The term genocide. The most famous genocides in human history

- (genocide) The intentional physical destruction by a state of a culturally distinct population (for example, Jews in Europe in the 1940s). Justified by claims of racial superiority. Politics. Dictionary. M .: INFRA M, ... ... Political science. Dictionary.

- [Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

Modern Encyclopedia

- (from Greek genos tribe and lat. caedo I kill), in international law one of the gravest crimes against humanity, the extermination of certain groups of the population on racial, national, ethnic or religious grounds, as well as deliberate ... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

Actions aimed at the destruction (in whole or in part) of entire groups of the population along racial, national, ethnic or religious lines. Modern international law regards genocide as an international crime ... ... Historical dictionary

Degeneration, degradation Dictionary of Russian synonyms. genocide n., number of synonyms: 5 degeneration (12) … Synonym dictionary

- (from the Greek genos, kind and ... cide), a conscious, crime against humanity, aimed at the direct extermination of entire groups of people, tribes, nations, peoples for racial, ethnic, political or religious reasons. Many wars in the past and ... ... Ecological dictionary

genocide- a, m. genocide m.gr. lat. The extermination of certain groups of the population on racial, national, ethnic or religious grounds. BAS 2. For the first time in the closing speech of the chief prosecutor from France at the Nuremberg Trials in 1946. ES. ... ... Historical Dictionary of Gallicisms of the Russian Language

Genocide- (from the Greek genos clan, tribe and Latin caedo I kill), actions aimed at the destruction (in whole or in part) of entire population groups along racial, national, ethnic or religious grounds. Modern international law ... ... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary

Actions aimed at the complete or partial destruction of a national, ethnic, racial or religious group by killing members of this group, causing grievous bodily harm to their health, forcibly preventing childbearing, ... ... Law Dictionary

Books

Genocide and mass repressions, . From the Babylonian executions to the end of the 20th century, the new EPC book provides data on all the most famous mass repressions in the history of mankind...
Genocide, Thomas M. Disch. Thomas M. Disch is one of the strangest and most unusual writers in American fiction. His novels and short stories: `Genocide`, `Echo of your flesh`, `One hundred and two hydrogen bombs` and `Casablanca` - not only ...

Today, genocide is often referred to as the actions of government leaders that result in the death of a large number of people. Dispossession, artificially created famine, the consequences of the surplus appraisal carried out on the territory of the Russian Empire by the Bolsheviks after the October Revolution of 1917, are sometimes defined by this very word. At the same time, the genocide of peoples living in certain regions, such as, for example, Belarusians or Ukrainians, is singled out as special articles. This is how some cunning is manifested, designed to find the perpetrators not on a political, ideological or class basis, but exclusively on an ethnic basis.

What does the term mean

The words "genocide" and "holocaust" appeared in the lexicon of all languages after these crimes themselves began to be committed. The extermination of the Jews was called "flame", thus, the definition expressed the ruthless and soulless conversion to ashes of millions of people, guilty only of the fact that they were born from parents belonging to this people. What is genocide is clear from the two roots that form the word: "genos" - in Greek a tribe, clan, in a broader sense - a people, and "cider" in Latin - destruction. The term was coined by lawyer Raphael Lemkin in 1943.

The meaning of the word can be easily guessed by those who do not know ancient languages at all, it is enough to recall the words “gene”, “genetics” and such concepts as “herbicide”, “suicide” or “insecticide”, which are on everyone’s lips.

So, genocide is the extermination of a people. In total, at the root.

Legal basis

In order to fully understand what genocide is, however, one deciphering of its morphology is not enough. Currently, such actions fall under an international criminal offense. It is reflected in the procedural legislative documents and codes of many countries (in particular, Article 357 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation). Consequently, the term has a very specific legal interpretation, and simply mass murder, no matter how terrible it may be, cannot be called it. It must be planned and purposeful.

Definition

So, according to the definition adopted on December 9, 1948 at the 179th plenary session of the UN General Assembly, which approved the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Such Crimes, genocide can be called actions carried out with the aim of complete or partial extermination of the population on three main grounds:

National;

ethnic;

Religious.

The Convention was signed by representatives of the founding countries of the UN and printed in five languages (English, Chinese, Russian, French and Spanish). Since the beginning of 1950, every state, both a member of the United Nations and any other, has been invited to join it. The period of validity was set at ten years, but in the absence of intentions to break the Convention (with a warning for six months), it was automatically extended.

Discrepancies

Legally, the document explaining what genocide is was drawn up flawlessly, and did not raise open objections from anyone. However, the first problems soon emerged, connected with the arbitrary interpretation of the text by the representatives of some countries. In some cases, the actions of the criminal authorities fully corresponded to the approved definition, but the people subjected to persecution remained numerous (for example, the Chinese, after repeated cases of massacres committed by the Japanese invaders). Other examples demonstrated the complete disappearance of entire ethnic groups from the face of the earth (the incident of the American natives). And a completely deadlock situation arose when the accused party simply did not want to confirm his crime. This is how the former Ottoman Empire behaved. Turkey does not recognize the Armenian Genocide even now.

Who, according to the official version, was subjected to genocide

At the moment, only a few cases of mass extermination of the population have been recognized (indisputably or partially) by international authorities. Among the affected peoples and historical communities:

Herero and Nama tribes (almost completely destroyed by German troops in South West Africa from 1904 to 1907).
Christians of the Ottoman Empire, including Armenians, Greeks and Assyrians (from 1915 to 1923).
Cossacks (Soviet Russia, Don, Caucasus, 1919, early 1930s).
Jews (Europe, World War II).
Gypsies (Europe, World War II).
Serbs living in Croatia (World War II).
Tibetans (1960. The occupation of the territory by Chinese troops continues).
Cambodians (from 1975 to 1979, during the reign of Pol Pot and Ieng Sari).
Kurds of Iraq (from 1978 to 1989).
Tutsi tribe (1994, Rwanda).
Bosnian Muslims (1995, Srebrenica, former SFRY).

Opinions about how objective the criteria by which this list was compiled differ. Obviously, the unwillingness to bear historical responsibility and the vagueness of the concepts of what genocide is in its essence are having an effect.

For example, for some reason only the Serbs were found guilty in the Bosnian conflict.

Holodomor

There is no doubt that during the war the Jewish population was exterminated by the Nazis and their henchmen, this is confirmed by the materials of several international tribunals, millions of pages of documents, hundreds of thousands of meters of magnetic audio recording and film, a huge amount of photographic materials. The Nazis carried out the same practice with respect to the gypsies. There are other absolutely reliable cases of genocide. But in the most recent decades, attempts have been made to give signs of this international crime to the famine that raged in Soviet Russia, and in particular in Ukraine, in the early thirties. Here we should return to the definition of what genocide is, and pay attention to such a legal principle as purposefulness. The fact is that on the territory of Ukraine, both during this period, and later and earlier, there lived representatives of different nationalities, nationalities and religious beliefs. Hunger did not spare any of them. Now, if Russians (or Tatars, or Moldovans, or Jews, or anyone else) were fed, and the rest (Ukrainians) were not given food, then yes. By the way, the 20th century knew such cases. International organizations, in particular the UN, did not detect genocide during the Holodomor in Ukraine in 1930-1933. In the Volga region, in Northern Kazakhstan and other regions of the RSFSR, people also died by the millions. Complete internationalism.

Other speculations

The desire to achieve momentary popularity and political weight at all costs encourages some public figures to make loud statements, exposing someone new every time. They talk about a worldwide underground conspiracy against Russia (as if the obvious signs of hostility on the part of some states are not enough), that the “dark forces” are weaving terrible intrigues and have been carrying out genocide of the Russian people for many decades, who become an inveterate drunkard, die out and soon, as if will completely disappear from the face of the earth. All this information, which makes an impression on weak souls, perfectly corrects with the information that Orthodoxy is a wrong and harmful religion, and at the same time with the message of foreign nationalists about the complete absence of the Russian ethnos itself as such.

All these rantings would be very funny, but there is still more sadness in them. I would like to answer with the words of a famous satirist: “You won’t wait!”

Aimed at the complete or partial destruction of a national, ethnic, racial or religious group by killing members of this group, causing grievous bodily harm to their health, forcibly preventing childbearing, forcibly transferring children, forcibly relocating or otherwise creating living conditions calculated for the physical destruction of members of this group. A crime against peace, security and humanity under Art. 357 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. Also recognized as an international crime.

Big legal dictionary. - M.: Infra-M. A. Ya. Sukharev, V. E. Krutskikh, A. Ya. Sukharev. 2003 .

Synonyms:

See what "GENOCIDE" is in other dictionaries:

Genocide... Spelling Dictionary

- [Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

Modern Encyclopedia

Degeneration, degradation Dictionary of Russian synonyms. genocide n., number of synonyms: 5 degeneration (12) … Synonym dictionary

Books

Genocide and mass repressions, . From the Babylonian executions to the end of the 20th century, the new EPC book provides data on all the most famous mass repressions in the history of mankind...

(genocide) Deliberate physical destruction by the state of a population identified by cultural characteristics (for example, Jews in Europe in the 1940s). Justified by claims of racial superiority.

Great Definition

Incomplete definition ↓

GENOCIDE

the extermination of certain groups of the population for racial, national, religious reasons, both by direct murder and by causing serious bodily harm or mental impairment to members of such groups, the deliberate creation of such living conditions that are calculated for the complete or partial physical destruction of these groups, the adoption of measures, calculated to prevent childbearing in their midst, the forcible transfer of children from one human group to another. G. was widely used by the Nazis, who, as indicated in the indictment in the case of the main German criminals, “carried out the deliberate and systematic extermination of peoples, that is, the mass extermination of people belonging to certain races and national groups, the killing of the civilian population of the occupied territories from in order to destroy individual races and sections of the population, as well as national, racial and religious groups. It is currently being used by the American aggressors against the heroic Vietnamese people, as well as by the Israeli military against the Arab population of the occupied territories. G.'s crimes are organically linked with racist "theories" that promote racial and national hatred, the domination of the so-called. higher races and the extermination of the so-called. the lower races. G. is a crime that violates the norms of international law and is contrary to the spirit and goals of the UN. Punishability for G. is established both by the charters of international military tribunals established to punish the main war criminals of the Second World War, and by the special convention “On the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide”, approved by the UN General Assembly on December 9, 1948 (entered into force on 12.1. 1951). The genocide convention contains provisions providing for international legal methods of combating racism. Art. Convention IV establishes the punishability of persons who have committed crime D. According to Art. V of the Convention "for the purpose of giving effect to the provisions of this Convention, the Contracting Parties undertake to enact the necessary legislation, each in accordance with its own constitutional procedure, and in particular to provide for effective penalties for persons guilty of genocide or other crimes referred to in Article III."

Great Definition

Incomplete definition ↓

from the Greek genos - clan, tribe, origin and lat. caedo, - are - to kill) - eng. genocide; German Genozid. The extermination of certain groups of the population on racial, national, ethnic or religious grounds, as well as the deliberate creation of living conditions designed for the complete or partial physical destruction of these groups.

Great Definition

Incomplete definition ↓

GENOCIDE

GENOCIDE) This term (from the Greek genos - clan, tribe, people and lat. caedere - to kill) was proposed by the Polish lawyer Rafael Lemkin during the implementation of Hitler's "final solution" (mass extermination of Jews). The legal definition of genocide as acts committed with the aim of destroying a national, ethnic, racial or religious group formed the basis of the International Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, which condemned the Nazi Holocaust. In this sense, this concept was first used in the resolution of the United Nations General Assembly No. 96 (1) of December 11, 1946. The UN definition can be considered minimalist. Genocide, from this point of view, is a deliberate act, usually committed by the state, with the aim of destroying some, usually an ethnic group. Critics of such a legal interpretation advocate a maximalist definition, arguing that genocide can take place not only in the case of a deliberate act, but also as a result of inattention and negligence on the part of the authorities and may concern not only ethnic groups. It is pointed out, for example, that the policy of deterrence through nuclear deterrence, which implies the threat of mass destruction, is a kind of genocide. A kind of genocide can also be the negligent policy of the state, leading to the pollution of water resources, the destruction of food sources or the appropriation of the land of any community. If we follow this maximalist definition, then the extermination in the 19th century was also genocide. local North American tribes through the extermination of the bison that lived on their prairies. At the same time, both approaches are characterized by an interest in such issues as the impact of state sovereignty on the position of social, especially ethnic, minorities; the legitimacy of claims to rights and justice; the global responsibility of bodies such as the UN for the legal relations between states. From a sociological point of view, it seems that the genocide, paradoxically, is connected with the process of modernization in relation to the state apparatus. See also: Bauman; Civil society; Citizenship; Legitimacy. Lit.: Stoett (1995)