What are the money? For a long time there was no money at all: goods were exchanged for goods. Then livestock was the measure of value. In Latin, the very name of money meant: cattle. Metals became another measure of value. For a long time they were judged by weight and traded weight for weight. fabulous

Who are the Cossacks? There is a version that they trace their lineage from fugitive serfs. However, some historians argue that the origins of the Cossacks go back to the 8th century BC.

Where did the Cossacks come from?

Magazine: History from the "Russian Seven", Almanac No. 3, autumn 2017
Rubric: Mysteries of the Muscovite Kingdom
Text: Alexander Sitnikov

The Byzantine emperor Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus in 948 mentioned the territory in the North Caucasus as the country of Kasakhia. Historians attached particular importance to this fact only after Captain A.G. Tumansky in 1892 in Bukhara discovered the Persian geography Gudud al Alem, compiled in 982.
It turns out that Kasak Land, which was located in the Sea of ​​\u200b\u200bAzov, is also found there. It is interesting that the Arab historian, geographer and traveler Abu-l-Hasan Ali ibn al-Hussein (896-956), who received the nickname of the Imam of all historians, reported in his writings that the Kasaks who lived beyond the Caucasus Range were not mountaineers.
A stingy description of a certain military people who lived in the Black Sea region and in the Transcaucasus is also found in the geographical work of the Greek Strabo, who worked under the “living Christ”. He called them cossacks. Modern ethnographers provide data on the Scythians from the Turanian tribes of Kos-Saka, the first mention of which dates back to about 720 BC. It is believed that it was then that a detachment of these nomads made their way from Western Turkestan to the Black Sea lands, where they stopped.
In addition to the Scythians, on the territory of the modern Cossacks, that is, between the Black and Azov Seas, as well as between the Don and Volga rivers, the Sarmatian tribes ruled, who created the Alanian state. The Huns (Bulgars) defeated it and exterminated almost all of its population. The surviving Alans hid in the north - between the Don and Donets and in the south - in the foothills: the Caucasus. Basically, it was these two ethnic groups - Scythians and Alans, who intermarried with the Azov Slavs, formed the nationality, which received the name "Cossacks". This version is considered one of the basic ones in the discussion about where the Cossacks came from.

Slavic-Turanian tribes

Don ethnographers also connect the roots of the Cossacks with the tribes of northwestern Scythia. This is evidenced by burial mounds of the III-II centuries BC.
It was at this time that the Scythians began to lead a sedentary lifestyle, intersecting and merging with the southern Slavs who lived in Meotida - on the eastern coast of the Sea of ​​\u200b\u200bAzov.
This time is called the era of "the introduction of the Sarmatians into the Meotians", which resulted in the tribes of the Torets (Torkov, Udz, Berenger, Sirakov, Bradas-Brodnikov) of the Slavic-Turanian type. In the 5th century, the Huns invaded, as a result of which part of the Slavic-Turanian tribes went beyond the Volga and into the Upper Don forest-steppe. Those who remained submitted to the Huns, Khazars and Bulgars, receiving the name "kasaks". After 300 years they converted to Christianity (approximately in 860 after the apostolic sermon of St. Cyril), and then, by order of the Khazar Khagan, they drove out the Pechenegs. In 965, Kasak Land came under the control of Mstislav Rurikovich.

Darkness

It was Mstislav Rurikovich who defeated the Novgorod prince Yaroslav near Listven and founded his principality - Tmutarakan, which extended far to the north. It is believed that this Cossack state was not at the peak of its power for long, until about 1060, and after the arrival of the Polovtsian tribes, it began to gradually fade away,
Many residents of Tmutarakan fled to the north - to the forest-steppe and, together with Russia, fought with the nomads. This is how the Black Hoods appeared, which in the Russian chronicles were called Cossacks and Cherkasy. Another part of the inhabitants of Tmutarakan was called Po-Don wanderers.
Like the Russian principalities, the Cossack settlements ended up in the power of the Golden Horde, however, conditionally, enjoying wide autonomy. In the XIV-XV centuries, the Cossacks were talked about as a formed community, which began to accept fugitive people from the central part of Russia.

Not Khazars and not Goths

There is another version, popular in the West, that the Khazars were the ancestors of the Cossacks. Its supporters argue that the words "Khusar" and "Cossack" are synonyms, because in both the first and second cases we are talking about fighting horsemen. Moreover, both words have the same root “kaz”, meaning “strength”, “war” and “freedom”. However, there is another meaning - it is "goose". But here, too, the champions of the Khazar trace speak of horsemen-hussars, whose military ideology was copied by almost all countries, even Foggy Albion
The Khazar ethnonym of the Cossacks is directly stated in the “Constitution of Pylyp Orlik”: “The ancient fighting Cossack people, who used to be called the Kazakhs, were first raised by immortal glory, spacious possessions and knightly honors ...” Moreover, it is said that the Cossacks converted to Orthodoxy from Constantinople (Constantinople) in the era of the Khazar Khaganate.
In Russia, this version in the Cossack environment causes fair abuse, especially against the background of studies of Cossack genealogies, whose roots are of Russian origin. So, the hereditary Kuban Cossack, academician of the Russian Academy of Arts Dmitry Shmarin, spoke out in this regard with anger: “The author of one of these versions of the origin of the Cossacks is Hitler. He even has a separate speech on the subject. According to his theory, the Cossacks are Goths. Visigoths are Germans. And the Cossacks are the Ostrogoths, that is, the descendants of the Ostrogoths, allies of the Germans, close to them in blood and in a warlike spirit. By militancy, he compared them with the Teutons. Based on this, Hitler proclaimed the Cossacks the sons of great Germany. So what, should we now consider ourselves descendants of the Germans?

Cossack circle: what is it?

6 misconceptions about the Cossacks

Let us turn today to one very interesting and indicative page of our history. By 1914, there were 11 Cossack troops in Russia. However, this does not mean that there were always just so many of them. Today we remember the glorious Troops abolished by the Russian supreme power and undeservedly forgotten. And it may be right today that the Cossacks living on the banks of the Volga and reviving the Volga Army, but now not as a free community, but as a state structure, as a way of serving Russia.
Since the time of the Great Moscow and Kyiv princes, the Russian state has seen in the Cossacks not a community, but a kind of military force to protect the borders of their possessions. These are the famous Brodniki and Black Hoods during the period of Kievan Rus and the Donskoy Grassroots Army during the period of Muscovite Rus. Seeing how successfully any Cossack community takes root in a new place (“There is no translation for the Cossack family”), the state authorities in each newly acquired region sought to organize a “service army”, an army in the likeness of the Don. After all, the experience of the development of Siberia showed how profitable it is to attract the Cossacks to the sovereign's service. But as soon as the region was mastered, and the need for serving the Army disappeared, the army was either disbanded or moved. And, in the end, by the beginning of the twentieth century, a more or less harmonious structure of 11 Cossack troops and regions had developed. But first things first.

Chuguev Cossacks.

In 1639, the city of Chuguev was founded in the Muscovite state. For a long time, the city had no relation to the regular Cossacks, but the Cossacks lived in it. And on February 28, 1700, at the behest of Peter the Great, a special Cossack team was formed from the city Chuguev Cossacks, as well as the Don and Yaitsky Cossacks, who served in Orel, Kursk and Oboyan. The reformer tsar began the Northern War, and the formation of Cossack units and teams freed from the need to deploy regular regiments in these places - the army was still being formed, and there were not enough soldiers to protect the borders and internal provinces of the empire. And the experience of the Don army showed that the Cossack community and the service of the sovereign can rule and ensure order and feed itself. So the Great Converter of Russia was in no hurry to reform the Cossacks, but used the useful experience in every possible way. Moreover, to strengthen the Chuguev team (three companies, three hundred Cossacks), it also included two Kalmyk hundreds. The life of the Chuguev Cossacks went on as usual during the Northern War, and only in 1721, together with other Cossack Troops and formations of the Russian State, the Chuguev Cossack 500th team came under the jurisdiction of the Military Collegium.
The main destiny of the Cossacks is service to the Fatherland, and the turbulent eighteenth century was rich in military conflicts. Therefore, first in 1749, on the basis of the Chuguev Cossack team, the Chuguev Cossack cavalry regiment was formed. But all the Cossacks of the team did not enter the regiment, and then in 1769 part of the Chuguev Cossacks entered a separate light-horse team (400 Cossacks), and part - into the Petersburg Legion (half of the legion).
A new stage in the history of Russia began - the conquest of Novorossia. And here the Chuguevs came in handy. The Chuguev Cossack Cavalry Regiment (as the Yekaterinoslav Cavalry Regiment) and the Chuguev Light Horse Team became part of the advanced guard corps of the Yekaterinoslav Regular Cossacks, formed by order of Prince Potemkin in February 1788. However, a year later the corps was disbanded, and the units were reorganized into the Chuguev Cossack cavalry regiment and Prince Potemkin's escort Cossack cavalry regiment. In the spring of 1893, the Little Russian Cossack Regiment was attached to these two regiments (in 1890 it was formed in his army from recruits by the all-powerful Prince Potemkin, who had a certain weakness for the Cossacks). All three regiments received new names - the 1st, 2nd and 3rd Chuguev Cossack cavalry regiments. The Chuguev court team, meanwhile, in the fall of 1896, became part of the Life Hussar and Life Cossack regiments - the brainchild of the new Russian emperor.
In the winter of the same year, the 3rd Chuguev Cossack Cavalry Regiment was disbanded, and in the spring of 1800 the two remaining regiments were consolidated into one. Three years later, the Chuguev Cossacks were transferred to the taxable estate. And on August 18, 1808, on the basis of the Chuguev Cossack Cavalry Regiment, the Chuguev Lancers Regiment was formed, which entered the military settlements. The Chuguev Lancers as the 11th Lancer Regiment existed until the collapse of the Great Empire.

Bakhmut Cossacks.

Bakhmut Cossacks of history have been known for a long time. But their regular service began in 1701, when the government needed to protect the Bakhmut salt springs selected for the treasury. For this purpose, the Bakhmut Cossack Company was formed from the Bakhmut, Torsk and Mayatsky Cossacks. This decision turned out to be quite controversial and allowed the ataman of Bakhmut Kondraty Bulavin in 1707 to raise the entire Don to fight for the ancient liberties and traditions of the Cossacks. The rebellion was resolutely suppressed by government troops - the tsar-reformer never favored rebels, the sovereign will broke the recalcitrant at any cost. Then the authorities forgot about Bakhmut for a long time and only in the spring of 1721 Mayatsky, Torsky and Bakhmutsky Cossacks were directly subordinated to the Military Collegium. In the autumn of 1748, urgent military needs demanded the creation of the Bakhmut Cossack Cavalry Regiment. However, in the summer of 1764, the regiment moved into the category of regular units of the Russian army. At first it was known as the Lugansk Pike Regiment, and then it was renamed the 4th Hussar Regiment. The regiment in the Imperial Army lasted until the death of the empire.

Bug Cossack Army.

The Turks repeatedly fought with the Russians and knew perfectly well the true value of the Shield of Russia. That is why they tried to attract to their side all the Cossacks dissatisfied with the policy of Russia. After the transition to the service of the Sultan of the Cossacks - Nekrasovites and part of the Cossacks, the Port began to seriously consider the possibility of forming Cossack units. However, the Orthodox roots of the Russian warrior at that time did not allow him to raise his sword against a fellow believer. And the Cossacks considered changing the faith a deed unworthy of a warrior. It is from the Cossacks who left the Sultan's service that the Bug army originates. In 1769, the Turks formed a Cossack regiment from Transdanubian Christians, which during the war, at the first opportunity, went over to the side of the Russian army. The Cossacks of this regiment in 1774 were settled along the Bug to ensure the protection of the new region. The following year, a recruited Cossack regiment from foreigners of Slavic blood was placed nearby under the general command of Major Kasperov. However, these forces were not enough. And the government began to buy part of the peasants from the Bug landowners. This measure made it possible in the winter of 1785 to form the Bug cavalry Cossack regiment, numbering 1.5 thousand people, from the settlers and peasants bought. Protecting their land, the Bug Cossacks in the period 1787 - 17996. were part of the so-called Yekaterinoslav Cossack Army. Then, in the spring of 1803, on the basis of the Bug Cossack cavalry regiment, with the involvement of Slavic settlers (Bulgarians, Serbs and others), the Bug Cossack Army was formed as part of three regiments. In 1814, the Little Russian Cossacks, who had long been living near the Bug, were also enrolled in the Army.
The Bug Cossacks faithfully served their Fatherland more than once. So for the Patriotic War and the Foreign Campaign, the 1st Bug Cossack Regiment received the St. George standard. However, the war died down, the border moved to the west and the need for the existence of the Cossack communities disappeared. On October 8, 1817, the Ukrainian Lancers and Bug Cossacks were included in the so-called. military settlements and made up four uhlan Bug regiments. These regiments existed in the Russian army until the revolution (7th - 10th Uhlan regiments).

Yekaterinoslav Cossack Host

The conquest of new lands in the Crimea and the Black Sea region required the formation in this territory of any sustainable forms of life and human activity. Therefore, in the summer of 1787, all the odnodvortsy of the Yekaterinoslav province settled along the former Ukrainian line were converted by the Russian government into the Cossack estate. Of these Cossacks, a special Cossack corps was formed in the likeness of the Don Cossacks. From the autumn of 1787, in official documents, the corps began to be called either the Yekaterinoslav Cossack Corps, or the Yekaterinoslav Cossack Host (Novodon Cossack Army).
To strengthen the Army, the Bug Cossacks were assigned to it in the fall of 1787, and in January 1788, the Old Believers of the Yekaterinoslav province, as well as the townspeople and guild provinces of Yekaterinoslav, Voznesenskaya and Kharkov, became part of the Army. However, at about the same time, the Chuguev Cossacks left the Army.
On February 11, 1788, on the basis of the Yekaterinoslav Cossack Army, a corps of forward guards of Yekaterinoslav regular Cossacks was formed, consisting of 4 brigades. The brigade included 5 Cossack and 2 Kalmyk cavalry hundreds. However, already on June 23, 1789, the corps was disbanded. And on June 5, 1796, the Yekaterinoslav Army itself ceased to exist, dividing into the Bug and Voznesensky Cossack troops. A new stage of imperial policy began - the conquest of the Caucasus and Kuban. And already on October 23, 1801, the Supreme Command was promulgated on the resettlement of the Cossacks of the Bug and Voznesensky troops to the Caucasus. The successors of the glorious Yekaterinoslav Cossacks are the Kuban regiments of the Kuban Cossack Host.

Danube Cossack army.

Wherever the fate of the Cossacks took them. And they ended up beyond the Danube. Because the Russian Empress abolished the Zaporozhian Sich, and the Russian troops simply destroyed the free Cossack settlements with a bayonet and grapeshot. And the Cossacks went to the Danube. However, the long and heavy hand of the Russian rulers reached out there too. And after some time, the empire needed to put up a reliable barrier on these borders. And at the end of February 1807, General Mikhelson announced the creation on the Danube of the fugitive Cossacks of the Ust-Danube Cossack army. However, the government's plans soon changed. In December of the same year, the army was disbanded, and the Cossack troops were divided into the Danube and Budzhaksky settled Cossacks. Apparently for the royal power it was much calmer.
In 1816, immigrants from the southern Slavs were resettled to the Budzhaksky settled Cossacks. These Slavs formed special volunteer foot and horse regiments at the settlements. However, after some time, the authorities got tired of playing at democracy. In 1827, the Budzhak and Danube Cossacks were settled in Bessarabia and subordinated to the civil authorities of the region. And everything would be forgotten over time, "grass weeds and wormwood overgrown." Yes, in 1828 another war with the Turks happened. And again the settlers on the Danube passed into the category of serving Cossacks, again making up the Danube Cossack Army, consisting of two (horse and foot) regiments. The regiments were disbanded a year later. But the Danube army as an administrative unit in the region has been preserved. Little of. There was a catastrophic shortage of people, and the tsarist government applied its usual vicious practice. In the summer of 1836, the surrounding settled gypsies were assigned to the Danube army! And in the fall of 1838, "retired lower ranks of good behavior" were assigned to the Army.
In the winter of 1844, the Danube Cossack Army was again formed from the Ust-Danube and Budzhak Cossacks, South Slavic settlers and "other people of various ranks and origins" as a military force consisting of two cavalry regiments. And on the occasion of the outbreak of hostilities in 1854, the third cavalry regiment was formed. And the Danube Cossacks served faithfully. For the war, this regiment of troops received banners from the king - a high and honorable award.
The guns died down and the Cossack service was no longer needed. First, in 1856, the Danube army was renamed Novorossiysk. And on December 3, 1868, by the Highest order, the Novorossiysk Cossack army was abolished. The banners of the army were handed over to the church of the village of Volonterovka, and the population of the army was finally converted to civil status. Well, in the inner provinces of the tsarist government, the Cossacks were not needed. And if the tsar did not dare to abolish the Don army, then one can not stand on ceremony with the Troops established by his authority. Once, and there is no Army, as if it never existed.

Ukrainian Cossack army.

In Ukraine, the Cossacks are rooted in the Wild Field. During the time of the Polish-Lithuanian rule in Ukraine, a system of administrative management was formed - division not by regions, but by regiments - Vinnitsa, Chigirinsky, Cherkasy, Kanevsky and others. However, with the advent of Ukraine under the arm of the White Tsar, the situation began to change. First, separate liberties, and then the very institution of hetman power, went into the past.
In the troubled times of the Napoleonic invasion, the tsar was ready to seize every opportunity to ensure victory. The total mobilization of the Cossack troops helped. But that wasn't enough. And on June 5, 1812, it was announced the creation of the Ukrainian Cossack army from the villagers of Kyiv and part of the Kamenetz-Podolsk provinces capable of Cossack service, consisting of four 8-squadron regiments. And already in August 1814, silver pipes were granted to these regiments "as a reward for the excellent deeds performed in the past company." However, the history of all the above Troops repeated itself and on October 26, 1816, the Ukrainian Cossack division was renamed the Ukrainian Lancers Cavalry Division. Ukrainian Cossacks made up the uhlan regiments (numbered from 7th to 10th) of the Russian army. These regiments existed in the ranks of our regular cavalry until the Troubles of 1917.

Azov Cossack army.

Azov is a Cossack city. The Cossacks of the Don in the 17th century proved this not only by taking a strong Turkish stronghold, but also withstanding the siege, the “Azov Seat”. They just couldn't keep up. Then, with the help of regular troops, archers and Cossacks, Peter the Great took Azov by storm. And again he could not keep it - he returned it to the Turks. But our power was growing stronger and once again taking the city, Russia approved it for itself.
In 1828, part of the Transdanubian Cossacks who left the empire at one time returned to the Russian service. At their head was Ataman Gladkiy. The flotilla of the Cossacks helped the Russian army a lot. And by the Highest order on April 4, 1829, the Danube Cossack regiment was formed from the Cossacks of Ataman Gladky. Later, in 1831, a banner was awarded to the regiment for their exploits while crossing the Danube. And in the spring of next year, all the Cossacks who switched to Russian service from the Turks made up a special Azov Cossack army, stationed in the Novorossiysk Territory. According to the special Regulations on the army, it was obliged to put into service the following units: a naval battalion, a semi-battalion on foot and cruising teams to protect the Black Sea coast. By the highest order of June 1, 1844, the first relic was granted to the Army - the Army banner. The Cossacks of the Troops distinguished themselves in the Crimean company in such a way that on August 26, 1856, the St. George banner was granted to the Cossacks of the AKV.
However, peace gradually reigned in Novorossia, and Cossack strength and valor were needed elsewhere. The empire waged a long and stubborn struggle in the Caucasus. Therefore, soon after the Crimean War, the Cossacks of the Azov army began to be resettled in the Caucasus. The first 800 settlers went to the Caucasus in the summer of 1862 by order of the Military Ministry No. 143 of May 10, 1862. And this was the beginning of the end of the glorious Army. The Azov people became part of the Kuban Army and on October 11, 1864, the Azov Cossack army was abolished, and its banners were transferred to storage in the Kuban army. And now the descendants of the Transdanubian Cossacks are natural Kuban Cossacks.

Stavropol Kalmyk Army.

Kalmyks, a free steppe people, a fragment of the Batu Empire. They quite often acted either against Russia or, on the contrary, on its side. Christianity gradually began to spread among the Kalmyks. And it was decided to give all the baptized Kalmyks under the hand of Prince Peter Taishin, building a fortress in the steppe. And indeed, the Privy Councilor Tatishchev near the Volga in the tract of Kunya Voloshka built a fortress, which in 1739 was named Stavropol. This fortress became the residence of the head of the baptized Kalmyks. But Prince Taishin was no longer able to lead his people, he died back in 1736. Therefore, the case was continued by his wife, Princess Taishina. All Kalmyks living in the vicinity of Stavropol thus constituted a special army. However, the rules for managing the Army were finally established in the winter of 1745, when all Kalmyks were divided into five companies. And in the spring of 1756, as a sign of royal favor, the Kalmyks were granted the Stavropol Army banner and 5 centesimal badges.
In 1760, the Tszungar baptized Kalmyks, who had come out of the Kirghiz-Kaisak captivity, were attached to the army, who made up three more military companies. Then for several decades the service of the Kalmyk Army went on as usual. Only in the autumn of 1803 did the Russian Government become concerned about the state of affairs in the Stavropol region and approved the Regulations on the formation of the Stavropol Kalmyk Army as part of one thousandth Stavropol regiment. In this state of affairs, the Army existed as a separate community until May 24, 1842, when the Kalmyks of the Army were attached to a larger structure - the Orenburg Cossack Army.
Today, as part of the Union of Cossacks of Russia, there is such a structure as the Cossack Army of Kalmykia. The Republic of Kalmykia within Russia is a small state. But the President of Kalmykia K. N. Ilyumzhinov, a delegate of the Constituent Circle of the Union of Cossacks of Russia and a Cossack colonel, helps this structure to the best of his ability and ability. And even in the absence of the Federal Law on the Cossacks, the Cossack Army of Kalmykia serves Russia.

Bashkir-Meshcheryak Army.

In 1574, the fortified city of Ufa was founded, and all the inhabitants of the Orenburg region were brought into obedience to Russia. However, for a long time the Russian government did not take any measures to attract the Bashkirs to the state service. Only in 1714 the Bashkirs were sent for the first time to serve in Siberia. Siberia was being built and the construction sites had to be protected. However, already in 1724 it was "ordered not to include the Bashkirs in the layout on the shelves." The 18th century was stormy, and already in January 1736, on the occasion of the war with Turkey, the Bashkir settlements received orders for 3,000 horsemen. The same 3,000 riders also participated in the Seven Years' War as part of the Russian army.
For a very long time, the Pugachev rebellion blazed among the Bashkirs and Meshcheryaks. And this rebellion was drowned in blood. Having ascended the throne, Emperor Paul attended to the solution of many problems that faced the country. And in the spring of 1798, for the first time, the correct military division of the Bashkir army was carried out. 12 Bashkir and 5 Meshcheryak cantons were formed. The era of the Napoleonic wars demanded the exertion of all the forces of the Russian state. In the spring of 1811, 2 Meshcheryak regiments were formed from the Army, and in August 1812, at the very height of the invasion, 20 Bashkir regiments. And the Bashkir-Meshcheryak Army fought valiantly against the common enemy for the entire Empire. Cannons and pipes died down and the service of the Bashkir regiments was no longer needed. In 1846, only the 4th, 5th and 9th cantons remained on the rights of the Army, in a state of war. Others were transferred back to civilian status. Therefore, with the beginning of the Crimean War, the Army formed only 4 Bashkir regiments. Already during the war, the Army was reorganized. Now it amounted to 13 Bashkir and 4 Meshcheryak cantons. According to the peacetime schedule, the Bashkirs and Meshcheryaks from the entire army formed one cavalry regiment.
In 1863, on May 15, the Regulations on the Bashkir Army were approved by the Highest. However, already in the summer of 1865, the Army came under the control of the Ministry of the Interior. And the military reform led to the fact that in 1874 only one squadron was formed from the entire composition of the Troops. The following year, the Bashkir squadron was reorganized into a division. Only on April 1, 1878, the division was deployed to the Bashkir cavalry regiment. However, the new army formation system allowed the government to abandon some irregular military units. And on July 24, 1882, the Bashkir Cavalry Regiment was disbanded. It was only in wartime that it was decided to form mounted police units from the Bashkirs. Thus ended the story of another Army.

Crimean Tatar Army.

Tatars, proud descendants of the hordes of Genghis Khan. Nomadic warriors knew how not only to rob their neighbors, but also to serve faithfully. Tatar units were in both Russian and Polish service. Yes, the steppe predators were not distinguished by meekness of temper, but dashing service required just such qualities.
In Crimea, for a long time, there was the last fragment of the Mongol empire - the Crimean Khanate, which recognized its dependence on the Ottoman Empire. Then, with one stroke of the pen, relying on the bayonets and cannons of her generals, Catherine the Great annexed the Crimea (Tauride Peninsula) to Russian territories. However, there were not enough regular troops to protect the region, and in the spring of 1784 the government decided to form several Tauride national divisions from local residents, which existed in the Crimea until 1796. The era of the Napoleonic wars brought to life the decision to form large formations from the inhabitants of the peninsula. And in the period from 1808 to 1817. Simferopol, Perekop, Yevpatoriya and Feodosia cavalry regiments acted as part of the Russian regular army. And during the war of 1812, these regiments distinguished themselves a lot. For these distinctions, in the summer of 1827, the Life Guards Crimean Tatar squadron was formed, reorganized in the spring of 1863 into the team of the Life Guards of the Crimean Tatars of His Majesty's Own Convoy, and existed in a new capacity until May 1890.
As for the regular units of the Russian army, it was only in the spring of 1874 that a separate squadron was formed from the Crimean Tatars, then reorganized into a division. On February 24, 1906, the division was deployed to the Crimean Dragoon Regiment. In December 1907, the regiment was renamed the Crimean Cavalry, and on October 10, 1909, the Crimean Cavalry Regiment of Her Majesty Empress Alexandra Feodorovna. According to the order of the military department No. 166 of April 5, 1911, the regiment was assigned seniority from March 1, 1874.
This regiment was in the ranks of the Russian army throughout the First World War. Then he saw the revival and fall of the Crimean national government. The officers of the regiment (primarily Colonel Bako) revived the regiment in the ranks of the Volunteer Army of the South of Russia. Together with the remnants of the Russian army, the regiment was evacuated from the Crimea in November 1920. Far from their homeland, in Paris, the Crimean Regiment Association was formed.

Greek (Albanian) Army.

The last great project of Catherine the Great. She dreamed of uniting the Balkans under the rule of her grandson Constantine. Therefore, in 1774, when the Russian fleet fought in the Archipelago, the Albanian Army was formed from the Greeks and Albanians who were in the Russian service. After the end of the war with the Turks, the Greeks and Albanians were settled by the Russian government in the Crimea near the Kerch fortress. In the summer of 1779, the Albanian Army was reorganized into a Greek regiment. In the autumn of 1887, free divisions were formed in the army of Prince Potemkin from Greeks and Albanians in the Russian service.
In the spring of 1796, the Greek regiment, the Greeks of the free divisions and the Albanians, brought together in a separate Albanian division, were resettled by the Russian government in the Odessa region. In December of the same year, the Greek regiment came under the command of the Military Collegium and was consolidated into the Greek Infantry Battalion. The following year, the battalion was relocated to Balaklava, and the Albanian division was completely disbanded. In the autumn of 1803, the Greek battalion was again formed in Odessa, and the battalion in Balaklava was renamed Balaklavsky. In the autumn of 1810, the Greeks in Odessa and Balaklava were transferred to the category of military settlers, and in the autumn of 1819 the Odessa battalion was transferred to Balaklava and attached to the Balaklava infantry battalion. During the Crimean War in Sevastopol, in addition to units of the regular army, the Legion of Nicholas I was formed from the southern Slavs. However, the war soon ended, the Legion was disbanded, and soon, on October 21, 1859, the Balaklava Greek infantry battalion was also disbanded. The dream of autonomy for the Greek settlers did not come true. Although the independence of Greece by the middle of the 19th century, Turkey recognized. But that's a completely different story.

Thus, we see that the Russian empire was looking for various options for protecting the newly acquired regions - Little Russia, Novorossia, Tavria, the Caucasus and Bashkiria. And she found the most optimal and low-cost way - the formation of Cossack communities or foreign communities in the likeness of the Cossacks. Then the need for service disappeared or was significantly weakened and the Army was disbanded. Who knows, if the Russian Empire had existed a little longer, the number of traditional troops of the Cossacks of Russia would have changed quite significantly. Today in modern Russia, in the absence of a firm state policy towards the Cossacks, we see confrontation and mutual misunderstanding between registered societies and public structures.

Cossacks

Origin of the Cossacks.

The Cossacks are a people that formed at the beginning of a new era, as a result of genetic ties between many Turanian (Siberian) tribes of the Scythian people Kos-Saka (or Ka-Saka), the Azov Slavs Meoto-Kaisar with a mixture of Ases-Alans or Tanaits (Dontsov). The ancient Greeks called them kossakha, which meant "white sakhi", and the Scythian-Iranian meaning "kos-sakha" - "white deer". The sacred deer - the solar symbol of the Scythians, can be found in all their burials, from Primorye to China, from Siberia to Europe. It was the Don people who brought this ancient military symbol of the Scythian tribes to our days. Here you will find out where the Cossacks came from, a shaved head with a forelock and a drooping mustache, and why the bearded Prince Svyatoslav changed his appearance. You will also learn the origin of many names of the Cossacks, Don, Greben, roamers, black hoods, etc., where did the Cossack military paraphernalia, hat, knife, Circassian coat, gazyri come from. You will also understand why the Cossacks were called Tatars, where Genghis Khan came from, why the Battle of Kulikovo took place, the invasion of Batu and who was really behind all this.

"Cossacks, an ethnic, social and historical community (group), which, due to its specific characteristics, united all the Cossacks ... The Cossacks were also defined as a separate ethnic group, an independent nationality, or as a special nation of mixed Turkic-Slavic origin." Dictionary of Cyril and Methodius 1902.

As a result of the processes that in archeology are usually called "the introduction of the Sarmatians into the environment of the Meots", in the North. In the Caucasus and on the Don, a mixed Slavic-Turanian type of special nationality appeared, divided into many tribes. It was from this confusion that the original name "Cossack" originated, which was noted by the ancient Greeks in ancient times and was written as "kossakhs". The Greek inscription Kasakos was preserved until the 10th century, after which the Russian chroniclers began to mix it with the common Caucasian names Kasagov, Kasogov, Kazyag. But from the ancient Turkic "Kai-Sak" (Scythian) meant freedom-loving, in another sense - a warrior, a guard, an ordinary unit of the Horde. It was the Horde that became the unification of different tribes under a military union - whose name today is the Cossacks. The most famous: "Golden Horde", "Piebald Horde of Siberia". So the Cossacks, remembering their great past, when their ancestors lived beyond the Urals in the country of Asses (Great Asia), inherited their name of the people "Cossacks", from As and Saki, from the Aryan "as" - warrior, military estate, "Sak" - by type of weapon: from sak, whip, cutters. "As-sak" was later transformed into a Cossack. And the very name of the Caucasus - Kau-k-az from the ancient Iranian kau or kuu - mountain and az-as, i.e. Mount Azov (Asov), as well as the city of Azov in Turkish and Arabic was called: Assak, Adzak, Kazak, Kazova, Kazava and Azak.
All ancient historians claim that the Scythians were the best warriors, and Svydas testifies that they had banners in the troops from ancient times, which proves the regularity in their militias. The Getae of Siberia, Western Asia, the Hittites of Egypt, the Aztecs, India, Byzantium, on banners and shields had a coat of arms depicting a double-headed eagle, adopted by Russia in the 15th century. as a legacy of their glorious ancestors.

Interestingly, the tribes of the Scythian peoples depicted on the artifacts found in Siberia, on the Russian Plain, are shown with beards and long hair on their heads. Russian princes, rulers, warriors are also bearded and hairy. So where did the settler come from, a shaved head with a forelock and a drooping mustache?
For European peoples, including the Slavs, the custom of shaving the head was completely alien, while in the east it has been widespread for a long time and very widely, including among the Turkic-Mongolian tribes. So the hairstyle with the sedentary was borrowed from the eastern peoples. In 1253 Rubruk described it in Batu's Golden Horde on the Volga.
So, we can say with confidence that the custom of shaving the head of the Slavs in Russia and in Europe was completely alien and unacceptable. It was first brought to Ukraine by the Huns, for centuries it lived among the mixed Turkic tribes living on Ukrainian lands - Avars, Khazars, Pechenegs, Polovtsy, Mongols, Turks, etc., until it was finally borrowed by the Zaporizhzhya Cossacks, along with all the other Turkic-Mongolian traditions of the Sich . But where does the word "Sich" come from? Here is what Strabo writes. XI.8.4:
"Saks were called all the southern Scythians attacking Western Asia." The weapon of the Saks was called sakar - an ax, from whipping, chopping. From this word, in all likelihood, the name of the Zaporozhian Sich came, as well as the word Sicheviki, as the Cossacks called themselves. Sich - the camp of the Saks. Sak in Tatar means careful. Sakal - beard. These words are borrowed from the Slavs, Masaks, Massagets.

In ancient times, during the mixing of the blood of the Caucasoids of Siberia with the Mongoloids, new mestizo peoples began to form, which later received the name of the Turks, and this was still a long time after the emergence of Islam itself and their adoption of the Mohammedan faith. Subsequently, from these peoples and their migration to the West and Asia, a new name appeared, defining them as the Huns (Huns). Of the discovered Hunnic burials, they reconstructed the skull and it turned out that some Hunnic warriors wore a sedentary. The same warriors with forelocks were then among the ancient Bulgars who fought in the army of Attila, and many other peoples mixed with the Turks.

By the way, the Hunnic "devastation of the world" played an important role in the history of the Slavic ethnos. Unlike the Scythian, Sarmatian and Gothic invasions, the invasion of the Huns was extremely large-scale and led to the destruction of the entire former ethno-political situation in the barbarian world. The departure to the west of the Goths and the Sarmatians, and then the collapse of the empire of Attila, allowed the Slavic peoples in the 5th century. to begin mass settlement of the Northern Danube, the lower reaches of the Dniester and the middle reaches of the Dnieper.
Among the Huns there was also a group (self-name - Gur) - Bolgurs (White Gur). After the defeat in Phanagoria (Northern Black Sea, Mesopotamia Don-Volga and Kuban), part of the Bulgarians went to Bulgaria and, having strengthened the Slavic ethnic component, became modern Bulgarians, the other part remained on the Volga - the Volga Bulgarians, now Kazan Tatars and other Volga peoples. One part of the Khungurs (Hunno-gurs) - the Ungars or Ugrians, founded Hungary, the other part of them settled on the Volga and mixed with the Finnic-speaking peoples, became Finno-Ugric peoples. When the Mongols came from the east, they, with the agreements of the Kyiv prince, went west and merged with the Ungars-Hungarians. That is why we are talking about the Finno-Ugric language group, but this does not apply to the Huns in general.
During the formation of the Turkic peoples, entire states appeared, for example, from the mixing of the Caucasoids of Siberia, the Dinlins with the Gangun Turks, the Yenisei Kirghiz appeared, from them - the Kyrgyz Kaganate, after - the Turkic Kaganate. We all know the Khazar Kaganate, which became the unification of the Khazar Slavs with the Turks and Jews. From all these endless associations and separations of the Slavic peoples with the Turks, many new tribes were created, for example, the state association of the Slavs suffered from the raids of the Pechenegs and Polovtsy for a long time.

For example, according to the law of Genghis Khan "Yasu", developed by cultural Central Asian Christians of the Nestorian sect, and not by wild Mongols, hair must be shaved off, and only a pigtail is left on the crown. High-ranking personalities were allowed to wear a beard, and the rest had to shave it off, leaving only mustaches. But this is not a custom of the Tatars, but of the ancient Getae (see Chapter VI) and the Massagetae, i.e. people known as far back as the 14th century. BC and intimidating Egypt, Syria and Persia, and then mentioned in the VI century. according to R. X. by the Greek historian Procopius. The Massagetae - the Great-Saki-Geta, who made up the advanced cavalry in the hordes of Attila, also shaved their heads and beards, leaving a mustache, and left one pigtail on top of their heads. It is interesting that the military class of the Russ always bore the name Get, and the word "hetman" itself is again of Gothic origin: "great warrior."
The painting of the Bulgarian princes and Liutprand speak of the existence of this custom among the Danube Bulgarians. According to the description of the Greek historian Leo Deacon, the Russian Grand Duke Svyatoslav also shaved his beard and head, leaving one forelock, i.e. imitated the Geta Cossacks, who constituted the advanced cavalry in his army. Consequently, the custom of shaving beards and heads, leaving a mustache and forelock, is not Tatar, as it existed earlier among the Getae more than 2 thousand years before the appearance of the Tatars in the historical field.

The image of Prince Svyatoslav, who has already become canonical, with a shaved head, a long forelock and a drooping mustache, like a Zaporozhian Cossack, is not entirely correct and was imposed mainly by the Ukrainian side. His ancestors had luxurious hair and beards, and he himself was portrayed in various chronicles as bearded. The description of the forelocked Svyatoslav is taken from the above-mentioned Leo Deacon, but he became so after he became the prince not only of Kievan Rus, but also the prince of Pecheneg Russia, that is, southern Russia. But why then did the Pechenegs kill him? It all comes down to the fact that after the victory of Svyatoslav over the Khazar Kaganate and the war with Byzantium, the Jewish aristocracy decided to take revenge on him and persuaded the Pechenegs to kill him.

Well, also Leo the Deacon in the X century, in his "Chronicles" gives a very interesting description of Svyatoslav: "The king is ready Sventoslav, or Svyatoslav, the ruler from Russia, and the hetman of their troops, was the root of the Balts, Rurikovich (Balts - the royal dynasty of the Western Goths. From this dynasty was Alaric, who took Rome.)... His mother, the regentess Helga, after the death of her husband Ingvar, who was killed by the Greutungs, whose capital was Iskorost, wished to unite the two dynasties of the ancient Rixes under the scepter of the Balts, and turned to Malfred, the Rix of the Greutungs , to give her sister Malfrida for her son, giving her word that she would forgive Malfred the death of her husband.Having been refused, the city of the Greuthungs was burned by her, and the Greuthungs themselves submitted ... Malfrida was escorted to the court of Helga, where she was brought up until did not grow up and did not become the wife of King Sventoslav ... "
In this story, the names of Prince Mala and Malusha, the mother of Prince Vladimir the Baptist, are clearly guessed. It is curious that the Greek stubbornly called the Drevlyans Greytungs - one of the Gothic tribes, and not Drevlyans at all.
Well, let's leave it on the conscience of the late ideologists, who point-blank did not notice these very Goths. We only note that Malfrida-Malusha was from Iskorosten-Korosten (Zhytomyr region). Then - again Leo the Deacon: "The equestrian warriors of Sventoslav fought without helmets and on light horses of Scythian breeds. Each of his warriors from the Rus had no hair on his head, only a long strand descending to the ear - a symbol of their military god. They fought furiously, descendants of those Gothic regiments that brought the great Rome to its knees.These horsemen of Sventoslav gathered from the allied tribes of the Greytungs, Slavs and Rosomones, they were also called in Gothic: "kosaks" - "horseman" that is, and among the Rus they were an elite, themselves but the Ruses inherited from their fathers the Goths the ability to fight on foot, hiding behind shields - the famous "turtle" of the Vikings.The Ruses buried their fallen ones in the same way as their Gothic grandfathers, burning the bodies on their canoes or on the banks of the river, in order to then put the ashes on And those who died by their own death, they laid them in mounds, and poured hills on top. In the Goths in their land, such resting places stretch for hundreds of stages sometimes ... "
We will not understand why the chronicler calls the Rus Goths. And burial mounds in the Zhytomyr region are stumbled unmeasured. Among them there are very ancient ones - Scythian, even before our era. They are mainly located in the northern regions of the Zhytomyr region. And there are later ones, the beginning of our era, IV-V centuries. In the area of ​​the Zhytomyr hydropark, for example. As you can see, the Cossacks existed long before the Zaporozhian Sich.
And here is what Georgy Sidorov says about the changed appearance of Svyatoslav: “The Pechenegs chose him over themselves, after the defeat of the Khazar Khaganate, he becomes a prince already here, that is, the Pecheneg khans themselves recognize his power over themselves. They give him the opportunity to control the Pecheneg cavalry, and she herself the Pecheneg cavalry goes with him to Byzantium.

In order for the Pechenegs to obey him, he was forced to take on their appearance, which is why instead of a beard and long hair, he has a sedentary man and a drooping mustache. Svyatoslav was a venet by blood, his father did not wear a forelock, he had a beard and long hair, like any venet. Rurik, his grandfather, was the same, Oleg was exactly the same, but they did not adjust their appearance to the Pechenegs. Svyatoslav, in order to manage the Pechenegs, so that they believed him, he had to put himself in order, to be outwardly similar to them, that is, he became the khan of the Pechenegs. We are constantly divided, Russia is the north, the south is the Polovtsy, this is the wild steppe and the Pechenegs. In fact, it was all one Russia, steppe, taiga and forest-steppe - it was one people, one language. The only difference was that in the south they still knew the Turkic language, it was once the Esperanto of the ancient tribes, they brought it from the East, and the Cossacks knew this language up to the 20th century, too, preserving it.
In Horde Russia, not only Slavic writing was used, but also Arabic. Until the end of the 16th century, Russians had a good command of the Turkic language at the everyday level, i.e. Turkic until then was the second spoken language in Russia. And this was facilitated by the unification of the Slavic-Turkic tribes into an alliance, whose name is the Cossacks. After the Romanovs came to power in 1613, they, because of the freedom and rebelliousness of the Cossack tribes, began to instill a myth about them, as about the Tatar-Mongol "yoke" in Russia and contempt for everything "Tatar". There was a time when Christians, Slavs and Muslims prayed in the same temple, this was a common faith. God is one, but the religion is different, it was then that everyone was divided and parted in different directions.
The origins of the ancient Slavic military vocabulary date back to the era of Slavic-Turkic unity. This term, so far unusual, is provable: the sources give grounds for this. And above all - a dictionary. A number of designations for the most general concepts of military affairs are derived from the ancient Turkic languages. Such as - warrior, boyar, regiment, labor, (in the meaning of war), hunting, round-up, cast iron, iron, damask steel, halberd, ax, hammer, sulitsa, army, banner, saber, kmet, quiver, darkness (10 thousandth army ), cheers, let's go, etc. They no longer stand out from the dictionary, these invisible Turkisms, tested for centuries. Linguists notice only later, clearly "non-native" inclusions: saadak, horde, bunchuk, guard, esaul, ertaul, ataman, kosh, kuren, hero, biryuch, zhalav (banner), snuznik, rattletrap, alpaut, surnach, etc. And the common symbols of the Cossacks, Horde Russia and Byzantium, tell us that there was something in the historical past that united them all in the fight against the enemy, which is now hidden from us by false layers. Its name is the "Western World" or the Roman Catholic world under papal control, with its missionary agents, crusaders, Jesuits, but we'll talk about that later.

As mentioned above, the "settler" was first brought to Ukraine by the Huns, and in confirmation of their appearance we find in the Name Book of the Bulgarian Khans, which lists the ancient rulers of the Bulgar state, including those who ruled on the lands of present-day Ukraine:
"Avitokhol has lived for 300 years, he was born Dulo, and I eat (y) dilom tvirem ...
These 5 princes reign over the country of the Danube for 500 years and 15 shorn heads.
And then I came to the country of the Danube Isperih prince, I am the same hitherto."
So, facial hair was treated differently: "Some Russ shave their beards, others twist and braid it, like horse manes" (Ibn-Khaukal). On the Taman Peninsula, among the "Russian" nobility, the fashion for sedentary people, which was later inherited by the Cossacks, became widespread. The Hungarian Dominican monk Julian, who visited here in 1237, wrote that the local "men shave their heads baldly and carefully grow their beards, except for noble people who, as a sign of nobility, leave a little hair above their left ear, shaving the rest of their head."
And here is how the contemporary Procopius of Caesarea described fragmentarily the lightest Gothic cavalry: “They have few heavy cavalry, on long campaigns the Goths go light, with a small load on the horse, and when the enemy appears, they sit on their light horses and attack ... The Gothic horsemen are called themselves "kosak", "owning a horse". As usual, their riders shave their heads, leaving only a long tuft of hair, so they become like their military deity - Danapr. All of them have deities with heads shaved in this way and the Goths hasten to imitate them with their appearance .. If necessary, this cavalry fights on foot, and here they have no equal ... When stopping, the army puts carts around the camp for protection, which hold the enemy in case of a sudden attack ... "
To all these military tribes, with a forelock, with a beard or mustache, the name "Kosak" was fixed over time, and therefore the original written form of the Cossack name is still fully preserved in English and Spanish pronunciation.

N. Karamzin (1775-1826) calls the Cossacks a people-knight and says that its origin is more ancient than the Batyevo (Tatar) invasion.
In connection with the Napoleonic wars, the whole of Europe began to be especially interested in the Cossacks. The English general Nolan claims: "The Cossacks in 1812-1815 did more for Russia than its entire army." The French general Caulaincourt says: "Napoleon's entire numerous cavalry perished, mainly under the blows of Ataman Platov's Cossacks." The same is repeated by the generals: de Braque, Moran, de Bart, and others. Napoleon himself said: "Give me the Cossacks, and I will conquer the whole world with them." And the simple Cossack Zemlyanukhin, during his stay in London, made a huge impression on the whole of England.
The Cossacks retained all the distinctive features they received from their ancient ancestors, this is the love of freedom, the ability to organize, self-esteem, honesty, courage, love for the horse...

Some concepts of the origin of the names of the Cossacks

Asia's Cavalry - the most ancient Siberian army, originating from the Slavic-Aryan tribes, i.e. from the Scythians, Saks, Sarmatians, etc. All of them also belong to the Great Turan, and the tours are the same Scythians. The Persians called the nomadic tribes of the Scythians "Tura", because for their strong physique and courage, the Scythians themselves began to be associated with the bulls of the Tours. Such a comparison emphasized the masculinity and courage of the warriors. So, for example, in the Russian chronicles one can find such phrases: "Brave bo be, like a tour" or "Buy tour Vsevolod" (this is how it is said about brother Prince Igor in "The Tale of Igor's Campaign"). And this is where the most curious thing comes in. It turns out that in the time of Julius Caesar (F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron give a reference to this in their Encyclopedic Dictionary), the wild bulls of Turov were called "Urus"! ... And today, for the entire Turkic-speaking world, Russians are "Uruses". For the Persians, we were "urs", for the Greeks - "Scythians", for the British - "cattle", for the rest - "tartarien" (Tatars, wild) and "Urus". Many originated from them, the main ones from the Urals, Siberia and ancient India, from where the military doctrine spread already in a distorted form, known to us in China as martial arts.
Later, after regular migrations, some of them were settled in the Azov and Don steppes and began to be called equestrian azes or princes (in Old Slavonic, prince - konaz) among the ancient Slavic-Russians, Lithuanians, Arsk peoples of the Volga and Kama, Mordovians and many others from ancient times became at the head of the board, forming a special noble caste of warriors. Perkun-az among the Lithuanians and the basics among the ancient Scandinavians were revered as deities. And what is a king among the ancient Germans and among the Germans könig (könig), among the Normans king, and among the Lithuanians kunig-az, if not converted from the word horseman, who came out of the land of the Azov-Asses and became the head of the board.
The eastern shores of the Azov and Black Seas, from the lower reaches of the Don, up to the foot of the Caucasus Mountains, became the cradle of the Cossacks, where they finally formed into a military caste, recognizable to us today. This country was called by all ancient peoples the land of the Azov, Asia terra. The word az or as (aza, azi, azen) is sacred to all Aryans; it means god, lord, king or folk hero. In ancient times, the territory beyond the Urals was called Asia. From here, from Siberia, in ancient times, the people's leaders of the Aryans with their clans or squads went to the north and west of Europe, to the Iranian plateau, the plains of Central Asia and India. For example, historians note the Andronov tribes or the Siberian Scythians as one of these, and the ancient Greeks - the Issedons, Sindons, Seres, etc.

Ainu - in ancient times, they moved from the Urals through Siberia to Primorye, Amur, America, Japan, are known to us today as the Japanese and Sakhalin Ainu. In Japan, they created a military caste, recognizable today by everyone as the samurai. The Bering Strait used to be called the Ain (Aninsky, Ansky, Anian Strait), where they inhabited part of North America.

Kai-Saki (not to be confused with the Kirghiz-Kaisaks),roaming the steppes, these are Polovtsy, Pechenegs, Yases, Huns, Huns, etc., lived on the territory of Siberia, in the Pinto Horde, in the Urals, the Russian Plain, Europe, Asia. From the ancient Turkic "Kai-Sak" (Scythian), meant freedom-loving, in another sense - a warrior, a guard, an ordinary unit of the Horde. Among the Siberian Scythians-Saks, "kos-saka or kos-sakha", this is a warrior, whose symbol is a totem animal deer, sometimes an elk, with branched horns, which symbolized speed, fiery flames and a shining sun.

Among the Siberian Turks, the Sun God was designated through his intermediaries - the swan and the goose, later the Khazar Slavs will accept the symbol of the goose from them, and then the hussars will appear on the historical stage.
And here is Kirgis-Kaisaki,or the Kyrgyz Cossacks, these are today's Kyrgyz and Kazakhs. They are descendants of the Gangun and the Dinling. So, in the first half of the 1st millennium AD. e. on the Yenisei (Minusinsk basin), as a result of the mixing of these tribes, a new ethnic community is formed - the Yenisei Kyrgyz.
In their historical homeland, in Siberia, they created a powerful state - the Kyrgyz Kaganate. In ancient times, this people was marked by Arabs, Chinese and Greeks as blond and blue-eyed, but at a certain stage they began to take Mongols as their wives and changed their appearance in just a thousand years. Interestingly, in percentage terms, the haplogroup R1A among the Kyrgyz is larger than among the Russians, but one should know that the genetic code is transmitted through the male line, and external signs are determined by the female.

Russian chroniclers begin to mention them only from the first half of the 16th century, calling them Horde Cossacks. The character of the Kirghiz is direct and proud. Kirghiz-Kaisak only calls himself a natural Cossack, not recognizing this for others. Among the Kirghiz come across all the transitional degrees of types, from purely Caucasian to Mongolian. They adhered to the Tengrian concept of the unity of the three worlds and entities "Tengri - Man - Earth" ("birds of prey - wolf - swan"). So, for example, ethnonyms found in ancient Turkic written monuments and associated with totem and other birds include: kyr-gyz (birds of prey), uy-gur (northern birds), bul-gar (water birds), bash- kur-t (Bashkurt-Bashkirs - head birds of prey).
Until 581, the Kyrgyz paid tribute to the Turks of Altai, after which they overthrew the power of the Turkic Khaganate, but gained independence for a short time. In 629, the Kyrgyz were conquered by the Teles tribe (most likely of Turkic origin), and then by the Kok-Turks. The ongoing wars with kindred Turkic peoples forced the Yenisei Kyrgyz to join the anti-Turkic coalition created by the Tang state (China). In 710-711, the Turkuts defeated the Kyrgyz and after that they were under the rule of the Turkuts until 745. In the so-called Mongol era (XIII-XIV centuries), after the defeat of the Naimans by the troops of Genghis Khan, the Kyrgyz principalities voluntarily replenished his empire, finally losing their state independence. Combat detachments of the Kyrgyz joined the Mongol hordes.
But the Kyrgyz-Kyrgyz have not disappeared from the pages of history, already in our times, their fate was decided after the revolution. Until 1925, the government of the Kyrgyz autonomy was located in Orenburg, the administrative center of the Cossack army. In order to lose the meaning of the word Cossack, the Jewish Commissars renamed the Kyrgyz ASSR into Kazakstan, which would later become Kazakhstan. By a decree of April 19, 1925, the Kirghiz ASSR was renamed the Kazakh ASSR. Somewhat earlier - on February 9, 1925, by a decree of the Central Executive Committee of the Kyrgyz ASSR, it was decided to transfer the capital of the republic from Orenburg to Ak-Mechet (formerly Perovsk), renaming it Kyzyl-Orda, since one of the decrees of 1925, part of the Orenburg region was returned to Russia. So the original Cossack lands, together with the population, were transferred to nomadic peoples. Now world Zionism demands payment for the rendered "service" to today's Kazakhstan in the form of anti-Russian policy and loyalty to the West.

Siberian Tartars - Jagatai,this is the Cossack army of the Rusyns of Siberia. Ever since the time of Genghis Khan, the Tatarized Cossacks began to represent a dashing invincible cavalry, which was always in the advanced conquest campaigns, where it was based on the Chigets - Dzhigits (from the ancient Chigs and Gets). They were also in the service of Tamerlane, today the name among the people has remained from them, like a dzhigit, dzhigitovka. Russian historians of the eighteenth century. Tatishchev and Boltin say that the Tatar Baskaks, sent to Russia by the khans to collect tribute, always had detachments of these Cossacks with them. Caught near sea waters, some of the Chigs and Geth became excellent sailors.
According to the Greek historian Nikephoros Gregory, the son of Genghis Khan, under the name of Telepug, in 1221 conquered many peoples living between the Don and the Caucasus, including the Chigets - Chigs and Gets, as well as the Avazgs (Abkhazians). According to another historian Georgy Pakhimer, who lived in the second half of the 13th century, the Tatar commander, named Noga, subjugated all the peoples living along the northern shores of the Black Sea under his rule and formed a special state in these countries. The Alans, Goths, Chigis, Rosses and other neighboring peoples, conquered by them, mixed with the Turks, little by little learned their customs, way of life, language and clothes, began to serve in their army and raised the power of this people to the highest degree of glory.
Not all of the Cossacks, but only part of it, adopted their language, customs and customs, and then, together with them, the Mohammedan faith, while the other part remained faithful to the idea of ​​Christianity and for many centuries defended its independence, dividing into many communities, or partnerships, representing one common union.

Sinds, Miots and Tanahitesthese are Kuban, Azov, Zaporozhye, partly Astrakhan, Volga and Don.
Once from Siberia, part of the tribes of the Andronovo culture moved to India. And here is an indicative example of the migration of peoples and the exchange of cultures, when some part of the Proto-Slavic peoples already moved back from India, bypassing the territory of Central Asia, passing the Caspian Sea, crossing the Volga, they settled in the territory of the Kuban, they were Sinds.

After they formed the basis of the Azov Cossack army. Approximately in the XIII century, some of them went to the mouth of the Dnieper, where they later became known as the Zaporizhzhya Cossacks. At the same time, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania subjugated almost all the lands of present-day Ukraine. The Lithuanians began to recruit these military people for their military service. They called them Cossacks and during the time of the Commonwealth, the Cossacks founded the border Zaporozhian Sich.
Some of the future Azov, Zaporizhzhya and Don Cossacks, while still in India, adopted the blood of local tribes with dark skin color - the Dravidians, and among all the Cossacks, they are the only ones who have dark hair and eyes, and this is what distinguishes them. Ermak Timofeevich was just from this group of Cossacks.
In the middle of the first millennium BC. in the steppes lived on the right bank of the Don, the nomadic Scythians, who displaced the nomadic Cimmerians, and on the left bank, the nomadic Sarmatians. The population of the Don forests was original Don - all of them in the future will be called Don Cossacks. The Greeks called them Tanaites (Donets). At that time, in addition to the Tanahites, many other tribes lived near the Sea of ​​​​Azov, who spoke dialects of the Indo-European group of languages ​​​​(including Slavic), to which the Greeks gave the collective name "Meots", which in ancient Greek means "bogs" (inhabitants swampy areas). By the name of this people, the sea was named, near which these tribes lived - "Meotida" (Meotian Sea).
Here it should be noted how the Tanaites became the Don Cossacks. In 1399, after the battle on the river. Vorskla, the Siberian Tartars-Rusyns who came with Edigei, settled along the upper reaches of the Don, where Brodniki also lived, and they gave rise to the name of the Don Cossacks. Among the first Don ataman recognized by Muscovy is Sary Azman.

The word sary or sar is ancient Persian, meaning king, lord, lord; hence Sary-az-man - the royal Azov people, the same as the Royal Scythians. The word sar in this sense is found in the following proper and common nouns: Sar-kel is a royal city, but the Sarmatians (from sar and mada, mata, mother, i.e. woman) from the dominance of women among this people, from them - Amazons. Balta-Sar, Sar-Danapal, Serdar, Caesar, or Caesar, Caesar, Caesar and our Slavic-Russian Tsar. Although many people tend to think that sary is a Tatar word meaning yellow, and from here they derive - red, but in the Tatar language there is a separate word for expressing the concept of red, namely zhiryan. It is noted that the Jews, leading their family on the maternal side, often call their daughters Sarah. It is also noted about female domination that from the 1st century. along the northern shores of the Azov and Black Seas, between the Don and the Caucasus, the rather powerful people of Roksolane (Ros-Alan) become known, according to Iornand (VI century) - Rokasy (Ros-Ases), whom Tacitus ranks with the Sarmatians, and Strabo - with Scythians. Diodorus Siculus, describing the Saks (Scythians) of the northern Caucasus, speaks a lot about their beautiful and cunning queen Zarin, who conquered many neighboring peoples. Nicholas of Damascus (1st century) calls the capital of Zarina Roskanakoy (from Roskanak, castle, fortress, palace). It is not for nothing that Iornand calls them Ases or Rokas, where their queen was erected a giant pyramid with a statue on top.

Since 1671, the Don Cossacks recognized the protectorate of the Moscow Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, that is, they abandoned their independent foreign policy, subordinating the interests of the Army to the interests of Moscow, the internal routine remained the same. And only when the Romanov colonization of the south advanced to the borders of the Land of the Don Army, then Peter I carried out the incorporation of the Land of the Don Army into the Russian state.
This is how some of the former Horde became the Cossacks of the Don, swore an oath to serve the tsar father for a free life and protection of borders, but refused to serve the Bolshevik authorities after 1917, for which they suffered.

So, Sindy, Miot and Tanait are Kuban, Azov, Zaporozhye, partly Astrakhan, Volga and Don, of which the first two mostly died out due to the plague, replaced by others, mainly Cossacks. When, by decree of Catherine II, the entire Zaporozhian Sich was destroyed, then after the surviving Cossacks they were collected and resettled in the Kuban.

The photo above shows the historical types of Cossacks that made up the Kuban Cossack army in the reconstruction of Yesaul Strinsky.
Here is a Khoper Cossack, three Black Sea Cossacks, a lineman and two scouts - a participant in the defense of Sevastopol during the Crimean War. The Cossacks are all distinguished, they have orders and medals on their chests.
-The first on the right is a Cossack of the Khoper regiment, armed with a cavalry flintlock gun and a Don saber.
-Next we see a Black Sea Cossack in the form of a sample of 1840 - 1842. He holds in his hand an infantry percussion rifle, an officer's dagger and a Caucasian saber in a sheath hang on his belt. He has a cartridge bag or a carcass hanging on his chest. On the side is a revolver in a holster on a cord.

Brodniki and Donets.
Brodniki come from the Khazar Slavs. In the VIII century, the Arabs considered them Saklabs, i.e. white people, Slavic blood. It is noted that in 737, 20 thousand of their families of horse breeders settled on the eastern borders of Kakheti. They are indicated in the Persian geography of the tenth century (Gudud al Alam) on the Srenem Don under the name Bradas and are known there until the 11th century. after which their nickname is replaced in the sources by a common Cossack name.
Here it is necessary to explain in more detail about the origin of wanderers.
The formation of the union of Scythians and Sarmatians received the name Kas Aria, which later became distortedly called Khazaria. It was to the Slavic Khazars (CasArians) that Cyril and Methodius came to missionary work.

Their activity is where it was noted: Arab historians in the VIII century. the Sakalibs were noted in the Upper Don forest-steppe, and the Persians, a hundred years after them, Bradasov-Brodnikov. The sedentary part of these tribes, remaining in the Caucasus, obeyed the Huns, Bolgars, Kazars and Asam-Alans, in whose kingdom the Sea of ​​\u200b\u200bAzov and Taman were called the Land of Kasak (Gudud al Alem). There, among them, Christianity finally triumphed, after the missionary work of St. Cyril, ok. 860
The difference between KasAriya is that it was a country of warriors, and later became Khazaria - a country of merchants, when the Jews came to power in it. And here, in order to understand the essence of what is happening, it is necessary to explain in more detail. In 50 AD, Emperor Claudius expelled all the Jews from Rome. In 66-73, a Jewish uprising arose. They capture the Temple of Jerusalem, the fortress of Anthony, the entire upper city and the fortified palace of Herod, arrange a real massacre for the Romans. They then start an uprising throughout Palestine, killing both the Romans and their more moderate compatriots. This rebellion was crushed, and in 70 the center of Judaism in Jerusalem was destroyed, and the temple was burned to the ground.
But the war went on. The Jews did not want to admit defeat. After the great Jewish uprising of 133-135, the Romans wiped out all the historical traditions of Judaism. A new pagan city of Elia Capitolina has been built on the site of the destroyed Jerusalem since 137, Jews were forbidden to enter Jerusalem. To hurt the Jews even more, the emperor Ariadne forbade them to be circumcised. Many Jews were forced to flee to the Caucasus and Persia.
In the Caucasus, Jews became neighbors to the Khazars, and in Persia they slowly entered all branches of government. It ended with a revolution and a civil war under the leadership of Mazdak. As a result, the Jews were expelled from Persia - to Khazaria, where at that time the Khazar Slavs lived there.
In the 6th century, the Great Turkic Khaganate was created. Some tribes fled from him, such as the Hungarians to Pannonia, and the Khazar Slavs (kozare, kazara), in alliance with the ancient Bulgars, united with the Turkic Kaganate. Their influence reached from Siberia to the Don and the Black Sea. When the Turkic Kaganate began to fall apart, the Khazars received the fled prince of the Ashin dynasty and drove out the Bulgars. This is how the Khazar-Turks appeared.
For a hundred years, Khazaria was ruled by Turkic khans, but they did not change their way of life: they lived in the steppe as a nomadic life and only returned to the adobe houses of Itil in winter. Khan supported himself and his army himself, without burdening the Khazars with taxes. The Turks fought against the Arabs, taught the Khazars to repel the onslaught of regular troops, as they possessed the skills of a steppe maneuver war. So, under the military leadership of the Turks (650-810), the Khazars successfully repelled the periodic invasions from the south of the Arabs, which rallied these two peoples, moreover, the Turks remained nomads, and the Khazars - farmers.
When Khazaria accepted the Jews who fled from Persia, and the wars with the Arabs led to the liberation of part of the lands of Khazaria, this allowed the refugees to settle there. So, gradually, Jews who fled from the Roman Empire began to join them, it was thanks to them that at the beginning of the 9th century. a small khanate turned into a huge state. The main population of Khazaria at that time could be called "Slavs-Khazars", "Turkic-Khazars" and "Judeo-Khazars". The Jews who arrived in Khazaria were engaged in trade, for which the Khazar Slavs themselves did not show any abilities. In the second half of the 8th century, Jews expelled from Byzantium began to arrive to the Jews - refugees from Persia, in Khazaria, rabbinic Jews expelled from Byzantium, among whom there were also descendants of those expelled from Babylon and Egypt. Since the Rabbinical Jews were townspeople, they settled exclusively in the cities: Itil, Semender, Belenjer, etc. All these immigrants from the former Roman Empire, Persia and Byzantium, today we know as Sephardim.
At the beginning of the conversion of the Slavic Khazars to Judaism was not, because. the Jewish community lived apart among the Slavic Khazars and Turkic-Khazars, but over time, some of them converted to Judaism and today they are known to us as Ashkenazi.

By the end of the 8th c. The Judeo-Khazars began to gradually penetrate into the power structures of Khazaria, acting in their favorite way - by becoming related through their daughters to the Turkic aristocracy. The children of the Turkic-Khazars and Jews had all the rights of a father and the help of the Jewish community in all matters. And the children of Jews and Khazars became a kind of outcasts (Karaites) and lived on the outskirts of Khazaria - in Taman or Kerch. At the beginning of the 9th c. the influential Jew Obadiah took power into his own hands and laid the foundation for Jewish hegemony in Khazaria, acting through the Khan-puppet of the Ashin dynasty, whose mother was Jewish. But not all Turko-Khazars accepted Judaism. Soon, a coup took place in the Khazar Kaganate, resulting in a civil war. The "old" Turkic aristocracy revolted against the Judeo-Khazar authorities. The rebels attracted the Magyars (ancestors of the Hungarians) to their side, the Jews hired the Pechenegs. Konstantin Porphyrogenitus described those events as follows: “When they separated from power and an internecine war broke out, the first power (Jews) prevailed and some of them (the rebels) were killed, others fled and settled with the Turks (Magyars) in the Pecheneg lands (lower reaches of the Dnieper), made peace and were called kabars.

In the 9th century, the Judeo-Khazar Khagan invited the Varangian squad of Prince Oleg to wage war against the Muslims of the Southern Caspian, promising the division of Eastern Europe and help in capturing the Kyiv Kaganate. Tired of the constant raids of the Khazars on their lands, where the Slavs were constantly taken into slavery, Oleg took advantage of the situation, captured Kyiv in 882 and refused to fulfill the agreements, the war began. Approximately in 957, after the baptism of the Kievan princess Olga in Constantinople, i.e. after enlisting the support of Byzantium, the confrontation between Kyiv and Khazaria began. Thanks to an alliance with Byzantium, the Pechenegs supported the Russians. In the spring of 965, the troops of Svyatoslav descended along the Oka and the Volga to the Khazar capital Itil, bypassing the Khazar troops that were waiting for them in the Don steppes. After a short battle, the city was taken.
As a result of the campaign of 964-965. Svyatoslav excluded the Volga, the middle reaches of the Terek and the middle Don from the sphere of the Jewish community. Svyatoslav returned independence to Kievan Rus. Svyatoslav's blow to the Jewish community of Khazaria was cruel, but his victory was not final. Returning, he passed the Kuban and the Crimea, where the Khazar fortresses remained. There were also communities in the Kuban, in the Crimea, Tmutarakan, where the Jews, under the name of the Khazars, still held dominant positions for another two centuries, but the state of Khazaria ceased to exist forever. The remnants of the Judeo-Khazars settled in Dagestan (Mountain Jews) and the Crimea (Karaite Jews). Part of the Slavic Khazars and the Turkic-Khazars remained on the Terek and the Don, mixed with local kindred tribes and, according to the old name of the Khazar warriors, they were called "Podon Brodniki", but it was they who fought against Russia on the Kalka River.
In 1180, the wanderers helped the Bulgarians in their war for independence from the Eastern Roman Empire. The Byzantine historian and writer Nikita Choniates (Acominatus), in his "Chronicle", dated 1190, described the events of that Bulgarian war, so with one phrase he comprehensively characterizes the roamers: "Those roamers who despise death are a branch of the Russians." The initial name was worn as "Kozary", originating from the Kozar Slavs, from whom it received the name Khazaria or the Khazar Kaganate. This is a Slavic militant tribe, part of which did not want to submit to the already Judaic Khazaria, and after its defeat, uniting with their kindred tribes, they subsequently settled along the banks of the Don, where the Tanahites, Sarmatians, Roxalans, Alans (yases), Torki-Berendeys, etc. lived. The name of the Don Cossacks was received after most of the Siberian army of the Rusins ​​of Tsar Edygei settled there, which also included black hoods left after the battle on the river. Vorskla, in 1399. Edigey - the founder of the dynasty, who led the Nogai Horde. His direct descendants in the male line were the princes Urusovs and Yusupovs.
So, Brodniki are the undeniable ancestors of the Don Cossacks. They are indicated in the Persian geography of the tenth century (Gudud al Alam) in the Middle Don under the name Bradas and are known there until the 11th century. after which their nickname is replaced in the sources by a common Cossack name.
- Berendei, from the territory of Siberia, like many tribes due to climatic shocks, they moved to the Russian Plain. The field, driven from the east by the Polovtsy (Polovtsy - from the word "sexual", which means "red"), at the end of the 11th century, the Berendeys entered into various allied agreements with the Eastern Slavs. Under agreements with the Russian princes, they settled on the borders of Ancient Russia and often carried out guard duty in favor of the Russian state. But after that they were scattered and partly mixed with the population of the Golden Horde, and the other part - with Christians. They existed as an independent people. The formidable warriors of Siberia originate from the same lands - the Black Hoods, which means black hats (papakhas), which will later be called Cherkases.

Black hoods (black hats), Cherkasy (not to be confused with Circassians)
- moved from Siberia to the Russian Plain, from the Berendeev kingdom, the last name of the country is Borondai. Their ancestors once inhabited the vast lands of the northern part of Siberia, up to the Arctic Ocean. Their harsh temper terrified enemies, it was their ancestors who were the people of Gog and Magog, it was from them that Alexander the Great was defeated in the battle for Siberia. They did not want to see themselves in family alliances with other peoples, they always lived apart and did not consider themselves to be among any peoples.

For example, the important role of black hoods in the political life of the Kyiv Principality is evidenced by the stable expressions repeatedly repeated in the annals: "the whole land of Rus and black hoods." The Persian historian Rashid-ad-din (died in 1318), describing Russia in 1240, writes: "The princes Batu with his brothers, Kadan, Buri and Buchek went on a campaign to the country of the Russians and the people of black hats."
Subsequently, in order not to separate one from the other, black hoods began to be called Cherkasy or Cossacks. In the Moscow chronicle of the end of the 15th century, under the year 1152, it is explained: "All the Black Hoods, which are called Cherkasy." The Resurrection and Kyiv Chronicles also speak of this: "And having accumulated your squad, go, catch with you the Vyacheslav regiment, all and all black hoods, which are called Cherkasy."
Black hoods, because of their isolation, easily got into the service of both the Slavic peoples and the Turkic ones. Their character and special differences in clothes, especially the headdress, were adopted by the peoples of the Caucasus, whose clothes are now considered for some reason only Caucasian. But in old drawings, engravings and photographs, these clothes, and especially hats, can be seen among the Cossacks of Siberia, the Urals, Amur, Primorye, Kuban, Don, etc. In cohabitation with the peoples of the Caucasus, an exchange of cultures took place and each tribe had something from the others, both in the kitchen, and in clothes and customs. The Siberian, Yaik, Dnieper, Grebensky, Terek Cossacks also went from the Black Hoods, the first mention of the latter dates back to 1380, when free Cossacks living near the Grebenny Gory blessed and presented the holy icon of the Virgin (Grebnevskaya) to Grand Duke Dmitry (Donskoy) as a gift .

Grebensky, Tersky.
The word comb is purely Cossack, meaning the highest line of the watershed of two rivers or beams. In each village of the Don there are many such watersheds and they are all called ridges. In ancient times, there was also the Cossack town of Grebni, mentioned in the annals of Archimandrite Anthony of the Donskoy Monastery. But not all the combers lived on the Terek, in an old Cossack song, they are mentioned in the Saratov steppes:
As it was on the glorious steppes in Saratov,
What is below the city of Saratov,
And above was the city of Kamyshin,
Cossacks-friends gathered, free people,
They gathered, brothers, in a single circle:
like Don, Grebensky and Yaitsky.
Their ataman is Ermak son Timofeevich ...
Later in their origin, they began to add "living near the mountains, i.e. near the ridges." Officially, the Tertsy trace their genealogy from 1577, when the city of Terka was founded, and the first mention of the Cossack army dates back to 1711. It was then that the Cossacks of the Free Community of Grebenskaya formed the Grebenskoye Cossack Host.

Pay attention to the photograph of 1864, where the combers inherited the dagger from the Caucasian peoples. But in fact, this is an improved sword of the Scythians akinak. Akinak is a short (40-60 cm) iron sword used by the Scythians in the second half of the 1st millennium BC. e. In addition to the Scythians, the tribes of Persians, Saks, Argipeys, Massagets and Melankhlens also used Akinaks, i.e. proto-Cossacks.
The Caucasian dagger is part of the national symbolism. This is a sign that a man is ready to defend his personal honor, the honor of his family and the honor of his people. He never parted with him. For centuries, the dagger has been used as a means of attack, defense and as a cutlery. The Caucasian dagger "kama" was most widely used among the daggers of other peoples, Cossacks, Turks, Georgians, etc. The attribute of gasses on the chest appeared with the advent of the first firearm with a powder charge. This detail was first added to the clothes of a Turkic warrior, was among the Mamelukes of Egypt, the Cossacks, but already as an ornament it was fixed among the peoples of the Caucasus.

The origin of the papakha is interesting. Chechens adopted Islam during the lifetime of the Prophet Muhammad. A large Chechen delegation that visited the prophet in Mecca was personally initiated by the prophet into the essence of Islam, after which the envoys of the Chechen people accepted Islam in Mecca. Mohamed gave them astrakhan fur for the journey to make shoes. But on the way back, the Chechen delegation, believing that it was not appropriate to wear the gift of the prophet on their feet, sewed hats, and now, to this day, this is the main national headdress (Chechen hat). Upon the return of the delegation to Chechnya, without any coercion, the Chechens accepted Islam, realizing that Islam is not only "Mohammedanism", originating from the Prophet Muhammad, but this original faith of monotheism, which made a spiritual revolution in the minds of people and laid a clear line between pagan savagery and true educated faith.

It was the Caucasians, who adopted military attributes from different peoples, adding their own, such as a cloak, hat, etc., improved this style of military attire and secured it for themselves, which no one doubts today. But let's see what military vestments used to be worn in the Caucasus.

In the middle photo above we see Kurds dressed according to the Circassian pattern, i.e. this attribute of military attire is already attached to the Circassians and will continue to be assigned to them in the future. But in the background we see a Turk, the only thing he does not have is gazyrs, and this is different. When the Ottoman Empire waged war in the Caucasus, the peoples of the Caucasus adopted some military attributes from them, as well as from the Grebensky Cossacks. In this mixture of exchange of cultures and war, the recognizable Circassian and hat appeared. Turks - Ottomans, seriously influenced the historical course of events in the Caucasus, so some photos are full of the presence of Turks with Caucasians. But if not for Russia, many peoples of the Caucasus would have disappeared or assimilated, such as the Chechens who went with the Turks to their territory. Or take the Georgians who asked for protection from the Turks from Russia.

As you can see, in the past, the main part of the peoples of the Caucasus did not have their recognizable attributes today, "black hats", they will appear later, but the combers have them, as the heirs of the "black hats" (hoods). The origin of some Caucasian peoples can be cited as an example.
The Lezgins, the ancient Alans-Lezgi, are the most numerous and brave people in the entire Caucasus. They speak in a light sonorous language of Aryan root, but thanks to influence, starting from the 8th century. Arab culture, which gave them their script and religion, as well as the pressure of the neighboring Turkic-Tatar tribes, have lost a lot of their original nationality and now represent an amazing, difficult to study mixture with Arabs, Avars, Kumyks, Tarks, Jews and others.
The neighbors of the Lezgins, to the west, along the northern slope of the Caucasus Range, live the Chechens, who received the name from the Russians, actually from their large village "Chachan" or "Chechen". The Chechens themselves call their nationality Nakhchi or Nakhchoo, which means people from the country of Nakh or Noah, that is, Noah. According to folk tales, they came around the 4th century. to their present place of residence, through Abkhazia, from the area of ​​Nakhchi-Van, from the foot of Ararat (Erivan province) and pressed by the Kabardians, they took refuge in the mountains, along the upper reaches of the Aksai, the right tributary of the Terek, where there is still the old village of Aksai, in Greater Chechnya , built once, according to the legend of the inhabitants of the village of Gerzel, Aksai Khan. The ancient Armenians were the first to connect the ethnonym "Nokhchi", the modern self-name of the Chechens, with the name of the prophet Noah, the literal meaning of which means Noah's people. Georgians, from time immemorial, have called Chechens "dzurdzuks", which means "righteous" in Georgian.
According to the philological researches of Baron Uslar, in the Chechen language there is some similarity with the Lezgi language, while in anthropological terms the Chechens are a people of a mixed type. In the Chechen language, there are quite a few words with the root "gun", as, for example, in the names of rivers, mountains, auls and tracts: Guni, Gunoy, Guen, Gunib, Argun, etc. Their sun is called Dela-Molch (Moloch). The mother of the sun is Aza.
As we saw above, many Caucasian tribes of the past do not have the usual Caucasian paraphernalia for us, but all the Cossacks of Russia, from the Don to the Urals, from Siberia to Primorye, have it.

And here below, there is already inconsistency in military uniforms. Their historical roots began to be forgotten, and military attributes are already copied from the Caucasian peoples.

After repeated renaming, mergers and divisions of the Grebensky Cossacks, according to the order of the Minister of War N 256 (dated November 19, 1860) "... it was ordered: from the 7th, 8th, 9th and 10th brigades of the Caucasian linear Cossack troops, in full force, to form the "Terek Cossack army", turning into its composition the horse-artillery battery of the Caucasian linear Cossack army N15th and reserve ... ".
In Kievan Rus, subsequently, the semi-settled and settled part of the black hoods remained in Porosie and was eventually assimilated by the local Slavic population, taking part in the ethnogenesis of Ukrainians. Their free Zaporizhzhya Sich ceased to exist in August 1775, when the Sich and the very name "Zaporozhian Cossacks" in Russia, according to Western plans, were destroyed. And only in 1783, Potemkin again gathers the surviving Cossacks for the sovereign's service. The newly formed Cossack teams of the Cossacks receive the name "Kosh of the faithful Cossacks of Zaporozhye", and settle in the territory of the Odessa district. Soon after that (after repeated requests of the Cossacks and for faithful service), they, by personal decree of the Empress (of January 14, 1788), are transferred to the Kuban - to Taman. Since then, the Cossacks are called Kuban.

In general, the Siberian army of the Black Hoods had a huge impact on the Cossacks of all Russia, they were in many Cossack associations and were an example of a free and indestructible Cossack spirit.
The very name "Cossack" comes from the time of the Great Turan, when the Scythian peoples of Kos-saka or Ka-saka lived. For more than twenty centuries, this name has changed little, originally among the Greeks it was written as Kossakhi. The geographer Strabo called the military people stationed in the mountains of Transcaucasia during the life of Christ the Savior by the same name. After 3-4 centuries, back in the ancient era, our name is repeatedly found in the Tanaid inscriptions (inscriptions), discovered and studied by V.V. Latyshev. Its Greek style Kasakos was preserved until the 10th century, after which the Russian chroniclers began to mix it with the common Caucasian names Kasagov, Kasogov, Kazyag. The original Greek inscription of Kossakhi gives the two constituent elements of this name "kos" and "sakhi", two words with a definite Scythian meaning "White Sahi". But the name of the Scythian tribe Sakhi is equivalent to their own Saka, and therefore the following Greek inscription "Kasakos" can be interpreted as a variant of the previous one, closer to the modern one. The change of the prefix "kos" to "kas" is obvious, the reasons are purely sound (phonetic), the peculiarities of pronunciation and the peculiarities of auditory sensations among different peoples. This difference remains even now (Cossack, Kozak). Kossaka, in addition to the meaning of White Saks (Sahi), has, as mentioned above, another Scythian-Iranian meaning - "White deer". Remember the animal style of Scythian jewelry, tattoos on the mummy of the Altai princess, most likely deer and deer buckles - these are attributes of the military class of the Scythians.

And the territorial name of this word was preserved in Sakha Yakutia (in ancient times the Yakuts were called Yakoltsy) and Sakhalin. In the Russian people, this word is associated with the image of branched horns, like elk, colloquial - elk. So, we again returned to the ancient symbol of the Scythian warriors - to the deer, which is reflected in the seal and coat of arms of the Cossacks of the Don army. We should be grateful to them for the preservation of this ancient symbol of the warriors of the Rus and Ruthenians, who come from the Scythians.
Well, in Russia, Cossacks were also called Azov, Astrakhan, Danube and Transdanubian, Bug, Black Sea, Sloboda, Transbaikal, Khoper, Amur, Orenburg, Yaik - Ural, Budzhak, Yenisei, Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk, Yakut, Ussuri, Semirechensky, Daursky, Ononsky , Nerchen, Evenk, Albazin, Buryat, Siberian, you will not cover everyone.
So, no matter how they call all these warriors, they are all the same Cossacks living in different parts of their country.

P.S.
There are in our history the most important circumstances that are hushed up by hook or by crook. Those who, throughout our historical past, constantly played dirty tricks on us, are afraid of publicity, they are afraid of being recognized. That is why they hide behind false historical layers. These visionaries invented their story for us in order to hide their dark deeds. For example, why did the Battle of Kulikovo take place in 1380 and who fought there?
- Donskoy Dmitry, Prince of Moscow and Grand Duke of Vladimir, led the Volga and Trans-Ural Cossacks (Sibiryaks), who are called Tatars in Russian chronicles. The Russian army consisted of the prince's cavalry and foot squads, as well as the militia. The cavalry was formed from baptized Tatars, defected Lithuanians and Russians trained in Tatar equestrian combat.
- In the Mamaev army there were Ryazan, Western Russian, Polish, Crimean and Genoese troops that fell under the influence of the West. Mamai's ally was the Lithuanian prince Jagiello, Dmitry's ally is Khan Tokhtamysh with an army of Siberian Tatars (Cossacks).
The Genoese financed the Cossack chieftain Mamai, and promised the troops manna from heaven, that is, "Western values", well, nothing changes in this world. The Cossack ataman Dmitry Donskoy won. Mamai fled to Kafu and there, as unnecessary, was killed by the Genoese. So, the Battle of Kulikovo is a battle of Muscovites, Volga and Siberian Cossacks, led by Dmitry Donskoy, with an army of Genoese, Polish and Lithuanian Cossacks, led by Mamai.
Of course, later the whole story of the battle was presented as a battle of the Slavs with foreign (Asian) invaders. Apparently, later, with tendentious editing, the original word "Cossacks" was replaced everywhere in the annals with "Tatars" in order to hide those who so unsuccessfully proposed "Western values".
In fact, the Battle of Kulikovo was only an episode of a civil war that broke out, in which the Cossack hordes of one state fought among themselves. But they sowed the seeds of discord, as the satirist Zadornov says - "traders". It is they who imagine that they are the chosen and exceptional, it is they who dream of world domination, and hence all our troubles.

These "traders" persuaded Genghis Khan to fight against his own peoples. The Pope of Rome and the French King Louis the Saints sent a thousand envoys, diplomatic agents, instructors and engineers to Genghis Khan, as well as the best of European commanders, especially from the Templars (knightly order).
They saw that no one else was fit to defeat both the Palestinian Muslims and the Orthodox Eastern Christians, Greeks, Russians, Bulgarians, etc., who once smashed ancient Rome, and then Latin Byzantium. At the same time, for fidelity and strengthening the blow, the popes began to arm the Swedish ruler of the throne, Birger, the Teutons, the swordsmen and Lithuania against the Russians.
Under the guise of scientists and capital, they occupied administrative positions in the Uighur kingdom, Bactria, Sogdiana.
It was these rich scribes who were the authors of the laws of Genghis Khan - "Yasu", in which great favor and tolerance was shown to all sects of Christians, unusual for Asia, popes and then Europe. In these laws, under the influence of the popes, actually the Jesuits, permission was expressed, with various benefits, to move from Orthodoxy to Catholicism, which was used at that time by many of the Armenians, who later formed the Armenian Catholic Church.

To cover the papal participation in this enterprise and to please the Asians, the main official roles and places were given to the best native commanders and relatives of Genghis Khan, and almost 3/4 of the secondary leaders and officials consisted mainly of Asian Christian and Catholic sectarians. That's where the invasion of Genghis Khan came from, but the "traders" did not take into account his appetite, and cleaned up the pages of history for us, preparing another meanness. All this is very similar to the "invasion of Hitler", they themselves brought him to power and got hit in the teeth by him, which had to take the goal of the "USSR" as an ally and delay our colonization. By the way, not so long ago, during the period of the opium war in China, these "traders" tried to repeat the scenario of "Genghis Khan-2" against Russia, they spud China for a long time with the help of Jesuits, missionaries, etc., but later, as they say: "Thank you Comrade Stalin for our happy childhood."
Have you wondered why the Cossacks of various stripes fought both for Russia and against it? For example, some of our historians are perplexed why the governor of the roamers Ploskinya, who, according to our chronicle, stood with 30 thousand troops on the river. Kalke (1223), did not help the Russian princes in the battle with the Tatars. He even clearly took the side of the latter, persuading the Kyiv prince Mstislav Romanovich to surrender, and then tied him together with his two sons-in-law and handed him over to the Tatars, where he was killed. As in 1917, so here, there was a protracted civil war. Peoples related to each other pitted against each other, nothing changes, the same principles of our enemies remain, "divide and rule." And so that we do not learn from this, the pages of history are being replaced.
But if the plans of the "traders" of 1917 were buried by Stalin, then the above events were Batu Khan. And of course, both of them were smeared with the indelible mud of historical lies, their methods are like that.

13 years after the Battle of Kalka, the "Mongols" under the leadership of Khan Batu, or Batu, the grandson of Genghis Khan, from beyond the Urals, i.e. from the territory of Siberia moved to Russia. Batu had up to 600 thousand troops, consisting of many, more than 20 peoples of Asia and Siberia. In 1238 the Tatars took the capital of the Volga Bulgarians, then Ryazan, Suzdal, Rostov, Yaroslavl and many other cities; defeated the Russians at the river. City, took Moscow, Tver and went to Novgorod, where at the same time the Swedes and the Baltic Crusaders were going. An interesting battle would be, the crusaders with Batu storm Novgorod. But the thaw got in the way. In 1240, Batu took Kyiv, his goal was Hungary, where the old enemy of the Chingizids, the Polovtsian Khan Kotyan, fled. Poland fell first with Krakow. In 1241, the army of Prince Henry with the Templars was defeated near Legitsa. Then Slovakia, the Czech Republic, Hungary fell, Batu reached the Adriatic and took Zagreb. Europe was helpless, saved by the fact that Khan Udegei died and Batu turned back. Europe got in the teeth with full for its crusaders, Templars, bloody baptisms, and order reigned in Russia, the laurels for this remained with Alexander Nevsky, brother of Batu.
But then this mess began with the baptist of Russia, with Prince Vladimir. When he seized power in Kyiv, then Kievan Rus began to unite more and more with the Christian system of the West. Here it is necessary to note curious episodes from the life of the baptist of Russia, Vladimir Svyatoslavich, including the brutal murder of his brother, the destruction of not only Christian churches, the rape of the princely daughter Ragneda in front of her parents, a harem of hundreds of concubines, a war against her son, etc. Already under Vladimir Monomakh, Kievan Rus was the left flank of the Christian-crusader invasion of the East. After Monomakh, Russia split into three systems - Kyiv, Darkness-Cockroach, Vladimir-Suzdal Russia. When the Christianization of the Western Slavs began, the Eastern Slavs considered it a betrayal and turned to the Siberian rulers for help. Seeing the threat of a crusader invasion and the future enslavement of the Slavs, on the territory of Siberia, many tribes united into an alliance, so a state formation appeared - Great Tartaria, which stretched from the Urals to Transbaikalia. Yaroslav Vsevolodovich was the first to call for help from Tartaria, for which he suffered. But thanks to Batu, who created the Golden Horde, the crusaders were already afraid of such a force. But all the same, on the sly, the "traders" ruined Tartaria.

Why it all happened, the question here is solved very simply. The cause of the conquest of Russia was led by papal agents, Jesuits, missionaries and other evil spirits, who promised the locals all sorts of benefits and benefits, and especially those that helped them. In addition, in the hordes of the so-called "Mongol-Tatars" there were many Christians from Central Asia, who enjoyed many privileges and freedom of religion, Western missionaries on the basis of Christianity bred there various kinds of religious movements, such as Nestorianism.

Here it becomes clear where in the West there are so many ancient maps of the territories of Russia and especially Siberia. It becomes clear why the state formation on the territory of Siberia, which was called Great Tartary, is hushed up. On early maps, Tartaria is indivisible, on later maps it is fragmented, and since 1775, under the guise of Pugachev, it ceased to exist. So, with the collapse of the Roman Empire, the Vatican took its place and, continuing the traditions of Rome, organized new wars for its domination. This is how the Byzantine Empire fell, and its heir Russia became the main goal for papal Rome, i.e. now the Western world "traders". For their insidious purposes, the Cossacks were like a bone in the throat. How many wars, upheavals, how much grief has befallen the lot of all our peoples, but the main historical time, known to us from ancient times, the Cossacks gave in the teeth to our enemies. Already closer to our times, they nevertheless managed to break the dominance of the Cossacks, and after the well-known events of 1917, the Cossacks were dealt a crushing blow, but it took them many centuries.

In contact with