Mental disorders: a variety of disorders of the human psyche. Types of mental disorders
Violations and their causes in alphabetical order:
mental disorder -
There are many different conditions that are defined as mental disorders. The most common types include the following disorders:
Anxiety disorders: People with anxiety disorders react to certain objects or situations with fear or horror, as well as physical signs of anxiety or nervousness, such as a racing heart or sweating. An anxiety disorder is diagnosed when the person's response is inappropriate for the situation, if the person cannot control the response, or if the anxiety interferes with normal functioning. Anxiety disorders: generalized anxiety disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, and specific phobias.
Mood Disorders: These disorders, also called affective disorders, involve persistent feelings of sadness or periods of feeling overly happy, or swinging from extreme happiness to extreme sadness. The most common mood disorders are depression, mania and bipolar disorder.
Psychotic Disorders: Psychotic disorders involve distorted beliefs and thinking. Two of the most common symptoms of psychotic disorders are hallucinations (feeling sights or sounds that are not real, such as hearing voices) and delusions (false beliefs that the affected person accepts as true despite evidence to the contrary). An example of a psychotic disorder is schizophrenia.
Eating Disorders: Eating disorders involve excessive emotions, attitudes, and behaviors related to weight and food. Anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating disorder are the most common eating disorders.
Impulse control disorder and addiction disorder: People with impulse control disorders are unable to resist urges or impulses and perform actions that may be dangerous to themselves or others. Examples of impulse control disorders include pyromania (fireworks), kleptomania (stealing), and compulsive gambling. Often, people with these disorders become so dependent on the objects of their addiction that they begin to ignore their responsibilities and relationships.
Personality Disorders: People with personality disorders have extreme and inflexible personality characteristics that make the person frustrated and/or lead to problems at work, school, and social relationships. In addition, the patterns of thinking and behavior of the individual differ significantly from the expectations of society, and are so rigid that they can interfere with the normal functioning of a person. Examples are antisocial personality disorder, obsessive-compulsive personality disorder, and paranoid personality disorder.
What diseases cause mental disorders:
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Are you mentally disturbed? You need to be very careful about your overall health. People don't pay enough attention disease symptoms and do not realize that these diseases can be life-threatening. There are many diseases that at first do not manifest themselves in our body, but in the end it turns out that, unfortunately, it is too late to treat them. Each disease has its own specific signs, characteristic external manifestations - the so-called disease symptoms. Identifying symptoms is the first step in diagnosing diseases in general. To do this, you just need to several times a year be examined by a doctor not only to prevent a terrible disease, but also to maintain a healthy spirit in the body and the body as a whole.
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Neuropsychiatric disorders are human conditions in which consciousness changes and acquires the character of destructive behavior.
This term is somewhat controversial and is interpreted differently by lawyers, psychiatrists and psychologists.
According to the ICD, a mental disorder is not the same as mental illness or mental illness. This term generally characterizes various types of failures of the human psyche.
From the position of psychiatry, it is not possible to determine the biological, medical and social symptoms of a mental disorder in all cases. Only sometimes the basis of this violation can be a physiological violation in the work of the body. Hence, the ICD-10 uses the term "mental disorder" rather than "mental illness".
All failures in the human psyche are caused by improper functioning of the brain, which can happen for two reasons:
- exogenous (external) cause - poisoning with toxic substances, alcohol, drugs, radiation, infectious and viral diseases, psychological trauma, physical effects on the brain (strike), disruption of the vascular network.
- endogenous (internal) cause - violations in the set of chromosomes, hereditary diseases transmitted genetically.
However, science has not yet fully figured out why mental disorders occur. Although these diseases affect almost twenty-five percent of the inhabitants of the Earth.
The main reasons for the development of mental disorders include biological and psychological environmental factors. Mental disorders are often passed on from parents to children, so that members of the same family are often similar to each other. Psychological factors are a combination of genes and environment.
Provoking factors are also some diseases. This is an increased level of sugar in the blood, infections, sclerosis of cerebral vessels, circulatory disorders in the brain.
A great danger is alcoholism and, which negatively affect the central nervous system and completely change the character of a person.
Autumn dull weather or failures in personal life can cause mental breakdowns in any person, so during this period it is worth resorting to the help of vitamin complexes that have a beneficial effect on the nervous system and on the whole body as a whole.
Classification
WHO, for the convenience of psychiatrists, has developed a system in which mental disorders are differentiated by cause and symptoms.
- Disorders caused by brain damage
These are the states in which a person stays after TBI, strokes and some other systemic diseases. It is possible to damage both higher brain functions (the ability to remember, think and learn new things), and the occurrence of "plus-symptoms" (delusions, mood swings).
- Mental disorders due to alcohol or drug use
Conditions that occur when taking non-drugs (sedatives, barbiturates, hallucinogens, some chemical compounds).
- Schizophrenia and schizo-like disorders
Symptoms of mental disorders
- Sensopathy - abnormal nerve and tactile sensitivity:
- (hypersensitivity to normal stimuli);
- (reduced sensitivity to normal stimuli);
- senestopathy (sensations of pressure, burning, scratching in various parts of the body);
- Hallucinations:
- true (the patient sees the object "outside himself");
- false (the patient sees the object "inside himself");
- (the patient perceives the real object with distortions);
- metamorphopsia (change in the perception of the size of one's body).
The process of thinking can change: become fast and incoherent, or, conversely, slowed down.
Sometimes it seems that a loved one has gone crazy.
Or starts to go. How to determine that "the roof has gone" and it didn't seem to you?
In this article, you will learn about the 10 main symptoms of mental disorders.
There is a joke among the people: "There are no mentally healthy people, there are underexamined." This means that individual signs of mental disorders can be found in the behavior of any person, and the main thing is not to fall into a manic search for the corresponding symptoms in others.
And it's not even that a person can become a danger to society or himself. Some mental disorders occur as a result of organic damage to the brain, which requires immediate treatment. Delay can cost a person not only mental health, but also life.
Some symptoms, on the contrary, are sometimes regarded by others as manifestations of bad character, promiscuity or laziness, while in fact they are manifestations of the disease.
In particular, depression is not considered by many to be a disease requiring serious treatment. "Pull yourself together! Stop whining! You're weak, you should be ashamed! Stop delving into yourself and everything will pass!” - this is how relatives and friends exhort the patient. And he needs the help of a specialist and long-term treatment, otherwise he will not get out.
The onset of senile dementia or early symptoms of Alzheimer's disease can also be mistaken for age-related decline in intelligence or a bad temper, but in fact it's time to start looking for a nurse to look after the sick.
How to determine whether it is worth worrying about a relative, colleague, friend?
Signs of a mental disorder
This condition can accompany any mental disorder and many of the somatic diseases. Asthenia is expressed in weakness, low efficiency, mood swings, hypersensitivity. A person easily begins to cry, instantly irritated and loses self-control. Often, asthenia is accompanied by sleep disturbances.
obsessive states
A wide range of obsessions includes many manifestations: from constant doubts, fears that a person is not able to cope with, to an irresistible desire for cleanliness or certain actions.
Under the power of an obsessive state, a person can return home several times to check whether he turned off the iron, gas, water, whether he closed the door with a key. An obsessive fear of an accident may force the patient to perform some rituals that, according to the sufferer, can avert trouble. If you notice that your friend or relative washes his hands for hours, has become overly squeamish and is always afraid of getting infected with something - this is also an obsession. The desire not to step on cracks in the pavement, tile joints, avoidance of certain types of transport or people in clothes of a certain color or type is also an obsessive state.
Mood changes
Longing, depression, the desire for self-accusation, talk about one's own worthlessness or sinfulness, about death can also be symptoms of the disease. Pay attention to other manifestations of inadequacy:
- Unnatural frivolity, carelessness.
- Folly, not characteristic of age and character.
- Euphoric state, optimism, which has no basis.
- Fussiness, talkativeness, inability to concentrate, confused thinking.
- Heightened self-esteem.
- Projection.
- Strengthening of sexuality, extinction of natural modesty, inability to restrain sexual desires.
You have cause for concern if your loved one begins to complain about the appearance of unusual sensations in the body. They can be extremely unpleasant or just annoying. These are sensations of squeezing, burning, stirring “something inside”, “rustling in the head”. Sometimes such sensations can be the result of very real somatic diseases, but often senestopathies indicate the presence of a hypochondriacal syndrome.
Hypochondria
It is expressed in a manic concern about the state of one's own health. Examinations and test results may indicate the absence of diseases, but the patient does not believe and requires more and more examinations and serious treatment. A person speaks almost exclusively about his well-being, does not get out of clinics and demands to be treated like a patient. Hypochondria often goes hand in hand with depression.
Illusions
Do not confuse illusions and hallucinations. Illusions make a person perceive real objects and phenomena in a distorted form, while with hallucinations a person feels something that does not really exist.
Examples of illusions:
- the pattern on the wallpaper seems to be a plexus of snakes or worms;
- the dimensions of objects are perceived in a distorted form;
- the sound of raindrops on the windowsill seems to be the cautious steps of someone terrible;
- the shadows of the trees turn into terrible creatures crawling up with frightening intentions, etc.
If outsiders may not be aware of the presence of illusions, then the susceptibility to hallucinations may manifest itself more noticeably.
Hallucinations can affect all the senses, that is, they can be visual and auditory, tactile and gustatory, olfactory and general, and also be combined in any combination. To the patient, everything he sees, hears and feels seems completely real. He may not believe that others do not feel, hear, or see all this. He can perceive their bewilderment as a conspiracy, deceit, mockery, and get annoyed at the fact that they do not understand him.
With auditory hallucinations, a person hears all sorts of noise, snippets of words, or coherent phrases. "Voices" can give commands or comment on every action of the patient, laugh at him or discuss his thoughts.
Taste and olfactory hallucinations often cause a sensation of an unpleasant quality: a disgusting taste or smell.
With tactile hallucinations, it seems to the patient that someone is biting, touching, strangling him, that insects are crawling over him, that certain creatures are being introduced into his body and moving there or eating the body from the inside.
Outwardly, susceptibility to hallucinations is expressed in conversations with an invisible interlocutor, sudden laughter or constant intense listening to something. The patient may shake something off himself all the time, scream, examine himself with a preoccupied look, or ask others if they see something on his body or in the surrounding space.
Rave
Delusional states often accompany psychoses. Delusions are based on erroneous judgments, and the patient stubbornly maintains his false conviction, even if there are obvious contradictions with reality. Crazy ideas acquire supervalue, significance that determines all behavior.
Delusional disorders can be expressed in an erotic form, or in a belief in one's great mission, in descent from a noble family or aliens. It may seem to the patient that someone is trying to kill or poison him, rob him or kidnap him. Sometimes the development of a delusional state is preceded by a feeling of unreality of the surrounding world or one's own personality.
Gathering or excessive generosity
Yes, any collector can be suspect. Especially in those cases when collecting becomes an obsession, subjugates the whole life of a person. This may be expressed in the desire to drag things found in garbage dumps into the house, accumulate food without paying attention to expiration dates, or pick up stray animals in numbers that exceed the ability to provide them with normal care and proper maintenance.
The desire to give away all your property, immoderate squandering can also be regarded as a suspicious symptom. Especially in the case when a person was not previously distinguished by generosity or altruism.
There are people who are unsociable and unsociable due to their nature. This is normal and should not raise suspicions of schizophrenia and other mental disorders. But if a born merry fellow, the soul of the company, a family man and a good friend suddenly begins to destroy social ties, becomes unsociable, shows coldness towards those who were dear to him until recently, this is a reason to worry about his mental health.
A person becomes sloppy, ceases to take care of himself, in society he can begin to behave shockingly - to commit acts that are considered indecent and unacceptable.
What to do?
It is very difficult to make the right decision in the case when there are suspicions of a mental disorder in someone close. Perhaps a person is just having a difficult period in his life, and his behavior has changed for this reason. Things will get better - and everything will return to normal.
But it may turn out that the symptoms you noticed are a manifestation of a serious disease that needs to be treated. In particular, oncological diseases of the brain in most cases lead to one or another mental disorder. Delay in starting treatment can be fatal in this case.
Other diseases need to be treated in time, but the patient himself may not notice the changes taking place with him, and only relatives will be able to influence the state of affairs.
However, there is another option: the tendency to see in everyone around you potential patients of a psychiatric clinic can also turn out to be a mental disorder. Before calling psychiatric emergency for a neighbor or relative, try to analyze your own condition. Suddenly you have to start with yourself? Remember the joke about the under-examined?
"In every joke there is a share of a joke" ©
Panic attacks are attacks of intense fear that occur in the absence of real danger and ...Stopping treatment should be started before the development of a complete clinical picture, already with the appearance of precursors of psychosis, since in this case it will be shorter and more effective, and in addition, the severity of personality changes against the background of negative symptoms will also be minimal, which will allow a person to work or engage in any household chores. Hospitalization in a hospital is necessary only for the period of relief of an attack, all other stages of therapy can be performed on an outpatient basis, that is, at home. However, if it was possible to achieve a long-term remission, then once a year a person should still be hospitalized in a hospital for examination and correction of maintenance anti-relapse therapy.
After an attack of schizophrenia, treatment lasts at least a year, since it will take 4 to 10 weeks to completely stop psychosis, another 6 months to stabilize the achieved effect, and 5 to 8 months to form a stable remission. Therefore, relatives or caregivers of a patient with schizophrenia need to mentally prepare for such a long-term treatment, which is necessary for the formation of a stable remission. In the future, the patient must take medications and undergo other courses of treatment aimed at preventing the next relapse of an attack of psychosis.
Schizophrenia - treatments (methods of treatment)
The whole set of methods for the treatment of schizophrenia is divided into two large groups:1. biological methods , which include all medical manipulations, procedures and medications, such as:
- Taking medications that affect the central nervous system;
- Insulin-comatose therapy;
- Electroconvulsive therapy;
- Craniocerebral hypothermia;
- Lateral Therapy;
- Pair polarization therapy;
- Detoxification therapy;
- Transcranial micropolarization of the brain;
- Transcranial magnetic stimulation;
- Phototherapy;
- Surgical treatment (lobotomy, leucotomy);
- Sleep deprivation.
- Psychotherapy;
- Cognitive Behavioral Therapy;
- Family therapy.
However, despite the importance of psychosocial therapy, biological methods remain the main ones in the treatment of schizophrenia, since only they can stop psychosis, eliminate disturbances in thinking, emotions, will, and achieve stable remission, during which a person can lead a normal life. Consider the characteristics, as well as the rules for the use of methods for the treatment of schizophrenia, adopted at international congresses and recorded in the recommendations of the World Health Organization.
Currently, the most important and effective biological treatment for schizophrenia is drugs (psychopharmacology). Therefore, we dwell on their classifications and rules of application in detail.
Modern treatment of schizophrenia during an attack
When a person has an attack of schizophrenia (psychosis), you need to see a doctor as soon as possible, who will begin the necessary relief treatment. Currently, for the relief of psychosis, various drugs from the group of neuroleptics (antipsychotics) are primarily used. The most effective first-line drugs for the relief of schizophrenic psychosis are atypical antipsychotics, since they are able to eliminate productive symptoms (delusions and hallucinations) and, at the same time, minimize disturbances in speech, thinking, emotions, memory, will, facial expressions and behavior patterns. That is, the drugs of this group are ways not only to stop the productive symptoms of schizophrenia, but also to eliminate the negative symptoms of the disease, which is very important for the rehabilitation of a person and maintaining him in a state of remission. In addition, atypical antipsychotics are effective in cases where a person is intolerant of other antipsychotics or is resistant to their effects.
Treatment of psychotic disorder (delusions, hallucinations, illusions and other productive symptoms)
So, the treatment of a psychotic disorder (delusions, hallucinations, illusions and other productive symptoms) is carried out with atypical antipsychotics, taking into account the variants of the clinical picture in which each of the drugs is most effective. Other drugs of the neuroleptic group are prescribed only when atypical antipsychotics are ineffective.The most powerful drug in the group is Olanzapine, which can be prescribed to all patients with schizophrenia during an attack.
Amisulpride and risperidone are most effective in suppressing delusions and hallucinations associated with depression and severe negative symptoms. Therefore, this drug is used to stop repeated episodes of psychosis.
Quetiapine is prescribed for hallucinations and delusions, combined with speech disorders, manic behavior and strong psychomotor agitation.
If Olanzapine, Amisulpride, Risperidone or Quetiapine are ineffective, then they are replaced by conventional neuroleptics, which are effective in protracted psychoses, as well as in catatonic, hebephrenic and undifferentiated forms of schizophrenia that are poorly treatable.
Mazheptil is the most effective remedy for catatonic and hebephrenic schizophrenia, and Trisedil is the most effective remedy for paranoid.
If Mazheptil or Trisedil turned out to be ineffective, or the person does not tolerate them, then conventional antipsychotics with selective action are used to relieve productive symptoms, the main representative of which is Haloperidol. Haloperidol suppresses speech hallucinations, automatisms, as well as any kind of delirium.
Triftazin is used for non-systematized delirium against the background of paranoid schizophrenia. With systematized delirium, Meterazine is used. Moditen is used for paranoid schizophrenia with severe negative symptoms (impaired speech, emotions, will, thinking).
In addition to atypical antipsychotics and conventional antipsychotics, atypical antipsychotics are used in the treatment of psychosis in schizophrenia, which, by their properties, occupy an intermediate position between the first two groups of drugs indicated. Currently, the most widely used atypical antipsychotics are Clozapine and Piportil, which are often used as first-line drugs instead of atypical antipsychotics.
All drugs for the treatment of psychosis are used for 4 to 8 weeks, after which they transfer the person to a maintenance dosage or replace the drug. In addition to the main drug that stops delusions and hallucinations, 1-2 drugs can be prescribed, the action of which is aimed at suppressing psychomotor agitation.
People suffering from anorexia lose body weight by not eating or eating only non-caloric foods, as well as by harassing themselves with heavy, prolonged, daily physical exertion, enemas, inducing vomiting after eating, or taking diuretics and "fat burners".
As weight loss progresses, when body weight becomes too low, a person develops various menstrual irregularities, muscle cramps, skin pallor, arrhythmia and other pathologies of internal organs, the functioning of which is impaired due to a lack of nutrients. In severe cases, changes in the structure and function of the internal organs become irreversible, resulting in death.
Anorexia - general characteristics and types of disease
The term anorexia is derived from the Greek word "orexis", which translates as appetite or desire to eat, and the prefix "an", which negates, that is, replacing the meaning of the main word with the opposite. Thus, the interlinear translation of the term "anorexia" means the lack of desire to eat. This means that in the very name of the disease its main manifestation is encrypted - this is a refusal to eat and an unwillingness to eat, which, accordingly, leads to a strong and sharp weight loss, up to an extreme degree of exhaustion and death.Since anorexia is understood as a state of refusal of food of various origins, this term reflects only the most common symptom of several disparate diseases. And therefore, the strict medical definition of anorexia is rather vague, since it sounds like this: refusal of food in the presence of a physiological need for food, provoked by disturbances in the functioning of the food center in the brain.
Women are most susceptible to anorexia, in males this disease is extremely rare. Currently, according to statistics from developed countries, the ratio of women and men suffering from anorexia is 10: 1. That is, for ten women suffering from anorexia, there is only one man with the same disease. A similar predisposition and susceptibility to anorexia of females is explained by the peculiarities of the functioning of their nervous system, stronger emotionality and impressionability.
It should also be noted that anorexia, as a rule, develops in people with a high level of intelligence, sensitivity and some personality traits, such as persistence in achieving goals, pedantry, punctuality, inertia, uncompromisingness, painful pride, etc.
The assumption that anorexia develops in people with a hereditary predisposition to this disease has not been confirmed. However, it was found that in people suffering from anorexia, the number of relatives with mental illness, character anomalies (for example, despotism, etc.) or alcoholism reaches 17%, which is much more than the average for the population.
The causes of anorexia are varied and include both a person’s own personal characteristics and the influence of the environment, the behavior of loved ones (primarily mothers) and certain stereotypes and attitudes in society.
Depending on the leading mechanism of development and the type of causative factor that provoked the disease, there are three types of anorexia:
- Neurotic - due to excessive excitation of the cerebral cortex by strong experienced emotions, especially negative ones;
- Neurodynamic - due to inhibition of the center of appetite in the brain under the influence of irritants of extreme force of a non-emotional nature, for example, pain;
- Neuropsychiatric (also called nervous, or cachexia) - due to persistent volitional refusal to eat or a sharp restriction in the amount of food consumed, provoked by a mental disorder of varying severity and nature.
Neuropsychiatric anorexia stands apart, because it is provoked not so much by the impact of extreme force, but by an already developed and manifested disorder of the mental sphere. This does not mean that anorexia develops only in people with pronounced and severe mental illness, such as, for example, schizophrenia, manic-depressive psychosis, hypochondria, etc. After all, such mental disorders are relatively rare, and much more often psychiatrists are faced with the so-called borderline disorders, which in the medical environment are classified as mental illnesses, and at the household level are often considered simply personality traits. Thus, severe reactions to stress, short-term depressive reactions, dissociative disorder, neurasthenia, various phobias and variants of anxiety disorder, etc. are considered borderline mental disorders. It is against the background of borderline disorders that anorexia nervosa most often develops, which is the most severe, long-lasting and common.
Neurotic and neurodynamic anorexia are usually realized by a person who actively asks for help and turns to doctors, as a result of which their cure does not present any particular difficulties and in almost all cases is successful.
And anorexia nervosa, like drug addiction, alcoholism, gambling and other addictions, is not realized by a person, he stubbornly believes that "everything is under control" and he does not need the help of doctors. A person suffering from anorexia nervosa does not want to eat, on the contrary, hunger torments him quite strongly, but by an effort of will he refuses food under any pretext. If a person for some reason had to eat something, then after a while he can cause vomiting. To enhance the effect of food refusal, anorexia nervosa sufferers often torture themselves with physical exercises, take diuretics and laxatives, various "fat burners", and regularly induce vomiting after eating to empty the stomach.
In addition, this form of the disease is caused not only by the influence of external factors, but also by the characteristics of a person’s personality, and therefore its treatment presents the greatest difficulties, since it is necessary not only to debug the process of eating, but also to correct the psyche, forming the correct worldview and eliminating false stereotypes and attitudes. . Such a task is complex and complex, and therefore psychologists and psychotherapists play a huge role in the treatment of anorexia nervosa.
In addition to the indicated division of anorexia into three types, depending on the nature of the causative fact and the mechanism of the development of the disease, there is another widely used classification. According to the second classification, Anorexia is divided into two types:
- Primary (true) anorexia;
- Secondary (nervous) anorexia.
Secondary anorexia, or nervous, is caused by a conscious refusal or restriction of the amount of food consumed, which is provoked by borderline mental disorders in combination with attitudes in society and relationships between loved ones. With secondary anorexia, it is not diseases that cause eating disorders that come to the fore, but a strong-willed refusal to eat, associated with a desire to lose weight or change one's appearance. That is, with secondary anorexia, there are no diseases that disrupt appetite and normal eating behavior.
Secondary anorexia, in fact, fully corresponds to the neuropsychic in terms of the mechanism of formation. And the primary one combines both neurodynamic, and neurotic, and anorexia caused by somatic, endocrine or other diseases. In the further text of the article, we will call secondary anorexia nervosa, since it is precisely this name that is most often used, common and, accordingly, understandable. We will call neurodynamic and neurotic anorexia primary or true, uniting them into one type, since their course and principles of therapy are very similar.
Thus, given all the signs and characteristics of various types of pathology, we can say that primary anorexia is a somatic disease (such as gastritis, duodenitis, coronary artery disease, etc.), and nervous - mental. Therefore, these two types of anorexia are quite different from each other.
Since anorexia nervosa is currently the most common and a big problem, we will consider this type of disease in as much detail as possible.
At the household level, distinguishing anorexia nervosa from primary is quite simple. The fact is that people suffering from anorexia nervosa hide their disease and condition, they stubbornly refuse medical care, believing that they are all right. They try not to advertise the refusal of food, reducing its consumption by various methods, for example, quietly shifting pieces from their plate to neighboring ones, throwing food in the trash or bags, ordering only light salads in cafes and restaurants, citing the fact that they are "not hungry" etc. And people suffering from primary anorexia realize that they need help, because they try to eat food, but they do not succeed. That is, if a person refuses the help of a doctor and stubbornly refuses to admit the existence of a problem, then we are talking about anorexia nervosa. If a person, on the contrary, is actively looking for ways to eliminate the problem, turns to doctors and is treated, then we are talking about primary anorexia.
What is gambling?
Gambling is a mental disorder, the essence of which is the presence of a pathological addiction to any gambling in a person. At its core, gambling is drug-like addiction or alcohol addiction, in which a person cannot control and suppress their desire to take drugs or drink an alcoholic beverage. Only with gambling a person is not able to suppress and control the desire to play. Gambling addiction is pathological precisely because a person is not able to control his behavior and suppress the desire to play when external life circumstances require focusing on other matters. That is, if a person goes to play, in spite of everything, being unable to resist the desire to play because of the complete "turn off" of common sense, then this is precisely addiction - gambling.
Gambling addiction must be distinguished from ordinary, episodic gambling, which is a normal behavior of people in different countries and cultures. After all, certain gambling games are available in different countries, people periodically play them in order to have fun. But with normal participation in gambling, there are no harmful, negative consequences for a person, since the individual gambles only when there is free time and money, without risking everything, without getting into debt and without making gambling a priority in life.
Normally, gambling is just a kind of entertainment, a kind of recreation, taking part in which a person is distracted from ordinary daily activities and worries, is psychologically discharged and leaves after the game with positive emotions and good mood, which allows him to work productively in the future. work, family and social life.
Gambling as a form of recreation and entertainment is very popular because of its mental components, such as gradually increasing psychological stress followed by relaxation. Participating in the game, a person experiences a lot of tension due to risk and anxiety about a possible loss, mixed with the hope of winning. Moreover, this tension gradually increases, reaching a maximum by the final stage of the game, after which a detente sets in, when everything ends and it becomes clear who lost and who won. Detente necessarily occurs, since mental stress is removed due to clarification of the situation with winners and losers, that is, the moment of uncertainty is eliminated. Moreover, detente can bring positive and negative emotions, depending on whether the person won or lost. But, regardless of the success of the game, after its completion, a person feels well rested and distracted from the usual routine, as a result of which he can again begin to perform daily duties with renewed vigor and enthusiasm that appeared after good entertainment and a complete switch to another area - the game.
When it comes to mental disorders, people usually imagine a disheveled person with a crazy wandering look, doing things that defy any logic. However, in reality this is not entirely true. The most common mental disorders do not have clear manifestations for others, and their owners themselves often do not even suspect that they need specialized help, if not in a psychiatric hospital, then at least in a psychotherapist's chair. Psychiatrists have compiled a kind of rating of the most frequent mental disorders affecting our contemporaries.
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS)
This is the borderline between health and disease. It is characterized by nervousness, insomnia, emotional instability and a sense of hopelessness. The peculiarity is that by taking a step towards the direction of the disease, the patient can get, in addition to neurosis or psychosis, any somatic disease - as you know, it breaks where it is subtle, and the problem will arise with what there is a predisposition to. This condition differs from ordinary fatigue in that a person can no longer help himself, just having a good rest.
Nervous breakdown
The human psyche is able to endure significant loads without harm to itself, provided that they alternate with relaxation. If there is a load for a long time, but there is no rest, a nervous breakdown occurs. Its manifestations are diverse, but the name speaks for itself: a person’s nerves can’t stand it, and he begins to break down on everyone and everything, to commit rash acts that he would never have allowed in a normal state. A nervous breakdown is a very dangerous condition, as it can become the starting point for a more severe mental illness.
Professional burnout syndrome
This disorder may seem frivolous to someone, because it is associated with professional activity, and it is just one of the aspects of life. But in fact, this disease, although it arises from a situation at work, negatively affects a person’s entire life, leading to irritability, a sense of hopelessness, eating disorders, autonomic disorders, depression, and personality changes. Burnout syndrome overtakes those people whose work is connected with emotional involvement in the problems of their clients. These are doctors, psychologists, teachers, social workers, customer service managers in large industries, etc. The disease is associated with the inability to protect one's mental space and the inability to relax.
Post-dissertation syndrome
Another occupational disease associated with overexertion, only this time not emotional, but mental. The name of the syndrome suggests its cause: excessive prolonged effort, culminating in the surrender of responsible work. This is not necessarily a dissertation, the reason can be any important task that requires full dedication of forces. Forces are given, and when the work is completed, the meaning of life is lost with it. A person does not find a place for himself, does not know where to apply his strength, apathy and a feeling of emptiness overtake him, and at the same time he does not take on a new business, fearing to relive the difficulties associated with it. In severe cases, post-dissertation syndrome can lead to feelings of worthlessness and suicidal thoughts.
Neurasthenia
The term "neurasthenia" can be translated as "nervous exhaustion". It is a consequence of the inability to assess their capabilities and distribute their forces. Neurosthenics lose the ability to concentrate on the task, grab one thing or another, realizing the unproductiveness of such behavior, become irritable, conflict, aggressive or whiny. They are not able to adequately perceive criticism addressed to them, even the mildest. This disorder is characterized by bursts of violent activity, interspersed with periods of complete apathy, as well as intolerance to loud sounds, smells, bright lights - any strong stimuli. Lack of appetite or excessive appetite, headaches, insomnia and deterioration of sexual function are also among the symptoms of neurasthenia.
Abulia
Aboulia is a mental disorder in which a person cannot force himself to do the necessary things. With a full understanding of the importance of action, such people are incapable of action itself, they watch with horror how, as a result of their passivity, their life is going downhill without doing anything. Abulia may be secondary, i.e. a symptom of a mental illness, such as schizophrenia, but can also act as an independent disorder. It is not known for certain where the fine line between weak will and aboulia lies. The main cause of the disease, as well as the vast majority of other abnormalities, experts consider stress. 
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
This term sometimes refers to one of the types of neurosis - obsessive-compulsive disorder. It occurs in people whose activities are associated with the need for constant concentration, increased attentiveness and responsibility. The disease is manifested by an obsessive repetition of any monotonous actions or disturbing thoughts: washing hands after contact with any object, checking whether electrical appliances are turned off, constantly checking email, updating a page on social networks, etc.
Depression
Depression is the scourge of our time. As a matter of fact, this term is now widely abused, calling it both a depressed mood that has come as a result of completely objective reasons, and a severe mental illness that can lead to alcoholism, suicide or other unpleasant consequences. Depression in the medical sense is, of course, the second option. The disease can be characterized as the loss of the ability to enjoy life and experience pleasant moments. The life of a person in depression becomes gray, dull and monotonous, such a state is extremely painful for a person, and lasts an unbearably long time. Advice to unwind, become positive or rethink life in this case will not help, a person needs the help of a psychotherapist, and sometimes a course of drug therapy.
Panic attacks
Panic attacks are another type of neurosis characterized by sudden attacks of irrational fear, with all the reactions that accompany it: palpitations, cold sweats, hand tremors, blood pressure surges, etc. Panic attacks are subject to people who for a long time are in a state of fear of not doing something or not being able to do it, pursued by fear of failure. The reason is banal - stress, overwork associated with an increased sense of responsibility and inability to work in a team, trust people, give part of their load to other employees. “If you want everything to be done right, do it yourself” - this is the motto proclaimed by these people, and it is the main reason for the disorder of their psyche.
