the shelves of stores that specialize in the sale of household appliances, was appreciated by many buyers, 8 - they do not understand it, 9 - reading this book for the first time, I remembered my summer trip to the sea.
Often the masters of the word in their works deviate from speech norms, achieving a certain artistic effect. Find deviations from speech norms in the given fragments of literary works and say what effect the authors achieve.
1. The whole room is illuminated with amber brilliance.
A flooded stove crackles with a cheerful crack ...
(A. Pushkin. Winter morning)
(Referring to the tautology crackling crackling, the author conveys the sound that the lyrical hero of the poem hears.)
2. Through the wavy mists the moon makes its way,
She pours a sad light on the sad glades.
(A. Pushkin. Winter road)
(Tautology (she pours a sad light on the sad glades) helps the author to focus the reader's attention on the emotional state of the lyrical hero.)
3. For a moment the conversations were silent;
The mouth is chewing.
(A. Pushkin. Eugene Onegin)
(A combination of words of different styles (mouth chewing) creates a comic effect.)
4. And we are sailing, a flaming abyss
Surrounded on all sides.
(F. Tyutchev. dreams)
(Pleonasm (surrounded on all sides) emphasizes the complete immersion of the lyrical hero in the world of sleep.)
5. Goes-buzzes Green noise,
Green noise, spring noise.
(N. Nekrasov. green noise)
(Combination of contradictory words green noise(catahresis) helps the author to create a single visual-auditory image; lexical repetition in the first and second lines draws the reader's attention to this image.)
VI. Edit the piece of writing.
All images of the poem pictured
The reader, reading page after page, laughs at pretentious Manilov, over brutal Sobakevich, over blunt Box, over constantly lying rascal Nozdrev, and miser Plushkin, collecting everyone trash, – it's really something. But especially attracted my attention Chichikov, something similar and at the same time unlike to the other characters in the poem.
Chichikov is similar to Manilov in that knew how to suck up to the right people similar on Sobakevich by the fact that he can insist on his own, similar on Nozdryov by inventing all sorts scam, similar on Korobochka and Plyushkin by putting necessary and unnecessary things in a drawer.
But at the same time, Chichikov is significantly different from other heroes of the poem. If landowner heroes are parasitic, then Chichikov constantly sets himself new goals and tries to achieve them. As a child, he was businessman, knew how to profitably invest money and get fat. So when he was in school, he used to sell buns that he bought in advance, starving comrades and profited from it.
But when the hero became an adult, none of his the case didn't work out. Most likely, Gogol punishes your hero for the fact that for all his business qualities he is an immoral person. So, for example, he did not help to his old teacher, who considered Pavlusha the best student; working in the Treasury, he, seeking a promotion, deceived the former and his daughter.
Sample corrected version
All images of the poem created Gogol, interesting in their own way. Reading the page behind the page We laugh at mannered Manilov and rude Sobakevich, over stupid Box and constantly a lying rogue Nozdrev; A miser Plushkin, who collects unnecessary things, produces special impression. But attracts the most my attention Chichikov, something similar to other heroes of the poem, but at the same time different.
Chichikov reminds Manilov in that can be trusted to the right people; the ability of the hero to insist on his own makes him related with Sobakevich; like Nozdrev, Chichikov comes up with different scams; A storage necessary and unnecessary things in a drawer brings together hero with Plushkin and Korobochka.
But, unlike the idle landlords, Chichikov constantly sets himself new goals and tries to achieve them. Already in childhood he businessman who knows how to profitably invest money and get profit. So, while still a schoolboy, he sells pre-purchased buns hungry comrades and benefit from it.
However, the matured hero failing to succeed in anything. Most likely, Gogol punishes Chichikov for the fact that, with all his business qualities, the hero - immoral person. So, for example, Chichikov refuses to help to his old teacher, who considered Pavlusha the best student; serving in the state chamber and seeking promotion, the hero deceives the former and his daughter.
I.A. RUDENKO,
Magnitogorsk city
multidisciplinary
Lyceum at MSTU im. Nosova
