Rules for constructing a procedure and a course of massage. Sports massage technique

It takes a long time to master the art of massage. Indeed, in addition to knowledge of techniques and techniques, you need to study the structure of the body. Know where the lymph nodes are and how blood moves through the body. Understand the location of energy centers and important biological points. In general, you need to thoroughly study the theory of classical massage. But for the first steps, as well as for home use, it is important to know at least the sequence of techniques and their meaning.

Principles of classical massage

For any of the schools of European massage has its own fundamental principles.

The basics of classical massage are unchanged in any of the practicing systems that branch off from the European school. They are based on the main techniques: stroking, rubbing, kneading and vibration. Swedish, Russian, Finnish systems are considered independent jets of European massage. But fundamentally, they have exactly these actions. The difference in these systems is only in the degree of exposure, duration and intensity of therapy. There are basic provisions that are shown to be observed for massage of any of the classical schools. Massage Tips:

The movements of half of the techniques are performed in the direction of the lymph to the lymph nodes. Exceptions are: vibration, tapping and rubbing
Hands are massaged towards the elbow and to the axillary lymph nodes.
The legs should be massaged towards the groin and knee cavities.
From the front, the massage is carried out “to the sides” along the intercostal lines and towards the axillary lymph nodes.
The neck is massaged down towards the collarbones.
The abdomen is massaged clockwise.
The lower back is massaged to the inguinal lymph nodes.
Lymph nodes cannot be massaged.
The muscles in the massaged area should be as relaxed as possible.
The body and hands must be clean.
For massage, be sure to use lubricants (ointments, oils, etc.).

For proper interaction with the skin, during stroking, lubricants are needed.

Basic and auxiliary techniques

The technique of classical massage consists in the alternate use of techniques, their timely inclusion in the session. The technique is also based on understanding how, how much and where to apply techniques.

Classic tricks in pictures

The main methods of classical massage are:

Stroking (from 1 to 5th figure). The purpose of this technique can be called stimulation and improvement of skin elasticity, normalization of lymph and blood circulation. It also reduces pain, improves vascular tone, and reduces muscle tone.
Rubbing (from 6th to 8th figure). Thanks to this technique, the mobility of tissues in the body improves, the work of the articular-ligamentous apparatus improves. Reception of rubbing actively affects the expansion of blood vessels, increases blood flow to the tissues, helps to strengthen the processes of eliminating congestion in the body. Stimulates the regeneration of damaged organs, improves conductivity and susceptibility. Increases muscle tone, while reducing nervous excitability.

Reception multidirectional rubbing on the upper limb

Kneading (from 9 to 11th figure). Increases tone and muscle contraction. Without the efforts of the patient, a kind of muscular gymnastics is carried out. Stimulates metabolic, excretory processes in the body. Improved susceptibility to nutrients. With injuries, regeneration processes are accelerated and intensified. Helps in the absorption of deposits. Due to the contrast effect, kneading is indicated for muscle insufficiency, because it activates and enhances muscle tone.
Vibration (from the 12th to the 15th figure). The main effect on the body: improves vascular tone. Blood pressure decreases or increases, depending on the desired effect. The vascular lumen expands or narrows. The myoneural apparatus is stimulated. There is an analgesic effect on the muscles and the body as a whole. Strengthening tendon reflexes. Helps to influence the deep layers, improves the functioning of internal organs. Indicated in diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. In addition, the reception of vibration acts far beyond the zone in which it occurs. The amplitude spreads over a larger surface of the body and, accordingly, affects a wider area.

Each of these methods has its own variations. It may differ in the degree and intensity of exposure in each individual case. In addition, it can be performed with different parts of the hand.

Basic techniques and their variations in a convenient table

In addition to the main ones, there are auxiliary methods of classical massage, which are often performed only by experienced masters. In addition, they are considered not separate methods, but arising from the main ones. These include:

tapping. It is often mistaken for a kind of “vibration” technique, but some experts distinguish “tapping” into a separate niche. Reception helps to improve the functioning of the nervous system and through it has a beneficial effect on the entire body. It is performed with the knuckles of the fingers with a series of gentle blows.
Squeezing. This technique resembles stroking, but is performed more intensively and rhythmically. In addition, when it is used in practice, it comes after stroking and before rubbing. It helps to improve blood circulation, increase blood flow and lymph outflow. At the same time, it removes puffiness and helps to remove stagnant deposits.

A lot of works and books have been written about how to do classical massage. It takes time and perseverance to learn all this. In addition, the art of massage is learned for years. But for independent practice, the basic knowledge outlined above is also suitable for a start. It is also important to know the sequence and duration of the receptions.

Sequencing

In any type of massage, the sequence and coordination of actions is important.

Before the start of the session, it is useful to ventilate the room, turn on pleasant music and light incense. Receptions of classical massage go in the sequence indicated below.

An important point for the successful implementation of any technique is the maximum relaxation of the muscles.

With the reception of stroking, the massage session begins and ends. It is also used at the end of other techniques. At the beginning of the session, stroking is carried out with gentle, slow and accurate actions. The skin should not stretch, shrink or deform in any way. The movements are light and gliding. Stroking is divided into superficial and deep in terms of impact, as well as planar and embracing. Intensity, force of influence, direction vary depending on the type of strokes used and the individual clinical picture of the patient. Be sure to use oil or other means to help glide your hands. Reception can be done with one hand or two, with the pads and phalanges of the fingers, the palm, the costal part of the hand. This technique is included in the basics of classical massage.
Squeezing. If this technique is used, then it follows the stroking. The movements are similar to the first technique, only they are made more intense and rhythmic. With a deeper effect on the skin. Performed with two hands.
Next comes the rubbing. It affects the tissues more deeply. Moving, shifting, stretching the skin. The duration in one section does not exceed 10 seconds, the movements are neat and unhurried. Rubbing is also divided into several subgroups: sawing, planing, alternating, comb-shaped and others. In addition, it happens: deep and superficial, interrupted and uninterrupted. The same is done with both hands.
The kneading technique is expressed in clasping the skin areas with the hands and working them out. Kneading can be: gripping, pulling, lifting, squeezing, lowering and pushing. Just like rubbing, it can be superficial and deep, continuous and intermittent. It is carried out with two hands, with different direction and intensity. One of the indispensable techniques of classical massage.
Vibration also includes tapping. Although sometimes it stands out as a separate one. The essence of the reception lies in oscillatory movements of different amplitude and frequency. For execution use: one or both hands, pads or knuckles. Also the edge of the palm, back and inner side of the hand. An important element in the technique of classical massage.

The duration of each individual appointment depends on the individual characteristics of the patient and the clinical picture. The masseur must clearly see and understand where, with what intensity and duration it is necessary to perform the elements. To get a quality result, you need to contact professionals. After all, only they are fluent in all the techniques and basics of classical massage.

Currently, massage as an effective method of functional therapy is widely used in various areas of clinical discipline. It is used at all stages of medical rehabilitation of patients. In this regard, caregivers need to become familiar with the basic requirements of massage at home, as well as its simplest techniques. More complex techniques can be mastered in massage courses and specialized literature.

1. During the massage, the whole body, especially the massaged muscles and joints, should be as relaxed as possible. The most complete relaxation of muscles and joints occurs in a position when the joints of the limbs are bent at a certain angle (average physiological position).

When massaging the back, the person being massaged lies on the stomach, the arms are located along the body and slightly bent at the elbow joints, the face is turned towards the massage therapist, a roller is placed under the shins. All this allows you to further relax the muscles of the body.

When massaging the front surface of the body, a small pillow is placed under the head of the person being massaged, and a roller is placed under the knee joints.

2. The hands of the massage therapist should be warm, clean, without roughness. Long nails are not allowed.

3. The room for massage should be warm (not lower than +20 °C), previously ventilated.

4. Massage is carried out before taking or 1.5-2 hours after eating.

5. Massage should not cause pain.

6. Late massage is unacceptable (after 18-19 hours).

8. Massage movements are performed mainly along the lymph flow to the nearest lymph nodes. On the upper limbs - this is the direction from the hand to the elbow and axillary nodes; on the lower extremities - from the foot to the popliteal and inguinal nodes; on the chest - from the sternum in both directions to the axillary nodes; on the back - from the spine in both directions. When massaging the upper and middle parts of the body, the movements are directed to the axillary nodes, while massaging the lumbar and sacral regions - to the inguinal nodes; on the neck, head movements lead from top to bottom to the subclavian nodes.

9. The first massage sessions should be short and not intense. Time and intensity of massage increase gradually. The duration of the massage also depends on the massaged area (hand massage - 5 minutes, back - 20 minutes). The duration of the general massage increases from 15-20 to 40-50 minutes.

In terms of intensity, the massage procedure should be built as follows: min-max-min. First, stroking is performed, then - light rubbing, kneading, vibration, shock techniques. The massage procedure always ends with smoothing.

10. Massage is carried out based on knowledge of the main muscle groups.

11. The intensity and duration of the massage depends on the age, gender, physique, as well as the condition of the patient.

12. Before the massage, the patient needs to take a shower or wipe himself with a damp towel.

13. After the massage procedure, the patient needs to rest for 15-30 minutes.

Massage contraindications

Every caregiver should know the main contraindications to massage. They are divided into absolute (massage is completely contraindicated), temporary and local (i.e. massage is contraindicated in certain areas of the body).

Absolute contraindications to massage:

malignant tumors (before their radical treatment);
gangrene;
thrombosis;
active form of tuberculosis;
acute venereal diseases;
acute and chronic osteomyelitis;
causal syndrome after injury of peripheral nerves;
circulatory failure and heart failure of the 3rd degree;
angiitis (disease of the arteries);
diseases with severe mental changes;
aneurysms of blood vessels, aorta;
scurvy;
HIV infection;
blood diseases, tendency to bleeding;
atherosclerosis of peripheral vessels, thromboangiitis in combination with atherosclerosis of cerebral vessels.

Temporary contraindications to massage:

acute febrile conditions;
acute inflammatory process;
bleeding;
purulent, infectious processes (furunculosis, etc.);
lymphadenitis, lymphangitis;
crises: hypertensive, hypotonic and cerebral;
multiple allergic skin rashes, as well as hemorrhages and swelling;
nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain;
alcohol intoxication;
acute pain requiring narcotic analgesics;
acute cardiovascular, renal failure.

Local contraindications:

massage of body parts affected by fungal, viral and other pathogens - warts, herpes, cracks, eczema, etc.;
body massage in the area where a benign tumor is located, massage of other parts of the body is performed using a sparing technique (only stroking);
body massage in areas adjacent to the site of excision of a malignant tumor;
massage of the anterior surface of the chest with mastopathy;
massage of the lumbar region, abdomen, thighs with ovarian cysts, fibroids, myomas, adenomas (in men);
massage near protruding moles;
massage in places of varicose veins;
massage of the abdomen with hernia, pregnancy, menstruation, stones in the gallbladder and kidneys; massage of the lumbar region is performed according to a gentle technique;
massage of the mammary glands, inguinal region, nipples;
massage of the lymph nodes.

Basic massage techniques

Stroking technique

This technique is performed with the entire palmar surface of the hand, if the muscle is large (on the back, chest, arm, leg), and with the fingers of the hand, if the muscle is small (on the phalanges, toes).

When performing this technique, the massage therapist's brush should be as relaxed as possible and easily glide over the skin without moving it into deep folds. Stroking can be superficial (the palm lightly touches the skin) and deep. With this technique, we begin, finish the massage and alternate the rest of the techniques.

Despite the simplicity of its implementation, it has a huge positive effect on the entire body, having an analgesic and calming effect. The pace of strokes is slow and rhythmic. The trajectory of the movement of the hands can be different: rectangular, zigzag, spiral. This technique is performed with one or two hands.

If you perform deep stroking, it will have a tonic effect on the muscle and body. Stroking certain parts of the body, we also have a therapeutic effect on the organ with which this area is associated. For example, stroking the interscapular region, we have a beneficial effect on the heart. Thanks to this technique, the patient, in addition, adapts to the hands of the massage therapist.

With the help of stroking, we exfoliate the upper dead layer of the epidermis on the skin, remove the remnants of sweat and fat, which means we improve breathing, blood and lymph circulation in the surface layers of the skin.

However, when performing even this simple technique, the dosage must be observed so as not to cause irritation in the patient. Even if you stroke a cat, at first she purrs with pleasure, and when she gets tired, she can scratch.

Technique for performing the "rubbing" technique

This technique consists in shifting, stretching the skin and underlying tissues. The masseur's hand does not slip, but shifts the skin, forming folds. The vigorous implementation of this technique contributes to the heating of all tissues. The skin at the same time slightly reddens, becomes more elastic and displaced. Rubbing helps to increase blood flow to the tissues and improve their nutrition. As a result, tissue mobility increases, scars and adhesions, pathological deposits soften. The trajectory of the movement of the hands may be different, but with edema - along the lymph flow to the nearest lymph nodes.

This technique should be performed with the base of the palm or fingertips, using one or two hands. You can also clench your hand into a fist and rub the skin with the back of your fingers or the ridges of your fist, making movements reminiscent of planing, hatching and sawing. Directions of movement can be straight (translational, zigzag), circular and spiral.

Rubbing with pads of 4 fingers. Reception is performed with the pads of 4 closed, slightly bent fingers, resting on the thumb and the base of the hand. The fingers can be slightly apart, making movements in a spiral, in a circle, or forward and backward.

Rubbing with the pad of the thumb. This technique is performed with the pad of the thumb while relying on 4 remaining fingers that are maximally laid aside. The movement of the thumb can be straight, spiral, circular.

Rubbing with the base and edges of the palm. When performing this technique, the brush is slightly extended, 4 fingers are slightly bent and raised above the skin. The movements of the brush are translational: back and forth, spiral or circular.

Rubbing can also be performed with the elbow edge of the brush - in circular and spiral movements.

Sawing performed by the ulnar edge of the brushes, located parallel to each other at a distance of 2 cm and moving in opposite directions. Soft fabrics should be rubbed between the palms.

crossing used on rounded surfaces (neck, buttocks, lateral surfaces of the body). It is performed by the radial edges of the hands with the maximum abduction of the first finger. The brushes are parallel and move in opposite directions.

Rubbing with phalanges of 4 fingers. This technique is performed with the back side of the middle phalanges of 4 fingers, slightly clenched into a fist. With such a rather harsh effect on the muscle, it is, as it were, pressed against the bone. The thumb rests against the massaged area, helps to fix the brush and move it forward. Brush movements can be progressive: up and down, spiral or circular.

Technique for performing the "kneading" technique

This technique contributes to the passive gymnastics of blood vessels and muscles. When performing kneading, the massaged muscle is captured, lifted and pulled, squeezed and, as it were, squeezed out. And if the previous techniques had an effect on the skin (stroking), the subcutaneous fat layer and the surface layer of the muscles (rubbing), then kneading affects the state of the deep layers of the muscles. When kneading, the muscle tone increases, they become strong and elastic, the blood supply not only to the massaged area, but also to nearby ones, improves significantly. This technique also enhances the contractility of the muscles.

Kneading is carried out in different directions with one or two hands:

a) on small surfaces - the palmar surface of the nail phalanges of the I and II fingers (i.e., as if with the fingertips);

b) on large muscles - with all fingers.

Single kneading performed with one hand. Tightly clasping the massaged muscle with the palm of your hand (on one side of the muscle is the thumb, and on the other - all the rest), it is lifted, squeezing between the fingers and making translational movements forward or towards the little finger. When tearing and squeezing the muscle, there should be no gap between the palmar surface of the hand and the skin of the muscle. The first movement is reminiscent of squeezing a sponge. In the second case, the muscle, as it were, breaks away from the bone bed, is compressed, rotates towards the little finger and thus moves forward in a spiral. The movement is performed along the muscle, so it is also called longitudinal.

Kneading with two hands("double ring" or transverse) is performed as follows. The masseur tightly grasps the massaged muscle with both hands so that they are in the same plane at an angle of 45 ° to the surface of the patient's body. All fingers cover the massaged surface, but one hand pulls, squeezes the tissues away from itself, and the other pulls them towards itself. Then the direction of movement of the hands is reversed. Massage movements should be soft, without jerks and a bit like kneading dough.

This technique is performed slowly, smoothly, there should be no muscle twisting and pain. Kneading always alternates with stroking and is performed along the lymph flow.

Forceps kneading performed on one side with a large, and on the other - with the rest of the fingers (they take the form of tongs); the muscle is captured, pulled up, and then kneaded between the fingers. On small muscles (fingers, toes) 2-3 fingers work. The execution technique is the same as for longitudinal and transverse kneading.

Wallow used on the extremities, mainly to reduce muscle tone in hypertonicity. Parallelly set palms tightly cover the limb and move in opposite directions.

pressure used to increase muscle tone in hypotension. The masseur firmly presses the palm to the skin and gradually increases the pressure with a delay of up to 3-5 seconds at the end point. Then also gradually reduces the force of pressure. Pressing can be carried out more vigorously. Reception is performed with fingertips, the back of the hand or a fist set flat.

shift performed with the thumbs on one side and all the others on the other. The underlying tissues are lifted, captured in a fold with the formation of a muscle roller, which is then rolled in any direction.

pinching performed with the thumb and forefinger (or the thumb and all others) of one or both hands. At the same time, muscle tissue is captured and pulled upward. The movement is performed vigorously and helps to increase muscle tone in case of hypotension.

Vibration technique

Vibration is the transfer of oscillatory movements to the massaged area of the body, produced evenly, but with different speeds and amplitudes. It is performed with the palmar surface, nail phalanges of one finger, thumb and index or index, middle and ring, thumb and other fingers. Oscillatory movements performed with a large amplitude and oscillation frequency of up to 120 movements per minute will increase muscle tone, and with a frequency of more than 120 and with a small amplitude - reduce muscle tone. In other words, weak vibration increases muscle tone, and strong vibration reduces it. Vibration has a strong and varied effect on deep tissues. The movements of the massage therapist's hands should be gentle, soft, painless.

labile vibration done with a brush. It makes oscillatory movements, moving in any direction along the massaged area. If the vibration continues for at least 10 seconds, it is called continuous. If the exposure time is less than 10 seconds, and the hands are periodically taken away from the body, then this will be an intermittent vibration. Continuous vibration includes shaking, shaking and shaking (to reduce muscle tone), intermittent vibration - chopping, patting, quilting, puncturing (to increase muscle tone).

The direction of movements during oscillations is mainly from right to left and only on the stomach, while massaging certain organs - from top to bottom (pushing).

stable vibration performed in place with the pad of one or more slightly bent fingers (point vibration).

Shake. The masseur grabs the muscle by the abdomen (middle) with his fingers, pulls it back a little and shakes it with the brush with the required frequency. The technique is used in the massage of the limbs.

Shaking. This technique is also performed on the limbs and on large muscles (for example, on the latissimus dorsi muscle). The muscle is captured between the first and fifth fingers, the other three fingers are located above the skin. The brush performs oscillatory movements from side to side from one end of the muscle to the other (from the lower to the upper section).

Shaking. The masseur takes the patient's hand or foot with both hands and performs oscillatory movements of the entire arm or leg from top to bottom or from right to left.

Chopping. It is performed with the elbow edges of the brushes, set in parallel, at a distance of 2-3 cm from each other at an angle of 20-30 °. The brushes are relaxed. 4 fingers are slightly spread and bent. The movements of the brushes occur in opposite directions at a speed of 80-120 beats per minute. Chopping is done along the muscle fibers.

Pat. When performed correctly, a dull sound should be heard. Patting is carried out with the palmar surface of the hand (thumb pressed) with slightly bent fingers. The brush takes the form of a box. Reception is performed with one or two hands alternately in opposite directions.

tapping. It is performed with a flat fist, and in small areas (on the hand, on the back of the foot) - with the fingertips.

Punctuation(for the elderly). It is performed with the pads of half-bent fingers moving alternately, like the movements of a typist.

Quilting. It is performed with the palmar surface of the brushes moving tangentially up and down.

Stroke Massage

From a medical point of view, a stroke is a severe and dangerous vascular lesion of the central nervous system. And if before a stroke was the lot of the elderly, in recent years he has dramatically "younger". In the first month after a stroke, rehabilitation measures begin. The sooner treatment is started, the more favorable the outcome of the disease! The success of recovery is largely determined by the mood of the patient himself, as well as his loved ones. Optimism, the desire to achieve the goal, diverse interests, an active attitude to life help to defeat the disease even more than drugs. It is clear that the treatment of stroke in a specialized stroke unit improves its clinical outcome. In such departments, specially developed programs of restorative procedures are used and specialists of various profiles work, including experienced massage therapists and exercise therapy instructors who specialize in this particular disease. But after the patient is discharged from the hospital, it is necessary to continue with him therapeutic exercises and massage for many months, and sometimes years.

Unfortunately, in our time, due to the difficult financial situation of most people, not every close relative can allow the patient to use the services of such specialists. In this regard, it became necessary to acquaint those caring for this category of patients with the basics of rehabilitation gymnastics and massage.

Before proceeding with these procedures, you should find out from the attending physician if the patient has any contraindications to them, and also clarify (ask to show) which muscles in your patient are relaxed and which are tense. It is also necessary to define specific goals, i.e. tasks of massage and therapeutic gymnastics:

increase blood and lymph circulation in paralyzed limbs and throughout the body;
improve the nutrition of all tissues;
contribute to the restoration of the function of movement in the affected limbs;
counteract the formation of contractures;
reduce muscle tone in spastic muscles and reduce the severity of friendly movements;
reduce or relieve pain;
increase the emotional tone (mood) of the patient;
prevent congestive pneumonia in the elderly;
prevent the formation of bedsores.

In the first months after a stroke, only local massage is allowed, involving paralyzed or paretic limbs, the back with the lumbar region, and the chest (on the side of the lesion). General massage is allowed only in the late rehabilitation period, since prolonged exposure can cause overwork of the patient, which is unacceptable.

During the massage, each technique is repeated 3-4 times. During the first procedures in the early stages after a stroke, the area of influence is small, only the shoulder and thigh are massaged, without turning the patient on the stomach. At the 4-5th procedure, depending on the patient's condition, a massage of the chest, forearm, hand, lower leg, foot is added. From the 6-8th procedure, the back and lumbar region are covered in the position of the patient lying on a healthy side. The prone position is used at a later date and only in the absence of contraindications due to heart disease.

In the early stages of bed rest for spastic muscles, only stroking techniques are used, and for muscles with reduced tone, stroking and rubbing.

To increase the effectiveness of massage and therapeutic exercises, it is advisable to pre-warm the paralyzed limbs. For this purpose, you can use a saline reusable heating pad applicator.

It must be emphasized once again that the increase in the intensity of exposure is strictly individual and depends on the patient's condition. After a stroke, in the absence of contraindications, massage is prescribed for uncomplicated ischemic variant- on the 2nd - 4th day, and when hemorrhagic- on the 6th - 8th day. The duration of the massage is gradually increased from 10 to 20 minutes. During strict bed rest, massage should only be performed by a highly qualified massage therapist and under medical supervision. A caregiver of such a patient can be massaged only in the late recovery and rehabilitation period, when the patient's condition improves significantly and he is discharged from the hospital. But there are also unforeseen circumstances, and the caregiver's help may be needed in the early stages. It should be noted that massage is an additional method of treatment, while the main ones include positional treatment (special styling) and therapeutic exercises.

Position treatment

Principles of treatment consist in giving the paralyzed limbs the correct position during the time while the patient is in bed. It is currently believed that the development of hemiplegic contracture with the formation of the Wernicke-Mann posture (the hand is pressed to the body, the fingers are clenched into a fist, the leg is turned outward, straightened, the foot hangs and is turned inward) may be associated with a long stay of paralyzed limbs in one and the same volume. the same position in the early period of the disease. There are various options for laying paretic limbs.

Laying in the supine position. The paralyzed arm is placed on a pillow so that it is at the same level in the horizontal plane throughout. Then the arm is abducted to the side at an angle of 90 ° (for pain, they start from a smaller angle of abduction, gradually increasing it to 90 °), straighten and turn outward. The hand with fingers extended and spread apart is fixed with a splint, and the forearm is fixed with a bag of sand or salt weighing about 0.5 kg (any light material can be used as a splint - plywood, light metal, covered with gauze). A cotton roll covered with oilcloth is placed in the forearm cavity, and the fingers, hand and forearm are bandaged to the splint.

The paralyzed leg is bent at the knee joint by 15-20° and a roller is placed under it. The foot is flexed at a right angle and held in this functionally advantageous position by means of a wooden box ("leg case"). The sore leg should rest against one of its walls with the sole. For a more secure fit, the case is tied to the back of the bed. The patient should be in this position for 1.5-2 hours. During the day, a similar procedure can be repeated 2-3 times.

Laying the patient in a position on a healthy side. With this laying, the paralyzed limbs are given a bent position. The arm is bent at the shoulder and elbow joints and placed on a pillow, the leg - at the hip, knee and ankle joints, placed on another pillow. If muscle tone has not increased, laying in the supine position and healthy side is changed every 1.5-2 hours. In cases of early and pronounced increase in tone, treatment with the supine position lasts 1.5-2 hours, and on the healthy side - 30-50 min.

The sequence of the massage

The procedure begins with a massage of the front surface of the affected leg, since with hemiparesis the lower limbs are less affected than the upper ones. Then the pectoralis major muscle, arm, back of the leg, and back are massaged in succession. Foot massage is performed according to a certain scheme - first the thigh is massaged, then the shin, foot. On the upper limb - shoulder, forearm, hand, fingers. The direction of movement is along the lymphatic flow.

Massage techniques include various types of surface stroking, light rubbing and light continuous vibration (shaking, shaking) - for spastic muscles. The spastic state is distinguished by:

muscles of the inner (front) surface of the shoulder, forearm and palmar surface of the hand;
pectoral muscle on the side of the lesion;
muscles that extend the knee (quadriceps) and turn the thigh outward;
muscles of the back surface of the lower leg (calf, posterior tibial, long flexor and 1 fingers);
muscles located on the sole.

During the massage of these muscle groups, light stroking and, somewhat later, rubbing techniques are used. For some muscles, light vibration is applicable.

In other areas - the back (outer) surface of the arm, the front surface of the lower leg, on the back of the foot - the muscles are not spastic. Therefore, here you can perform deep stroking, more intense rubbing, as well as light kneading.

Percussion techniques are contraindicated: patting, chopping, tapping, etc.

The position of the patient during the massage

The patient lies on his back, a roller is placed under his knees, a pillow is placed under his head. In cases of occurrence synkinesis(friendly movements) non-massage limb is fixed with sandbags. Massage of the outer surface of the leg can be carried out in the position of the patient on a healthy side. The back surface of the leg is massaged in the position of the patient on the stomach, a small pillow is placed under the stomach, a roller is placed under the ankle joints; under the head - a small pillow. In case of violations of the heart, the patient is massaged on his side. To keep warm, it is covered with a blanket and during the massage, only the massaged area is exposed.

With spastic paralysis, the patient has no voluntary movements, muscle tone increases, all tendon reflexes increase, and involuntary friendly movements occur. So, when a healthy limb moves, exactly the same movement is reproduced by a paretic one and vice versa. Sometimes the affected lower limb mimics the movement of the upper limb, for example, bending the arm causes the leg to flex. It must also be remembered that unrest, physical stress, fatigue, cold impair the ability to move.

Therefore, before starting to perform massage techniques, it is necessary to achieve a maximum decrease in muscle tone, i.e. muscle relaxation. To do this, apply special relaxation exercises, first on a healthy hand, and then on the affected one. To test the ability to relax the muscles, the massage therapist lifts the healthy limb of the patient and releases it - the limb should fall freely. The masseur at the same time insures the hand from bruising.

Hand exercises

1. The caregiver supports the patient's elbow with one hand, and the hand with the other. Raises and lowers the hand with shaking movements. Rubs the area around the elbow.

2. The caregiver makes circular outward movements in the shoulder joint with simultaneous pressure on the head of the humerus. The range of motion should be small. Exercises are performed very slowly, gently and accurately. You can not cause overwork of the patient, so the number of exercises at first should be minimal (1-2 times). If, nevertheless, friendly movements arose during the exercise, then the other limb should be pressed against the body.

After the described exercises for the hands, they begin to perform techniques of stroking and shaking the pectoralis major muscle on the side of the paresis. Then the hand massage begins.

Leg exercises

1. The caregiver, supporting the foot, slowly raises the leg with shaking movements and gently swings it to the sides. Before the exercise, the patient takes a breath, and during the movements - exhale.

2. Then a slight concussion of the thigh muscles is performed.

3. The caregiver, with one hand supporting the leg under the knee joint, with the other, bends and unbends it, not bringing it to the limit of extension.

4. To relax the muscles of the foot, gently shake the calf muscle on the back of the leg. The leg should be bent at the knee joint.

5. The essence of muscle relaxation is explained to the patient, the signs indicating its onset are called (feelings of heaviness of the diseased limb). Next, the caregiver shows on himself what the state of the muscles is at rest, with tension and relaxation.

Massage technique

Foot massage

Hip massage. The front and inner surfaces of the thigh are massaged in the position of the patient lying on his back. First, light superficial strokes are performed on the inner, middle (front) and outer surfaces of the thigh. Movements go from the knee joint to the inguinal region. Then light, slow spiral and zigzag strokes are added. The criterion for correct execution is a slight relaxation of the spastic muscles. In the future, light rubbing with the pads of 4 fingers and the base of the palm is added to these techniques. All these techniques are combined with stroking. Each technique is performed 3-4 times.

Massage of the back of the thigh is carried out in the position of the patient on the stomach or on the side. On the back of the thigh are the gluteus maximus, biceps, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus. All these muscles are involved in hip extension, and, given their spastic state, sparing techniques should be used: stroking and light rubbing. Movements are performed from the popliteal fossa to the gluteal fold. The buttock is stroked from the back surface, the sacrum to the greater trochanter (it protrudes on the upper outer surface of the thigh and is well palpable on palpation).

Leg massage. On the anterior surface of the lower leg are the extensors of the foot - usually they are less spastic. Therefore, more intensive techniques are allowed here: first superficial and then deep stroking, more vigorous rubbing techniques, as well as transverse and longitudinal kneading. Massage is carried out with all fingers and palm. Movements go from the ankle up to the knee joint.

The gastrocnemius and soleus muscles extend to the posterior surface of the lower leg, which flex the lower leg at the knee joint and foot. They are very spastic, and therefore they must be massaged in a gentle manner. Movements go from the calcaneal tuber to the popliteal fossa.

Foot massage. On the back of the foot there are muscles - extensors of the fingers with unexpressed spasticity. Therefore, techniques of stroking, rubbing and kneading are used here. The caregiver fixes the foot with one hand (puts the heel of the patient in his palm so that the toes are pointing upwards), and II-IV fingers with the other massages its back surface from the fingertips to the lower leg. Then I finger strokes and rubs the interosseous spaces. If you spread your toes, then the interosseous spaces will stand out well in the form of depressions on the back of the foot.

On the plantar side of the foot there are muscles with increased tone, and they are massaged using a gentle technique. The direction of movement is from the toes to the heel.

Massage of the pectoralis major muscle on the affected side

With hemiparesis, this muscle has a very high tone, so the massage here should be very gentle. Apply superficial stroking, very light rubbing with the pads of 4 fingers and light vibration in the form of shaking or light shaking. Shaking can be done with fingers I-II, or by placing the entire brush on the chest and moving it along the massaged area in the direction from the sternum to the armpit.

Hand massage

Hand massage is carried out in the position of the patient lying on his back, and at the end of bed rest - in a sitting position (the patient's hand is on a nearby table, and the caregiver sits opposite him).

Shoulder massage. Massage begins with the trapezius and deltoid muscles. Their tone is not increased, so they use the techniques of deep stroking, intense rubbing and light kneading. The direction of movement is from the VI-VII cervical vertebrae (if you bend your head, the VII vertebra will protrude more than the rest) to the end of the deltoid muscle. The deltoid muscle should be well rubbed and kneaded.

Next, massage the triceps muscle, which is the extensor of the forearm. The tone of this muscle is not so high, so when hemiplegia it is advisable to start the massage with this particular muscle. Apply techniques of superficial and deep stroking, vigorous rubbing and light kneading. Movements go from the elbow joint along the outer back surface of the shoulder to the shoulder joint.

Then they move on to massage the biceps muscle, which is the flexor of the forearm and shoulder. She is very spastic, so only light stroking and rubbing is used here. Movements are performed from the cubital fossa along the inner front surface of the shoulder to the armpit. The brachial artery, veins and nerves pass along the inner surface of the shoulder (on the inner groove). Therefore, when performing a massage, one must be especially careful and in no case exert any pressure on this surface.

Forearm massage. The muscles of the back (outer) surface of the forearm - the extensors of the hand and forearm - are overstretched, so it is advisable to start massaging the forearm with them. Perform techniques of deep and superficial stroking, rubbing, kneading. Movements go from the wrist joint along the back of the forearm to the olecranon.

The muscles of the anterior (inner) surface of the forearm - the flexors of the hand and forearm - are spastic in hemiparesis, so they are easily stroked and rubbed in the direction from the wrist joint to the cubital fossa.

Massage of the hand and fingers. The muscles of the back of the hand are overstretched. Therefore, the massage starts from the back of the fingers, then they move to the back of the hand. Here energetic techniques are performed: deep stroking, rubbing, kneading.

The tone of the muscles of the palmar surface of the hand is very high, so the massage is performed according to a sparing technique - only superficial stroking.

Back massage

The patient lies on his stomach or on a healthy side, a pillow is placed under his head. When massaging the back, all techniques are used, but they must be soft and gentle so that muscle tone does not increase and tissue nutrition improves. The direction of movement was described in the previous sections.

Therapeutic gymnastics and massage for the elderly

Numerous examples of the beneficial effects of therapeutic exercises and light massage on the body of the elderly put beyond doubt the expediency of their use. Twenty years ago, the motto of the elderly was the words: "We grow up to a hundred years without old age." Every day on the racetracks of our stadiums one could see numerous groups of people who are over 60, 70, and even over 80 years old. Today there is a completely different picture. In medical and physical education dispensaries and specialized centers one can meet only small groups of 3-4 people who have suffered strokes, heart attacks and other diseases or injuries. This suggests that in our troubled times there is no attention or money left for the elderly, and they sometimes feel they are useless and are in dire need of the care and help of loved ones.

We can provide such assistance by doing short gymnastics with them, performing simple massage manipulations on limited areas of the body. The technique of massage and therapeutic exercises, as in diseases, is different in each case.

Physiotherapy

When drawing up a plan for therapeutic exercises, it is necessary to take into account:

age;
accompanying illnesses;
human condition: blood pressure, pulse, muscle tone, general well-being;
contraindications (see earlier).

Therapeutic exercises with the elderly should be carried out every other day or 2-3 times a week. The load should be minimal, the time of classes should be from 10 to 30 minutes, the exercises should be performed in lightweight starting positions: sitting, lying down. To make sure that you are doing everything right, you can keep a journal in which you need to note the following indicators:

mood;
fatigue;
feeling of cheerfulness;
performance;
headache;
dyspnea;
pain and discomfort in the region of the heart or other places;
appetite;
pulse;
arterial pressure;
activity of the gastrointestinal tract.

We should try to make such observations unobtrusively, not particularly focusing the attention of older people, since among them there is such a category that likes to delve into their feelings and aggravate their condition.

Gradually, it is necessary to ensure that your wards independently daily, for 5 - 10 minutes. doing exercises, doing daily housework. Then they will have an incentive in life and many "sores" will pass by themselves.

Massage

Massage for the elderly is done mainly in a sitting position. Perform light strokes of the collar zone, i.e. from the scalp down the neck to the shoulders. You can iron and rub your hands easily, starting from the fingers up to the shoulder joints. Light shaking is acceptable. Kneading and percussion techniques are excluded. You can massage your toes, feet and legs slightly to the knees, and then the thighs - from the bottom up. Massage of the arms and legs is best performed in the supine position, half-sitting.

Approximate complex of therapeutic exercises

1. Arms extended in front of the chest. At the expense of "one - two" spread your arms to the sides and take a breath. At the expense of "three - four" return to the starting position (sp).

3. Put your hands on your knees, raise your shoulders at the expense of "one", lower them at the expense of "two". (You can raise your shoulders at the same time, or you can alternately).

4. Perform turns of the torso in one direction or the other.

5. On the count of "one", spread your arms to the sides and inhale, on the count of "two", wrap your arms around yourself and exhale.

6. On the count of "one", bend the torso forward and stretch your chest to your knees, on the count of "two", take the SP.

7. At the expense of "one", straighten one leg, at the expense of "two" - the second, at the expense of "three" return one leg to the SP, at the expense of "four" - the other. This exercise can be combined with arm movements. In addition to physical activity, exercises will develop attention and coordination of movements. Hands can be straightened with the same name as the legs, or opposite ones. At the expense of "one" straighten the right leg and left arm, at the expense of "two" - the left leg and right arm, at the expense of "three" bend the right leg and put it on the knee, at the expense of "four" return the left leg and right hand to and .P.

8. In i.p. while sitting, lower your arms along the body. At the expense of "one - two" slowly tilt the torso to the right, the left hand slides along the torso up to the armpit, and the right hand reaches for the floor. At the expense of "three - four" return to I.p. Then repeat everything on the other side.

9. At the expense of "one" pull one knee to the chest and grab it with your hands. On the count of "two" take ip. At the expense of "three - four" pull up the other knee and return to the sp.

10. At the expense of "one - two" raise your hands through the sides up and inhale, at the expense of "three - four" lower your hands through the sides down and exhale.

Perform each exercise 3-4 times. You can also connect exercises with massagers. Periodically roll the rolling pin with your hands, feet, and also rub your fingers and hands, you can lightly rub your ears.

A massage session is best done in an isolated warm room, the air temperature in which should be from + 20 to +22 degrees, otherwise the patient will feel discomfort. The massage room should be well lit, because if the room is not well lit, the massage therapist will quickly get tired. The lighting must be installed in such a way that the lighting devices do not irritate the eyes of the massage therapist, and the light falls on the patient at an angle. The most effective way to do this is to use natural light or fluorescent lamps.

The massage room must be ventilated, for this purpose it is necessary to equip it with a supply and exhaust device that will provide multiple air exchanges. If there is no such device, then the office should have a special transom through which the air flow is directed upwards.

You can also perform hygienic and sports massage outdoors if the air temperature is not lower than +20 degrees. The location of the massage should be well protected from wind and sunlight.

The massage room must be properly equipped. It must have a washbasin with hot and cold water, soap, a towel, a mirror, several chairs, a desk, a registration book, a carafe of drinking water, glasses, as well as a screen and a wardrobe for storing bathrobes. The office must contain alcohol solutions of iodine, brilliant green, bandages, cotton wool, adhesive plaster, hydrogen peroxide, BF-6 glue, talc, 3% aqueous ammonia solution, valerian drops, tweezers, scissors, hourglass (for 3, 5 ,10, 25 minutes).

It is also desirable that there is a toilet and a shower room not far from the massage room.

There is a massage on the couch. For this purpose, couches of various

structures. Some of them have raised leg and head ends, while others have attached armrests and headrests (Fig. 1). There are such couches, the height of which can be adjusted using a mechanical or hydraulic drive. Along with this, heated couches are also used.

In cases where there is no special couch, it can be made in the following dimensions: length 200-210 cm, width 60-65 cm, height 60-80 cm, a roller with a diameter of 25-35 cm. You will also need a small pillow stuffed with cotton. The roller is designed to be placed under the legs in order to give them an average physiological position. The upper part of the couch is covered with foam rubber and covered with a synthetic material that is easy to clean. Massage on hard surfaces or soft beds is not recommended.

For hand massage, it is better to use a table whose height is 70-80 cm, length 50 cm, width 30 cm, and a pillow stuffed with cotton or foam rubber. The presence of a screw chair on wheels will be useful.

Requirements for a massage therapist

During the massage session, the volume of all the knowledge, skills and abilities of the massage therapist, as well as his professionalism, play a big role. It is important that the masseur could win over the patient, strive to help him, making every effort to do so. The massage therapist must possess such qualities as confidence, poise, tact. He must convince the patient of the power of massage, therefore, when working, it is very important for a massage therapist to be calm, patient, as well as attentive and friendly towards the patient.

Massage is carried out only according to the method, which is compiled on the basis of the diagnosis. Of great importance is the systematic conduct of massage sessions.

It is very important to remember when performing a massage to save your energy, which should not be wasted by making unnecessary movements. The movements made by the hands should be soft and smooth, repeating in the same rhythm, but in no case sharp. The masseur must equally master the technique of performing techniques with both the right and left hands. During the massage, only the muscle group that is necessary for the currently performed reception should participate in the work. For example, if the reception is performed only with the hand, the muscles of the shoulder and forearm should not be involved.

The hands of the massage therapist must be warm, dry and plastic, as well as hardy and strong.

To make cold and wet hands dry and warm, you need to use warm baths with a variable temperature, as well as rubbing with cologne, lemon juice or an alcohol solution.

An important role is played by training the flexibility of the wrist joints; You also need to train your fingers, achieving greater mobility and flexibility.

It is important that there are no abrasions, scratches, cracks on the hands of the massage therapist, and the nails are cut short. In no case should massage be performed in case of inflammatory or fungal diseases of the hands, since the infection can easily be transmitted to the patient during the massage. Before starting the session, the massage therapist must wash his hands with warm water and soap, and then lubricate them with a softening cream.

During the massage session, the massage therapist must wear a clean bathrobe, and on his feet he must have light, loose shoes. Watches, rings and bracelets must be removed, because jewelry and watches can damage the patient's skin.

It is very important that the massage therapist's working position is comfortable. From time to time it needs to be changed, because prolonged massage in the same position is very tiring to the muscles.

It is worth recalling that every massage therapist must know well the anatomy and physiology, indications and contraindications for massage. It is necessary to know everything about the physiological effect of individual techniques, to have a clear idea of the effect of the same technique, which is performed with different strength or pace. It is also important to remember well when one technique or another is used and when it is possible to move from one technique to another.

Hand care

The hands are constantly exposed to the adverse effects of the sun, cold, wind, etc. All this has a negative effect on the skin: it can become dry, rough, and cracks may appear. Dirty, unkempt hands can become a source of various infections. Therefore, the masseur is obliged to monitor the condition of his hands, to fulfill all the requirements for hand care.

Work around the house and in the country, as well as all repair work should be carried out with gloves. With water and paints you need to work with rubber gloves. Working with rubber gloves for a long time is not recommended, because the resulting sweat does not pass through the glove and irritates the skin, which can lead to inflammation. White work is not connected with liquids, it is better to perform it in cotton gloves.

When work is completed, gloves should be removed and hands washed with warm water. After that, a cream should be applied to dry skin of the hands. While the cream is absorbed, you can perform simple gymnastic exercises for the hands.

The constant use of hot water when washing hands also has a negative effect, because the skin is degreased, flaky and becomes very dry. Therefore, after the hands are washed, they must be thoroughly wiped and dried, and then applied with a nourishing cream.

Too frequent use of soap when washing your hands leads to dry skin, so you can use liquid soap instead of regular toilet soap.

If your hands are very dirty after doing any work, you can clean them in the following ways:

Hand bath. Dilute 5 g of tea soda, 30 g of glycerin and 2.5 g of ammonia in water. Dip your hands in the bath and hold them in it for 7-10 minutes. Then dry your hands thoroughly and apply a nourishing cream.
Wash your hands in cold water with a small amount of superphosphate, then wash your hands again with warm water and soap, then dry your hands thoroughly and apply a nourishing cream.
Wash your hands in a saline bath (50 g of salt per 0.5 l of water) or a solution of acetic acid. Bath water should be warm.

It is important that in the evening hand skin care is carried out more carefully. 1-2 times a week before going to bed, you can do hand baths. A bath of potato broth is useful for the skin of the hands: crush two or three boiled potatoes and mix with the broth in which the potatoes were boiled, cool to a temperature of 30-35 degrees and lower your hands for 10-15 minutes. After the end of the procedure, wash your hands with warm water and lubricate them with cream.

Soften the skin of the hands and baths from a decoction of oatmeal, decoctions of fees
various medicinal plants, for example from linden flowers, chamomile, leaves
nettles. In the bath from the decoction of medicinal herbs, you need to add 1-2 tea
tablespoons of vegetable oil.

Gymnastics for hands

Sitting at the table, clench your hands into a fist, and then unclench them. Repeat the exercise 5-7 times.
Lean on the table with both hands and make movements reminiscent of playing the piano. Repeat the exercise several times.
Place your hands on the table surface with your palms down. Without lifting your palms from the table, raise the straightened finger as high as possible (do not take the rest of your fingers off the table), then lower it onto the table. Repeat the movement several times. In the same way, the exercise is performed for each finger.
The hands are on the table, palms down. Without lifting the bases of the palms from the surface of the table, raise the straightened fingers from the table, and then sharply lower them, hitting the surface of the table with the fingertips with force. Repeat several times.
Put your elbows on the table. Perform alternately circular movements with the brush of each hand clockwise, then counterclockwise. Repeat the exercise for each hand 5-6 times.

The following exercises are performed with dumbbells weighing 3 kg

Take dumbbells, lower your arms down and perform turns left and right. Repeat the exercise in each direction 5-6 times.
Carry out flexion and extension in the wrist joints. Perform each movement 5-6 times.
Take dumbbells and stretch your arms forward. Perform turns to the right and left 5-6 times in each direction. Bend and straighten the arms in the wrist joints 5-6 times.

Patient Requirements

Before the massage session, the patient should take a warm shower, and if this is not possible for any reason, then it will be enough to wash the feet and wipe the whole body with a damp towel.

With a local (local) massage, the area of \u200b\u200bthe body on which the massage will be performed must be wiped with alcohol or cologne.

During the massage session, it is allowed that underwear is left on the person being massaged, but for the best effect, it is recommended that the skin be open. Beli for some reason, this is impossible to do, and also with a significant hairline on the body of the person being massaged (so as not to irritate the hair follicles), the massage can be done through a thin, clean cloth made of natural fibers.

Places of skin damage (abrasions, small wounds, scratches) must be treated with iodine, brilliant green or BF-6 glue. During the massage, these areas need to be bypassed.

With some skin diseases (lichen, eczema, etc.), massage cannot be performed.

During the massage, the patient should take the most comfortable position and try to completely relax the muscles. If these conditions are not met, massage will not give the desired results.

One of the most important conditions for proper massage is the stable position of the massaged part of the body. When there is no solid basis for the massaged area of the body, it is impossible to achieve complete muscle relaxation, because the patient has to strain the muscles of the limbs.

As a result of multiple studies, it was precisely established what the angles of flexion and abduction should be in order for the limbs to take an average physiological position. If the person being massaged occupies a supine position, then to give an average physiological position, it is necessary to take the lower limb away from the vertical at an angle of 35 degrees and bend it at the knee joint at an angle of 45 degrees.

By abducting the shoulder from the vertical plane by 45 degrees, bending the forearm at the elbow joint at an angle of 110 degrees and bending the hand at the radiocarpal joint at an angle of 100 degrees, the average physiological position for the muscles of the upper limb is achieved.

If the person being massaged lies on his stomach, in order to achieve relaxation of the muscles of the lower limb, you need to put a roller under the lower leg. Depending on the height of the massage table, the angle of flexion in the knee joint can vary from 25 to 40 degrees. Also, the height of the massage therapist affects the angle of flexion in the knee joint.

In order to achieve maximum relaxation of the muscles of the upper limb, the massaged person must take such a starting position in which the arm will be located along the body. The angle of flexion between the forearm and shoulder should be 110 degrees.

Classical massage is an excellent way to treat and prevent many diseases. With the help of the correct implementation of the basic techniques, you can get rid of pain, adhesions, swelling, activate blood circulation, eliminate cosmetic ailments, and also normalize the process of tissue regeneration. It is possible to restore vitality, working capacity and strengthen joints without taking medicines.

Basic principles

Classical massage originated in the nineteenth century, its basic principles were developed by Russian clinicians. For massage, movements should be soft, exciting a large surface. In the middle of the massage, the force of the impact on the area should increase, and at the end, soft stroking movements are required again. It is this effect on the human body that provides the best blood supply for all layers of tissues.

The main rule when conducting a classic massage is to make massage movements in the direction of the lymphatic tract, from the periphery to the lymph node. The classic massage begins with warming the body, and then gradually begin to massage small areas.

With classical massage, techniques are performed that have both mechanical and reflex effects on the human body.

Classical massage is used for prophylactic purposes against a variety of diseases, to maintain working capacity for a long time, for the general improvement of the body.

In classical massage, the back, legs, arms, chest and other parts of the body are massaged.

Classical massage allows the patient to feel fresh and feel great. And the reason for this is the improved functioning of all organs of the body and the cessation of tension in the muscles.

An experienced massage therapist will return all the patient's muscles to the proper tone, producing a classic massage. With this type of massage, the patient completely relaxes, and the massage, stimulating blood circulation processes, returns the patient to a full life.

Classical massage removes toxins from the body, breaks down fats and activates the metabolic process in the body. At the same time, the skin condition improves significantly, the muscles become more elastic literally after several massage sessions.

Since classical massage activates the natural abilities of the human body, it makes it possible to restore the functioning of internal organs.

Classical massage also helps with joint diseases. In addition, with the help of classical massage, diseases of the nervous system and digestive system can be cured, this type of massage helps to improve the respiratory process, it corrects the problems of the musculoskeletal system.

Classical massage helps to recover much faster after injuries, it helps the patient with increased stress on the body and mind.

Classical massage technique

1. Any massage always starts with stroking. It should be performed with a palm with constant pressure of low intensity, and the masseur's hand movements are directed towards the nearest large lymph nodes. The main purpose of stroking is to warm up the skin and subcutaneous structures, to prepare them for more intense exposure methods.

2. Stroking is followed by rubbing - performed with the palm, knuckles, thumbs or the edge of the palm. Rubbing is performed with perceptible pressure on the skin of the person being massaged at the level of the threshold of pain sensitivity, the goal is to affect the skin and deep tissues.

There are many options for performing this technique - superficial and deep, tong-shaped and spiral, comb-shaped and with pressure with two hands.

3. After rubbing, we proceed to kneading. In principle, it is this technique in the case of therapeutic and sports massage of the back, limbs and collar zone that can be called the main one in terms of depth and intensity of exposure. Our task is to grab and knead deeply located muscles and tissues with our hands, increase their mobility, improve the outflow of venous blood and lymphatic drainage.

Kneading is a difficult technique, it is impossible to learn it remotely, because the masseur must determine the state of the muscle fibers with his fingertips. Kneading should be carried out on relaxed muscles, and in the case when they are tense, it is worth achieving relaxation by stroking and rubbing.

4. Vibration - the last technique of the main phase of the massage. It is performed by shaking, tapping and patting on the body of the person being massaged. The goal is to stimulate the neuromuscular apparatus and deep receptors, to enhance the processes of blood supply to tissues.

Massage Sequence

For effective massage, and to achieve the desired therapeutic effect, it is extremely necessary to follow the sequence of massage movements.

back
back of left leg
back of right leg
patient rolls over
anterior surface of the right leg
anterior surface of the left leg
left hand
right hand
stomach
neck-collar zone
head

This order represents the standard by which massage procedures should be carried out. But in any case, the time you spend on each part of the body depends solely on the individual needs of the individual patient. Most importantly, you need to ensure that the massage affects all areas of the body, and distribute an equal amount of time on the right and left parts: it means that the right leg should be massaged in exactly the same way as the left. The same goes for the hands. The patient should not have the feeling that any part of the body has not been properly treated.

Classical facial massage - technique

The duration of one session is from 5 to 15 minutes, which is mainly determined by the thickness and sensitivity of the skin. The thinner the tissue, the less time is spent on massaging. Usually a course of 15 or 50 sessions is prescribed, between which an interval of 1 to 2 days must be observed. But, no one will limit the number of procedures that you can carry out at home on your own. You can do them, for example, after a bath, before going to bed.

Rules

The main thing, in order not to harm your skin, you must follow the rules for performing massage:

conduct a session only on cleansed and warmed skin, with warm hands;
only gentle and careful movements - no strong pressure, pulling, jerking, twisting and the like;
you can direct your palms strictly along the massage lines, ingenuity is not needed here; - it is necessary to use oil or cream to lubricate the skin.

Massage lines

Movements can be made in the following directions:

from the corners of the mouth - to the earlobe;
from the middle of the chin along the circumference of the lower jaw - to the earlobe;
from the bottom of the wings of the nose - to the top of the auricle;
from the top of the wings of the nose to the top of the ear;
along the lower edge of the orbit, from the outer corner of the upper eyelid to the inner;
under the eyebrow, from a point above the inner corner of the eye - to the outer corner;
from the point of the base of the nose, above the eyebrows - to the temples;
from the same point above the superciliary arches and temples;
from the base of the nose up to the hairline;
the base of the nose is its tip;
from the back of the nose along its lateral surfaces - to the cheek.

Effects of classic facial massage

Regular facial massage allows you to:

prevent wrinkles;
improve skin tone;
improve blood circulation and lymphatic drainage;
increase the shape of the eyes and the volume of the lips;
tighten the skin of the forehead, cheeks and chin;
remove swelling from the eyes;
significantly rejuvenate the skin of the face;
improve the condition of the teeth;
improve eyesight;
improve complexion;
warm up the muscles, while making the skin and muscles soft and sensitive.

Contraindications

Despite the fact that the classical massage technique has a pronounced therapeutic effect, classical massage has a number of contraindications:

Acute inflammatory processes
Skin diseases
Blood diseases
Purulent processes
Inflammation of the lymphatic system
Neoplasms of various origins
Pulmonary, cardiac, renal failure
HIV disease

Classical massage is a wonderful method of healing the whole body, and a preventive method against many diseases.

By properly performing massage, you can get rid of soreness in the body, improve blood circulation by stimulating it, improve the regenerative abilities of the body and much more, all without the use of medicines.

The main principles of general classical massage were developed back in the 19th century by Russian doctors. For proper massage, smooth execution of all movements is necessary. One movement should smoothly pass into another, without sharp jerks.

It is necessary to capture multiple areas of the body surface with soft and painless pressing on certain points that stimulate the body.

It should be noted that the best therapeutic and relaxing effect from the therapy can be achieved when it is performed in a bath. This achieves the most tangible therapeutic effect.

During the massage, the effect on the points should gradually increase, but it should also not be painful, and by the end of the manipulations there should be a transition to soft stroking movements.

For the human body, it is this type of exposure that is most acceptable, since only in this way can blood circulation be stimulated and improved, i.e. stimulate tissue trophism and excretion of negative metabolites.

The main rule that should be followed in classical massage is its conduction along the lines of the lymphatic vessels to the lymph nodes for better removal of toxins and other negative metabolic products from peripheral tissues.

Many types of massage are now popular. The most famous among the practices performed are classical and therapeutic massage.

Peculiarities

What is the difference between them?

The most optimal way to prevent a wide variety of diseases is a classic massage. It is used as a general health-improving set of exercises to improve the general condition and well-being of the patient. Its varieties include:

health-improving and preventive;
hygienic;
relaxing (relaxing) types.

According to the properties of the impact on the body, both classical and therapeutic have no special differences. Both of them improve tissue trophism, the functioning of internal organs, rejuvenate the skin, stimulate lymph flow, muscle mass, and, in general, have a beneficial effect on the entire body.

Unlike classical massage, which can be done by a person who has completed courses in this specialty, therapeutic massage can only be done by a specialist with a medical education who knows the anatomical and physiological features of the structure of our body.

The specifics of these types of massage are very similar to each other, but therapeutic massage is aimed only at influencing problem areas, only where there is an affected area, where specialized medical care is needed.

When, in the classical form, the effect is aimed at a general strengthening and preventive effect. At the same time, classic massage at home is not forbidden, and therapeutic massage is carried out in a salon or hospital.

Also, in the treatment option, drugs prescribed by the doctor are used for superficial effects.

When is it necessary and when is this procedure contraindicated?

Like any wellness manipulation, classical massage has its own indications and contraindications regarding human health.

The indications include:

dry skin;
poor hair growth on the head, split ends;
skin laxity;
manifestations of cellulite;
osteochondrosis of the spine in any of the departments;
diseases of the nervous system such as polyneuropathy, multiple sclerosis;
post-stroke conditions;
arterial hypertension;
violation of the functions of the musculoskeletal system without violating its integrity;
chronic fatigue syndrome;
asthenic syndrome;
stomach ulcer;
headache;
excess weight;
weakening of the immune system.

Please note that anti-cellulite massage is more suitable for weight loss.

Attention! Before carrying out a massage complex, it is recommended to consult with your doctor and choose the right type and method of the procedure.

Main contraindications:

exacerbation of diseases of the skin (inflammatory and infectious diseases);
acute manifestations of cardiovascular pathology;
thyroid dysfunction;
dystrophy of subcutaneous fat;
alopecia;
fungal pathology of the skin;
menstruation;
oncopathology;
swollen lymph nodes;
venereal diseases;
cholelithiasis and urolithiasis;
varicose disease;
pregnancy;
hyperthermic syndrome;
tuberculosis.

Methodology

As with all therapeutic and preventive measures, classical massage needs preparation:

have a meal no later than 2 hours before the procedure, because. possible dyspeptic disorders (disorders of the digestive tract), feelings of discomfort;
taking a warm shower to relax the muscles;
remove jewelry and think about what the patient will be wearing for comfortable manipulation;
warn the specialist about allergic reactions to certain components; about diseases in order to discuss contraindications and the possibility of performing the procedure;
if during the procedure there is a feeling of discomfort, it is necessary to tell the specialist about it;
after the procedure, you must lie down for at least 10 minutes.

As a prophylactic, you can do this massage in the bath.

tricks

Classical massage techniques are performed in four stages

The first stage is stroking, necessary to relax the whole body;
The second is rubbing, for warming the whole body, accelerating blood supply in the area of the procedure;
The third stage is kneading, massaging all areas;
The fourth stage is vibration (finger stimulation, finger rain), for point stimulation of surface receptors, followed by relaxation of the body.

In the classical type, manipulations are carried out that affect the body, both in a dynamic type (improving blood flow and metabolic reactions in tissues), and stimulating reflex arcs (the path represented by the nerve tracts along which the nerve impulses of natural reflexes pass) of our body.

This procedure is necessary as a preventive measure for various diseases., to increase working capacity, as a health element for our body. In such a massage, the spinal column, parts of the arms, legs, abdomen, chest, neck, gluteal-sacral region are affected.

After the procedure, the client feels a surge of strength, freshness and at the same time relaxation. Since this manipulation leads to an improvement in the functioning of organs, relaxation of the muscle frame, stimulation of blood supply to tissues.

Classical body massage is aimed at stimulating natural exchanges in the human body, improving its general condition. Thanks to this type, it is possible to prevent pathologies of the nervous, respiratory, digestive, musculoskeletal, and most importantly, the cardiovascular systems.

It allows the client to quickly recover from trauma, in the postoperative period, during overwork by physical and mental factors, and normalizes metabolic processes.

At the same time, it improves the functioning of the sweat and sebaceous glands, improves sleep, reduces the intensity of edema, cleanses the skin of dead cells, lowers blood pressure, improving the general condition, leading to a general recovery.

To achieve the best effect from this type of procedure, it is necessary to carry it out in the order provided by the standard:

spinal column;
back surface of the left leg;
back surface of the right leg;

Then the patient must roll over on his back for the procedure on:

front surface of the right leg;
front surface of the left leg;
left hand;
right hand;
stomach;
neck-collar region;
face and head;

You can also have a classic back massage and a classic facial massage separately.

Consider several paces of this procedure:

a fast pace at which there is an increase in the excitability of the nervous system.
medium and slow pace at which the excitability of the nervous system decreases.

According to the duration of the massage, it is considered that the longer the process itself, the higher it affects the decrease in the excitability of the nervous system.

Video lesson: the basic techniques of classical massage

Watch a video on how to do a classic massage correctly:

4 massage methods

There are four methods of massage:

Manual carried out by hand.
The hardware type is carried out with the help of special technical devices that affect the skin.
The combined method combines the manual method and the hardware method (often consider such a ratio, and such a combination: manual - 75%, hardware - 25%).
Foot - performed with the foot.

Basic forms

Forms of classical massage:

local form (massaging is performed in isolation in any of the departments of the human body);
with a general form, the whole body is massaged.

What are massage lines

This procedure is preferably carried out along physiologically determined massage lines.

Massage lines are the areas of the least stretching of the skin, the vectors are directed towards the physiological actions of a person, such as: washing, skin care, cleansing, massage.

Using massage line vectors, you can apply massage more efficiently, prevent the appearance of wrinkles, improve the blood supply to tissues more correctly and intensively and, in general, improve your body.

Errors during the run

There are a number of errors in the tactics of massage in different methods:

Stroking technique:

too much pressure;
creation of a skin fold causing a feeling of discomfort;
displacement of the skin instead of a sliding effect;
incomplete contact of the palms and fingers with the massaged area;
wide spreading of the fingers (increased finger spaces) with planar stroking;
the sharpness of the manipulation and the high rate of massage.

Carefully! Improper performance of massage techniques or the application of more force than recommended can lead to the development of various diseases and complications.

Rubbing method:

instead of shifting and shifting the skin, sliding occurs.

Massaging technique:

pain with too much pressure;
sliding or pinching fingers instead of the necessary kneading of the skin and muscle mass.

The price of pleasure

Classical massage – the price of the procedure differs depending on the level of the specialist.

Massage is evaluated by employees of a massage agency or a medical institution in units. 1 unit is equal to 10 minutes of work in a medical institution, or 10-20 minutes in a private one. 1 unit of work is estimated from 50 to 200 rubles, depending on the level of specialization of the massage parlor. Here are some examples of assessing massage zones:

Head - 1 unit.
Arm or upper limb 1.5 units.
Vertebral column - 2.5 units.
Leg, lower limb - 1.5 units.
General children's massage - 3 units.
General adult massage - 6 units.

Number of sessions

When conducting a course of classical massage, often it is 10-15 sessions, you can observe a noticeable result. This is an increase in the tone and elasticity of the skin, muscle tissues, a positive effect on the bone and joint apparatus, the normalization of the functions of the nervous, digestive, cardiovascular systems.

Attention! The number of sessions is determined by the attending physician or specialist, depending on various factors and indications.

Outcome

Classical massage has become the basis for a wide variety of massage techniques, such as sports, anti-cellulite, etc.

Only one massage procedure performed by a professional can lead the human body to recovery, cheer up, give strength and energy.

If you need to solve more specific problems with health or aesthetic appearance of the body, you can choose one of the more suitable