Palliative care for superior vena cava syndrome. Syndrome of compression of the superior vena cava Syndrome of the superior vena cava in oncology

Superior vena cava syndrome is a disorder that is a violation of the outflow of venous blood from the upper body (impaired circulation). The basis of such an ailment is the squeezing of a vein or the occurrence of a blood clot, which actually disrupts its outflow from the head, shoulders and upper half of the body. This can lead to serious complications that can threaten a person's life. A similar disorder is often diagnosed between the ages of thirty and sixty years (in males several times more often than in women).

The main clinical manifestations of the disease are the appearance of a bluish tint on the skin, the formation of shortness of breath, a change in the timbre of the voice, swelling of the face and neck, difficulty breathing, pain in the chest area, as well as fainting or convulsive state. Secondary symptoms include decreased hearing and visual acuity.

Diagnostic measures include performing radiography, ultrasound, MRI, CT and other instrumental examinations of the chest. Treatment of the disease is aimed at eliminating the pathology through surgical operations.

Etiology

There are many reasons for the formation of such a pathology, the main of which are:

external compression of the vein;
thrombus formation;
the formation of a malignant tumor of the right lung is the main factor in the occurrence of such a pathology.

Other predisposing factors may be:

tumors of the digestive system of a different nature, which are located in the area of the diaphragm;

In addition, a similar disorder can be observed during the course of certain diseases. Among which:

goiter of the retrosternal region;
cardiovascular insufficiency;
pathological effects of pathogens;
a wide variety ;
growth of fibrous tissue.

There is a possibility of an ailment as a response of the body to surgery, as well as from prolonged use of a venous catheter.

Symptoms

The occurrence of characteristic signs is caused by an increase in pressure in the vessels, and the degree of their manifestation is influenced by the rate of progression of the pathological process and the degree of circulatory disturbance. The main symptoms of the disease include:

bouts of severe headache;
the occurrence of shortness of breath not only during physical exertion, but also at rest;
difficult breathing process;
soreness in the retrosternal region;
cyanosis of the skin of the upper body;
change in voice tone. Often he becomes hoarse, a person constantly wants to clear his throat;
swelling of the face and neck;
constant drowsiness and lethargy;
the appearance of seizures;
fainting.

Secondary signs of this syndrome are the patient's complaints of hearing loss and visual acuity, the occurrence of tinnitus, as well as auditory hallucinations and increased tearing. The intensity of the manifestation of symptoms is individual for each person, which is determined by the rate of spread of the pathogenic process. The greater the compression of the vein, the smaller its lumen, which further disrupts blood circulation.

Diagnostics

Diagnostic measures for establishing the diagnosis of "syndrome of the superior vena cava" are based on an instrumental examination of the patient. But before that, the doctor needs to familiarize himself with the history of the disease, find out the possible causes of the formation of the disease, as well as the presence and degree of intensity of the manifestation of symptoms.

Instrumental diagnostic methods include:

radiography of the chest area. Pictures are taken in several projections;
tomography - in particular computer, spiral and MRI;
phlebography - carried out to identify the location of the pathogenic process;
Ultrasound of veins - such as carotid and supraclavicular;
bronchoscopy - will help determine the causes of the formation of the disease, with the obligatory implementation of a biopsy;
laboratory tests of sputum.

If necessary, diagnostic thoracoscopy, mediastinoscopy and consultation with an ophthalmologist are prescribed, during the cortex, intraocular pressure is measured. In addition, it is necessary to differentiate this pathology from congestive heart failure. After receiving all the results of the examinations, the doctor prescribes the most effective treatment tactics for each patient.

Treatment

General therapeutic measures for all patients consist of continuous inhalation of oxygen, taking sedative drugs, diuretics and glucocorticoids, adherence to a low-salt diet and bed rest.

Further treatment for each patient individually and depends on the causes of such a syndrome:

if the disease was caused by oncology of the right lung, metastases or other malignant neoplasms, then patients are prescribed chemotherapy or radiation treatment;
in cases of the formation of the disease against the background of thrombosis, thrombectomy is performed, often with the removal of the affected part of the vena cava, followed by the establishment of a homotransplant.

If it is impossible to carry out radical surgical operations, other methods of treatment are prescribed to restore the outflow of venous blood:

removal of a benign neoplasm of the mediastinum;
bypass shunting;
percutaneous balloon angioplasty;
stenting of the superior vena cava.

In most situations, the treatment of the disease is gradual and gradual, but sometimes emergency surgery may be required. This is necessary when:

acute, which can lead to cardiac arrest;
obvious difficulty in performing respiratory functions;
brain lesions.

There is no specific prevention of such a disease. The prognosis of the disease depends on the causes of such a disorder and timely therapy. Elimination of progression factors allows you to completely get rid of the syndrome. An acute course of the disease can lead to a quick death of a person. If the disease was caused by an advanced form of oncology, the prognosis is extremely unfavorable.

Is everything correct in the article from a medical point of view?

Answer only if you have proven medical knowledge

Diseases with similar symptoms:

As you know, the respiratory function of the body is one of the main functions of the normal life of the body. The syndrome, in which the balance of blood components is disturbed, and to be more precise, the concentration of carbon dioxide greatly increases and the volume of oxygen decreases, is called "acute respiratory failure", it can also become chronic. How does the patient feel in this case, what symptoms may bother him, what signs and causes of this syndrome - read below. Also from our article you will learn about diagnostic methods and the most modern methods of treating this disease.

Medicine is not considered an exact science, and it is based on many assumptions and probabilities, but not facts. Inferior vena cava syndrome is a rather rare occurrence in medical practice. It can occur in men and women at any age, more often in the elderly. Pregnant women are in the first place at risk. In this case, the condition of the pregnant woman is characterized by polyhydramnios, venous and arterial hypotension. Most often, the fetus is large. When the vein is compressed, the blood flow to the liver and kidneys, the uterus worsens, which negatively affects the development of the child. The condition can result in stratification of the placental tissue, and this is a huge risk of developing varicose veins, thrombophlebitis in the lower extremities. If childbirth is carried out by caesarean section, then the likelihood of collapse is high.

The concept of inferior vena cava

The inferior vena cava is a wide vessel. It is formed by the fusion of the left and right iliac veins located in the abdominal cavity. The vein is located at the level of the lumbar, between the 5th and 4th vertebrae. It passes through the diaphragm and enters the right atrium. The vein collects blood that passes through neighboring veins and delivers it to the heart muscle.

If a person is healthy, then the vein works synchronously with the respiratory process, that is, it expands on exhalation, and contracts on inspiration. This is its main difference from the aorta.

The main purpose of the inferior vena cava is to collect venous blood from the lower extremities.

Why Problems Occur

According to statistics, approximately 80% of all pregnant women experience vein compression after 25 weeks, to a greater or lesser extent.

If there is no inferior vena cava syndrome, then the pressure in the vein at a sufficiently low level is a normal physiological state. However, problems in the tissues that surround the vein can compromise its integrity and drastically change blood flow. For a while, the body is able to cope by finding alternative ways for blood to flow. But if the pressure in the vein rises above 200 mm, then a crisis invariably sets in. In such moments, without urgent medical care, everything can end in death. Therefore, you should know the inferior vena cava in order to call an ambulance in time if a crisis begins in the patient himself or in someone close.

Clinical picture

The first thing you need to pay attention to is swelling, which can be on the face, neck, in the larynx. This symptom is observed in 2/3 of patients. Shortness of breath, coughing, hoarseness of voice, even at rest and lying down, may disturb, and this is a huge risk of airway obstruction.

Also, inferior vena cava syndrome may be accompanied by:

Pain in the groin and abdomen;

swelling of the lower extremities;

Swelling on the buttocks and genitals;

Varicose veins of small vessels in the thigh area;

impotence;

high body temperature;

Brittle nails and hair loss;

Constant pallor;

Leg problems - it is difficult for the patient to move even for short distances;

fragility of bones;

high blood pressure;

Silicosis;

Purulent mediastinitis;

Fibrosis.

Diagnostics

Naturally, only one compression of the inferior vena cava is not determined. A thorough diagnosis is required.

First of all, the doctor collects a complete history, conducts an examination. A lot can "tell" the state of the veins in the neck and upper limbs, as a rule, they are dilated. Physical examination also gives an idea: the patient has cyanosis or plethora, whether the venous networks in the chest area are expanded, whether there is swelling, especially in the upper parts of the body.

X-ray examination and phlebography are also prescribed. X-ray examination can be carried out with the help of a contrast agent. Be sure to carry out magnetic resonance and computer topography, possibly spiral.

In some cases, the diagnosis of inferior vena cava syndrome is accompanied by an in-depth examination by an ophthalmologist. The purpose of the diagnosis is to identify, if present, retinal vein dilatation, possible edema of the peripapillary region, to determine whether the intraocular pressure has increased, whether there is stagnation in the optic nerve.

For the full picture, you may need:

Bronchoscopy;

Biopsy of sputum and lymph nodes;

Sternal puncture;

Mediastinoscopy.

Therapeutic activities

Treatment of inferior vena cava syndrome is symptomatic. This pathology is still a concomitant disease, and first of all it is required to cure the underlying disease that caused the syndrome.

The main goal of treatment is to activate the internal reserve forces of the body in order to maximize the quality of life of the patient. The first thing that is recommended is a practically salt-free diet and oxygen inhalations. It is possible that drugs from the group of glucocorticosteroids or diuretics will be prescribed.

If the syndrome appeared against the background of the development of a tumor, a completely different approach to treatment.

Surgery is indicated in the following cases:

The syndrome is rapidly progressing;

No collateral circulation;

Blockage of the inferior vena cava.

Surgery does not eliminate problems, but only improves venous outflow.

Syndrome and pregnancy

During the period of gestation, all organs of a woman experience the heaviest load, the volume of circulating blood increases and, as a result, stagnation appears. The uterus increases and compresses not only the surrounding organs, but also the vessels. With the syndrome of the inferior vena cava in pregnant women, treatment should be carried out with extreme caution.

Problems begin with the fact that it is very difficult for a woman to lie on her back, usually this condition begins from the 25th week of gestation. There is a slight dizziness, weakness, periodically there is not enough air. Blood pressure usually decreases. Very rarely, a pregnant woman may lose consciousness.

Naturally, we are not talking about cardinal therapeutic measures during pregnancy, but some rules will still help to transfer the syndrome more easily:

You will have to abandon all exercises that are carried out in a supine position, on your back;

Also, do not sleep on your back;

Nutrition should be adjusted to reduce salt intake;

It is necessary to reduce the amount of fluid consumed;

To improve the condition, it is better to walk more, in this case, the muscles on the lower leg contract, and this process stimulates the movement of venous blood upwards;

Forecast and prevention

Doctors are optimistic about patients with the syndrome if it is detected at an early stage. The only condition is constant monitoring of the state of health and compliance by the patient with all the recommendations of the attending physician.

As a preventive measure is the prevention of cardiovascular disease. If there are problems with blood clotting, then the pathology should also be under constant medical supervision, since such patients are at risk. Even the thought of self-treatment should be abandoned.

Superior vena cava syndrome (SVCS) or cava syndrome is a whole complex of symptoms that occur as a result of impaired blood flow in the basin of the vessel of the same name. Due to circulatory disorders in this area, the outflow of blood from the venous vessels in the upper parts of the body is difficult. This pathology is manifested by blueness of the skin, mucous membranes, dilatation of the saphenous veins, shortness of breath, hoarseness, cough, etc. You can recognize the patient by the flabby head, neck, arms, upper half of the torso.

SVCS is a serious pathology that threatens the life of the patient. When the integrity of the vein wall is damaged, an acute violation of blood flow occurs. When the pressure in the vessel rises to 250 mm Hg / st, medical assistance is indispensable, otherwise the patient will die. That is why it is so important to detect characteristic symptoms in time and transport the patient to a medical facility.

Kava syndrome - basic information

To better understand what superior vena cava syndrome is, you need to delve into the anatomy of the chest. The superior vena cava (SVC) is an important blood vessel located in the middle mediastinum, and around it is the chest wall, trachea, bronchi, aorta, and lymph nodes. SVC takes blood from the head, neck, arms, upper half of the body. There is low pressure in this vessel, and this is quite normal. It is for this reason that any pathology of nearby tissues can damage the thin wall of the venous vessel and seriously disrupt blood flow.

Thanks to the system of anastomoses (the junction of two blood vessels), the body independently copes with the violation of the patency of the SVC. But when the pressure rises to 250 mm Hg / st, then a crisis sets in. This is a very dangerous condition, so the patient needs urgent medical care, otherwise death is inevitable.

SVCS is a secondary disease that complicates many pathologies associated with damage to the organs of the chest cavity. The pathology is based on compression or SVC, as a result of which the outflow of blood through the veins from the head, neck, arms and organs of the upper half of the torso is disturbed. Such a violation threatens with dangerous complications. At risk are men from 30 to 60 years old.

The superior vena cava is located in the middle mediastinum, next to the aorta, trachea and bronchi

Causes

To understand how the syndrome of compression of the superior vena cava occurs, you need to know how it functions. The superior and inferior veins empty into the right atrium. During the relaxation of the atrium, oxygen-poor blood is pumped into it. From there, it is fed into the right ventricle, and then into the pulmonary artery, and in the lungs, venous blood is saturated with oxygen. Then arterial (oxygenated) blood returns through 4 pulmonary venous vessels to the left atrium, from where it goes to the left ventricle, then to the aorta and to all organs.

The inferior vena cava takes the used blood from the organs that are located under the diaphragm, and the SVC from the organs above the diaphragm. The pools of these vessels are clearly separated, but there are fistulas between them. With stenosis of the SVC, excess blood is discharged through the anastomoses into the inferior vena cava.

Superior vena cava syndrome is provoked by malignant tumors and thrombosis

The walls of the SVC are very thin, so the blood from the head moves almost under the influence of gravity. The muscles of the upper limbs help speed up its movement. Near the SVC there is a powerful aorta, a strong trachea and bronchi, a large number of lymph nodes. With the development of metastases in these anatomical structures, the SVC subsides and no longer copes with its function.

Malignant formations in the lymph nodes deform them, due to which the vein is compressed. With a tumor lesion of the mediastinum due to cancer of the lymphatic system or lung, the patency of the SVC is impaired. In addition to the tumor, there is a possibility of vascular thrombosis due to tumor lesions of the digestive tract or ovaries. Thus, venous congestion is provoked by tumors, metastases, and blood clots.

Symptoms

Symptoms of the superior vena cava syndrome are caused by impaired venous blood flow in the SVC system. The clinical picture is affected by the rate of development of cava syndrome, as well as the degree of blood flow disturbance. Depending on these indicators, SVC may develop slowly (with compression or invasion of the vessel) or quickly (with blockage of the SVC by blood clots).

The patient's upper body swells, the skin of the face and neck turns blue

The SVCS clinic includes swelling of the face, neck, arms, upper half of the torso due to the expansion of superficial venous vessels, as well as blueness of the skin and mucous membranes. In addition, patients complain of shortness of breath, feeling short of breath, hoarseness, difficulty swallowing, coughing fits, and chest pain. Strengthening of these signs is observed when the patient assumes a horizontal position, so they are forced to be in a semi-sitting position. Because of the swelling of the larynx, stridor appears (whistling noisy breathing, a rough and hoarse voice).

Often SVCS is accompanied by nasal, pulmonary, gastric, intestinal hemorrhages due to increased venous pressure and rupture of thinned vessels. Disturbed venous outflow from the cranium provokes headache, noise, drowsiness, convulsions, fainting. The functionality of the oculomotor or auditory nerves is impaired, double vision develops, protrusion of the eyeballs, excessive release of lacrimal fluid, and various hearing disorders.

Diagnostic Measures

Physical diagnosis will help identify the characteristic symptoms of SVCS. As a result of a visual examination, the doctor can easily determine the expansion of the veins in the neck and chest, the blue of the face, and the swelling of the upper torso. If SVCS is suspected, a chest X-ray in two projections is prescribed. If necessary, conduct a computer, magnetic resonance imaging. To identify the location and severity of SVC obstruction, phlebography is prescribed.

If SVCS is suspected, x-rays are ordered

To diagnose blockage of a venous vessel by a thrombus or its compression from the outside, ultrasound Dopplerography of the carotid and supraclavicular veins is performed.

The ophthalmologist will determine the eye disorders characteristic of SVCS:

tortuous and dilated veins of the fundus;
swelling of the peripapillary area;
non-inflammatory edema of the optic nerve;
increased intraocular fluid pressure.

To determine the causes of SVCS and confirm the morphological (tumor genesis) diagnosis, bronchoscopy is performed with tissue sampling, as well as bronchial sputum, which are examined for the presence of atypical cells. Microscopic examinations of washing waters from the deep sections of the bronchial tree are also carried out. In addition, lymph node cells are taken and sternal puncture is performed.

If necessary, the doctor prescribes additional studies:

videothoracoscopy;
mediastinoscopy;
mediastinotomy, etc.

Differential diagnosis of SVCS is carried out with functional heart failure. In the pathology of the superior vena cava, there is no peripheral edema, accumulation of transudate (non-inflammatory fluid) in the pleural cavity, and abdominal dropsy.

Treatment Methods

Symptomatic treatment of pathology is carried out in order to increase the functional reserves of the body. The patient must follow a low-salt diet, he is prescribed oxygen inhalations, diuretics and glucocorticoid drugs. After the doctor establishes the causes of the development of SVCS, pathogenetic treatment is carried out.

If the disease provoked lung cancer, lymphoma (oncological damage to the lymphatic tissues), Hodzhikin's disease, metastases, polychemotherapy and radiation therapy are prescribed. If SVCS is caused by blockage of the superior vena cava with blood clots, then thrombolytic treatment is performed, an operation to remove the clot. And sometimes it is necessary to remove a portion of the vein, which is replaced with a homograft.

Treat the underlying disease to eliminate the symptoms of SVCS

With extravasal compression of the superior vena cava, surgical intervention is also indispensable. The surgeon may remove a mediastinal tumor or cyst, mediastinal lymphoma, etc. If for some reason surgical intervention is contraindicated, then a palliative operation is prescribed, which improves venous outflow.

The prognosis of SVC syndrome depends on the primary disease and the possibility of surgical intervention. After the elimination of the underlying causes, the signs of the syndrome of the superior vena cava disappear. In the acute course of kava syndrome, the likelihood of a quick death of the patient increases. If SVCS is caused by advanced cancer, then the prognosis is poor. That is why it is important to identify the pathology in time and treat it.

The syndrome of compression of the superior vena cava is manifested by a sharp violation of blood circulation in the basin of the superior vena cava. The leading causes of the development of this pathological condition are oncological diseases, especially lung cancer.

The superior vena cava collects blood from the organs of the head and neck, upper extremities, and upper chest. If its patency is impaired, it is possible to include bypass anastomoses, which, however, are not always able to provide adequate blood circulation. As a result, the pressure in the lumen of the vessel rises to 200-500 mm Hg.

Causes of the syndrome of compression of the superior vena cava

At the heart of the development of the syndrome of compression of the superior vena cava is compression of the vessel from the outside, thrombosis of the vein, germination of its wall by a malignant tumor. Such pathological conditions can be observed in the following cases:

progressive development of oncological diseases (lung cancer (adenocarcinoma, small cell carcinoma, more often right-sided), breast cancer, non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, soft tissue sarcomas, melanoma);
some infectious diseases such as tuberculosis, syphilis, histioplasmosis;
development of retrosternal goiter in the pathology of the thyroid gland;
cardiovascular insufficiency;
iatrogenic factors;
idiopathic fibrous mediastinitis.

Symptoms of the syndrome of compression of the superior vena cava

The clinical picture of the syndrome of the superior vena cava can develop acutely or progress gradually. In this case, the patient may experience the following pathological symptoms:

headache;
cough;
dizziness;
nausea;
change in facial features;
dysphagia;
dyspnea;
drowsiness;
pain in the chest;
fainting;
convulsive syndrome;
swelling of the veins of the chest, upper limbs and neck;
swelling of the face;
cyanosis and plethora of the face and upper chest.

Diagnosis of superior vena cava syndrome

In the presence of the above clinical symptoms, a specialist may suspect the development of superior vena cava syndrome, however, to make a final diagnosis, it is important to perform the following studies:

radiography- carried out in the anterior and lateral projection allows you to identify the pathological focus located in the mediastinum. In this case, it becomes possible to determine its boundaries, the degree of distribution, to outline guidelines for the subsequent conduct of radiation therapy. In patients with this diagnosis, cardiomegaly, expansion of the boundaries of the upper mediastinum, the presence of pleural effusion, bilateral diffuse infiltrates, changes in the mediastinum are most often detected;
doppler ultrasound- allows for differential diagnosis between the syndrome of compression of the superior vena cava and thrombosis;
phlebography- is carried out in order to localize the focus of impaired patency of the superior vena cava and assess the degree of its extent. This study also allows for differential diagnosis between vascular and extravascular lesions, to resolve the issue of operability, duration of treatment;
CT scan- allows you to get more valuable information about the location of the mediastinal organs.

Treatment of superior vena cava syndrome in Israel

The optimal treatment of the syndrome of compression of the superior vena cava is aimed at eliminating the causes that caused the onset of the disease, and takes into account the rate of progression of the pathological process. The key to successful therapy is to identify the etiology of the syndrome.

emergency events- are carried out with a rapid increase in vascular disorders and a threat to the life of the patient. The therapy is aimed at maintaining an unimpeded flow of air into the lungs, eliminating compression of the superior vena cava and mediastinal organs. In this case, the patient is given a position with an elevated head end, oxygen therapy is performed. In some cases, it may be necessary to perform a tracheostomy, intubation, and the introduction of anticonvulsants. Diuretics and corticosteroids are also used. This allows you to maintain the patient's condition and prevent the development of dangerous complications;
Radiation therapy- is a highly effective method for the treatment of compression syndrome of the superior vena cava. The most positive results can be obtained in the treatment of patients with small cell lung cancer. Chest irradiation should begin as early as possible. This allows you to slow down the development of the tumor node and prevent squeezing of large vessels by a growing neoplasm. Emergency radiation therapy is performed in case of pronounced signs of respiratory failure, such as stridor breathing, as well as in case of pathological symptoms from the central nervous system.
Chemotherapy- effective in the case when the etiology of the syndrome is based on compression of the superior vena cava tumor, sensitive to the effects of cytostatics. Most often, polychemotherapy is performed for breast cancer, myeloma, germ cell tumors, and lymphoproliferative diseases. The use of modern cytostatic agents according to special schemes allows Israeli specialists to obtain positive results of chemotherapy treatment in the vast majority of patients.
Combination Therapy- includes various combinations of radiation and chemotherapy methods. This effect is most effective in lymphoproliferative diseases, lung cancer. Step-by-step implementation of procedures and manipulations allows avoiding the development of dangerous complications of such aggressive treatment and increasing its effectiveness.
Medical treatment- consists in taking anticoagulants and fibrinolytics to stop an attack of the syndrome in the presence of thrombosis.
Surgery- can be indicated for a number of tumors when they are radically removed.

Qualitative treatment of the syndrome of compression of the upper vena cava is carried out in Israel by professionals in this field.

Please note that all form fields are required. Otherwise, we will not receive your information.

Reading 5 min. Views 521

Superior vena cava syndrome is a pathological condition resulting from impaired blood flow. The superior vena cava is a large vessel located in the mediastinum. This vessel carries oxygen-depleted blood from the upper half of the body (arms, head, neck, and lungs) to the right atrium. Pathology, if left untreated, can cause rupture of blood vessels and internal bleeding.

Why is this happening

The following pathological processes underlie the development of SVCS:

extra-articular compression (squeezing) of the vessel;
thrombosis (blockage of a vessel with a blood clot);
thromboembolism (blockage of a vein by a detached thrombus or its fragment);
increase in venous pressure.

The immediate causes of this pathology are:

Sclerotic changes in the vessel.
Oncological diseases (cancer of the lung, prostate, testicles and mammary glands, thymoma, lymphogranulomatosis, mediastinal tumors).
Mediastinitis (inflammation of the tissue of the mediastinum).
Aortic aneurysm (pathological expansion).
Constrictive pericarditis (inflammation of the heart sac).
Infectious diseases (histoplasmosis, sarcoidosis, tuberculosis, syphilis).
Thrombosis.
Increase in blood viscosity.
Silicosis (occupational pathology caused by prolonged inhalation of dust containing silicon dioxide).
postradiation fibrosis. With this pathology, the connective tissue grows against the background of a high radiation (radiation) load.

Symptoms

The clinical picture largely depends on the etiology. Symptoms of this vascular pathology are:

Swelling of the veins in the neck. This is the most specific feature. The veins do not collapse even when a person is in a prone position. The reason is the stagnation of venous blood in this area.
Headache. It occurs due to obstruction of the outflow of venous blood from the brain.
Dizziness.
Seizures.
Drowsiness.
Confusion of consciousness up to its loss.
Cyanotic (cyanotic) color of blood.
Edema. They appear as a result of stagnation of blood and increased vascular permeability, as a result of which part of the plasma enters the intercellular space.
Bleeding of various localization (nasal, gastrointestinal, pulmonary). They appear as a result of an increase in pressure, which exceeds the norm during SVCS.
Dyspnea. It appears not only during physical exertion, but also at rest.
Change in vascular pattern. Dilated superficial veins can be seen in the face, neck, and torso.
Cough.
Hoarseness of voice.
Swelling of the tongue.
Periodic attacks of suffocation.
Stridor breathing.
Signs of swelling of the larynx.
Dysphagia. It occurs as a result of compression of the esophagus.
Pain in the chest. It intensifies when a person is in a prone position.
Signs of nerve damage in the form of doubling of objects (diplopia), exophthalmos, lacrimation, visual disturbances, tinnitus, auditory hallucinations and hearing loss.
General weakness.

Important information: How is erythremia of the blood and symptoms of Wakez disease treated?

Diagnostic Measures

Methods for diagnosing this vascular pathology are:

How often do you take a blood test?

Poll Options are limited because JavaScript is disabled in your browser.

Only by doctor's prescription 30%, 672 vote

Once a year and I think it's enough 17%, 375 votes

At least twice a year 15%, 326 votes