What is blood filtration. C3

The urinary system is an organic complex that is involved in the production, accumulation and excretion of urine. The main organ of this system is the kidney. In fact, urine is a product that is formed as a result of the processing of blood plasma. Therefore, urine also belongs to organic biomaterials. It differs from plasma only by the absence of glucose, proteins and some trace elements, as well as the content of metabolic products. That is why urine has such a specific shade and smell.

Filtration of blood in the kidneys

To understand the mechanism of blood purification and urine formation, you need to have an idea about the structure of the kidney. This paired organ consists of a huge number of nephrons, in which urine formation occurs.

The main renal functions are:

urination;
, excretion of drugs, metabolites, etc.;
Regulation of electrolyte metabolism;
Control of pressure and volume of circulating blood;
Maintaining acid-base balance.

In fact, the kidneys are non-stop functioning filters that process up to 1.2 liters of blood per minute.

Each kidney is bean-shaped. On each kidney there is a kind of depression, which is also called the gate. They lead to a fat-filled space or sinus. The pyelocaliceal system, nerve fibers and the vascular system are also located there. From the same gate exit the vein and artery of the kidney, as well as the ureter.

Each kidney consists of many nephrons, which are a complex of tubules and glomerulus. Blood filtration occurs directly in the renal corpuscle or glomerulus. This is where the urine is filtered from the blood and goes into the bladder.
In the video, the structure of the kidneys

Where is happening

The kidney, as it were, is placed in a capsule, under which there is a granular layer called the cortex, and under it is the medulla. The medulla develops into renal pyramids, between which there are columns expanding towards the renal sinuses. On the tops of these pyramids there are papillae that empty the pyramids, bringing their contents into small cups, then into large ones.

The number of calyces may differ for each person, although in general 2-3 large calyxes branch into 4-5 small calyxes, with one small calyx necessarily surrounding the papilla of the pyramid. From the small calyx, urine enters the large calyx, and then into the ureter and bladder structures.

Blood is supplied to the kidneys by the renal artery, which branches into smaller vessels, then the blood enters the arterioles, which divide into 5-8 capillaries. So the blood enters the glomerular system, where the filtration process takes place.

Scheme of renal filtration

Glomerular Filtration - Definition

Filtration in the glomeruli of the kidneys occurs according to a simple principle:

First, fluid is squeezed out/filtered from the glomerular membranes under hydrostatic pressure (≈125 ml/min);
Then the filtered liquid passes through the nephrons, most of it in the form of water and necessary elements returns to the blood, and the rest is formed into the urine;
The average rate of urine formation is about 1 ml / min.

The glomerulus of the kidney filters the blood, clearing it of various proteins. In the process of filtration, the formation of primary urine occurs.

The main characteristic of the filtration process is its speed, which is determined by factors that affect kidney activity and the general health of a person.

The glomerular filtration rate is the volume of primary urine formed in the renal structures per minute. The normal filtration rate is 110 ml/min for women and 125 ml/min for men. These indicators act as a kind of benchmark, which are subject to correction in accordance with the weight, age and other indicators of the patient.

Schematic of glomerular filtration

Filtration violations

During the day, nephrons filter up to 180 liters of primary urine. All the blood in the body has time to be cleansed by the kidneys 60 times a day.

But some factors can provoke a violation of the filtration process:

pressure reduction;
urinary tract disorders;
Narrowing of the artery of the kidney;
Traumatization or damage to the membrane that performs filtering functions;
Increased oncotic pressure;
Reducing the number of "working" glomeruli.

Such conditions most often cause violations of filtration.

How to identify a violation

Violation of filtration activity is determined by calculating its speed. It is possible to determine how much filtration is limited in the kidneys using various formulas. In general, the process of determining the rate is reduced to comparing the level of a certain control substance in the urine and blood of the patient.

Usually, inulin, which is a fructose polysaccharide, is used as a comparative standard. Its concentration in the urine is compared with the content in the blood, and then the content of insulin is calculated.

The more inulin in the urine in relation to its level in the blood, the greater the volume of filtered blood. This indicator is also called inulin clearance and is considered as the value of purified blood. But how to calculate the filtration rate?

The formula for calculating the glomerular filtration rate of the kidneys is as follows:

GFR (ml/min),

where Min is the amount of inulin in urine, Pin is the content of inulin in plasma, Vurine is the volume of final urine, and GFR is the glomerular filtration rate.

Kidney activity can also be calculated using the Cockcroft-Gault formula, which looks like this:

When measuring filtration in women, the result should be multiplied by 0.85.

Quite often in the clinical setting, creatinine clearance is used to measure GFR. A similar study is also called Rehberg's test. In the early morning, the patient drinks 0.5 liters of water and immediately empties the bladder. After that, every hour you need to urinate, collecting urine in different containers and noting the duration of each urination.

Then venous blood is examined and glomerular filtration is calculated using a special formula:

Fi \u003d (U1 / p) x V1,

where Fi is glomerular filtration, U1 is the content of the control component, p is the level of creatinine in the blood, and V1 is the duration of the studied urination. According to this formula, every hour a calculation is made, throughout the day.

Symptoms

Signs of impaired glomerular filtration are usually reduced to changes in the quantitative (increase or decrease in filtration) and qualitative (proteinuria) nature.

Additional features include:

Pressure drop;
renal stasis;
Hyperedema, especially in the limbs and face;
Urinary disorders such as decreased or increased urge, the appearance of an uncharacteristic sediment or color changes;
Pain in the lumbar region
Accumulation in the blood of various kinds of metabolites, etc.

A drop in pressure usually occurs with shock conditions or myocardial insufficiency.

Symptoms of impaired glomerular filtration in the kidneys

How to improve filtering

Restoring the filtration of the kidneys is essential, especially if there is persistent hypertension. Together with urine, excess electrolytes and fluids are washed out of the body. It is their delay that causes an increase in blood pressure.

To improve kidney function, in particular glomerular filtration, specialists may prescribe medications such as:

Theobromine is a weak diuretic that, by increasing renal blood flow, increases filtration activity;
Eufillina is also a diuretic containing theophylline (an alkaloid) and ethylenediamide.

In addition to taking medications, it is necessary to normalize the general well-being of the patient, restore immunity, normalize blood pressure, etc.

To restore kidney function, it is also necessary to eat a balanced diet and follow a daily routine. Only an integrated approach will help normalize the filtration activity of the kidneys.

Not bad help in increasing renal activity and folk methods like a watermelon diet, rosehip broth, diuretic decoctions and herbal infusions, teas, etc. But before doing anything, you need after consultation with a nephrologist.

EXTRACTION SYSTEM

C1. Why is the volume of urine excreted by the human body per day not equal to the volume of fluid drunk during the same time?

1) part of the water is used by the body or is formed in metabolic processes;

2) part of the water evaporates through the respiratory organs and through the sweat glands.

C2 Find errors in the given text. Indicate the numbers of sentences in which errors were made, correct them.

1. The human urinary system contains the kidneys, adrenal glands, ureters, bladder and urethra. 2. The main organs of the excretory system are the kidneys. 3. Blood and lymph containing the end products of metabolism enter the kidneys through the vessels. 4. Blood filtration and urine formation occur in the renal pelvis. 5. The absorption of excess water into the blood occurs in the tubule of the nephron. 6. Urine enters the bladder through the ureters.

Mistakes were made in sentences 1, 3, 4.

C2. Find errors in the given text. Indicate the numbers of sentences in which errors were made, correct them.

Mistakes made in sentences:

1) 1. The human urinary system contains the kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra

2) 3. Blood containing the end products of metabolism enters the kidneys through the vessels

3) 4. Blood filtration and urine formation occurs in the nephrons (renal glomeruli, renal capsules and renal tubules).

C2 What is the function of the organ shown in the figure in the human body? What parts of this organ are marked with numbers 1 and 2? Specify their functions.

1) Kidney - cleanses the blood of end products of metabolism, urine is formed in it;

2) 1 - the cortical layer of the kidney, contains nephrons with capillary glomeruli that filter the blood plasma;

3) 2 - renal pelvis, secondary urine is collected in it.

C3 Name at least 4 functions of the kidneys.

1) excretory - achieved by the processes of filtration and secretion. In the glomeruli, filtration occurs, in the tubules - secretion and reabsorption.

2) maintaining the acid-base balance of blood plasma.

3) ensure the constancy of the concentration of osmotically active substances in the blood under different water conditions to maintain the water-salt balance.

4) end products of nitrogen metabolism, foreign and toxic compounds (including many drugs), excess organic and inorganic substances are excreted from the body through the kidneys

5) in the formation of biologically active substances that play an important role in the regulation of blood pressure, as well as a hormone that regulates the rate of formation of red blood cells.

C3 Specify the functions of the kidneys of mammals and humans.

1. Maintenance of water-salt metabolism (removal of water and mineral salts)

2. Maintaining acid-base balance

3. Kidneys - biological filters (removal of drugs, poisons and other substances)

4. Synthesis of biologically active substances (stimulation of the process of hematopoiesis, increased blood pressure).

C3 How is the formation of primary and secondary urine in the kidneys

The process of urine formation takes place in two stages.

The first takes place in the capsules of the outer layer of the kidneys (renal glomerulus). All the liquid part of the blood that enters the glomeruli of the kidneys is filtered and enters the capsules. This is how primary urine is formed, which is practically blood plasma.

Primary urine contains, along with dissimilation products, amino acids, glucose, and many other compounds needed by the body. Only proteins from blood plasma are absent in primary urine. This is understandable: after all, proteins are not filtered.

The second stage of urine formation is that the primary urine passes through a complex system of tubules, where the substances necessary for the body and water are sequentially absorbed. Everything harmful to the life of the body remains in the tubules and is excreted in the form of urine from the kidneys through the ureters to the bladder. This final urine is called secondary.

C3. What organs perform an excretory function in the human body and what substances do they excrete?

Cascaded Plasma Filtration (DFPP) - one of the most modern methods of blood purification, used in the treatment of a number of severe, difficult to treat diseases ( systemic atherosclerosis, ischemic heart disease; autoimmune diseases - hepatitis, rheumatoid arthritis, glomerulonephritis, thyroiditis, eczema, neurodermatitis; dry macular degeneration and etc.).

Do not self-medicate, see a doctor

How does blood purification take place by the method of cascade plasma filtration?

The patient's blood is passed in small portions through special devices and divided into plasma and blood cells (erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets) to be returned to the bloodstream.

Further, blood plasma, passing through special membrane filters*, cleared of . This stage is called plasma cascade filtration.

The diameter of the openings of the filter membranes is so small that it allows them to trap large molecules that are usually pathogenic for the body, as well as bacteria and viruses. And the plasma, purified and retaining all the components useful for the body, combines with the formed elements of the blood and returns to the bloodstream.*

Purified blood plasma, due to the difference in concentrations, contributes to the release of harmful substances accumulated there from the tissues, for example, cholesterol from an atherosclerotic plaque. Therefore, repeated procedures of cascade plasma filtration lead to a gradual purification of not only blood, but also body tissues, and the dissolution of atherosclerotic plaques.
No other method can achieve such a result! The course requires 4 procedures.

Blood saturated with “bad” cholesterol forms atherosclerotic plaques on the vessel wall, narrows the lumen, and makes the vessel fragile.
In the purified blood plasma, the concentration of cholesterol decreases, which contributes to the release of cholesterol from the plaque and vessel wall.
After a course of cascade plasma filtration, the plaque decreases, the vessel wall becomes clear and elastic, blood flow is restored, and the regulation of vessel tone improves.

The result of cascade plasma filtration

Plasma to be filtered
Plasma after filtration before combining with blood cells
Removable plasma fraction

Efficiency and safety of blood purification by cascade filtration

This method of blood purification makes it possible to process 3 or more liters of plasma in 1 procedure (3 hours), without using donor plasma or other protein plasma-substituting solutions for replacement.

This is important from the point of view of the safety of the blood purification procedure:

There will never be an allergic reaction to your own plasma.
Own plasma eliminates the possibility of infection with blood-borne infections (HIV, hepatitis B and C).

The method of cascade filtration of blood plasma allows

Reduce blood viscosity and its clotting, and therefore prevent thrombosis.
To improve blood flow in organs and tissues, which means to normalize the function of suffering organs.
Reduce the size of atherosclerotic plaques and restore blood flow in the vessels, which means eliminating or significantly alleviating the pain syndrome, in many cases avoiding serious complications (heart attack, stroke, amputation of the legs).
Reduce blood pressure.
Improve blood microcirculation in the vessels of the eye and help reduce and dissolve drusen in dry macular degeneration (hard seals in the center of the retina), which means stopping the progressive loss of vision in this disease and even improving the condition.
Remove from the bloodstream viruses and bacteria that support the pathological process.
Purify the blood from autoantibodies and circulating immunocomplexes, which means reducing the severity of clinical manifestations, stopping signs of exacerbation and increasing the duration of remission of autoimmune and allergic diseases.
Increase sensitivity to drugs and significantly reduce the doses of drugs (including hormonal and cytostatic), and therefore reduce their side effects.
Purify blood and tissues from accumulated toxins and harmful substances, which means achieving real rejuvenation of the body.

What is removed from the blood after plasma cascade filtration?

During the cascade filtration procedure, the following can be removed from the blood plasma:

Substance	The pathogenic effect of the substance
low density lipoproteins (LDL)	the so-called "bad" cholesterol, responsible for the formation of atherosclerotic plaques
triglycerides	their excess is usually associated with a violation of lipid, that is, fat metabolism
fibrinogen and its breakdown products	thrombogenic factors
von Willebrand factor, C1 and C3 complement components	substances accompanying damage to the inner lining of blood vessels in various vasculitis, diabetes mellitus
bacteria, hepatitis B and C viruses	pathogens
immune complexes	binding of antibodies with an antigen, "debris" of bacteria that migrate for a long time in the body, settling on the tissues of the kidneys, the walls of blood vessels, contributing to the formation of autoimmune reactions
immunoglobulins, incl. cryoglobulins and antibodies	altered immunoglobulins, including autoantibodies, contributing to the development of autoimmune diseases, damage to one's own tissues, blockage of capillaries, etc.
fibronectin	in excess promotes gluing of cells
and a number of other components.

Cascade filtering procedure

The presence of indications for cascade plasma filtration and the technological features of the procedure are determined at the consultation Head of the Clinic for Gravitational Blood Surgery MD, prof. V.M.Kreines, the author of many methods of extracorporeal hemocorrection
The procedure is carried out on modern equipment, using disposable consumables, by certified specialists, according to the developed treatment program.

The method of treating diseases using cascade plasma filtration was appreciated by both patients and scientists. Not without reason, the Nanotechnologies State Corporation, established in 2008, made the development of domestic filters for cascade plasma filtration one of its first projects. The planned project implementation period is 5.5 years.
For our patients, this method is already available today .

Our Clinic is the first medical institution in Russia specializing in treatment methods that are unique in terms of efficiency - extracorporeal hemocorrection. We will select a treatment method that is most suitable for your disease.

The human urinary system is an organ where blood is filtered, waste is removed from the body, and certain hormones and enzymes are produced. What is the structure, scheme, features of the urinary system is studied at school in anatomy lessons, in more detail - in a medical school.

The urinary system includes such organs of the urinary system as:

ureters;
urethra.

The structure of the human urinary system is the organs that produce, accumulate and excrete urine. The kidneys and ureters are the components of the upper urinary tract (UUT), while the bladder and urethra are the lower parts of the urinary system.

Each of these bodies has its own tasks. The kidneys filter the blood, clearing it of harmful substances and producing urine. The urinary system, which includes the ureters, bladder, and urethra, forms the urinary tract, which acts as a sewage system. The urinary tract carries out the removal of urine from the kidneys, accumulating it and then removing it during urination.

The structure and functions of the urinary system are aimed at efficient filtration of blood and removal of waste products from it. In addition, the urinary system and skin, as well as the lungs and internal organs, maintain the homeostasis of water, ions, alkali and acid, blood pressure, calcium, and red blood cells. Maintaining homeostasis is essential for the urinary system.

The development of the urinary system in terms of anatomy is inextricably linked with the reproductive system. That is why the human urinary system is often referred to as the genitourinary system.

Anatomy of the urinary system

The structure of the urinary tract begins with the kidneys. This is the name of a paired bean-shaped organ located in the back of the abdominal cavity. The task of the kidneys is to filter waste, excess ions and chemicals in the process of making urine.

The left kidney is slightly higher than the right one because the liver on the right side takes up more space. The kidneys are located behind the peritoneum and touch the muscles of the back. They are surrounded by a layer of adipose tissue that holds them in place and protects them from injury.

The ureters are two tubes 25-30 cm long, through which urine flows from the kidneys to the bladder. They go on the right and left side along the ridge. Under the influence of gravity and peristalsis of the smooth muscles of the walls of the ureters, urine moves towards the bladder. At the end, the ureters deviate from the vertical line and turn forward towards the bladder. At the point of entry into it, they are sealed with valves that prevent urine from flowing back into the kidneys.

The bladder is a hollow organ that serves as a temporary reservoir for urine. It is located along the midline of the body at the lower end of the pelvic cavity. In the process of urination, urine slowly flows into the bladder through the ureters. As the bladder fills, its walls stretch (they are able to accommodate from 600 to 800 mm of urine).

The urethra is the tube through which urine exits the bladder. This process is controlled by the internal and external sphincters of the urethra. At this stage, the female urinary system is different. The internal sphincter in males is made up of smooth muscle, while the female urinary system does not. Therefore, it opens involuntarily when the bladder reaches a certain degree of distension.

The opening of the internal sphincter of the urethra feels like a desire to empty the bladder. The external urethral sphincter consists of skeletal muscles and has the same structure in both men and women, and is controlled arbitrarily. A person opens it with an effort of will, and at the same time, the process of urination takes place. If desired, during this process, a person can voluntarily close this sphincter. Then the urination will stop.

How filtering works

One of the main tasks of the urinary system is to filter the blood. Each kidney contains a million nephrons. This is the name of the functional unit where blood is filtered and urine is produced. Arterioles in the kidneys deliver blood to structures made up of capillaries that are surrounded by capsules. They are called renal glomeruli.

When blood flows through the glomeruli, most of the plasma passes through the capillaries into the capsule. After filtration, the liquid part of the blood from the capsule flows through a number of tubes that are located near the filter cells and are surrounded by capillaries. These cells selectively absorb water and substances from the filtered fluid and return them back to the capillaries.

Simultaneously with this process, the waste products of metabolism present in the blood are excreted into the filtered part of the blood, which at the end of this process turns into urine, which contains only water, waste products of metabolism and excess ions. At the same time, the blood that leaves the capillaries is absorbed back into the circulatory system along with nutrients, water, ions, which are necessary for the functioning of the body.

Accumulation and excretion of waste products of metabolism

The krina produced by the kidneys travels through the ureters to the bladder, where it collects until the body is ready to empty. When the volume of the fluid filling the bladder reaches 150-400 mm, its walls begin to stretch, and the receptors that respond to this stretch send signals to the brain and spinal cord.

From there comes a signal aimed at relaxing the internal urethral sphincter, as well as a feeling of the need to empty the bladder. The process of urination can be delayed by willpower until the bladder is inflated to its maximum size. In this case, as it stretches, the number of nerve signals will increase, which will lead to more discomfort and a strong desire to void.

The process of urination is the release of urine from the bladder through the urethra. In this case, urine is excreted outside the body.

Urination begins when the muscles of the urethral sphincters relax and urine flows out through the opening. Simultaneously with the relaxation of the sphincters, the smooth muscles of the bladder walls begin to contract to force urine out.

Features of homeostasis

The physiology of the urinary system shows that the kidneys maintain homeostasis through several mechanisms. In doing so, they control the release of various chemicals in the body.

The kidneys can control the excretion of potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium, phosphate, and chloride ions into the urine. If the level of these ions exceeds the normal concentration, the kidneys can increase their excretion from the body in order to maintain a normal level of electrolytes in the blood. Conversely, the kidneys can store these ions if their blood levels are below normal. At the same time, during blood filtration, these ions are reabsorbed into the plasma.

The kidneys also make sure that the levels of hydrogen ions (H+) and bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) are in balance. Hydrogen ions (H+) are produced as a natural by-product of the metabolism of dietary proteins that accumulate in the blood over time. The kidneys send excess hydrogen ions into the urine to be removed from the body. In addition, the kidneys reserve bicarbonate (HCO3-) ions in case they are needed to compensate for the positive hydrogen ions.

Isotonic fluids are essential for the growth and development of body cells to maintain electrolyte balance. The kidneys maintain osmotic balance by controlling the amount of water that is filtered and eliminated from the body in the urine. If a person consumes a large amount of water, the kidneys stop the process of water reabsorption. In this case, excess water is excreted in the urine.

If the tissues of the body are dehydrated, the kidneys try to return as much as possible to the blood during filtration. Because of this, the urine is very concentrated, with a large amount of ions and waste products of metabolism. Changes in water excretion are controlled by antidiuretic hormone, which is produced in the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland to retain water in the body when it is deficient.

The kidneys also monitor the level of blood pressure, which is necessary to maintain homeostasis. When it rises, the kidneys lower it, reducing the amount of blood in the circulatory system. They can also reduce blood volume by reducing the reabsorption of water into the blood and producing watery, dilute urine. If blood pressure becomes too low, the kidneys produce the enzyme renin, which constricts the blood vessels and produces concentrated urine. In this case, more water remains in the composition of the blood.

Hormone production

The kidneys produce and interact with several hormones that control various body systems. One of them is calcitriol. It is the active form of vitamin D in the human body. It is produced by the kidneys from precursor molecules that occur in the skin after exposure to ultraviolet radiation from solar radiation.

Calcitriol works in conjunction with parathyroid hormone to increase the amount of calcium ions in the blood. When their level falls below the threshold level, the parathyroid glands begin to produce parathyroid hormone, which stimulates the kidneys to produce calcitriol. The action of calcitriol is manifested in the fact that the small intestine absorbs calcium from food and transfers it to the circulatory system. In addition, this hormone stimulates osteoclasts in the bone tissues of the skeletal system to break down the bone matrix, which releases calcium ions into the blood.

Another hormone produced by the kidneys is erythropoietin. It is needed by the body to stimulate the production of red blood cells, which are responsible for transporting oxygen to tissues. At the same time, the kidneys monitor the state of the blood flowing through their capillaries, including the ability of red blood cells to carry oxygen.

If hypoxia develops, that is, the oxygen content in the blood falls below normal, the epithelial layer of capillaries begins to produce erythropoietin and throws it into the blood. Through the circulatory system, this hormone reaches the red bone marrow, where it stimulates the rate of production of red blood cells. Thanks to this, the hypoxic state ends.

Another substance, renin, is not a hormone in the strict sense of the word. This is an enzyme that the kidneys produce to increase blood volume and pressure. This usually occurs as a reaction to a drop in blood pressure below a certain level, loss of blood, or dehydration of the body, for example, with increased skin sweating.

Importance of Diagnosis

Thus, it is obvious that any malfunction of the urinary system can lead to serious problems in the body. Pathologies of the urinary tract are very different. Some may be asymptomatic, while others may be accompanied by various symptoms, including abdominal pain when urinating and various discharges in the urine.

The most common causes of pathology are infections of the urinary system. The urinary system in children is especially vulnerable in this regard. The anatomy and physiology of the urinary system in children proves its susceptibility to diseases, which is aggravated by the insufficient development of immunity. At the same time, even in a healthy child, the kidneys work much worse than in an adult.

To prevent the development of serious consequences, doctors recommend taking a general urine test every six months. This will allow timely detection of pathologies in the urinary system and treatment.

The kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra, in men, the genitals and prostate, represent the urinary system, the task of which is to produce, store and excrete urine. The main role in this system is played by the kidneys. Blood filtration in the kidneys occurs with the help of many renal corpuscles and tubules (nephrons).

Each kidney is a non-stop filter that, in an adult, processes about 1.2 liters of blood per minute.

The kidneys perform the following functions:

they undergo the process of urination;
blood purification, as well as the removal of drugs, toxins, etc .;
regulate the exchange of electrolytes;
control the pressure and volume of blood circulation;
maintain acid-base balance.

The kidneys perform vital functions in the human body.

Thanks to the nephrons, the following processes occur in the kidneys.

Filtration

The filtration process in the kidneys begins with the filtering of blood through the glomerular membranes under the influence of hydrostatic pressure. As a result, there is a loss of a large amount of liquid, useful chemicals and slags. Substances filtered from the blood (primary urine) move into the Bowman's capsule. Primary urine contains water, excess salts, glucose, urea, creatinine, amino acids and other low molecular weight compounds.

The filtration rate of the kidneys is its main characteristic, which affects the efficient functioning of the organ and overall health.

The rate of formation of primary urine is 110 ml per minute in the female body and 125 in the male. These are average figures that may vary depending on the weight, age and other physical characteristics of a person.

During the day, 180 liters of primary urine is formed.

Reabsorption

In the process of reabsorption, epithelial cells absorb water, glucose, and nutrients and return them to the blood.

At this stage, 178 liters or 99% of the components of primary urine are returned to the blood. Threshold substances are absorbed to a certain concentration in the blood (for example, glucose), non-threshold - completely (for example, proteins).

Secretion

At this stage, hydrogen ions (H +), potassium ions (K +), ammonia and some drugs are secreted. Secretion and reabsorption processes occur, as a result of which primary urine is converted into secondary urine in a volume of 1.5 to 2 liters per day.

Violation of the filtration process in the kidneys

The filtration capacity of the kidneys is determined using the clearance indicator. With its help, the rate of purification of blood by the kidneys from a certain substance in 1 minute is determined. Specialists use endogenous substances (endogenous creatinine) and exogenous substances (inulin). Also, data are needed on the content of milligram-percentage of a substance in blood plasma (K) and urine (M), as well as minute diuresis (D) - the volume of urine excreted by the body for 1 minute.

This method makes it possible to detect reduced or increased filtration of the kidneys.

Symptoms of a broken filtration process

Filtration disorders are manifested in:

reduced pressure;
renal stasis;
hyperedema (especially of the limbs and face);
impaired urination (emptying of the bladder occurs too often or, conversely, rarely);
change in the color of urine;
pain syndrome in the lumbar region.

Causes of impaired filtration of the kidneys

Violation of the filtration capacity of the kidneys has causes that are divided into 2 types:

The occurrence of pathology due to the presence of serious chronic diseases that do not directly affect the urinary system. These include: shock, dehydration, purulent-inflammatory processes, different pressure in different areas in the circulatory system, etc.
The kidneys cease to filter normally in their pathology, for example: reduced glomerular surface, reduced blood supply to the kidneys, damaged glomerular membranes, as well as obstruction of the tubules. Polycystic, pyelonephritis and other diseases lead to such changes.

filtering glomerulus of the kidney

Decreased filtration of the kidneys

Decreased filtration of the kidneys is characterized by an insufficient amount of primary urine formation and occurs due to:

low blood pressure. Shock conditions and heart failure lead to such a state, which leads to a decrease in hydrostatic pressure in the glomeruli and, as a result, to a violation of the filtration process. Cardiac decompensation leads to congestion in the kidneys, resulting in increased intrarenal pressure and reduced filtration. However, the kidneys have the ability to automatically regulate blood supply and low blood pressure cannot fully affect the functioning of the organ;
narrowed renal artery and arterioles (atherosclerotic stenosis). As a result of this pathological condition, renal blood flow decreases and hydrostatic pressure in the glomeruli decreases. A strong increase in pressure occurs when the afferent arterioles have an increased tone (with reflex pain anuria, the introduction of a large dose of adrenaline, hypertension);
increased blood oncotic pressure as a result of dehydration of the body or the introduction of protein-based drugs into the blood contribute to a drop in filtration pressure, and as a result, poor renal filtration occurs;
impaired urine outflow occurs with nephrolithiasis, prostate hypertrophy and other diseases and contributes to a progressive increase in intrarenal pressure. When it reaches 40 mm Hg. Art. there is a risk of complete cessation of filtration, followed by anuria and uremia;
a reduced number of working glomeruli is observed in chronic nephritis, nephrosclerosis. As a result, the filtration area is limited and primary urine is produced in smaller quantities. These changes may indicate damage to the filtering membrane and contribute to the onset of uremia;
a damaged filtration membrane causes a violation of the filtration of the organ.

The filtration of blood in the kidneys is slowed down most often in heart failure, hypotension and the presence of tumors that contribute to a decrease in pressure in the kidneys and contribute to the onset of kidney failure.

Increased kidney filtration

This pathological condition leads to:

increased tone of the efferent arteriole, which occurs when a small dose of adrenaline enters the body, in the initial stages of nephritis or hypertension;
reduced tone of the adductor arteriole may occur reflexively with limited blood circulation in the external part of the body (for example: fever leads to increased diuresis when the temperature rises);
reduced oncotic blood pressure due to abundant fluid intake or blood thinning.

Increased filtration is also observed in lupus erythematosus and diabetes mellitus, leading to increased diuresis, as a result of which the body loses essential amino acids, glucose and other substances.

Diabetes mellitus is one of the causes of impaired filtration of the kidneys.

Treatment of impaired blood filtration

The treatment regimen for a pathological condition is determined individually by a nephrologist, depending on the patient's condition and the underlying disease, which must be dealt with.

The most commonly prescribed drugs are Theobromine and Eufillin, which are diuretics and improve kidney filtration.

Treatment also involves diet. It is necessary to exclude fatty, fried, salty and spicy foods from the diet. Protein intake should also be limited. Boiled, stewed or steamed dishes are recommended. These restrictions are relevant for both treatment and prophylactic purposes.

Diet plays an important role in the treatment of kidney filtration disorders

The drinking regimen should be increased to 1.2 liters of fluid per day. An exception may be the presence of edema.

To normalize the functioning of the kidneys, folk remedies are used. The watermelon diet, diuretic decoctions and herbal infusions, teas have proven themselves well:

parsley (1 tablespoon of roots and seeds) pour boiling water (0.5 l), set for several hours. Drink half a glass 2 times a day;
rosehip root (2 tablespoons of roots) pour boiling water, boil for 15 minutes. Drink 1/3 cup three times a day.

You should also give up alcohol, avoid stress, have a good rest and take the necessary measures to increase immunity.

Self-medication is strictly prohibited. Only timely diagnosis and treatment of pathology, as well as concomitant diseases with the help of specialists, can lead to a positive result.